Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8002Commenced Publication in 1973Founding and Former Series Editors:Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board

David HutchisonLancaster University, UK

Takeo KanadeCarnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Josef KittlerUniversity of Surrey, Guildford, UK

Jon M. KleinbergCornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Alfred KobsaUniversity of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Friedemann MatternETH Zurich, Switzerland

John C. MitchellStanford University, CA, USA

Moni NaorWeizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Oscar NierstraszUniversity of Bern, Switzerland

C. Pandu RanganIndian Institute of Technology, Madras, India

Bernhard SteffenTU Dortmund University, Germany

Madhu SudanMicrosoft Research, Cambridge, MA, USA

Demetri TerzopoulosUniversity of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Doug TygarUniversity of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Gerhard WeikumMax Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany

Nachum Dershowitz Ephraim Nissan (Eds.)

Language, Culture,ComputationComputing of the Humanities,Law, and Narratives

Essays Dedicated to Yaacov Chouekaon the Occasion of His 75th Birthday, Part II

13

Volume Editors

Nachum DershowitzTel Aviv University, School of Computer ScienceRamat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, IsraelE-mail: nachumd@tau.ac.il

Ephraim NissanUniversity of London, Goldsmiths CollegeDepartment of Computing25–27 St. James, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UKE-mail: ephraim.nissan@hotmail.co.uk

Cover illustration:Ma’aseh Toviyyah (= Work of Tobias) by Tobias Cohn, Venice 1707."There is a wheel that turns in the world. But verily indeed. Like the dreamthat Jacob dreamt."

Photograph on p. VII: The photograph of the honoree was taken by Yoni Shveka.Used with permission.

ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349ISBN 978-3-642-45323-6 e-ISBN 978-3-642-45324-3DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-45324-3Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013855036

LNCS Sublibrary: SL 3 – Information Systems and Application, incl. Internet/Weband HCI

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

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Yaacov Choueka Tres libros amicorum istos,illi Magistro excelso plaudentes dedicaverunt

Aldo Franco Dragoni, Amihood Amir, Amir Kantor, Andrey Rosenberg, Antonio A. Martino, Antonio Toral, Ariel Gorfinkel, Aviezri Fraenkel, Carmelo Asaro, Claudia Soria, Dany Y. Farook, David Harel, David Peleg, David Rydeheard, Dina Goren-Bar, Dov Gabbay, Dov Winer, Edward Reingold, Efrat Manisterski, Ephraim Nissan, Erick Fredj, Ghil ‘ad Zuckermann, Gian Piero Zarri, Howard Barringer, Ian Lancashire, Idan Spektor, Ido Dagan, Jacob Goldenberg, Jihad El-Sana, John Zeleznikow, Judit Bar-Ilan, Julia Sheidin, Kendall Lister, Kfir Bar, Klaus Schmidt, Leon Sterling, Liad Tal, Lyle Ungar, Mark Cohen, Massimo Zancanaro, Meir Bar-Ilan, Mona Diab, Monica Monachini, Moshe Fresko, Moshe Goldstein, Moshe Koppel, Moshe Lewenstein, Moshe Vardi, Nachum Dershowitz, Nadav Kashtan, Nicoletta Calzolari, Noa Lewenstein, Oded Netzer, Ofir Tzvi Erlich, Olivier Finkel, Oliviero Stock, Raz Lin, Rebecca J. W. Jefferson, Ronen Feldman, Roy Bar-Haim, Ruth Kannai, Sadek Jbara, Sarit Kraus, Shahar Kats, Shmuel T. Klein, Solomon Eyal Shimony, Subha Chandra, Tsvi Kuflik, Uri J. Schild, Valeria Quochi, Willard McCarty, et Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner.

tabula gratulatoria

From the editors to the authors:

Popóscimus, accucurrístis. Cunctáti erámus, pepercístis.

We asked, you came running. We were delayed, you forgave.

To our Maker:

ָעֵלינ לֵֹהינ-ֱא ה נַֹע ִויִהיה ֵ ָעֵלינ ְנָנה ָיֵדינ ַמֲעה ֵ ְנֵנה ָיֵדינ ַמֲע

Psalms 90:17

Yaacov Choueka(Photo taken by Yoni Shveka, son of the honoree)

Preface

Yaacov Choueka celebrated his 75th birthday in 2011. This Yaacov Choueka Ju-bilee Volume set comprises three parts, each with its individual preface, coveringthe variegated areas of research in which Yaacov has made major contributions.As authors participating in this jubilee know, Yaacov looms large in humani-ties computing, just as he is one of the founding fathers of full-text informationretrieval (see Volume I) and of computational linguistics (see Volume III).

Three large themes are the pillars of Volume II, entitled Computing for theHumanities, Law, and Narratives. Narratives are pervasive in human life andculture. Whereas they loom large in the humanities, they also loom large (aslegal narratives) in a judiciary context, in the form of either case notes beinglegal precedent, or the narrative at hand (or rather the litigants’ versions of whatthe legal narrative is) concerning which a court of law must render its decision.The cluster of papers about narratives and how to formalize and process themis also relevant to a sustained dialogue one of us had with Yaacov around 1990,concerning processing the surface of text as in the Responsa Project, and thechallenge of a narrative emerging from texts.

The first cluster of papers in the present volume is on “Humanities Comput-ing.” The opening article, “The Responsa Project: Some Promising Future Di-rections,” is about that project inextricably associated with the jubilarian. Thisis followed by an overview of the history of the Cambridge Genizah, leading tothe Cambridge Genizah Inventory Project. The third paper in the same clusteris about the Princeton University Geniza Project. These, then, are three papersrelevant to Yaacov Choueka’s research spanning half a century: on the one hand,the Responsa Project, and on the other hand, digitization of the Cairo Genizah.The remaining four articles in this humanities section comprise a paper dis-cussing a visitor guide tool for an active museum, as well as a paper aboutJudaica Europeana, a project within the Europeana consortium digitizing andproviding access to documents spanning many facets of European culture. Thenext two articles in this section are a paper about associative clusters in Milton’sParadise Lost, and the other one, a provocative challenge concerning the stateof the art.

The section “Narratives and the Challenge for Formal Representation” beginswith an article that provides a general discussion of the subject, and notes howapart from “storytelling,” another major area is “eChronicles,” an emerging areaof increasing importance. That same paper then moves to NKRL and its recentapplications. NKRL is a representation and querying and inferencing environ-ment for an “intelligent” exploitation of (non-fictional) narratives. The secondpaper in the same section provides an illustration of the nimbleness of “episodicformulæ,” applying that representation to the analysis of a fictional narrative(which itself exists in early Ottoman, Elizabethan, as well as Israeli versions),

X Preface

with the challenge of conveying mathematically “body-shifters,” namely, suchagents that transfer their Self, or if you wish, their “soul,” from their nativebody to another body, and then – if they are able to – back to the former. Thethird article in this section has as main title “On Chance, Causality, Agency,Volition, and Communication,” enumerating the issues involved. Its subtitle,“The Case of the Subversive Parrot of Sfakion,” refers to the hapless protago-nist of the narrative being formalized: a parrot from Crete that was put to deathfor uttering a republican slogan after Metaxas’ coup in Greece. The subject isnot trivial: how would you characterize that character’s agency? The remainingtwo papers in this section are complementary overviews of computational toolshandling narratives.

The section “History of Ideas: The Numerate Disciplines” consists of justone paper, about ancient number symbolism, one of the earlier numerate dis-ciplines. That interpretation of numbers is still with us in popular culture, notinfrequently as inferior, especially shabby forms of numerology. It is neverthe-less important to realize that number symbolism appeared in antiquity, early inhuman civilization’s engagement with numbers. For sure, sometimes symbolismis not in evidence in the earlier historical records. We find numerical data indry inventories on clay tablets from Mesopotamia, and we find another kindof numerical data in accounts of the raids carried out by some of the earli-est Mesopotamian kings, who boast of how many heaps of human bodies theyhad left behind them in such and such places, mindful about sounding credi-ble (anglers’ boasts about the size of fish caught are nothing new, apparently):The propagandists who wrote down such claims to glorify their royal mastersometimes are keen to show that they had not been rounding up numbers, andwould tell you, for example, that, in a given raided locale, four and half heapsof bodies were left behind, rather than five. There also existed, in the history ofideas, a trend to ascribe symbolic value to numbers, and such intellectuals whoengaged in this did not necessary perceive a clear boundary between this andmathematics.

We have in this volume a cluster of five papers about legal computing, anarea fostered by the Responsa Project. Computer law is the subject of the paper“Risks to Consider When Negotiating IT Outsourcing Agreements,” which isabout drafting a contract to supply information technology. Artificial intelligence(AI) application to law is the subject of the second paper in the same cluster,“There Is More to Legal Reasoning with Analogies than Case Based Reasoning.But What?” – this being something of interest not only to law or legal computing,but also to fundamental research in AI, when it comes to coping with analogy.Law is a rich domain of application for AI, and AI is to learn something from it,rather than just supplying the methods for applications. The third article is anoverview of several projects and is entitled “A Quarter of Century in ArtificialIntelligence and Law: Projects, Personal Trajectories, a Subjective Perspective.”And finally, we have two articles about legislation: how to reorganize and reducehuge bodies of legislation by pruning out from the historical legacy such lawsthat are obsolete, derogated, or already achieved or otherwise no longer relevant.

Preface XI

Argentina was the country where a very ambitious project of this sort was carriedout, resulting in the Digesto Juŕıdico Argentino, the author being one of thefounding fathers of AI for law and of its use of deontic logic. This section on lawand computing illustrates the potential of law as being a discipline to enrich AIwith insight and methods.

Yaacov Choueka’s contribution through the Responsa Project to social im-pact in the information society cannot be overstressed. And we do not justrefer to how his work on full-text information retrieval has contributed, severaldecades later on, to the ubiquitous use by lay users of search engines such asGoogle. We are also considering the major impact that the Responsa databasehas had on, for example, the practice of family law in Israel. Just stop to con-sider that, as we know Yaacov Choueka personally, we may tend to overlookthe historical significance of what he and Aviezri Fraenkel have achieved: thefull magnitude of the change (comparable to the Gutenberg revolution) that theability to consult the full text of the rabbinic literature throughout the ages,from different geographical areas, has brought about in both Israeli courtroompractice in family law (cf. Rome’s Rota) and research into Jewish law.1 It hasboth enabled and forced upon legal practice the tapping into the full trove of theculture’s jurisprudence, instead of privileging the geographical area of practition-ers’ extraction. To phrase it more concretely, a query by a user bent on furtherdeveloping rabbinic law, or then intent on preparing a case for a court of law,would typically be confronted in the output with such items that originated witha jurist in the Maghreb, as well as with some jurist in Lithuania. Provided thattheir contribution to jurisprudence is relevant to the case at hand, both have tobe considered, and neither is hidden from view, because Jewish law would ex-clude or snub neither jurist, and historically it was only contingency (the limitedspace of observability, if we are to say that in the jargon of systems and control)that would result in mutual ignorance. In that manner, in great part thanks tothe availability of the database brought into existence by the Responsa Project,a jurisprudential ingathering of the diasporas has been taking place.

The boundary between papers on language and computation (see Volume III)is not clearly cut, as several of the articles about language describe a computerapplication. Also the boundary between culture and language (something quiterelevant for Volume II) is not clear. Not everything about culture is embodied inlanguage, but culture pervades language just as it pervades any human activity(almost, or perhaps always so). What, if not culture, does account for the im-perfect equivalence of this reply from Victorian England: “Sorry, Sir, but I am

1 As opposed to the textual philology and historical linguistics of the late antique textsof Jewish law. Whereas the Responsa Project has put online the standard texts ofsuch rabbinic texts as the Babylonian Talmud, something that is usually enough forjurists, for example, philologists instead need to compare manuscript traditions andin fact, Professor Shamma Friedman eventually initiated a project for developinga computerized collation of manuscripts of the Babylonian Talmud. It would havebeen unthinkable, had not the Responsa Project already been around.

XII Preface

afraid we were never introduced to each other,” of the twentieth-century “Do Iknow you?”, and of the (eternal) Roman “Ma cchi tti cconooosce!!!”.

At any rate, the major themes of the present Volume II fit squarely withinthe concerns of humanities and law outside departments of linguistics. Manyscholars in the humanities, especially in Jewish Studies, will be able to tell youhow dependent they are, for their research, upon the tools and textual databaseof Yaacov Choueka’s Responsa Project. The potential of his Digital Genizahproject, with the capability of matching fragments of documents so that textswould be reconstituted, has only in recent years entered the consciousness of mostscholars. Insights and methods developed for the analysis of Genizah manuscriptsare now being applied to images of Tibetan and Chinese texts, as well as to theDead Sea Scrolls.

An email of Yaacov Choueka to one of us, in late August 2013, is eloquentconcerning the status of and responses to the Digital Genizah project:

Our work here is progressing extremely well. We had a very successfulappearance in the last World Congress of Jewish Studies. We exhibitedin a special booth, on a large touch-screen, two recent developments: inthe first, the user gives the system the image number of a fragment he isresearching and for which he thinks there are joins, and the system willsuggest to him the 100 best candidates, with images displayed, and it isalmost certain that if there is a join, it will be found in the list.

If he comes then, say, with a list of three fragments he thinks mayform a join (a single physical folio), and presents them to the secondprogram, the images will be displayed, and he’ll be able to manipulatethem with his fingers as on an iPad or smartphone, moving, rotating,calibrating, as in a jigsaw, checking (automatically) for the versos, andwhen he is convinced it is a join, he adds it to the site with a click.

Researchers were extremely impressed by that; Professor Bar-Asher,president of the Academy of Hebrew Language, exclaimed when the pro-grams were presented to him: “If the world was created just for us to seethis wonder, Dayenu”. . . [i.e., it would have been enough]. A little bit ofan exaggeration, still. . . .

We also presented several talks at the Congress; I presented the basicideas for a very ambitious and challenging project we are now workingon, for displaying in a novel and sophisticated way variant-readings of theTalmud, according to all text-witnesses available anywhere. And more.

It is fair then to say that the jubilarian’s research 50 years ago was seminalfor full-text information retrieval (which lay users at present know especiallyfrom such search engines as Google), as well as for natural-language processing.Mirabile dictu, 50 years later he is still active – in a project whose output hashad the response of elated amazement that Moshe Bar-Asher uttered.

September 2013 Nachum DershowitzEphraim Nissan

Table of Contents – Part II

Humanities Computing

The Responsa Project: Some Promising Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Moshe Koppel

The Historical Significance of the Cambridge Genizah InventoryProject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Rebecca J.W. Jefferson

The Princeton University Geniza Project: Using the Internet for Jewishand Islamic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Mark R. Cohen

Design and Evaluation of a Visitor Guide in an Active Museum . . . . . . . . 47Oliviero Stock, Tsvi Kuflik, Massimo Zancanaro, Dina Goren-Bar,Ariel Gorfinkel, Sadek Jbara, Shahar Kats, Julia Sheidin, andNadav Kashtan

Judaica Europeana: Jewish Semantics in the Linked Data SemanticWeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Dov Winer

Paradise Lost and Milton’s Associative Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Ian Lancashire

Special Effects; or, The Tooling Is Here. Where Are the Results? . . . . . . . 103Willard McCarty

Narratives and Their Formal Representation

Representation and Management of Complex ‘Narrative’ Information . . . 118Gian Piero Zarri

Tale Variants and Analysis in Episodic Formulae:Early Ottoman, Elizabethan, and “Solomonic” Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Ephraim Nissan

On Chance, Causality, Agency, Volition, and Communication:The Case of the Subversive Parrot of Sfakion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Ephraim Nissan

Narratives, Formalism, Computational Tools, and Nonlinearity . . . . . . . . 270Ephraim Nissan

XIV Table of Contents – Part II

Review of Ontology Based Storytelling Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394Dov Winer

History of Ideas: The Numerate Disciplines

When Being Numerate Used to Mean Something Else:The Case of Number Symbolism in the Hebrew Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Meir Bar-Ilan

Law, Computer Law, and Legal Computing

Risks to Consider When Negotiating IT Outsourcing Agreements . . . . . . 424Subha Chandar and John Zeleznikow

There Is More to Legal Reasoning with Analogies than Case BasedReasoning, But What? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Ruth Kannai, Uri J. Schild, and John Zeleznikow

A Quarter of Century in Artificial Intelligence and Law:Projects, Personal Trajectories, a Subjective Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Ephraim Nissan, Carmelo Asaro, Aldo Franco Dragoni,Dany Yamen Farook, and Solomon Eyal Shimony

Simplification and Quality of the Legal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696Antonio A. Martino

The Digesto Juŕıdico Argentino: Considerations Concerning a LargeJuridical Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

Antonio A. Martino

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751