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Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
Part Part FourFour
ENTER
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I. Word Study
II. Phrases and Expressions
III. Word Building
IV. Grammar—Transitional Expressions
Language Language StudyStudy
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord StudyWord list:
1. assumption
2. contemplate
3. contend
4. crude
5. eliminate
11. resolve
12. restricted
13. self-evident
14. subtlety
15. validity
6. elusive
7. emerge
8. immerse
9. presumably
10. quest
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study1. assumption
Examples:
When historians and anthropologists first began to investigate the issue of pre-patriarchal cultures they made two assumptions.
While the criticisms vary, the underlying assumption is that overall economic growth has been speeding up.
a. assumable
v. assume
Word formationsn. something that you think is true although you have no definite proof
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study2. contemplate
v. a. to have in view as a purpose, intention
Examples:
Have you ever contemplated committing
suicide?
Secondly, we shall need to contemplate the
various options available for disposing of the
company’s properties.
consider
think about/of
toy with the idea of
Word formations
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
Examples:
She stood contemplating her figure in the
mirror.
He contemplated her with a faint smile.
b. to look at (with the eyes, or in the mind)
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
a. contemplative
n. contemplation
Word formations
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study3. contend
v. a. to struggle, to be in rivalry b. to argue, to assert
Examples:
I know the charms of my rival are too powerful
for me to contend with.
Three armed groups are contending for power.
Some astronomers contend that the universe
may be younger than previously thought.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
Classify the following
words into 3 groups
according to a, b and c.
crude schemes crude ore
a crude shelter crude remarks
crude manners crude ideas
crude oil/sugar
a
a
c
c
a
b
b
a.
4. crude
a. not finished properly; badly worked out b. (of materials) in a natural state, not
refined or manufacturedc. not having grace, taste or refinement
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
v. a. to completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted
b. to defeat a team or person in a competition, so that they no longer take part in it
c. to kill someone in order to prevent them from causing trouble
5. eliminate Synonyms
get rid of
abolish
scrap
do away with
eradicate
root outExamples:
The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques.Our team was eliminated in the first round.The dictator eliminated anyone who might be a threat to him.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
Examples:
She managed to get an interview with that
elusive man.
She enjoys a firm reputation in this country but
wider international success has been elusive.
For me, the poem has an elusive quality.
6. elusive
ad. elusively
n. elusiveness
v. elude
Word formationsa. a. (of a person) difficult to find or see b. (of result) difficult to achieve c. (of idea or quality) difficult to describe or
understand
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
Word formations
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
v. a. to appear or come out from somewhere b. (of facts, ideas) to appear;to become known c. to come out of a difficult experience
7. emerge
n. emergencea. emergent
Examples:The moon emerged from behind the clouds.New evidence has emerged to contradict earlier claims. Local government has recently emerged as a major issue.She emerged from the divorce a stronger person.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study8. immerse
v. a. to put sth. under the surface of a liquid b. to involve oneself deeply (in sth.)
Examples:
He immersed the knife in boiling water.
Immerse the cloth in the dye for 20 minutes.
I walked into the study and found Mr. Johnson
immersed in his writing, as usual.
When Alfred inherited his father’s estate, he
immersed himself in pleasure.
Synonyms
be engrossed in
be wrapped up in
be absorbed in
preoccupied
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study9. presumably
adv. used to say that you think something is probably true a. presumable
n. presumption
v. presumeExamples:Presumably there’s a good reason for her absence, as she doesn’t usually stay away from work.Few women, presumably, would want to return to the assumptions on which the old system was based.
Word formations
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
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I.I. Word StudyWord Study10. questn. a long search for something that is difficult to
find
Examples:
At their roots, both quests originated out of
human inquisitiveness.
World leaders are now united in their quest
for peace.
Foreign powers had long penetrated the area
in quest of wealth or influence, or to counter
the lusts of their adversaries.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study11. resolve
v. a. to solve or settle a problem or difficulty b. to make a definite decision to do sth.
Examples:
Congressmen called for a third meeting to
resolve the conflict.
I resolved to keep quiet about what I had
heard, since it would only cause trouble.
She resolved that if he couldn’t find the
necessary courage, she would.
n. resolve
Word formations
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study12. restricted
a. a. small or limited in size, area, or amount
Examples:
It’s difficult trying to work in such a restricted
space.
The sale of alcohol is restricted to people over
the age of 18.
There is restricted access to this information
(=only certain people can have it).
v. restrict
n. restriction
a. restrictive
Word formationsb. limited or controlled, especially by laws or
rules
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study13. self-evident
Examples:The facts in this case are self-evident and cannot be denied.Even the principle of democracy, which seems self-evident in the West is challenged elsewhere.It is self-evident that childhood experiences influence our adult behaviour.
a. clearly true and needing no more proof unmistakable
obvious
speak for itself
you can’t miss it
Synonyms
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study14. subtlety
n. a. the quality that sth. has when it has been done in a clever or skilful way, with careful attention to small details
b. a thought, an idea, or a detail that is important but difficult to notice or understand
Examples:
She argued her case with considerable subtlety.
Some of the subtleties of the language are lost in translation.
To appreciate all of this beauty relies upon your noticing its subtleties.
Word formations
a. subtle
ad. subtly
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
Examples:
I would question the validity of that statement.
Lawyers are questioning the validity of the city’s new telecom contract.
You don’t know enough about the subject to question the validity of my statements.
15. validityWord formations
a. valid
an. invalid
v. validate
n. state or condition of being valid
The end of Word Study.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
List:
1. at (the) best
2. be relevant to
3. be destined to
4. cannot help but do
5. concern oneself with
6. from a… perspective
7. in the event of
8. read of
9. piece together
10. stem from
11. take… into account
12. to sb.’s disadvantage
13. by way of
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
taking the most hopeful view
Examples:
Your mother, as the physician has informed you, is in a most critical condition; at (the) best she cannot be with us longer than a few weeks.
The city was at (the) best an ordinary sort of place.
His answers were at best evasive, at worst very misleading.
1. at (the) best
cf.at its/his… best
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
持最乐观的看法;充其量
To be continued on the next page
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
at its/his/their… best
in the best condition
The garden is at its best in April.
He was at his best yesterday evening and kept us all amused.
Every year, when the peach blossoms are at their best, a festival is held at the Beijing Botanical Garden.
处于最佳状态;处于巅峰状态;在全盛期中
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
be relating to, be connected with
Examples:
What experience do you have that is relevant to this position?Kids have to understand how school is relevant to their lives.These issues are directly relevant to the needs of slow learners.
2. be relevant to
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
Examples:
We were destined never to meet again.
She was not destined to be a great painter but she had the confidence and luck to be a successful one.
At first their predictions seemed destined to come true.
3. be destined to
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
Similar expressions
be assured of
can’t go wrong
it’s in the bag
it’s a safe bet
it’s a sure thing
seeming certain to happen at some time in the future
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
4. cannot help but do
Examples:
Lee could not help but agree with her.
I couldn’t help but notice the bruise she had under her eye.
Similar expression
can’t help doing
cannot but do
used to say that someone is unable to change their behaviour or feelings, or to prevent themselves from doing something
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
to become involved in sth. because you are interested in it or because it worries you
5. concern oneself with
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
Examples:He loved his wife, and concerned himself with her needs and desires.For several weeks I did not concern myself with any thought of the future.Our country’s leaders must concern themselves with environmental protection.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
looking at sth. from a certain angle
Examples:The novel is written from a child’s perspective.We have to look at everything from an international perspective.If you look at things from a feminist perspective they are, in fact, not equal.from a feminist/Christian/global perspective
6. from a… perspective
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
Examples:
It offers vital financial cover in the event of you being permanently disabled in an accident.
The countries involved have pledged to offer mutual assistance in the event of a spill.
7. in the event of Ways of saying “if”
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
should
had
in case
in case of
in the event of
used to tell people what they should do if something happens
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
Example:
I was shocked when I read of his death.
8. read of
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
“read” phrases
读到,阅悉
to find out information from books, newspapers etc
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
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II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
cf.
read as
read off
read out
read sb. a lesson/lecture
read through/over
read up
read sb.’s mind/thoughts
read between the lines
cf.
把 ······ 错误地当作
宣读,很快地读出;读完
宣布开除; 朗诵;宣读
训斥某人
从头到尾细读一遍
攻读;熟读
看出某人的心思
体会字里行间的言外之意
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
Examples:
Police are trying to piece together his movements before the murder.
Her early life has been pieced together from several different sources.
9. piece together
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
to use all the information you have about a situation in order to discover the truth about it
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
to develop as a result of something else
10. stem from
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions Similar expressions
arise from
result from
be/as a result of
be the product of
come (out) of
consequent
Examples:
His headaches stemmed from vision problems.
It also tries to say that women’s problems stem from either their sexuality or the family.
Much of the friction stemmed from a debate about which technology to use.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
Examples:
These figures do not take into account the changes in the rate of inflation.
A valuation of a smaller company must take account of its potential as a takeover target.
11. take… into account/take account of sth.
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
“account” phrases
take… into consideration
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
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II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
cf.
open an account
settle one’s account
give an account of
account for
on one’s account
on this/that account
on no account
take no account of
cf.
开户头
结清欠帐,(喻)报复
描述,叙述
解释;说明;占百分比
为一己的目的和利益
为了这个 / 那个缘故
决不;切莫
对某事物不予考虑
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
Example:
Her height will be very much to her disadvantage if she wants to be a dancer.
12. to sb.’s disadvantage
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
“disadvantage” phrases
giving someone a disadvantage
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
be at a disadvantagebe taken at a disadvantageto the disadvantage ofput/keep… at a disadvantageto sb.’s disadvantage
处于不利地位 被人乘隙攻击,攻其不备 对 不利 使某人处于不利地位
对某人不利,使某人吃亏
……
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
a. through, by route of, viab. as a means of; as a type of; serving as
13. by way of
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
Examples:
You can get this information by way of the Internet.
He sent her some flowers by way of an apology.
They decided to give a party by way of welcome to the distinguished guests.
The end of Phrases an Expressions.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
III.III. Word BuildingWord BuildingList:
1. Prefix—pro-
2. Suffix—-proof
3. Suffix—-able/-ible
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
III.III. Word BuildingWord Building
pro-Britishpro-British
prefix
pro-: supporting or approving of sth.
pro-British
pro-America
pro-Chinese
pro-abortion
pro-western
pro-independence
pro-revolutionary
亲英(派)亲美(派)亲华(派)赞成 / 支持堕胎支持西方的赞成独立支持革命的人
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
-proof: protecting againstfoolprooffoolproofsuffix
III.III. Word BuildingWord Building
foolproof
waterproof
bulletproof
burglarproof
soundproof
childproof container
tamperproof
flameproof
idiot-proof
不会有差错或误解的防水的防弹的防盗的隔音的防孩子摔坏的容器(机械装置等)可防止乱摆弄的耐火性简单易懂的,容易操作的,可靠的
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
a. a. (n.+able) showing the qualities of b. (v.+able) that can be, fit to be
Examples:
fashionable (= showing the qualities of fashion)
eatable (= that can be eaten, fit to be eaten)
Suffix— -able/-ibleMore examples
III.III. Word BuildingWord Building
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
regret respect response sense conduct enjoy read imagine think resist corrupt
Suffix— -able/-ible
III.III. Word buildingWord building
Give corresponding adjective form of each
word.
regrettable respectable responsible sensible conductible enjoyable readable imaginable thinkable resistible corruptible
The end of Word Building.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
IV.IV.Grammar—Transitional Grammar—Transitional ExpressionsExpressions
Function:Transitional words and phrases show the relationship of one sentence or clause to another and tie together ideas before the reader has a chance to forget them, thus to achieve coherence in writing.
To be continued on the next page.
Therefore they often become confused upon discovering that historians often disagree sharply even when they are dealing with the same event. (Para. 1)
E
transitional word: to show result
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
IV.IV.Grammar—Transitional Grammar—Transitional ExpressionsExpressions
1. Words That Signal Addition
To be continued on the next page.
Here is a list of commonly used transitional expressions.
and moreover again
next also one… another
besides last finally
furthermore in addition
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
IV.IV.Grammar—Transitional Grammar—Transitional ExpressionsExpressions
2. Words That Signal Time
To be continued on the next page.
at first, second, etc
former…latter
soon
afterward before at length
after immediately finally
meanwhile then in the meantime
later until next
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
IV.IV.Grammar—Transitional Grammar—Transitional ExpressionsExpressions
3. Words That Signal Comparison/Contrast
To be continued on the next page.
however instead but
on the one hand
yet on the other hand
still in contrast nonetheless
although nevertheless on the contrary
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
IV.IV.Grammar-Transitional Grammar-Transitional ExpressionsExpressions
4. Words That Signal Example
To be continued on the next page.
for example to illustrate
for instance the following example
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
IV.IV.Grammar—Transitional Grammar—Transitional ExpressionsExpressions
5. Words That Signal Conclusions or Summaries
To be continued on the next page.E
in summary consequently
in conclusion in other words
to conclude thus
therefore as a result
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
IV.IV. Grammar—Transitional Grammar—Transitional ExpressionsExpressions
6. Words That Signal Concession
To be continued on the next page.
although it is true that
although you could say that
granted of course
naturally
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
IV.IV.Grammar—Transitional Grammar—Transitional ExpressionsExpressions
To be continued on the next page.
Now pick out the transitional words or phrases in the following sentences and point out how they each make sentence transition clear. (to add, to contrast, to exemplify, to intensify, to show result, to repeat, to summarize or to conclude, etc.)
1. And presumably, historians who are wrong will have their “facts” wrong. This is seldom the case, however. (Para. 2)
(And: to add; however: to contrast)
2. Rather, they select only those records they deem most significant. (Para. 6)
(Rather: to introduce a fact that is different from what has been mentioned)
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
3. At the same time, they would most likely not use evidence that President Woodrow Wilson was dissatisfied with a new hat he bought during the first months of 1917. (Para. 7)
(At the same time: to indicate time)4. In other words, we have to go beyond the
proximate cause and probe further and further. (Para. 11)
(In other words: to explain)5. In the end, you might argue that the ultimate
cause of your being late was the fact that you were born, but obviously this goes too far back to be meaningful. (Para. 11)
(In the end: to conclude; but: to contrast)
IV.IV.Grammar—Transitional Grammar—Transitional ExpressionsExpressions
The end of Grammar—Transitional Expressions.
Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
B T L EW
Part Part FourFour
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