Lecture 8 on

Worldwide Development of

Unmanned Aviation – Research

Programmes and Critical

Technologies – part 1

Zdobyslaw Goraj

Warsaw, April 30, 2020

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Layout of the lecture

• UAS market – forecast of development

• IAI – MALAT – key programmes

• USA – overview of selected projects

• Elbit – HERMES 900 – an example of new approach to

multi-mission and safety challenges

• European selected programmes (UAVNET,CAPECON,NACRE, ...

• Autonomy versus automation

• The most important research and development issues:

• power units

• batteries

• sensors, optoelectronics

• safety and reliability

• Law regulations and requirements

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Investment of UAV development in US

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Civil UAVs are expected to produce over € 1 billion for Europe alone over the next decade - Frost & Sullivan

-

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Eu

ro m

illi

on

sTelcoms

13%Forest Fire

12%

Borders

11%

Coastguard

13%

Law

Enforcement

3%

Powerline

5%Pipeline

6%

Earth

Observation

37%

In the long-term, UAVs are likely

to become a true ‘disruptive

technology’, eventually taking

on many of the roles currently

performed by manned aircraft

and also opening up some new

markets. - Frost & Sullivan

European Civil UAV Market (Frost & Sullivan)

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UAV Market Development Forecast

R&D USA

R&D RoW

Acquisition – RoW

Acquisition USA

Mini-UAVs

Tactical UAVs

Naval UAVs

MALE

HALE

UCAVs

Civil

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Mil

lio

ns $

US

Source:

“WORLD UAV Systems, Market profile & Forecast”, Teal, 2009

Constant Growth

in UAV Market

and

R&D Investments

Acquisition – whole World

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UAS - RTD & Procurement – US & ROW

RTD $ millions 2009 2012 INCREASE

US 1,720 1,775 3,1%

ROW 200 400 100%

PROCUREMENT $ millions 2008 2011 INCREASE

US 2,000 2,100 5%

ROW 500 600 20%

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Manned - Unmanned Mix transition

C3 Control +

Communication +

Computer

C4 Control + Command

Communication + Computer

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IAI - MALAT

A World-Leader in Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)

Founded in 1974

Over 300 Million $ U.S. Annual sales with 2 years Backlog

More than 800 UAVs produced and delivered

8 Different operational UAV systems

More than 900 Employees dedicated to UAV Design,

Development, Production and Integration

From MALAT presentation, 2010

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IAI/Malat UAV Assembly and Integration Facilities

From MALAT presentation, 2010

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UAS in production IAI/Malat

Heron / Eagle 1

Searcher III Hunter / MQ-5B

Ranger NRUAV

Mosquito Bird Eye 400

I-View

Bird Eye 650

From MALAT presentation, 2010

11/50 GCS Land Based Shipboard

MPR/SAR COMINT ELINT EO/IR/LD

RADIO RELAY IFF AIS UHF

Main tasks

From MALAT presentation, 2010

COMMUNICATION

INTELLIGENCE

IDENTIFICATION

FRIEND-FOE AUTOMATIC

IDENTIFICATION

SYSTEM

ELECTRONIC

INTELLIGENCE MEDIUM

POWER

RADAR

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AIRMULE – cargo delivery at emergency (floods,

earthquakes, biological, atomic & chemical emergencies)

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Panther – tilt rotor UAV

Ultra quiet electric motor

AFCS (TOL & transition)

Weight – 65 kg

Payload – 12 kg

Endurance - 6 h

Ceiling – 3 km

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HERON – MALE UAV

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USA DoD UAS Roadmap 2012-2021

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

FY-12 FY-16 FY-18 FY-21

Follow-on UAS

USAF MQ-9 Reaper

USAF MQ-1B

USAF RQ-4

USN MQ-4C

USN UNCLASS

USMC GROUP4 UAS

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USMC GROUP 4 UAS (Lekkie) Group 1

Dragon Eye

Group 1

Raven B

Group 3

RQ-7B Shadow

Group 4

MQ-8B Fire Scout

Group 2

Scan Eagle

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Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel UCAV

• First spotted in Afghanistan in 2007

• This UAV was known as the Beast of Kandahar

• Was rumoured as Lockheed Desert Provler or Polecat UCAV derivative

• This is Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel UCAV, confirmed by USAF

in the end of 2009 as used in operational service

• Estimated initial parameters:

• wing span ~90 ft

• length ~ 40 ft

• ceiling 50 000 ft

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Phantom Eye, a hydrogen powered unmanned spy plane –

an example of fuel cell technology

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Phantom Eye - SUBSYTEMS BR&T STL - Boeing Research &

Technology – St.Louis

Tactical Common Data Link (TCDL) is a secure data link

being developed by the U.S. military to send secure data and streaming video links

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Major UAS programme updates • Nortrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk.

Due to high operating costs and disappointing

sensors performance compared to the legacy

U2, the RQ-4 Block 30 was cancelled on

January 2012 Block 40 procurement will be

increased.

• Northrop Grumman X-47B UCAS-D:

Autonomous aerial refuelling system

successfully demonstrated on a navy Learjet.

• GA-ASIMQ-9 Reaper (Predator B): The MQ-X

program to replace the Reapers has

been put on hold on February 2012. Instead

the USAF plans to upgrade its Reaper UAV.

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Recent Civil UAV Application

Honeywell T-Hawk Used by Miami SWAT for locating shooting sources

MTOW 18 lb

Endurance 40 min

Payload FMV

Takeoff VTOL

SWAT - Special

Weapons And Tactics

Aurora Flight Sciences Skate Aurora was hired by AFRL to test the city patrol

ability as part of Urban Beat Cop project.

The project examine the possibility of replacing

Patrolmen with UAV

Endurance: 1hr

Payload: video 1R

Takeoff: VTOL

Recharge: Parasitic recharge/

Perching on powerline /

Electromagnetic induction

Vertical tack-off

Insitu/Boeing Scan Eagle Used for monitoring hurricane escape routes in

Houston, Texas

Shell uses Scan Eagle UAV for monitor wildlife

in offshore areas where the company planes

to work

MTOW 40 lb

Endurance 24 hrs

Payload EOIR, SAR

Takeoff: launcher

AeroVironment Qube Civil derivative of DARPA Shrike

The UAV is designed to meet the FAA civilian

Requirements and regulation, intended for law

enforcement application

MTOW: 5,5 lb; Endurance: 40 min

Payload: Color TV, IR; Takeoff: VTOL

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Major UAS programs updates • EADS Talarion: Talarion is an advanced twin-jet

unmanned air vehicle (UAV) system developed by

EADS to meet the requirements of France, Germany

and Spain. Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition

and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) airborne platform.

• The EADS Barracuda is a jet powered European

(UAV) currently under development by EADS,

intended for the role of aerial reconnaissance

and also combat (UCAV), Germany, Spain.

• BAE Taranis: Named after the Celtic god of

thunder, Taranis is an unmanned aerial combat vehicle

drone with stealth capabilities, built by BAE Systems for

the MoD. The delta-winged, finless craft was unveiled in

2010 and made a number secretive test flights between

2013and 2015. The cost of the programme is now thought

to be in excess of £200 million.

• Dassault nEUROn: SAAB, Leonardo, EADS, RUAG

First flight mid 2012, swarm (formation) flight 2014

(RAFALE + FALCON 7X).

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Hermes 900 – a new approach to

reliability and safety MTOW 1180 kg

Payload-max 450 kg

Fuel-max 350 kg

Speed Range 60-120 Kt

Altitude-max 30 kf

Wing Span 15-17 m

Endurance 36 h

Engine Rotax 914F

ATOL Capable

BLOS Capable

Auto-taxi Capable

HERMES 1500

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25/50

NACRE – Innovative Evaluation Platform

• Preliminary Design and Detailed design :

Modular Flying Platform Airframe

Modular Flying Platform Systems (FMCS, Autopilot)

Ground Segment

Sizing is based on:

-Froude Similarity

-Operational aspects

-Available engines

Main characteristics

-Span : 4160 mm

-Length : 4445 mm

-Max. Weight : 100 kg

-Max. Thrust : 400 N

Property of NACRE

consortium

NACRE = “New Aircraft Concepts REsearch”

IEP Taxi tests, Bemowo, May 2009

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NACRE = “New Aircraft Concepts REsearch”

IEP Taxi tests in Modlin, Feb.2010

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NACRE = “New Aircraft Concepts REsearch”

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CAPECON Configurations

IAI

ONERA

PW

PW

POLITO

UNINA

EUROCOPTER

AGUSTA

MALE – PW-104

HALE – PW-114

CAPECON Configurations - Civil UAV Applications and Economic Effectivity

of Potential Configuration Solutions

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WUT – MALE Configuration

WUT PW103 Configuration

WUT PW103 Internal Layout

Maximum Takeoff Weight

Basic Empty Weight

Fuel Weight

Payload Weight

Span

Reference Area

Propulsion Type

Propulsion

Flight Altitude

Total Endurance

kg

kg

kg

kg

m

m 2

kft

hr

930

488

225

217

12 .

10.2 .

Piston

20

42

TAE 125

Auxiliary power unit

CAPECON Configurations - Civil UAV Applications and Economic Effectivity of Potential Configuration Solutions

Torsion box section (HALE PW-114)

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Mass [kg] %

m1 0,60 6,5

m2 3,17 34

m3 3,17 34

m4 0,59 6,5

m5 0,87 9,5

m6 0,88 9.5

Torsion box

total

9,28 100

Weights of wing components [kg]

torsion box with fuel ribs, nose

and anti-icing installation

96

control surfaces 11.5

wingtip with brackets 7.8

control surfaces’ consoles 3

actuators 16.5

fuel installation 6

Whole

wing

2x 140,8

= 281.6

kg

4,5 %

of max

TOW

PW-113 – central element of the structure

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Three main frames

made of aluminium alloy

Other frames made

of composite material

Wing – fuselage joining

LRT – Low Reynolds Transonic wing section

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Polish PW-114

Israeli HA-50

Israeli LRT wing section

CAPECON project (Civil UAV Applications and

Economic Effectivity of Potential Configuration Solutions)

CAPECON - successive steps performed in the design loop

- HALE PW-111

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PW-111

PW-112

PW-113

PW-114