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Get Ahead of the Curve: Managing Fairy Rings on Greens
Lee Miller
Dr. Lane Tredway
- D. Sorochan
Type II and Type III fairy ring in late spring/early summer…
Type I
J.D. Smith - 1978
Complexity = Problems
Brown Patch
Rhizoctonia solani
One symptom
Fungicide
Excellent Control
Dollar Spot
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
One symptom
Fungicide
Good Control
Complexity = Problems
Fairy Ring
Agaricus
Three symptoms +
Fungicide
Varying Control
Marasmius Coprinus Lycoperdon Vascellum Bovista
Why Identify??
• Different fungicide sensitivities = improper fungicide selection.
• Different temperature optima for fungal growth = improper application timing
• Different nutritional or pH optima = fertilizer or liming impacts
• Different depths of fungi in soil = amount of water to drench fungicide in, tank-mixing with wetting agent
Agaricus arvensis
Agaricus campestris
Agrocybe pediades
Bovista dermoxantha
Bovista plumbea
Calocybe carnea
Calvatia cyathiformis
Camarophyllus pratensis
Campanella subdendrophora
Chlorophyllum molybdites
Clarulinopsis corniculata
Clitocybe infundibuliformis
Clitocybe rivulosa
Collybia butryacea
Coprinus comatus
Coprinus kubickae
Cyathus stercoreus
Dentinum repandum
Hebeloma crustuliniforme
Hydnellum suaveolens
Hydnum compactum
Hygrocybe coccinea
Hygrocybe psittacina
Hygrocybe reae
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca
Lactarius insulsus
Lactarius piperatus
Lactarius torminosus
Lepista nuda
Lepista personata
Lepista sordida
Leucoagaricus naucinus
Leucopaxillus giganteus
Lycoperdon marginatum
Lycoperdon perlatum
Lycoperdon pusillum
Lycoperdon spp.
Macrolepiota procera
Marasmius graminum
Marasmius oreades
Marasmius siccus
Marasmius rotula
Marasmius urens
Melanoleuca melaleuca
Melanolueca grarmopodia
Nolanea staurospora
Panaeolina foenisecii
Panaeolus campanulatus
Paxillus involutus
Scleroderma verrucosum
Suillus grevillei
Trechispora alnicola
Tricholoma columbetta
Tricholoma panoeolum
Tricholoma terreum
Vascellum curtisii
Vascellum pratense
Agaricus sp.Coprinus sp.Marasmius oreades
Bovista dermoxanthaBovista plumbea
Lycoperdon perlatumLycoperdon pusillum
Vascellum curtisiiVascellum pratense
Puffball Identification
ID Enemies
Molecular Identification
- Bruns
Calvatia turneri DQ112594
Calvatia turneri DQ112595
Calvatia turneri DQ112596
Lycoperdon umbrinum DQ112592
Lycoperdon altimontanum DQ112589
Lycoperdon lambinonii DQ112576
Lycoperdon cf. decipiens DQ112586
Lycoperdon frigidum DQ112559
Lycoperdon niveum DQ112563
Lycoperdon pusillum AB067724
BHSBpuff1
LCpuff1
OCNG706c
OCNG706d
MHSBpuffmyc1
OCNG706b
Lycoperdon caudatum DQ112633
Lycoperdon norvegicum DQ112631
Lycoperdon perlatum DQ112630
Vascellum pratense DQ112554
Vascellum cf. intermedium DQ112556
Vascellum pratense AB067725
LWA1puff2
LWTifpuff2
Shillpuf1d
Shillpuf1a
Shillpuf1f
KapSoilMycel1
Shillpuf1b
Shillpuf2b
EC16gSB
LW19g5014
LWTifpuff1
EC3gSB
Shillpuf1e
Marasmius oreades EF187911.1
99
51
69
54
84
100
61
67
63
71
93
59
74
96
71
93
48
61
100
92
99
51
37
24
33
0.02
(FL)(WI)(NC)
(NC)
(IL)(NC)
(NC)(NC)
(NC)(NC)(NC)
(NC)(NC)(NC)
(NC)(NC)
(NC)(NC)
(HI)US, HI, & Japan
have same species!!!!!!
NC, SC, FL, CA, IL,& WI have
been analyzed & group here
Identification: Conclusions
• Based on morphology and ITS sequence data, the puffball species we commonly encounter in the Carolinas is not Lycoperdon perlatum.
• Thus far, most samples (88%) have had ITS sequences similar to isolates of Vascellum curtisii or Bovista dermoxantha characterized from golf greens in Japan. This concurs with puffball morphology differences (+/- capillitium).
• In areas sampled (FL, SC, NC, OK, TX, WI, IL, CA, HI) only 4 species have been associated with fairy ring on golf greens.
Current Work • Inoculation
• In vitro fungicide testing
• Determining optimal temperature for growth
• DNA soil fishing - ITS and specific primers
Conditions Favoring Fairy Ring
• Sandy soils, newly constructed greens
• Excessive thatch accumulation
• Extremes in soil moisture
• Nutrient deficiency, especially nitrogen
Fairy ring symptoms are most evident in under-fertilized turf
Excessive thatch accumulations enhance fairy ring.
Cultural Practices to Suppress Fairy Ring Symptoms
Type I
• Cultivate and/or use wetting agents to re-wet
soil profile
Type II
• Mask ring symptoms with nitrogen or iron
Type III
• Remove mushrooms
Difficult Control– Fungus is below soil and can be at various
depths
– No fungal infection = no host resistance
– Hydrophobicity (water repellency)
Some recommend the only option is to dig up the rings and start over
Others recommend stripping sod and mixing of soil to promote microbial antagonism
Chemical Control• Fungicide plus wetting agent is the standard for control
• Fungicides most often used curatively– Flutolanil (Prostar) plus a wetting agent is most often
prescribed– QoIs (i.e. Heritage, Insignia) are also effective
Key w/all applications is to water them in with an ⅛ - ¼ inch of water.
Curative Control
a
a
c
% F
airy
Rin
g Sy
mpt
oms
a
cc
b
- Data provided by Dr. Bruce Martin, Clemson University
Prevention• Common control practice for soil borne turf pathogens
– Summer patch: Apply fungicide in spring when average soil temps reach 65ºF
– Take–all patch: Apply fungicide in spring & fall when average soil temps reach 40 - 60ºF
– Spring dead spot: Apply fungicide in the fall when soil temps are between 60-80ºF
• Superintendents in Gulf Coast states have been using triadimefon for preventive fairy ring control.
• Bayleton granted a 2(ee) label for fairy ring control in all states in 2008.
Prevention of fairy ring caused by Vascellum pratense in
‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass (July 11, 2006)
- 2 applications made in late March and late April
Fair
y R
ing S
everi
ty (
0 t
o 9
)
d
abc
bcd
abc
c
ab
bc
a
Objectives
• Investigate fairy ring control from one preventive application of Bayleton in spring.
• Compare control efficacy between low and high
rates.
• Determine impact of application timing on preventive control.
Treatments
Fungicide
Bayleton: 1 oz/1,000 ft2
Bayleton: 2 oz/1,000 ft2
Application Timing
A: 50ºF (10ºC)
B: 55ºF (13ºC)
C: 60ºF (16ºC)
D: 65ºF (18ºC)
E: 70ºF (21ºC)
F: 75ºF (24ºC)
Application Timing - 2007A
vera
ge
5 d
ay s
oil
tem
per
atu
re t
ake
n a
t 2
inch
es (
º F
)
Mar Apr May June
March 14th - Application A:
50ºF (10ºC)
March 25th - Application B:
55ºF (13ºC)
March 28th -Application C:
60ºF (16ºC)
March 30th -Application D:
65ºF (18ºC)
May 2nd -Application E:
70ºF (21ºC)
May 29th:Fairy ring
start
May 30th -Application F:
75ºF (24ºC)
Application Timing - 2008A
vera
ge
5 d
ay s
oil
tem
per
atu
re t
ake
n a
t 2
inch
es (
º F
)
Mar Apr May June
March 14th - Application A:
50ºF (10ºC)
March 26th - Application B:
55ºF (13ºC)
April 10th-Application C:
60ºF (16ºC)
April 25th-Application D:
65ºF (18ºC)
May 8th -Application E:
70ºF (21ºC)
June 17th:Fairy ring
start
June 4th-Application F:
75ºF (24ºC)
Bayleton – High rate: 65°F
Bayleton – Low rate: 65°F
6/22/07
Control
7/24/07
Bayleton – Low rate: 65°F
Prevention of fairy ring caused by Vascellum pratense in ‘A-1’ creeping bentgrass, 2007
Fair
y R
ing S
everi
ty (
0-
9)
a
a
a
b
bb
bb
b
Bars with same letter are not significantly different according to LSD (∞=0.05).
Prevention of fairy ring caused by Vascellum pratense in ‘A-1’ creeping bentgrass, 2007
Fair
y R
ing S
everi
ty
(0-9
)
a
bbbb b
a
bb
b
b b
a
bb
b
b b
Bars with same letter are not significantly different according to LSD (∞=0.05).
Prevention of fairy ring caused by Vascellum pratense in ‘A-1’ creeping bentgrass, 2008
Fair
y R
ing S
everi
ty (
0-9
)
Prevention of fairy ring caused by Vascellum pratense in ‘A-1’ creeping bentgrass, 2008
Fair
y R
ing S
everi
ty
(0-9
)
Control Recommendation• Make two monthly applications of triadimefon at the
low label rate.
• Initiate applications when 5 day average soil temperatures reach 55 - 65°F corresponding to late March in Raleigh, NC.
• Water in the application immediately with ¼ inch of irrigation.
• Make wetting agent application on regular scheduling, but not tank-mixed when making PREVENTIVE applications.
Refinement – Part 1
• How do the newer DMIs perform in the preventive application scheme? Heritage? Endorse?
• How well does it work on bermuda?
Prevention of fairy ring on a bermudagrass green in Wilmington, NC (June 20, 2008).
- 2 applications made in late March and late April- No wetting agent tank-mixed with applications.
Fair
y R
ing
Severi
ty (
0 t
o
9)
b b
b b b b
ab
a
Prevention of fairy ring on a bentgrass green in Charlotte, NC (August 8, 2008).
- 2 applications made in late March and late April- No wetting agent tank-mixed with applications.
Fair
y R
ing S
everi
ty (
0 t
o 9
)
bcd
cdd
d cd
bc
a
ab
Refinement – Part 2
• Does tank-mixing a wetting agent really hurt the performance of a preventively applied fairy ring fungicide? Will it reduce phytotoxicity?
• Can I wait to water the application in until night?
Treatments
1) Fungicide
Bayleton: 1 oz/1,000 ft2
Triton: 0.25 oz/1,000 ft2
Untreated
2) Irrigation
Watered in immediately
Watered in 10 hours later
3) Wetting AgentTank-mixed with Revolution (6
oz/M)
No Wetting Agent
7/11/08
7/11/08
Prevention of fairy ring caused by Vascellum pratense in ‘A-1’ creeping bentgrass (August 4, 2008)
Treatments applied on March 28 & April 25.Bars with same letter are not significantly different according to LSD (∞=0.05)
Fair
y R
ing S
everi
ty (
%
Are
a)
a
ab
b
bbb
Phytotoxicity - Tank-mixing Revolution (6 oz/1000 sq ft), 2008
Tu
rf Q
ualit
y (
1-
9)
cb
ab aba a
a
c c
b
bcbc
Phyto
toxic
ity (
0-9
)
Treatments applied on March 28 & April 25Data collected on May 27Bars with same letter are not significantly different according to LSD (∞=0.05).
Phytotoxicity - Irrigation Timing, 2008Tu
rf Q
ualit
y (
1-9
)
Phyto
toxic
ity (
0-9
)
Treatments applied on March 28 & April 25Data collected on May 27
Conclusions• DMI fungicides appear to have similar efficacy as
preventive treatments• In an early test, irrigation timing did not appear
to have an impact on fungicide efficacy.• Tank mixing preventive fungicides with a wetting
agent decreases fungicide efficacy. • Phytotoxicity of DMI applications needs further
evaluation. In particular, impact on ultradwarf bermudagrass varieties needs to be assessed.
Dr. Lane Tredway Advisory Committee Co-Chair Dr. Larry Grand Advisory Committee Co-ChairDr. Marc Cubeta Advisory Committee MemberDr. Mike Benson Advisory Committee MemberDr. Mike Fidanza Advisory Committee Member
Mike Soika Research AssociateLee Butler Extension AssistantJim Kerns Fellow graduate studentJoe Roberts Undergraduate AssistantEmily Rosebrough Undergraduate AssistantIvey Redding Undergraduate AssistantMatt Martin NC Cooperative Extension AgentJim Monroe NC Cooperative Extension Agent
Funding Sources:
Acknowledgements