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Lecture Notes in Engineering
The Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes provide rapid (approximately six months), refereed publication
of topical items, longer than ordinary journal articles but shorter and less formal than most
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editors provide manuscripts typed to specifications, ready for photo-reproduction.
The Editorial Board
Managing Editors
C. A Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst Southampton S04 2AA (UK)
Consulting Editors
Chemical Engineering: J. H. Seinfeld Dept. of Chemical Engg., Spaulding Bldg. Calif. Inst. ofTechnology Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
Dynamics and Vibrations: P'Spanos Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Rice University P. O. Box 1892 Houston, Texas 77251 (USA)
Earthquake Engineering: AS. Cakmak Dept. of Civil Engineering, Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544 (USA)
Electrical Engineering: P. Silvester Dept. of Electrical Engg., McGill University 3480 University Street Montreal, PO H3A 2A7 (Canada)
Geotechnical Engineering and Geomechanics: C.S. Desai College of Engineering Dept. of Civil Engg. and Engg. Mechanics The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 (USA)
Hydrology: G.Pinder School of Engineering, Dept. of Cjvil Engg. Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544 (USA)
Laser Fusion - Plasma: R. McCrory Lab. for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627 (USA)
S.AOrszag Applied and Computational Mathematics 218 Fine Hall Princeton, NJ 08544 (USA)
Materials Science and Computer Simulation: S. Yip Dept. of Nuclear Engg., MIT Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
Mechanics of Materials: FA Leckie Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Univ. of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106 (USA)
A R. S. Ponter Dept. of Engineering, The University Leicester LEl 7RH (UK)
Fluid Mechanics: K.-P. Holz Inst fUr Stromungsmechanik, Universitat Hannover, Callinstr. 32 D-3000 Hannover 1 (FRG)
Nonlinear Mechanics: K.-J. Bathe Dept. of Mechanical Engg., MIT Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
Structural Engineering: J. Connor Dept. of Civil Engineering, MIT Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
W. Wunderlich Inst fUr Konstruktiven Ingenieurbau Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Universitatsstr. 150, D-4639 Bochum-Ouerenburg (FRG)
Structural Engineering, Fluids and Thermodynamics: J. Argyris Inst fOr Statik und Dynamik der Luft- und Raumfahrtkonstruktion Pfaffenwaldring 27 D-7000 Stuttgart 80 (FRG)
•
Lecture Notes in Engineering Edited by C. A. Brebbia and S. A. Orszag
54
T. J. Mueller (Editor)
Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics Proceedings of the Conference Notre Dame, Indiana, USA, 5-7 June 1989
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
Series Editors C. A. Brebbia . S. A. Orszag
Consulting Editors J. Argyris . K.-J. Bathe· A. S. Cakmak . J. Connor' R. McCrory C. S. Desai· K.-P. Holz . F. A. Leckie· G. Pinder· A. R. S. Pont J. H. Seinfeld . P. Silvester· P. Spanos' W. Wunderlich· S. Yip
Editor Thomas J. Mueller Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
ISBN-13: 978-3-540-51884-6 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-84010-4
e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-84010-4
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re·use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 1989
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
2161/3020-543210 Printed on acid-free paper.
PREFACE
Continuing interest in a wide variety of low Reynolds number applications has focused
attention on the design and evaluation of airfoil sections at chord Reynolds numbers below
500,000. These applications include remotely or robotically piloted vehicles at high altitudcs
as well as ultra-light and human powered vehicles and mini-RPVs at low altitudes. Other
examples include small axial-flow fans used to cool electronic equipment in the unpressurized
sections of high-altitude aircraft and gas turbine blades.
High Reynolds number airfoil design strategies attempt to control the onset and
development of turbulent boundary layers. This is difficult at low Reynolds numbers because
of the increased stability of attached laminar boundary layers. Therefore, laminar separation is
common even at small angles of attack at low Reynolds numbers. Under these conditions, the
development of a turbulent boundary layer usually depends on the foonation of a transitional
separation bubble.
This volume is the collection of papers presented at the Conference on Low Reynolds
Number Aerodynamics held June 4-7, 1989 at the University of Notre Dame. The Conference
was sponsored by the Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering and the College of
Engineering at Notre Dame. Over fifty active researchers in this field from Europe, Canada,
and the United States were present. This Conference followed the 1986 International
Conference in London by about three years and the first Notre Dame Conference of 1985 by
four years. It is clear from the papers in this volume that a great deal of progress has been
made in understanding the occurrence and behavior of laminar separation and transition as well
as their overall effect on the performance of airfoils at low chord Reynolds numbers. The
ultimate goals of this understanding arc improved analytical methods for the design and
evaluation of a variety of practical applications. Significant progress has been made in the
achicvcmcnt of these goals.
I would like to thank the participants for their contributions and the staff of Springer
Verlag for putting together this volume.
Thomas 1. Mueller Notre Dame, IN
July 1989
CONTENTS
XFOIL: An Analysis and Design System for Low Reynolds Number Airfoils 1 M.Drela
Prediction of Aerodynamic Performance of Airfoils in Low Reynolds Number Flows 13 D.P. Coiro and C. deNicola
A Fast Method for Computation of Airfoil Characteristics 24 A. Bertelrud
Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Design and Wind Tunnel Testing 39 at Princeton University
J.F. Donovan and M.S. Selig
Study of Low-Reynolds Number Separated Flow Past the 58 Wortmann FX 63-137 Airfoil
K.N. Ghia, G. Osswald and U. Ghia
An Interactive Boundary-Layer Stability-Transition Approach for Low-Reynolds 70 Number Airfoils
T. Cebeci and M. Mcllvaine
The Instability of Two-Dimensional Laminar Separation 82 LL. Pauley, P. Main and W.C. Reynolds
Bursting in Separating Flow and in Transition 93 F.T. Smith
A Review of Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamic Research at 104 The University of Glasgow
RA. MCD. Galbraith and FN. Caton
Experimental Aerodynamic Characteristics of the Airfoils LA 5055 115 and DU 86-084/18 at Low Reynolds Numbers
L.M.M. Boermans, FJ. Danker Duyvis, J.L. van Ingen and W.A. Timmer
Performance Measurements of an Airfoil at Low Reynolds Numbers 131 R.J. McGhee and B.S. Walker
Correlation of Theory to Wind-Tunnel Data at Reynolds Numbers Below 500,000 146 R. Evangelista, R.J. McGhee and B.S. Walker
An Experimental Study of Low-Speed Single-Surface Airfoils 161 with Faired Leading Edges
J.D. DeLaurier
A Computationally Efficient Modelling of Laminar Separation Bubbles 174 P. Dini and M.D. Maugluner
A Comparison Between Boundary Layer Measurements in a Laminar Separation 189 Bubble Flow and Linear Stability Theory Calculations
P. LeBlanc, R. Blackwelder and R. Liebeck
v
Unsteady Aerodynamics of Wortmann FX63-137 Airfoil at Low Reynolds Numbers 206 A.M. Wo and E.E. Covert
A Method to Detennine the Perfonnance of Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils Under 218 Off-Design Unsteady Freestream Conditions
H.L. Reed and B.A. Toppe!
An Unsteady Model of Animal Hovering 231 P. Freymuth
Control of Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils: A Review 246 M. Gad-eL-Hak
The Low Frequency Oscillation in the Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil 271 with an "Iced" Leading Edge
KB.M.Q. Zaman and M.G. Potapezuk
Detachment of Turbulent Boundary Layers with Varying Free-Stream 283 Turbulence and Lower Reynolds Numbers
J.L. Potter, R.I. Barnett, C.E. Koukousakis and C.E. Fisher
Wind-Tunnel Investigations of Wings with Serrated Sharp Trailing Edges 295 P.MH.W. Vijgen, C. P. van Dam, B.I. HoLmes and F.G. Howard
Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Design for Subsonic Compressible Flow 314 RH. Liebeek
Computation of Viscous Unsteady Compressible Flow About Profiles 331 K.Dortmann
Compressible Navier-Stokes Solutions Over Low Reynolds Number Airfoils 343 Z. Alsalihi
Shockffurbulent Boundary Layer Interaction in Low Reynolds Number 358 Supercritical Flows
GR. Inger
Summary of Experimental Testing of a Transonic Low Reynolds Number Airfoil 369 P.L. Toot
The Design of a Low Reynolds Number RPV 381 S. Siddiqi, R. Evangelista and T.S. Kwa
Captive Carry Testing of Remotely Piloted Vehicles 394 A. Cross
Flight Testing Navy Low Reynolds Number (LRN) Unmanned Aircraft 407 R.I. Foeh and P.L. Toot
Vortex Lock-On and Flow Control in Bluff Body Ncar-Wakes 418 O.M. Griffin
Wake Studies on Yawed, Stranded Cables 433 l.v. Nebres, S.M. Balill and R.C. Nelson