Lecture 8:Standards

Adapted from a presentation by Dr. Thomas Jerse in Spring 2003

ELEC 422-41

Summer 2004

Read the Fine PrintDECLARATION OF CONFORMITY

Manufacturer’s Name: Agilent Technologies, Inc. Manufacturer’s Address: 1400 Fountaingrove Parkway Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799 USA Declares that the products Product Name: Spectrum Analyzer Model Number: E4401B, E4402B, E4403B, E4404B E4405B, E4407B, E4408B, E4411B Product Options: This declaration covers all options of the

above products.

Conform to the following product specifications: EMC: IEC 61326-1:1997+A1:1998 / EN 61326-1:1997+A1:1998 Standard Limit CISPR 11:1990 / EN 55011-1991 Group 1, Class A IEC 61000-4-2:1995+A1998 / EN 61000-4-2:1995 4 kV CD, 8 kV AD IEC 61000-4-3:1995 / EN 61000-4-3:1995 3 V/m, 80–1000 MHz IEC 61000-4-4:1995 / EN 61000-4-4:1995 0.5 kV sig., 1 kV power IEC 61000-4-5:1995 / EN 61000-4-5:1996 0.5 kV L-L, 1 kV L-G IEC 61000-4-6:1996 / EN 61000-4-6:1998 3 V, 0.15–80 MHz IEC 61000-4-11:1994 / EN 61000-4-11:1998 1 cycle, 100% Safety: IEC 61010-1:1990 + A1:1992 + A2:1995 / EN 601010-1:1983 + A2:1995 CAN/CSA-C22/2 No. 1010.1-92 Supplementary Information: The products herewith comply with the requirements of the Low-Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC and the EMC directive 89/336/EEC and carry the CE-marking accordingly. Santa Rosa, CA, USA 17 April 2000 Greg Pfeiffer/Quality Engineering Manager

CERTIFICATE DELIVEREDWITH THE NEWSPECTRUM ANALYZERRECEIVED BY THEECE DEPARTMENT

Standards• Internal• External

– Governmental– Trade/Professional Association– Customer

• Voluntary • Mandatory

– Cannot sell a product in a country unless it meets all applicable standards levied by that country.

Umbrella Organizations

• ISO – Geneva, Switzerland• ANSI – Washington, DC

These organizations collect and disseminatestandards in all types of industries. They alsoestablish working groups to review and solicitstandards with the goal of harmonizing conflictsamong competing standards.

Purposes

• Compatibility– Screw threads– Batteries– Connectors on cables

• Protection– Safety– Hazardous materials– Electromagnetic interference

Sources of Standards

• Manufacturers• Trade groups and professional

societies• Insurers• Government regulatory agencies• Department of Defense

Manufacturers

• Test equipment interconnect– HPIB Bus

• Cables and connectors• Command set and protocol

– IEEE-488• Extended HP standard to the industry and

allowed other manufacturers to participate.

– VXI/PXI/PCI/USB/RS-232

Professional Societies

• IEEE– Set standards for nearly all aspects of

EE– “Color Books”– Some well known

• IEEE1394 (FireWire)• IEEE 802 (Wireless communications)• IEEE 488.2 (GPIB instrumentation

protocols)

Insurers

• Fire safety• Personnel safety• Underwriters Laboratories (UL)

Government Regulations

• Many government regulations are imposed to ensure that the product will not have a negative effect on its environment including its operators.

• Others are imposed to facilitate or control trade.

Government Agencies

• OSHA– Personnel safety

• EPA– Environmental protection

• FCC– Electromagnetic interference

• FAA– Safety of flight

Department of Defense

• Standards for military equipment• Adopted by most nations• MIL-STD-28800D

– Portable electronic equipment

• MIL-STD-461D– Electromagnetic compatibility

Other Agencies

• CSA– Personnel safety (Canadian)

• IEC– Safety and electromagnetic

interference (European)

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

• First President was Lord Kelvin (1906)• HQ: Geneva, Switzerland• Prepares and publishes international

standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies

• 61 member countries• Promotes international cooperation and

harmonization of standards• Removes technical barriers to trade

IEC Standards

• Terminology and symbols• Electromagnetic compatibility• Measurement and performance• Dependability• Safety and the environment.

IEC Standards

• Currently 179 Technical Committees• Members from around the world• Covers all aspects; for example,

– Batteries– Motors– Components

• Often categorized by usage– Industrial– Laboratory– Home– Medical

Political Context

• With the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC), the IEC took on greater importance because it was chosen to establish standards to facilitate trade.

• The World Trade Organization (WTO) also uses the IEC, with the result that most national standards have migrated to the IEC.

Standards are Big Business

• Most companies employ full-time departments to read, disseminate, and assess compliance of a product in development with the relevant standards.

Assessment• Companies are required to furnish proof of

compliance.• 100% test of all units produced is very

expensive and generally not required. • Typically a few units are tested for “type

acceptance.” Testing can be done by the manufacturer or by a third party if the manufacturer does not have the necessary test facilities.

• Companies should have an audit plan where units off the production line are periodically tested.

Compliance

• The “check” in the system is the liability of the manufacturer for non-compliant units.

• For example, if someone were to receive a lethal electric shock, all equipment in the system will be scrutinized for compliance. The entire compliance process of each manufacturer could be examined and justified in court.

The 6 Hazards of Product Safety

• Risk of Shock• Risk of Energy• Risk of Fire• Risk of Injury• Radiation Hazards• Chemical Hazards

Risk of Shock

• Prevent access to hazardous voltages:– 30 Vrms

– 60 Vdc

Risk of Energy

• Prevent access to circuits capable of delivering 240 VA or more.

• Energy can melt bracelets, watches, and rings

Risk of Fire

• Limit flammability of combustible materials

• Limit temperatures of flammable materials

• Prevent electrical discharge to flammable/explosive materials

• Containment of fire

Risk of Fire

• European standards used to aim at proof that there is no potential for fire.

• US focus is on fire containment.• New international standards have

adopted the US approach.

Risk of Injury

• Limit access to hazardous moving parts, sharp edges, pinch points, etc.

• Prevent equipment tipover

Radiation Hazards

• Limit exposures• Lasers• CRT• Non-ionizing radiation• Ionizing radiation

Chemical Hazards

• Ozone• Spillage of hazardous liquids• Batteries

Summary

• Standards help obtain compatibility between products.

• Mandatory standards must be met to sell products legally.

• Internal standards are often used to assure the quality and reliability of the product.

• External standards are imposed for compatibility and protection.

• Compliance with the applicable standards must be guaranteed by the manufacturer.