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Ci#es and Film [email protected]

Lecture 4 / cities and film

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Fourth lecture delivered to us as part of the context of practice module.

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Page 1: Lecture 4 / cities and film

Ci#es  and  Film  

helen.clarke@leeds-­‐art.ac.uk  

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This  lecture  looks  at:  

•  The  city  in  Modernism  •  The  possibility  of  an  urban  sociology  •  The  city  as  public  and  private  space  •  The  city  in  Postmodernism  •  The  rela>on  of  the  individual  to  the  crowd  in  the  city  

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Georg  Simmel  (1858-­‐  1918)  

•  German  sociologist  •  Writes  Metropolis  and  Mental  Life  in  1903  

•  Influences  cri>cal  theory  of  the  Frankfurt  School  thinkers  eg:  Walter  Benjamin,  Kracauer,  Adorno  and  Horkheimer  

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Dresden  Exhibi>on  1903  

•  Simmel  is  asked  to  lecture  on  the  role  of  intellectual  life  in  the  city  but  instead  reverses  the  idea  and  writes  about  the  effect  of  the  city  on  the  individual  

•  Herbert  Bayer  Lonely  Metropolitan  1932  

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Urban  sociology  

•  the  resistance  of  the  individual  to  being  levelled,  swallowed  up  in  the  social-­‐technological  mechanism.  

•  —  Georg  Simmel  The  Metropolis  and  Mental  Life  1903  

Lewis  Hine  (1932)  

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Architect  Louis  Sullivan  (1856-­‐1924)  

•  creator  of  the  modern  skyscraper,    

•  an  influen>al  architect  and  cri>c  of  the  Chicago  School  

•  mentor  to  Frank  Lloyd  Wright,  

•  Guaranty  Building  was  built  in  1894  by  Adler  &  Sullivan  in  Buffalo  NY  

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Details  from  Guaranty  Building  

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Carson  Pririe  Scob  store  in  Chicago  (1904)  

•  Skyscrapers  represent  the  upwardly  mobile  city  of  business  opportunity  

•  Fire  cleared  buildings  in  Chicago  in  1871  and  made  way  for  Louis  Sullivan  new  aspira>onal  buildings  

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Manha;a  (1921)  Paul  Strand  and  Charles  Scheeler  

youtube  

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Charles  Scheeler  Ford  Motor  Company's  plant  at  River  Rouge,  Detroit  (1927).    

•  Ford  Motor  Company's  plant  at  River  Rouge,  Detroit  (1927).  

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Fordism:  mechanised  labour  rela>ons  

•  Coined  by  Antonio  Gramsci  in  his  essay  "Americanism  and  Fordism”  

•  "the  eponymous  manufacturing  system  designed  to  spew  out  standardized,  low-­‐cost  goods  and  afford  its  workers  decent  enough  wages  to  buy  them”  (De  Grazia:  2005:4)  

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Modern  Times  (1936)  Charlie  Chaplin  

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Stock  market  crash  of  1929  

•  Factories  close  and  unemployment  goes  up  drama>cally  

•  Leads  to  “the  Great  Depression”  

•  Margaret  Bourke-­‐White  

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Man  with  a  Movie  Camera  (1929)  

hbp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00ZciIC4JPw  

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Flaneur    

•  he  term  flâneur  comes  from  the  French  masculine  noun  flâneur—which  has  the  basic  meanings  of  "stroller",  "lounger",  "saunterer",  "loafer"—which  itself  comes  from  the  French  verb  flâner,  which  means  "to  stroll"  

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Charles  Baudelaire  

•  The  nineteenth  century  French  poet  Charles  Baudelaire  proposes  a  version  of  the    flâneur—that  of  "a  person  who  walks  the  city  in  order  to  experience  it".    

•  Art  should  capture  this  •  Simultaneously  apart  from  and  a  part  of  the  crowd    

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Walter  Benjamin  •  Adopts  the  concept  of  the  

urban  observer  as  an  analy>cal  tool  and  as  a  lifestyle  as  seen  in  his  wri>ngs  

•  (Arcades  Project,  1927–40),  Benjamin’s  final,  incomplete  book  about  Parisian  city  life  in  the  19th  century  

•  Berlin  Chronicle/Berlin  Childhood  (memoirs)  

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Photographer  as  flaneur  

Susan  Sontag  On  Photography  •  The  photographer  is  an  armed  

version  of  the  solitary  walker  reconnoitering,  stalking,  cruising  the  urban  inferno,  the  voyeuris>c  stroller  who  discovers  the  city  as  a  landscape  of  voluptuous  extremes.  Adept  of  the  joys  of  watching,  connoisseur  of  empathy,  the  flâneur  finds  the  world  'picturesque.'  (pg.  55)  

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Flaneuse  

•  The  Invisible  Flâneuse.  Women  and  the  Literature  of  Modernity  

•  Janet  Wolff  •  Theory,  Culture  &  Society  November  1985  vol.  2  no.  3  37-­‐46    

•  The  literature  of  modernity,  describing  the  flee>ng,  anonymous,  ephemeral  encounters  of  life  in  the  metropolis,  mainly  accounts  for  the  experiences  of  men.  It  ignores  the  concomitant  separa>on  of  public  and  private  spheres  from  the  mid-­‐nineteenth  century,  and  the  increasing  segrega>on  of  the  sexes  around  that  separa>on.  The  influen>al  wri>ngs  of  Baudelaire,  Simmel,  Benjamin  and,  more  recently,  Richard  Senneb  and  Marshall  Berman,  by  equa>ng  the  modern  with  the  public,  thus  fail  to  describe  women's  experience  of  modernity.  The  central  figure  of  the  flâneur  in  the  literature  of  modernity  can  only  be  male.  What  is  required,  therefore,  is  a  feminist  sociology  of  modernity  to  supplement  these  texts.  

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Susan  Buck-­‐Morss,  The  Dialec>cs  of  Seeing:  Walter  Benjamin  and  the  Arcades  

Project  (Cambridge,  Mass.)    

•  Susan  Buck-­‐Morss,  in  this  text  suggests  that  the  only  figure  a  woman  on  the  street  can  be  is  either  a  pros>tute  or  a  bag  lady    

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Arbus/Hopper  Woman  at  a  Counter  Smoking,  N.Y.C.  (1962)   Automat  (1927)  

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Sophie  Calle  Suite  VeniRenne  (1980)  

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Venice  

•  City  as  a  labyrinth  of  streets  and  alleyways  in  which  you  can  get  lost  but  at  the  same  >me  will  always  end  up  back  where  you  begin  

•  Don’t  look  Now  (1973)  Nicholas  Roeg  

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The  Detec>ve  (1980)  

•  Wants  to  provide  photographic  evidence  of  her  existence  

•  His  photos  and  notes  on  her  are  displayed  next  to  her  photos  and  notes  about  him  

•  Set  in  Paris  

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Cindy  Sherman  Un>tled  Film  S>lls  (1977-­‐80)  

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Here  is  New  York  book/exhibi>on  

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2001/1977  

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Weegee  (Arthur  Felig)  

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The  Naked  City  

1945   1948  

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LA  Noire  (2011)  •  the  first  video  game  to  be  

shown  at  the  Tribecca  Film  Fes>val  

•  Incorporates  “MoRonScan”,  where  actors  are  recorded  by  32  surrounding  cameras  to  capture  facial  expressions  from  every  angle.The  technology  is  central  to  the  game's  interroga>on  mechanic,  as  players  must  use  the  suspects'  reac>ons  to  ques>oning  to  judge  whether  they  are  lying  or  not.  

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Ci>es  of  the  future/past-­‐  Fritz  Lang  Metropolis  (1929)  

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Ridley  Scob  Bladerunner  (1982/2019)  LA  

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Lorca  di  Corcia  Heads  (2001)  NY  

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Public/Private  •  In  2006,  a  New  York  trial  court  issued  a  ruling  in  a  

case  involving  one  of  his  photographs.  One  of  diCorcia's  New  York  random  subjects  was  Ermo  Nussenzweig,  an  Orthodox  Jew  who  objected  on  religious  grounds  to  diCorcia's  publishing  in  an  ar>s>c  exhibi>on  a  photograph  taken  of  him  without  his  permission.  The  photo's  subject  argued  that  his  privacy  and  religious  rights  had  been  violated  by  both  the  taking  and  publishing  of  the  photograph  of  him.  The  judge  dismissed  the  lawsuit,  finding  that  the  photograph  taken  of  Nussenzweig  on  a  street  is  art  -­‐  not  commerce  -­‐  and  therefore  is  protected  by  the  First    Ammendement.  

•  Manhaban  state  Supreme  Court  Jus>ce  Judith  J.  Gische  ruled  that  the  photo  of  Nussenzweig—a  head  shot  showing  him  spor>ng  a  scraggly  white  beard,  a  black  hat  and  a  black  coat  was  art,  even  though  the  photographer  sold  10  prints  of  it  at  $20,000  to  $30,000  each.  The  judge  ruled  that  New  York  courts  have  "recognized  that  art  can  be  sold,  at  least  in  limited  edi>ons,  and  s>ll  retain  its  ar>s>c  character.  

•  [F]irst  [A]mendment  protec>on  of  art  is  not  limited  to  only  starving  ar>sts.  A  profit  mo>ve  in  itself  does  not  necessarily  compel  a  conclusion  that  art  has  been  used  for  trade  purposes."  

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Walker  Evans  Many  are  called  (1938)  

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Postmodern  city  Youtube    

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Postmodern  City  in  photography:  Joel  Meyerowitz  Broadway  and  West  46th  Street  NY  1976  

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9/11  Ci>zen  journalism:  the  end  of  the  flaneur?  

Adam  Bezer  2001  •  Liz  Wells  says  that  phrase  is  

first  seen  in  an  ar>cle  by  Stuart  Allen  Online  News:  Journalism  and  the  Internet    in  2006.  She  discusses  the  7/7  bombings  in  London  and  the  immediacy  of  the  mobile  phone  images  which  recorded  the  event  as  commuters  travel  to  work.  These  images  were  online  within  an  hour  of  the  event.  

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Surveillance  City  •  “Since  the  aback  on  the  

Twin  Towers  of  the  World  Trade  Centre  in  2001  and  the  ensuing  ‘war  on  terrorism’  there  has  been  an  enormous  ramping  up  of  investment  in  machine  reading  technologies.  If  the  nineteenth  century  saw  the  automa>on  of  picture  making  ,  in  the  21st  century  we  now  seek  machines  to  look  at  pictures  on  our  behalf.”  (Wells:  09:  339)  

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•  S>lls  from  the  video,  Un>tled,  2003,  by  Runa  Islam  shown  in  the  Interven>on  exhibi>on  2003,  John  Hansaard  Gallery.  Islam  uses  BBC  news  footage  of  the  collapse  of  the  World  Trade  Centre,  11  September  2001.  Slowed  down  and  in  reverse,  the  back  to  front  collapse  of  the  towers  aquires  a  ‘terrible  beauty’.  The  viwer  is  forced  to  contemplate  events  in  a  manner  which  is  very  different  from  any  earlier  responses  they  might  have  had  to  the  ubiquitously  show  news  footage.  The  ‘sublime’  quality  of  the  panorama  is  dealt  with  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  the  viewer  ask  if  Katherine  Stockhausen    wasn’t  perhaps  touching  on  some  unmen>onable  aspect  of  any  viewers  experience  I  describing  the  collapse  of  the  WTC  as  “the  greatest  work  of  art  ever”?  

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Further  Research  •  Cityscapes  of  modernity:  criRcal  exploraRons    By  David  Frisby  

•  Art  of  America:  Modern  Dreams  (2/3)  Andrew  Grahame  Dixon  BBC  4  21/11/11  

•  De  Grazia,  Victoria  (2005),  IrresisRble  Empire:  America's  Advance  Through  20th-­‐Century  Europe,  Cambridge:  Belknap  Press  of  Harvard  University  Press  

•  Susan  Buck-­‐Morss,  The  DialecRcs  of  Seeing:  Walter  Benjamin  and  the  Arcades  Project  (1989)  

•  Grahame  Clarke  (1997)  The  Photograph,  Chapter  5  The  city  in  photography  

•  h;p://hereisnewyork.org/  •  Art  in  the  Age  of  Terrorism,  Terrible  BeauRes,  Bernadebe  Buckley,  

(2005)