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8/11/2019 Lecture Notes 5.1-5.2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-notes-51-52 1/10
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• (#)*+, QF B)(/ &3 ,),-E0 (. /5, -./0$ 123R KB/ M("&O&B",. SMTU 2-, &3/,) B.,#
• ; T V 1
• 1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 J (joule); “energy needed to heat 1 g of H<! 3-&' ;@HG4 /& ;GHGC”
• ; #(,/2-0 72"&-(, S42"U V ;??? 72" V ; M72"
45$%6.7'#86)9+J ./B#0 &3 ,),-E0 2)# (/. PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 3-&' &), 3&-' /& 2)&/5,- ()
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• ;.0$9/08% :*8*$ 1;)9%.+980$3J 2 #,.7-(1/(&) &3 2 .0./,' () /,-'. &3 /5, 1-&1,-/(,. &3 (/. '&",7B",. "(M,
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<)#$*)9 "#$%&' 1"=3J ,),-E0 2) &KO,7/ 1&..,..,. K0 +(-/B, &3 (/. PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
= =
()()
!7/368#,J
•
;$958#)980J '&/(&) &3 '27-&.72", &KO,7/.W PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP• 45$%680J -2)#&' '&/(&) &3 )2)&.72", &KO,7/.W PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
• >9./+*)9J 1,-(&#(7 '&/(&) &3 )2)&.72", &KO,7/.W PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
PPP 4X8G=X!Y S"U PPP =< SEU Z PPP 4! SEU Z PPP 8<! SEU Z PPP !< SEU Z PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
[(),/(7 ,),-E0 2..&7(2/,# L(/5 '&/(&). &3 '&",7B",. – L5(75R () /5(. 72.,R 2-, .& +(&",)/ /52/ /5,0 -,.B"/ () 2 .5&7M L2+,
!7/368#J 72"7B"2/, /5, M(),/(7 ,),-E0 S() TU &3 2 <GH? ME '2.. '&+()E 2/ ;H]^ S_@ '15UH
?.*$#*)80 "#$%&' 1"@3J ,),-E0 2) &KO,7/ 1&..,..,. K0 +(-/B, &3 (/. PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP SK&)# ,),-E(,.UW
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP #B, /& PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ()/,-27/(&).
= ℎ = 9.81
ℎℎ
8/11/2019 Lecture Notes 5.1-5.2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-notes-51-52 2/10
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&KO,7/. L(/5 ,",7/-(72" 752-E,. S` ; a ` <U
= = .×
!7/368#,J
• A%8B)*8*).#80J &KO,7/. /52/ 2-, 5,"# () 2 52)# 2-, 2//-27/,# /& /5, 3"&&- K0 E-2+(/2/(&)2" 3&-7,
•
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• C5$6)980J PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP K,/L,,) 2/&'. () '&",7B"2- 7&'1&B)#.
"#$%&'J 72) K, 7&)+,-/,# 3-&' &), /01, /& 2)&/5,-
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7U
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PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 3-&' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP /& /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
8/11/2019 Lecture Notes 5.1-5.2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-notes-51-52 3/10
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• "D/)0)E%)/6, 2"" '27-&.7&1(7 1-&1,-/(,. SDR bR cU 2-, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 2)# -,'2() .& ,+,) (3
/5, .0./,' (. #(.7&)),7/,# 3-&' /5, .B--&B)#()E.
• :*$87' :*8*$, 1-&1,-/(,. 2-, B)752)E()E KB/ 'B./ 52+, 2 PPPPPPPPPPPP () 2)# &B/ &3
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
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F.%= 1G3J 2 ',752)(72" 1-&7,.. /52/ /-2).3,-. ,),-E0 /& &- 3-&' 2) &KO,7/ SPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPUW
,),-E0 B.,# /& PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP &+,- .&', #(./2)7, S#U /-2+,",#
= ×
The part of the universe under study H2(g) and O2(g)
unchanging in time
flow
energy and/or matter
The rest of the universe outside the system cylinder and pistonsystem + surroundings
mass and energy
energy exchanged neither energy nor mass
a directed energy change
move an object against a resisting force (F)
8/11/2019 Lecture Notes 5.1-5.2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-notes-51-52 4/10
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!7/368#, describe what happens to work and energy below…
C5$6)980 @%.9$++$+J L&-M &77B-. L5,),+,- .&',/5()E PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 9
S1B.5,.N1B"". &) .B--&B)#()E 2(-U
!7/368#, L52/ 5211,). (3 /5, E2. ().(#, 2 K2""&&) (. 5,2/,#d
45$%680 "#$%&'J M(),/(7 ,),-E0 &3 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPR ',2.B-,# K0 3()#()E /5,
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP &3 2) &KO,7/
• 8(E5,- c,'1,-2/B-,. V PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
4$6@$%8*/%$ 1! 3J ',2.B-, &3 /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP &3 2 .2'1",
H$8* 1D3J /5, 2'&B)/ &3 /5,-'2" ,),-E0 /-2).3,--,# 3-&' &), &KO,7/ /& 2)&/5,-
SPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPU 2. /5, -,.B"/ &3 2 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP K,/L,,) /5, /L&
!7/368#J ,e1"2() 5&L 2 /5,-'&',/,- L&-M. L5,) /5, /,'1,-2/B-, &3 L2/,- (. '&)(/&-,# 2. /5, L2/,- 2)# 8E 2-,
5,2/,# K0 2 KB-),-
• c,'1,-2/B-,J PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
•
b&"B',J PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP• f,)E/5J PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
H$8* I0.GJ #(-,7/(&) &3 ,),-E0 /-2).3,- (. 3-&' PPPPPPPPPPPPPP /& PPPPPPPPPPPPPP &KO,7/. B)/(" /5,0 -,275 *5$%680
$D/)0)E%)/6 SPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 9U
You do work against G
potential energy converts intokinetic energy
No work is done on
the floor (it doesntmove)
expands or contracts
Gas expands and balloon grows; gasdoes work pushing back the rubber
and air outside it
molecular/atomic/ionic motion
emperature
faster motion
thermal energy
between the system and surroundings emperature difference
increases and atoms move faster and become farther apart
of the material increasesof liquid in column increases (Hg^)
hotter colder
equal temperature
8/11/2019 Lecture Notes 5.1-5.2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-notes-51-52 5/10
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L2-',# 2)# /5,) 1"27,# () /5, K,2M,- &3 L2/,-
J8G .I C.#+$%B8*).# .I "#$%&'J ,),-E0 72))&/ K, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPW (/ 72) &)"0 K,
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 3-&' &), 3&-' /& 2)&/5,-W /5, /&/2" ,),-E0 &3 /5, B)(+,-., (. 7&)./2)/
= = 2.99×10
• K#*$%#80 "#$%&' 1"3J /-2).3,--,# 3-&' S&- /&U /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 'B./ K, ,gB2" /& /52/ "&./
S&- E2(),#U K0 /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPW /5, 72127(/0 /& PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
∆ = +
K#*$%#80 "#$%&' 1"3J .B' &3 2"" M(),/(7 2)# 1&/,)/(2" ,),-E(,. &3 2"" .0./,' 7&'1&),)/. S,+,-0 '&",7B", &- (&)U
• C58#&$ )# K#*$%#80 "#$%&' 1Δ"3J 3()2" ,),-E0 &3 /5, .0./,' '()B. /5, ()(/(2" ,),-E0 &3 /5, .0./,'
∆ = −
•
F3 Δ" L MR /5,) "I)#80 L ")#)*)80
• "#7$%&.#)9J /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP () /5, 3&-' &3 L&-M
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPW )&)I.1&)/2),&B. 1-&7,..
• F3 Δ" N MR /5,) "I)#80 N ")#)*)80
• "O$%&.#)9J /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP () /5, 3&-' &3 L&-M PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPW
.1&)/2),&B. 1-&7,..
created or destroyed
converted
system
surroundings supply heat (q) or do work (w)
energy
heat exchange work done
system absorbed energy
from the surroundings
system released energy to the surroundings
8/11/2019 Lecture Notes 5.1-5.2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-notes-51-52 6/10
!"# %&'()(&) *)(+,-.(/0 %,12-/',)/ &3 45,'(./-0 2)# 6(&75,'(./-0 489: ;<;= – >2"" <?;@
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#(&e(#, S4!<U 2)# < '&" &3 L2/,- S8<!U
48@ SEU Z < !< SEU 4!< SEU Z < 8<! SEU Z PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
∆ = − = −
8,2/ /-2).3,- 1-&7,..,.J
• "#7.*5$%6)9 1D L M3J 5,2/ S/5,-'2" ,),-E0U (. PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 3-&' /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
!7/368#J
• "O.*5$%6)9 1D N M3J 5,2/ (. PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP SE(+,) &33U K0 /5, .0./,' ()/& /5, .B--&B)#()E.
!7/368#,
802 KJ energy-802 KJ
absorbed by the system surroundings
releasedsteam condenses: H2O(g) -> H2O(l)
8/11/2019 Lecture Notes 5.1-5.2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-notes-51-52 7/10
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/-2).3,--,# /& /5, .B--&B)#()E.
>()2" ()/,-)2" ,),-E0 &3 /5, E2. (. PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP SPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPU
K,72B., '&-, ,),-E0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP /52) PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
;$/5-+5#J 2 '(e/B-, &3 8< 2)# =< 52. 2 )+%)#$ +"-#$"/8 #"#$%& /52) 2 .2'1", &3 =8XH %,/,-'(), /5, .(E) &3 /5, Δ9
S752)E, () ()/,-)2" ,),-E0U () /5, 3&""&L()E -,27/(&).J
∆ = −
;$1<8#3J (#,)/(30 /5, .0./,'R .B--&B)#()E.R 2)# .(E). &3 gB2)/(/0 &3 ,),-E0 /-2).3,--,# K0 5,2/()EN7&&"()E SgU 2)#N&-
gB2)/(/0 &3 ,),-E0 /-2).3,--,# K0 L&-M #&), &) /5, .0./,' SL.0./,'UQ0./,' QB--&B)#()E. g &- L
• :,/2" 3,,". 7&"# /& /5, /&B75J
• 4B1 &3 5&/ 7&33,, 7&&".J
• 4-2), "(3/. 2 12"",/ &3
'2-.5'2""&L. 2E2()./ E-2+(/0J
• i(- 1B.5,. &B/L2-#. &) /5, L2"".
&3 2 K2""&&) 2. (/ ()3"2/,.J
;$/5-+5#J F/ /2M,. ;HG MT /& -2(., /5, ( &3 2 72) &3 4&M, 3-&' <GH?j4 /& <hH?j4H c5, 72) &3 4&M, (. /5,) 1"27,# () /5,
-,3-(E,-2/&- 2)# 7&&",# 3-&' <GH?j4 /& ;H?j4H
• k52/ gB2)/(/0 &3 5,2/ /-2).3,- (. -,gB(-,# S() MTUd
∆T = T − T =1.0℃−25.0℃=−24℃q = (−24℃) 1.5 kJ
1℃ = −
• What constitutes the “system” and the “surroundings” in the qB,./(&)d
.0./,' V PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP .B--&B)#()E. V PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
• k52/ (. /5, +2"B, &3 /5, ()/,-)2" ,),-E0 752)E, SΔ9U 3&- /5, 7&&"()E &3 /5, 4&M,d
∆ E = q + w = (−36 kJ) + (0 kJ) = −
work done on a system = +462Jheat released to the surroundings = exothermic = -128JDelta E = (-128J) + (+462J) = +334J
greater particles are moving faster in the final stateentered the system through work
departed as heat flow
Delta E = E(final) - E(initial) < 0 Delta E = E(final) - E(initial) > 0
metal hand q > 0
coffee cup/air q < 0
pallet of marshmellows crane w > 0
air balloon w < 0
1C - 25C = -24C
q = (-24C)(1.5KJ/1C) = -36KJ released to the surroundings
can and coke air around the can
8/11/2019 Lecture Notes 5.1-5.2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-notes-51-52 8/10
!"# %&'()(&) *)(+,-.(/0 %,12-/',)/ &3 45,'(./-0 2)# 6(&75,'(./-0 489: ;<;= – >2"" <?;@
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.B--&B)#()E. 2-, 5,2/,# K0 ;H^Y MTR 5&L 'B75 01$= L2. #&), &) /5(. .0./,'d
∆ E = q + w w = ∆ E − q
Cooling the system … heat transfers out from system to surroundings, so q < 0w = (−2400 J) − (−1.89 kJ) 1000 J
1 kJ = −
;$/5-+5#J 2 .0./,' #&,. G?H< T &3 L&-M &) (/. .B--&B)#()E. 2)# /5,-, (. 2 .('B"/2),&B. Y?H; T 5,2/ /-2).3,- 3-&' /5,surroundings to the system. What is Δ! .0./,'d
K#*$%#80 "#$%&' .I *5$ :'+*$6 1Δ"+'+3J B.B2""0 L, 52+, )& L20 &3 3()#()E /5(. +2"B, K,72B., (/ (. /&& 7&'1",e 2 1-&K",'
• k, #& M)&L (/ (. PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP K0 L5(75 /5, .0./,' 275(,+,# /52/ ./2/,W
PΔ9.0./,' #,1,)#. &)"0 &) 9()(/(2" 2)# 93()2" P
:*8*$ P/#9*).#J 1-&1,-/0 &3 2 .0./,' /52/ (. #,/,-'(),# K0 (/. 1-,.,)/ ./2/, &- 7&)#(/(&) 2)# )&/ 5&L /5, 7&)#(/(&) L2.
7-,2/,#
• !7/368#,: pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), & internal energy (E)…anything with a
state function change (Δ) like PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
!7/368#, /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP between Denver and Chicago doesn’t
#,1,)# &) 5&L 0&B E,/ /5,-, S3"0R #-(+,R /-2()UW /5, 2"/(/B#, &)"0 #,1,)#. &) /5,
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
!7/368#, /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP &3 G? E &3 8<! S"U 2/ <Gj4 #&,. )&/ #,1,)# &)
L5,/5,- L, PPPPPPPPPPPP G? E &3 8<! S"U 2/ ;??j4R &- L, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP G? E &3 8<! S"U
2/ ?j4H
QRQS:*8*$ P/#9*).#+J PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 2-, 12/5I
#,1,)#,)/ 2)# 2-, =!c ./2/, 3B)7/(&). K,72B., /5,0 2-, &)"0
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
• k5,/5,- /5, K2//,-0 (. .5&-/,# &B/ &- (. #(.752-E,# K0 -B))()E
/5, 32)R (/. ()/,-)2" ,),-E0 #(33,-,)7, SΔ9U (. /5, .2',R KB/ 5,2/
SgU 2)# L&-M SLU 2-, #(33,-,)/ () ,275 72.,
"O@8#+).# F.%=J L&-M #&), 2. /5, -,.B"/ &3 2 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
in the system; also known as “pressureIvolume” or “PV work”
• !1,) 7&)/2(),-J &)"0 L&-M #&), (. K0 2 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
• k, 72) ',2.B-, /5, L&-M #&), K0 /5, E2. (3 /5, -,27/(&) (. #&), () 2 +,..," /52/ 52. K,,) 3(//,# L(/5 2 1(./&)
= − ∆ = − −
w = delta E - q
cooling the system… heat transfers out from system to surroundings, so q < 0
w = (-2400J) - (-1.89KJ)(1000J/1KJ) = -510J
independent of the path
delta T = T(final) - T(initial)
altitude difference
elevation of the cities above sea level
internal energy
cool heat
heat (q) and work (w)
manifested during a process/reaction
volume change
gas pushing on the surroundings (or by the surroundings pushing on
he gas)
8/11/2019 Lecture Notes 5.1-5.2
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!"# %&'()(&) *)(+,-.(/0 %,12-/',)/ &3 45,'(./-0 2)# 6(&75,'(./-0 489: ;<;= – >2"" <?;@
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G T – " $O*$%#80 ΔV = – " $O*$%#80 1UI)#80 – U)#)*)803 (#)*+, STU SK2-U Sf(/,-.U Δ = “change in” = final – ()(/(2"
C.#B$%+).#+, ; Sf K2-U V PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
• "O@8#+).# 1ΔU L M3J L&-M #&), PPPPPPPPPPP /5, .0./,' PPPPPPPPPPPPP /5, .B--&B)#()E.
• L V PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
• C.6@%$++).# 1ΔU N M3J L&-M #&), PPPPPPPPPPPPP /5, .0./,' PPPPPPPPPPPPPP /5, .B--&B)#()E.
• L V PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
"O86@0$, 2 E2. ,e12)#. 3-&' <h@ 'f /& Y]; 'f 2/ 2 7&)./2)/ /,'1,-2/B-,H 42"7B"2/, /5, L&-M #&), () >1:8#, K0 /5,
E2. (3 (/ ,e12)#. S2U 2E2()./ 2 +27BB' 2)# SKU 2E2()./ 2 1-,..B-, &3 @H?? K2-H
S2U
SKU
K%%$B$%+)E0$J 1-&7,.. -B) () /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPP #(-,7/(&) PPPPPPPPPPPPPP K, /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP &3 /5,
1-&7,.. -B) () /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP #(-,7/(&)
• D,e/,-)2" ≠ P.0./,'
1L * atm = 101.3J
1L * 1bar = 100J
100J
by on
negative(-)
on by
positive(+)
V(initial) = 0.264L V(final) = .971L
Delta V = 0.707L
w = -P Delta V = -(0 bar)(0.707L) = 0L bar (100J/1L bar) = 0J
forward will not exact opposite
reverse
8/11/2019 Lecture Notes 5.1-5.2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-notes-51-52 10/10
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AB..,)5&+,) ;?
D2E,
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7"&., /& PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPW 1-&7,.. -B) () /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP #(-,7/(&) PPPPPPPPPPPPPP /5,
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP &3 /5, 1-&7,.. -B) () /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP #(-,7/(&)
Δb7&'1-,..(&) SPPPPPPU V –Δb,e12).(&) SPPPPPPPPPU
D,e/ Z G L,(E5/. l D,e/ Z @ L,(E5/.
"O@8#+).# 1%$6.B$ G$)&5*3, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPLSG@U V –D,e/R@ Δb,e12).(&)
C.#*%89*).# 1877 G$)&5* E89=3, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
LS@GU V ZD,e/RG Δb7&'1-,..(&)
LSG4) ≠ w(4GU
K%%$B$%+)E0$ @%.9$++, -,gB(-,. 31$# 01$= /& 7&'1-,.. /5, E2. K,72B.,
D7&'1-,..,# E2. l D,e12)#,# E2.
!7/368#, 72"7B"2/, /5, L&-M () MT #&), #B-()E 2 .0)/5,.(. &3 2''&)(2 3-&' (/. ,",',)/. () L5(75 /5, +&"B', 7&)/-27/.
3-&' ^Hh f /& @HX f 2/ 2 7&)./2)/ ,e/,-)2" 1-,..B-, &3 @@ 2/'H k-(/, 2 K2"2)7,# 75,'(72" -,27/(&)H k5(75 #(-,7/(&) #&,.
/5, L&-M ,),-E0 3"&Ld k52/ (. /5, .(E) &3 /5, ,),-E0 752)E,d ?#862:8 51"@#$,+1",A B /-3 C BDEBFGH </$I B . </$ C BEE
>I B . /-3 C BEBDFGH >
K+.*5$%680J 1-&7,.. /52/ /2M,. 1"27, 2/ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
• c,'1,-2/B-, 752)E,. /5, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP &3 '&",7B",.R KB/ #&,. )&/ 752)E, /5,
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP &3 2) (#,2" E2. K,72B., /5,0 52+, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
• Δc V PPPPPR .& Δ9 V PPPPP S3&- 2) (#,2" E2.U
K+.E8%)9J 1-&7,.. /52/ /2M,. 1"27, 2/ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
•
4&''&) () 75,'(./-0 L5,-, -,27/(&). 2-, &1,) /& PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP• ΔD V PPPPP
K+.95.%)9J 1-&7,.. /52/ /2M,. 1"27, 2/ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
• Δb V PPPP
• k5,) &)"0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP (. 1&..(K",J G T – ?$O* ΔU T WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW T WWWWWW
• 8,2/ ,+&"+,# ,gB2". PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPJ Δ" T D X G T WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW T WWWWWWWW
>7)8E8*)9J 1-&7,.. L5,-, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP (. m,-&
• g V PPPPPP
• PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP .0./,' /52/ 2""&L. &)"0 3&- L&-M /& K, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPJ
Δ" T D X G T WWWWWWWWWWWWW T WWWWWWWWWW w = (+) = “done .# system”
L V S –) = “done E' system”
slowly system and surroundings
equilibrium forward will be
exact opposite reverse
+
work done by gas
work done on gas