Lesson-2 Arabic Grammar

8/3/2019 Lesson-2 Arabic Grammar

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Learning Arabic Grammar from the basics

UULesson 2:

UURecap of Last Lesson:

(1) We learnt that the Arabic Language having 3 parts of Speech – Noun, Verbs & Particles.(2) There are 3 Cases of Nouns in Arabic – Nominative (dhammah or dhammataan on the last letter),

Accusative (fatha or fathataan on the last letter) & Genitive Case (khasrah or khasrataan on the last letter)(3) We learnt about the Indefinite Particle “a/an” indicated by a Tanween on the last letter of the noun.

(4) We learnt about the prepositionيف “fee” meaning “in” which changes the case of noun to a Genitive one.

(5) We learnt that the Arabic verb 'to be' in its present tense "is/are/am" is not written in Arabic, rather it is

understood to be there by default.Example: ف ا نأت ی ب ي "Ana fee baytin” means “I am in a house”

UUVocabulary

ب لا ط (taalibun) - "A (Male) Student "

بال ط (tullaabun) - "Students"

ل ص ف (faslun) - "A class/classroom"

لوص ف (fusoolun) - "classes/classrooms"

ل جر (rajulun) - "A man"

لا جر (rijalun) - "Men"

و (wa) - “And”

م ع ن (na’am) - “Yes”

” (laa) - “Noال

تنأ (anta) – “You” (male) singular

م تنأ (antum) – “You” (male) plural

تنأ (anti) – “You” (female) singular

Note: Do not concern yourself with the vocabulary too much. You have a week’s time to learn them upInsha’Allah. Go through the Vocabulary as many times as possible and try and learn these words withmeanings in a week’s time Insha’Allah. Remember, that without Vocabulary, learning any Language would beof no use.

Arabic Nouns are by default in the Nominative Case - Marfoo

By default, Arabic Nouns are Marfoo (Nominative) and something happens to the word for it to becomeAccusative Case (Mansoob) or Genitive Case (Majroor) so it is safe to pronounce most words with aDammatain (double dhammah) on the last letter

Example:

دجسم , ب لا ط , ت ی ب , لا جر It is essential that the vowel on the last letter is pronounced and not pronouncing it, is a critical mistake thatmany students make!

The Definite Particle ( ة فر ع م فر ح) – (Al)ال

By default a noun in Arabic is always indefinite and it is made definite by prefixing the definite particle “Alif-

Laam” “لا” to it which corresponds to the English ‘the’.

When “لا” is added, one of the vowels (e.g. one of the Dhammas, Fathas or Kasras) drops out.



Example: ت ی ب لا (al-baytu) meaning “The House”, توی ب لا (al-buyutu) meaning “The Houses”, ل جرلا (ar-

rajulu) – “The man” , لوص ف لا (al-fusoolu) – “The Class”

When preceded by any preposition for exampleيف (fee), these definite nouns will be in the Genitive Case an

will become,

ت ی ب لا يف (fil-bayti) meaning “in the house” and NOT (fil-baytin)

توی ب لا يف (fil-buyooti) meaning “in the houses” and NOT (fil-buyootin)

لوص ف لا يف (fil-fusooli) meaning “in the class” and NOT (fil-fusoolin)

Note: It is essential that the second vowel on the last letter is dropped i.e. there should be only 1 dhammah ofatha or khasrah. It should not be (al-buyutun) or (al-fusoolun). This is a critical mistake that many studentsmake by having “لا” and also Dammatain (double dhammah), Fathatain (double fatha) & Khasratain (double

khasrah) on the last letter.

“So, it is grammatically incorrect for any noun to begin with Alif-Laam and end with a tanween”

Note: Theا “alif” of لا “Al” is pronounced only when it is not preceded by another word. If it is preceded by a

word it is dropped in pronunciation, though remains in writing.

Example: When ت ی ب لا “al-baytu” does not have any word before it, then the “al” will be pronounced, but if it is

preceeded by any word like “wa” or “fee”eg. ت ی ب لا يف then the ا (alif) is dropped and the phrase is

pronounced as “fi l-bayti” and NOT “fi al-bayti”.



Sun Letters ة ی س م شلا فور ح لا (Al-huroof Ash-shamsiya) and

Moon Letters (Al-huroof Al-Qamariya)ال ح روف ال ق م ری ة

In the definitive noun, in Arabic, 2 types of letters follow the “alif lam”:

1) The Solar Letters (uncircled) : ن ل ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د ث ت

Whenلا is prefixed to a noun beginning with a Solar Letter the laam of ‘al’ is not pronounced but is written,

and the first letter of the ism takes a shaddah –.

Examples: س م ش + لا س م شلا (ash-shamsu). ل جر + لا ل جرلا (ar-rajulu

2) The Lunar Letter (circled): ي و ه م ك أ ق ف غ ع خ ح ج ب ء

Whenلا is prefixed to an ism beginning with a Lunar Letter the laam of ‘al’ is pronounced and written.

Examples: ر م ق + لا ر م ق لا (al-qamaru). ت ی ب + لا ت ی ب لا (al-baytu)

In the articulation of the Solar Letters the tip or the blade of the tongue is involved in the pronunciation. The tor the blade of the tongue does not play any part in the articulation of the Lunar Letters.

Some Solved Examples to Test Your Progress :

ب لاط ل جرلا (ar-rajulu taalibun) - The man is a student

ل ص ف يف انأ و د لاخ انأ (ana Khaalidun wa ana fi faslin)– I am Khaalid and I am in a class.

ل جر انأ ,م ع ن (na’am, ana rajulun)– Yes, I am a man.

بال ط د م ح م و ت نأ . (laa, anti wa Muhammadun tullaabun)– No, you (f) and Muhammad are studentsال,

لوص ف يف ن ح ن و , ت ی ب لا يف د م ح م (Muhammadun fil bayti, wa nahnu fi fusoolin)- Muhammad is in the

house, and we are in classrooms.

لوص ف لا يف م ت نأ و توی ب لا يف ن ح ن (Nahnu fil-buyuti wa antum fil-fusooli) - We are in the houses and you

(plural) are in the classrooms.

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Lesson-2 Arabic Grammar