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LEGISLATIVE SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT :3
•Accession to Europe – European Communities Act 1972
•Key Date – 1st January 1973.
•S.2(4) European Communities Act 1972
•‘passed or to be passed.’
LEGISLATIVE SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT :3
• The Article 234 (177) procedure
• An early warning from Lord Denning -Bulmer v. Bollinger [1974] Ch 401.
• The reaction of the English Courts? - Van Duyn v. Home Office [1974] ECR 1337
• Equal Pay Becomes an Issue
LEGISLATIVE SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT :3
• The English Courts have to act
• Macarthys Ltd v. Smith [1981] QB 180.
• Garland v. British Rail Engineering Ltd. [1983] 2 AC 751
• Is supremacy under threat?
LEGISLATIVE SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT :3
• The Courts draw back
• Duke v. GEC Reliance Ltd [1988] AC 618
• The Courts recognise European Law
• Pickstone v. Freemans plc [1989] AC 66.
• Position prior to Factortame.
LEGISLATIVE SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT :3
• R. v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd [1990] 2AC 85.
• R. v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd (No2) [1991] AC 603.
• R. v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd (No3) [1992] QB 680.
LEGISLATIVE SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT :3
• Factortame : The Facts
• Note s.21 Crown Proceedings Act 1947.
• The Divisional Court causes a shock
• The Court of Appeal reverts to tradition.
LEGISLATIVE SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT :3
• Factortame in the House of Lords
• The European Court leaves the House of Lords with a decision to make.
• The test in American Cinamond Co v. Ethicon (1975) AC 396
• What is the ‘balance of convenience’?
LEGISLATIVE SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT :3
• Where does the law go now?
• R. v. Secretary of State for Employment, ex p Equal Opportunities Commission [1994] 2 WLR 409.
• R v. MAFF, Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Monsanto [1999] 2 WLR 599
LEGISLATIVE SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT :3
• Recent Developments
• S.4 Human Rights Act 1998.
• The growth of Henry VIII clauses, e.g. s.10(2) Human Rights Act 1998
• Conclusion