Anatomy Lecture 14

8/10/2019 Anatomy Lecture 14

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Health Studies2300A

Systemic and FunctionalAnatomy

Lecture 4: The IntegumentarySystem and Bone Tissue

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Cells

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Cell Shapes and Arrangement of Layers

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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Connective Tissues

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Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Integumentary system

Cutaneous membrane (Skin)

Consists of two major layers: Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous (subQ) layer (also called hypodermis)

Skin and subcutaneous layer form the integument

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Functions of the Integumentary System

Regulates body temperature

Stores blood

Protects body from external environment

Detects cutaneous sensations

Excretes and absorbs substances

Synthesizes vitamin D

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Components of the Integumentary System

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Structure of the Skin

The epidermis has a number of importantcharacteristics:

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

contains four major types of cells: Keratinocytes

Melanocytes

Intraepidermal macrophage or Langerhans

Tactile epithelial Keratinocytes make up about 90% of these

cells

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Epidermal Cells Types

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Layers of the Epidermis

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Dermis

The dermis has several important

characteristics: Composed of connective tissue containing collagen

and elastic fibers

Two layers of dermis are Papillary region

Reticular region

Lines of cleavage or tension lines

Epidermal ridges

Fingerprints

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Tension Lines

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S l B i f Ski C l


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Structural Basis of Skin Color

Variations in skin color arise from variations inthe amounts of three pigments: melanin,carotene, and hemoglobin

Melanin Amount of melanin causes the skins color to

vary from pale yellow to red to tan to black

Number of melanocytes are about the same inall people

Freckles are accumulation of patches ofmelanin

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St t l B i f Ski C l


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Structural Basis of Skin Color

Liver spots

Moles

Albinism

Vitiligo

Carotene

A benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes

is a nevus or mole

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N l M l d M li t


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Normal Mole and Malignant

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H i


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Hair

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H i


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Hair

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H i


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Hair

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H i


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Hair

Stages of Hair Growth Growth stage Regression stage

Resting stage

Types of Hairs

Lanugo, vellus hairs, and terminal hairs

Color of hair is determined primarily by the amountand type of melanin

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Ski Gl d


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Skin Glands

Sebaceous (oil) glands have several important

characteristics: typically connected to hair follicles

Sebum prevents dehydration of hair and skin, and inhibits

growth of certain bacteria

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

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Hi t l f Ski Gl d


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Histology of Skin Glands

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N il


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Nails

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N il


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Nails

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Nails


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Nails

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Blood Supply of the Integumentary System


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Blood Supply of the Integumentary System

The epidermis is avascular

The dermis receives blood from:

Branches of arteries supplying skeletal muscles

Arteries that supply the skin directly, including:cutaneous plexus and papillary plexus

Venous plexuses drain blood from the dermis intolarger subcutaneous veins.

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Burns


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Burns

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Aging and the Integumentary System


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Aging and the Integumentary System

Wrinkles

Decrease skins immune responsiveness

Dehydration and cracking of the skin

Decreased sweat production Decreased numbers of functional melanocytes

resulting in gray hair

Increased susceptibility to pathologicalconditions

Growth of hair and nails decreases; nails mayalso become more brittle with age.

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Ignore section 5.6,

including figure 5.8.

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The Bone and the Skeletal System


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The Bone and the Skeletal System

Support

Protection

Assistance in movement

Mineral storage and release Blood cell production

Triglyceride storage

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Types of Bones


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Types of Bones

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Types of Cells in Bone Tissue


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Types of Cells in Bone Tissue

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Anatomy of a Long Bone


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Blood Supply of a Long Bone


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Blood Supply of a Long Bone

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Bone Surface Markings


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Bone Surface Markings

Processes that form attachment points forconnective tissues

Crest

Epicondyle

Line Spinous process

Trochanter

Tubercle

Tuberosity

Processes that form joints

Condyle Facet

Head

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Histology of Compact Bone


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Histology of Compact Bone

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Histology of Bone


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Histology of Bone

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Histology of Spongy Bone


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Histology of Spongy Bone

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Bone Growth


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o e G o t

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Bone Growth in Thickness


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Osteoporosis


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Osteoporosis

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Common Types of Bone Fractures


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Open (compound) fracture

Comminuted fracture

Greenstick fracture

Impacted fracture Potts fracture

Colles fracture

Stress fracture

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Comminuted fracture

Greenstick fracture


Colles fracture

Stress fracture

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Comminuted fracture

Greenstick fracture


Colles fracture

Stress fracture

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Co o ypes o o e actu es


Comminuted fracture

Greenstick fracture


Colles fracture

Stress fracture

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yp


Comminuted fracture

Greenstick fracture


Colles fracture

Stress fracture

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yp


Comminuted fracture

Greenstick fracture


Colles fracture

Stress fracture

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Steps in Repair of Bone Fracture


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p p

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The Effects of Aging on Bone Tissue


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g g

There are two principal effects of aging on bonetissue

Loss of bone mass results from the loss of calcium andother minerals from bone extracellular matrix

(demineralization) Brittleness occurs as the production of collagen fibers

(which give bone tissue its tensile strength) slows

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Factors Affecting Bone Growth and Repair


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Availability of minerals, particularly calcium andphosphorus

Availability of vitamins (A, C, D, K, B12)

Availability of specific hormones (insulin, insulin-likegrowth factors (IGFs), and the thyroid hormones)

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Ignore section 6.7,p149 - 152.

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Unless otherwise indicated, allimages and tables are adapted fromthe instructor textbook resources for

Principles of Human Anatomy byGerard J. Tortora copyright 2014John Wiley & Sons Inc. Theseresources are made available forstudent use only.

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Anatomy Lecture 14