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DigestiveSystem•  Digestivetract:muscularpathwayforfoodandfoodwastethatrunsthroughthebodyfromthemouthtotheanus

Krogh, 2011

DigestiveSystem•  4layersofthedigestivetracttube

Krogh, 2011

DigestiveSystem–Step1

•  TheMouth–  Chewing–  Digestiveenzymesreleasedbysalivaryglands

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DigestiveSystem–Step2

•  ThePharynx–  PharynxlinksmouthandEsophagus–  Epiglottisblocksairpassage(trachea)whenswallowing

•  TheEsophagus– Muscularcontractions(Peristalsis)pushfooddownandintostomach

DigestiveSystem–Step3

•  TheStomach–  Digestsfoodbychurningtobreakdownmechanicially

–  Chemicalscausebreakdown–  Storesfood–  Foldscalledrugaeandcanexpand

–  pHinstomachislow/acidWhy?

–  Pyloricsphincterregulateschymemovementtosmallintestine

DigestiveSystem–Step4

•  TheSmallIntestine– 80%ofnutrientsabsorbedinSI– Recivessecretionsfrom

•  Pancreas•  Liver•  GallBladder

DigestiveSystem–Step4

•  TheSmallIntestine– 80%ofnutrientsabsorbedinSI– Recivessecretionsfrom

•  Pancreas•  Liver•  GallBladder

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•  Duodenumisabout10incheslong– Recivessecre7onsandChyme

•  Jejunumis8feetlong– Mostdiges7onandabsorb7on

•  Ileumis12feetlong– Somenutrientabsorp7on

DigestiveSystem–Step4cont.

•  TheLiver– Nutrientsfromdigestivesystemcomeherethengettransferredtobody

– Toxinspulledoutofbody– Bloodstorage– ProducesBile

DigestiveSystem–Step4cont.

•  TheGallbladder– StoresandconcentratesbileproducedbyLiver– BilehelpsdigestfatsinSmallIntestine

– Gallstonesarehardenedbile

DigestiveSystem–Step4cont.

•  ThePancreas– Secretesdigestiveenzymesandbuffers(toraisepH)intoDuodenum

•  Carbohydrases•  Lipases•  Proteases

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DigestiveSystem–Step5

•  TheLargeIntestine– Cecum(andappendixwhichispartofimmunesystem)

– Colon•  reabsorbswaterandvitaminsfromwaste

– Rectum•  Fecesstorage•  Endsatanus

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Humannutrition•  Nutrientsdo1orsomeofthefollowing:

–  1)Provideenergy–  2)Providebuildingblocksneededbybody–  3)Regulatebody’sphysicalprocesses

•  6Classesofnutrients– Water– Minerals– Vitamins–  Carbohydrates– Protiens–  Lipids

Humannutrition-Minerals

•  ChemicalElementsneededbybody– Helpformstructuresorfacilitatechemicalreactions

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Humannutrition-Vitamins

•  ChemicalCompoundsneededbybody– Helpfacilitatechemicalreactions

•  Coenzymes!Rememberthis**

Krogh, 2011

Humannutrition-Vitamins

•  ChemicalCompoundsneededbybody– Helpfacilitatechemicalreactions

Humannutrition-Other

•  Protiens– Essentialaminoacids–9(cannotbeprocessedbyhumanbodyandmustbeingested)

•  Carbohydrates– Startches–digestablecomplexcarbs(comefrom?)*– Fibers–non-digestablecomplexcarbs(comefrom?)*

•  Lipids– Oils–liquidatroomtemperature– Fats–solidatroomtempterature

UrinarySystem

•  Kidneys•  Ureter•  Bladder•  Urethra

Krogh, 2011

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UrinarySystem

•  Kidneysstructure

UrinarySystem

UrinarySystem

•  Glomerulus– Filtersoutparticlesfromblood

•  Proximaltubule– Waterandnutrientsabsorbedintoblood

UrinarySystem

•  LoopofHenle– Waterabsorbedintoblood

•  Collectingduct– Waterabsorbedintobloodviacollectingductthatdrainstobladder,concentratingurine

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UrinarySystem

•  Distaltubule– Waterabsorbedintoblood– Toxins,ionsandacidsfrombloodmoveintotubetobeexcreted

UrinarySystem

•  WaterretentioncontrolledbyhormoneADH–Antidiuretichormonecalledvasopressin– Vasopressintellskidneystoabsorbmorewaterintoblood

– CaffeineandalcoholsuppressADHandthuslotsofwaterinurineanddehydrationofbody

UrinarySystem

•  Bladderisastoragecompartmentforurine•  Drainsintourethra

Krogh, 2011

EndocrineSystem

•  Hormones–substancessecretedbyonesetofcellsthattravelthroughthebloodstreamandaffecttheactivitiesofothercellsinthebody

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•  Hypothalamus•  Glands

– Thyroid+Parathyroid– Pineal– Pituitary– Adrenal

•  OvariesorTestes•  Pancreas

EndocrineSystem EndocrineSystem

•  3hormonetypes– Aminoacidbasedhormones

•  Derivedfrommodieicationofasingleaminoacid–  Adrenaline–modieiedtyrosine– Melatonin–modieiedtryptophan

– Peptidehormones•  Largestclassofhormonesmadeofchainsofaminoacids

– HumanGrowthHormone–  Insulin–  Vassopressin

EndocrineSystem

•  HowAminoacidandpeptidehormoneswork–  Donotgointocell–  Bindtoreceptorproteinsonmembraneandcauseachangeintheinsideofacell

EndocrineSystem

•  3hormonetypes– Aminoacidbasedhormones– Peptidehormones– Steroidhormones

•  Constructedoutofcholesterolandaregenerallyreproductive

–  Estrogen–  Testosterone

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EndocrineSystem

•  Howsteroidhormoneswork–  Gointocell–  Bindtoreceptorproteinsincytoplasmandaretakeninsidenucleus

–  CauseDNAtobetranscribedtocreateproteinsorproduct

EndocrineSystem-Hypotalamus

•  Responsibleformaintaininghomeostasis•  Connectedtopituitarygland(partofEndocrinesystem)

EndocrineSystem–PituitaryGland

•  Responsibleformaintaininghomeostasis•  Connectedtopituitarygland(partofEndocrinesystem)

PosteriorPituitaryGland

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AnteriorPituitaryGland EndocrineandUrinarySystemworkingtogether

•  Whydoesbeermakeyoupee?– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nN5j0j0Cibc