Lecture Notes on Course Code: PCT 102.3 (Pollution Control Technologies)

Solid and Hazardous Waste Pollution(M.Sc. /II Semester, SS 2009)

- A.R. Tuladhar- M.E. (W. Germany)

Table of Contents

1. Environment and Pollution1.1 Environment1.2 Environment and Development1.3 Environmental Pollution

2. Waste and Solid Waste Pollution1.1 Definition of Solid Waste1.2 Solid Waste pollution1.3 Environmental Pollution and Hazards of SW Mismanagement

3. Sources and Types of Solid Waste2.1 Sources of Solid Waste2.2 Types of Solid Waste2.3 Sources vs. Types of Solid Waste

4. Composition of Solid Waste3.1 Composition of MSW in Industrialized Countries3.2 Composition of MSW in Developing Countries3.3 Composition of MSW in Nepal

5. Trend in SW Generation4.1 Rate of MSW Generation4.2 Variability of MSW Generation

6. Integrated Solid Waste Management5.1 Hierarchy of SWM5.2 Concept of ISWM

7. Municipal Solid Waste Management6.1 Operational Management System6.2 Operational Functions

8. Hazardous Waste Management8.1 Definitions of Hazardous Waste8.2 Sources/Types/Characteristics of hazardous Waste8.3 Concerns on HWM8.4 Problems of Developing Countries

9. Policy and Legislation for SWM in Nepal9.1 Background9.2 Policy Initiatives9.3 Legislative Measures

1. Environment and Pollution1.1 EnvironmentA total system encompassing human beings and their surroundings.

Natural Environment Sum of all surrounding natural conditions affecting the life, development and survival of a

living being.

1. Physical Environment- all surrounding physical conditions of nature such as air, water, land etc.

2. Biological Environment

- all surrounding biological conditions of nature related to flora and fauna such as plants, animals, insects etc

Man-made Environment Sum of all surrounding man-made conditions affecting the development of our life, e.g. : -

Built environment: environment created by all structures built by man (e.g. roads, houses, buildings bridges etc.) and related infrastructure services.

- Socio-cultural environment,- Socio-economic environment etc.

1.2 Environment and Development

Development - Rapid development (mainly industrial development to the maximum possible level)

for fast economic growth to raise the people’s living standard- especially in the US, Europe and Japan after the World War II.

Environment and Development - Integration of environment in development with due consideration of potential

adverse environmental impacts in development activities in the industrialized countries after ~1980.

Sustainable Development - Development to the optimum level (i.e. environmentally acceptable level) that it

can sustain.

1.3 Environmental PollutionDecline in the acceptable quality of environment under which we live.

Types of Environmental Pollution Pollution on any parameter of environment, e.g.- air pollution,- water pollution,- land pollution,- noise pollution etc.

Causes of Environmental Pollution Main causes in to-day’s global context :

- uncontrolled population growth,- haphazard urbanization, and- unbalanced development.

Remarks:1) uncontrolled pop. growth – root cause in most of the developing countries2) unbalanced development or no due consideration of potential adverse environmental impacts – root cause in most of the developed countries

2. Waste and Solid Waste Pollution2.1 Definition of Waste

a material worthless to somebody and which the person wants to get rid of.

a resource material and a source of danger as well, depending upon situations.

Resource:

Waste for one person or purpose may be a material resource for other person or purpose. ( ! Waste is not waste until it is wasted)

Source of danger:Waste may be a source of danger to natural environment and public health, if not managed properly.

a valuable resource material at wrong place2.1 Definition of Solid Waste (contd.)

Remarks:

Other terminologies used for solid waste in West Europe/North America :

Refuse: Another term for municipal solid waste (often used interchangeably with solid waste)

Garbage: An American term for domestic waste fraction of MSW which includes the biodegradable organic wastes such as vegetable/ fruit

wastes, food wastes etc.

Rubbish : The US EPA defines rubbish as MSW, excluding food waste and ashes from homes, institutions and working places.

2.2 Solid Waste PollutionSolid waste is:

• a pollutant (i.e. cause) of air, water and soil pollution with ultimate implications on public health.

• also an aesthetic or visual pollutant.

• primarily an urban problem in Nepal, with localized problems in some rural areas of socio-cultural/ religious importance, trekking routes and tourist destinations.

General solutions :Safe and environmentally sound SWM with effective and efficient collection & disposal

service.2.3 Environmental Pollution and Hazards Caused by the Mismanagement of SWMismanagement of solid wastes, in general, causes hazards to:

natural environment, and

public health

Fig. 1:Routes of Exposure to Hazards Caused By the Mismanagement of Solid Waste

Source: Urban Environmental Guidelines of Nepal/ UDLE-Project

3. Sources and Types of Solid Waste3.1 Sources of Solid Waste

Wastes are generated from various sources of activities.

The major sources of waste to be considered, in general:

• Households• Commercial Establishments• Institutions• Industries• Municipal Cleaning Waste • Open Space Defecation• Agriculture• Construction & Demolition

3.2 Types of Solid Waste3.2.1 Classification of Solid Waste in Industrialized Countries

Country Classification of Solid Waste Remarks

Belgium 1. Class I : Industrial waste2. Class II : Municipal waste3. Class III : Stable waste: medical waste, hazardous items and radioactive wastes not accepted.

A.Bouazza and W.F.Vanimpe - Regulatory Aspects of Landfill Liner Design in some countries. (1996)

Denmark 1. Hazardous waste2. Controlled waste (not hazardous municipal waste)3. Stable waste: all hazardous waste must be put through preliminary treatment, e.g. incineration.

France 1. Class I : Approved industrial waste2. Class II : Municipal waste and commercial waste3. Class III : Stable waste and construction waste

Italy 1. Municipal waste2. Class II Stable type II b & II c: Hazardous waste3. Industrial waste4. Stable waste

Nether-lands

1. Waste that is not hazardous2. Chemical waste and hazardous waste

 䦋 ㏒㌌ 㧀좈琰茞ᓀ㵂 Ü

U.K. 1. Household waste (domestic)2. Commercial waste3. Industrial waste4. Stable waste

Germany 1. Municipal waste (Siedlungsabfall)2. Waste requiring special monitoring (equivalent to industrial waste) (Sondermüll)

TA SiedlungsabfallTA Abfall

U.S. 1. Non-hazardous waste: urban waste, sewage sludge, construction waste, agricultural waste, mining waste, hazardous waste from small volume sources, non- hazardous industrial waste2. Hazardous waste - those included in the EPA list

Masaru Tanaka, ed; Industrial waste treatment in Japan, U.S. & Europe. (1996)

Japan 1. Municipal waste2. Industrial waste

Waste Disposal &Cleaning Act

Source: Landfill sites in Japan 2000/ Journal of WM, Fukuoka University & Hokkaido University

3.2 Types of Solid Waste3.2.1 Classification of Solid Waste in Industrialized CountriesCountry Classification of Solid Waste Remarks

Belgium 1. Class I : Industrial waste2. Class II : Municipal waste3. Class III : Stable waste: medical waste, hazardous items and radioactive wastes not accepted.

A.Bouazza and W.F.Vanimpe - Regulatory Aspects of Landfill Liner Design in some countries. (1996)

Denmark 1. Hazardous waste2. Controlled waste (not hazardous municipal waste)3. Stable waste: all hazardous waste must be put through preliminary treatment, e.g. incineration.

France 1. Class I : Approved industrial waste2. Class II : Municipal waste and commercial waste3. Class III : Stable waste and construction waste

Italy 1. Municipal waste2. Class II Stable type II b & II c: Hazardous waste3. Industrial waste4. Stable waste

3.2.2 Classification of SW in Nepalese Context Municipal Waste

All general waste of non-hazardous nature- generated mainly from residential and other related activities, which usually include:

o Domestic wasteo Commercial waste.

However, unfortunately due to lack of proper management facilities, it may also contain:

o Institutional wasteo industrial wasteo Sanitation residueso Municipal cleaning wasteo Agricultural wasteo Construction waste

Special Waste (contd.)

b) Classification by source of generation

Hospital Waste Industrial Waste Dead Animals Slaughter Waste Construction Waste Wastes from other similar sources

3.3 Sources vs. Types of Solid Waste

Sources and types of solid waste can be related as follows:

Households Domestic waste Commercial Establishments Commercial waste Institutions Institutional waste Industries Industrial waste Open space defecation Sanitation residues Municipal cleaning service Municipal cleaning waste Agriculture Agricultural waste Construction/demolition Construction waste

4. Composition of Solid Waste4.1 Composition of MSW in Industrialized Countries (average wet-wt%)

S.N. Fractions USA DEUTSCHLAND SCHWEIZ ENGLAND

1

Decomposable organic matter 26.0 29.9 12.0 20.0

2 Paper 37.0 16.0 40.0 33.03 Plastics 7.0 5.4 4.0 5.04 Textile   2.0 4.0 10.05 Leather     5.0  6 Wood     4.0  

7Screening fraction   22.8    

Total waste of organic origin 70.0 76.1 69.0 68.08 Metal 10.0 3.2 2.0 7.09 Glass 10.0 9.2 12.0 11.010 Ashes and slag   (34.3)*   6.011 Miscellaneous 10.0 11.5 17.0 8.0Total waste of inorganic origin 30.0 23.9 31.0 32.0Grand Total 100 100.0 100.0 100.0

References Carra Umweltbundesamt Messmer Barber  1987 * :2/3 combustible 1988 1986

4.2 Composition of MSW in Developing Countries (average wet- wt%)

S. N.Fractions 

PAKISTAN INDONESIA EGYPT Lahore(1993) (1986)  Cairo

1 Food waste 13.3 23.0 41.0

2Grass, leaves, straw 41.6 12.0  

3 Wood 0.7   8.04 Paper 1.2 17.0 9.05 Animal manure 18.7    6 Bones 0.5   1.07 Rags 5.8 5.0 3.08 Polyethelene bags 5.2    9 Plastics, rubber 1.6 10.0 2.010 Others   15.0 3.0Total waste of organic origin 88.6 82.0 67.011 Glass 0.3 4.0 2.012 Metals 0.0 4.0 3.013 Bricks, stone etc. 11.1 10.0 4.014 Others     24.0Total waste (inorganic origin) 11.4 18.0 33.0Grand Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

15Total Moisture Content   54.0

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 Source:  Report on “Waste Management and Recovery – Landfilling” / Lund University, SWEDEN

4.3 Composition of MSW in Nepal (average in wt%)

MATERIALS

Gr. KTM Pokhara Nepalgunj Bhktapur Banepa

 

  1991 1998 1993 1980 1993  Inert material (sand, dust, ashes etc.) 18.5 17.3      

 

Inert material (stone, ceramics, fragments etc.) 3.1 6.0      

 

Compostable   44.3        

org. matter (vegetable, leaves,

Kitchen/garden waste etc. 59.4

 䦋 ㏒㌌ 㧀좈琰茞ᓀ㵂 Ü 53.2 81.4 65.1

 

Other partially compostable org. matter (straw, bamboo etc.)   1.4      

 

Metal 0.5 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.4  Paper 5.9 5.8 2.8   9.6  Carton 0.9 0.0 0.3   0.0  Glass 3.2 2.0 0.2 0.4 1.1  Plastics 2.6 13.2 0.9 0.4 3.3  Textile/Jute 3.8 4.4 0.7 1.4 1.5  Rubber and Leather 0.5 2.2 0.3 0.4 0.2

 

Wood 0.8 1.3 1.0 0.3 0.1  Bones 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.0  Others 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.8  

Total (wt.%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 䦋 ㏒㌌ 㧀좈琰茞㵂 Ü

Bulk Density (kg/l) 0.41 0.36 0.30 0.39  

 

Total Moisture Content (wt. %) 46.20 46.60 8.53 50.00  

 

Total Moisture Content:No.3+No.4 (wt.%) 35.20 37.90 34.50 50.10  

 

Resource material