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8/10/2019 Lecture 1 - Introduction to Anatomy
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Learning outcomes
By the end of the lecture
Students will be able to define what is
meant by anatomical position
Descriptive terms used in anatomy.
Relative planes like coronal, sagittal,
transverse, horizontal etc.
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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Prof Ashok Kumar Sanyal
Professor of Anatomy
AIMST
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DEFINITION
The term Anatomy is derived from A
Greek word `Anatome ( ana-apart; tome-
to cut) which means cutting up or
dissection.
Anatomy is one of the biological sciences.
It is the study of the structure of the body.
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SUBDIVISONS OF ANATOMY
Gross Anatomyis the study of the parts
and structures of the body with the naked
eye. So it is also known as macroscopic
Anatomy.
It is the study of the human body by
dissection. It may be studied either
regionally or systematically
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REGIONAL ANATOMY
Regional Anatomyis the study of the
parts and structures such as bones, joints,
muscles, blood vessels, nerves and
organs and their relationship to each otherin one region of the body.
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REGIONS OF THE BODY
Head, Neck,Trunk,Upper limbsand Lower
limbs. The trunk is subdivided
- Thorax
- Abdomen. The abdomenis subdivided
- Abdomen proper
- Pelvis. The Upper limbconsists of
- Shoulder, Arm,
- Forearm and Hand.
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REGIONS OF THE BODY
TheLower Limbconsists of
- Gluteal region(buttock),
- Thigh- Leg
- Foot which has a sole and dorsum.
These regions are further subdividedinto smaller regions.
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Lat /Medial
Prox/Distal
Prox/Distal
Ventral/Dorsal
Ant/Post
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SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
The study of organ systems into which
organs having same functions are
grouped.
The organs systems of the body are
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system- Cardio vascular system
- Lymphatic system
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SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
- Endocrine Glands
- Nervous and integumentary system.
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MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
Study of the minute structures of the body
with the aid of microscope.
CYTOLOGY
-microscopic study of the structure of
the cell
HISTOLOGY
-microscopic study of the structure of
the tissues.
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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
EMBRYOLOGY- developmental Anatomy of the
individual from the time of fertilization
(of the ovum) up to birth.
TERATOLOGY
-study of abnormalities
in the development.
GENETICS- study of genes and chromosomesand their action in the inheritance.
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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
- study of abnormal Anatomy
- refers to the structural changes,
associated with disease in
parts of the body.
APPLIED ANTOMY
- application of the knowledge of normal
Anatomy to clinical implication SURGICAL ANTOMY
- study of normal Anatomy and variations
which are of use to a surgeon
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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
- study of the structure of the body by
using radiological techniques.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
-study of similarities and differences of
the parts of the body in various animal
species.
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CAVITIES OF THE BODY
Containsviscera and fluid
CRANIAL CAVITY
- is within the skull and contains brain.
VERTEBRAL CANAL
-is within the vertebral column andcontains the spinal cord.
THORACIC CAVITY
- is within the thorax.
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CAVITIES OF THE BODY
THORACIC CAVITY
- contains heart, lungs, trachea,
esophagus, thymus and
great vessels.
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CAVITIES OF THE BODY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
-is within the abdomen.
- subdivided into abdominal cavityproperand pelvic cavity.
- separated from the thoracic cavity by
diaphragm.
Diaphragm is a muscular partition.
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CAVITIES OF THE BODY
The abdominal cavitycontains
-Stomach, small intestine , most of the
large intestine
- Organs - liver, pancreas, spleen,
adrenals, kidneys, parts of ureters
-Large vessels such as abdominalaorta, inferior vena cava and portal
vein.
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CAVITIES OF THE BODY
The pelvic cavitycontains
- Rectum, anal canal- Urinary bladder, parts of ureters and
urethra
- Male and Female reproductive organ
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
Composed of bones and cartilage.
Bone is a living tissue Highly specialized hard form of connective
tissue that forms most of the skeleton
Chief supporting tissues of the body.
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
Protects vital organs such as brain, heart
and lungs.
Form a hard and rigid frame work.
Provides the central axis to give structure
and form of the body.
Produces blood cells in the bone marrow.
Stores salts e.g.. calcium
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
Gives attachment to the muscles and
other soft parts.
Forms joints for movements
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DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON
- Bones of the head and neck and
trunk. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
-Bones of the upper limb and lower
limbs including shoulder girdle andpelvic girdle.
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BONY MARKINGS
Line Malleolus
Notch
Protuberance Spine
Spinous process
Trochanter Tubercle.
Tuberosity.
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