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8/3/2019 Lect. 1 Organization of the Nervous System 54
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Functional Organization of
Nervous System
รายวชิาระบบร่างกายมนุษย์ ระบบประสาท กบ202
ดร.นพพร จงกมลวิวัฒน์
คณะสหเวชศาสตร์มหาวิทยาลัยศรีนครินทรวโิรฒ
8/3/2019 Lect. 1 Organization of the Nervous System 54
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• Function and organization of nervous
system
• Nervous system components
• Development of nervous system
• Circulation and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
About this Chapter
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Planes and Sections
• Transverse (cross-sectional)or horizontal plane
– divides the body or an organinto upper (superior) or lower
(inferior) portions• Frontal or coronal plane
– divides the body or an organinto front (anterior) and back
(posterior) portions• Sagittal plane
– divides the body or an organinto left and right sides
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Planes and Sections of the Brain(3-D anatomical relationships revealed)
• Transverse Plane(Horizontal)
• Frontal Plane(Coronal)
• Sagittal Plane
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Planes and Sections of the Brain
Inferior (below)
Superior (above)
Anterior(front)
Posterior(back)
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Organization of the Nervous System
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Functions of the Nervous System
Motor output - A response to integrated stimuli
The response activates muscles or glands
Sensory input - Gathering information
To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the
body
Integrationto process and interpret
sensory input and decide if
action is needed.
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Structural Classification of theNervous System
CNS
PNS
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Sensory (afferent) division
Nerve fibers that carry information
to the central nervous system
Motor (efferent) divisionNerve fibers that carry impulses away
from the central nervous system
Structural Classification of theNervous System
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Structural Classification of theNervous System
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Regions of the Brain
The Central Nervous System
Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
‘Telencephalon’
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Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
Paired (left and right)
superior parts of the
brain
Include more than
half of the brain mass
The surface is made
of ridges (gyri ) and
grooves (sulci)
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Layers of the Cerebrum
Gray matter
Outer layer, Composedmostly of neuron cellbodies
White matterFiber tracts inside thegray matter (corpuscallosum)
Basal nuclei Internal islandsof gray
matter
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Layers of the Cerebrum
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Lobes of the Cerebrum
Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes
Surface lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
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Lobes of the Cerebrum
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Specialized Area of the Cerebrum
XL
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Broadmann’s Area
XL
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Sensory and Motor Areas of theCerebral Cortex
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‘Homunculus’
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‘Basal Nuclei’ ‘Limbic System’
Basal Ganglia
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The Central Nervous System
The Limbic System
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The Central Nervous System
Functions of the Cerebrum
– Conscious thought
– Intellectual activity
– Memory
– Origin of complex patterns of movement
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The Central Nervous System
Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
– Hemispheres serve opposite body sides
– Primary motor cortex
• Directs voluntary movement – Primary sensory cortex
• Receives somatic sensation (touch, pain, pressure,
temperature) – Association areas
• Interpret sensation
• Coordinate movement
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The Central Nervous System
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The Central Nervous SystemThe Brain
XL
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The Central Nervous SystemThe Brain
XL
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The Central Nervous SystemThe Brain
XL
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Diencephalon
The Central Nervous System
Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
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Diencephalon
Sits on top of the brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
Made of three parts
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Di h l
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Thalamus Surrounds the third ventricle
The relay station for sensory impulses
Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex forlocalization and interpretation
Coordinate voluntary and involuntary motor behavior
Diencephalon
Di h l
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Hypothalamus
An important part of the limbic system (emotions)
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Under the thalamus Important autonomic nervous system center
Helps regulate body temperature
Controls water balance
Regulates metabolism
Di h l
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Epithalamus
Forms the roof of the third ventricle Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)
Includes the choroid plexus – forms cerebrospinal fluid
Diencephalon
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Brain Stem
The Central Nervous System
Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
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Brain Stem Parts of the brain stem
Midbrain ‘Mesencephalon’
Pons ‘Metencephalon’
Medulla oblongata ‘Myelencephalon’
Brain Stem
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Midbrain
Slide 7.39
Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers
Reflex & Relay center for vision and hearing
Cerebral aqueduct – 3 rd -4 th ventricles
Brain Stem
Brain Stem
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Pons The bulging center part of the brain stem
Mostly composed of fiber tracts
Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing
Brain Stem
Brain Stem
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Medulla Oblongata The lowest part of the brain stem
Merges into the spinal cord Includes important fiber tracts
Contains important control centers
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Breathing
Swallowing
Vomiting
Brain Stem
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The Diencephalon and Brain Stem
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The Diencephalon and Brain Stem
Cranial Nerve
XL
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Cerebellum
The Central Nervous System
Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
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Cerebellum Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces
Provides involuntary coordination of body movements Stores patterns of movement, Skills
Fine tunes most movements
Control postural muscles, balance (Vestibular)
Th C t l N S t
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The Central Nervous System
• Relays information to/frombrain
• Processes some informationon its own
• Divided into 31 segments • Each segment has a pair of:
Dorsal root ganglia
Dorsal roots
Ventral roots• Gray matter appears as
horns
• White matter organized into
columns
Spinal Cord Basics• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• Sacral
S i l C d O i i
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Gray matter: mostly cell bodies
Spinal reflex integrating centerWhite matter:
Bundles of myelinated axons
-Ascending tracts: sensory
-Descending tracts: motor
Spinal Cord Organization
S i l C d O i i
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Spinal Cord Organization
Spinal Cord Organization
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Spinal Cord Organization
XL
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The Spinal Reflex Arc
Reflex – rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses tostimuli
Reflex arc – direct route from a sensory neuron, to aninterneuron, to an effector
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The Spinal Reflex Arc
Ner o s S stem & Skeletal S stem
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Nervous System & Skeletal System
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Development of the CNS
Development of the CNS
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Development of the CNSThree "germ layers“
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
N S t D l t
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• Neural plate to neural tube
• Neural crest –PNS• Anterior forms brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
• Hollow ventricles
• Spinal cord
Nervous System Development
Expansion of Brain
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Expansion of Brain
XL
E i f B i
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Expansion of Brain
Forebrain
• Telencephalon
• DiencephalonMidbrain
• remains justmidbrain
Hindbrain• Pons,
Cerebellum
• Medulla
Between 4 weeks and 9 months the
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Between 4 weeks and 9 months thebrain undergoes rapid development
E i f B i
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Expansion of Brain
Six Stages of Nervous System Development
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Six Stages of Nervous System Development
Post natal brain development
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• At birth the brain weighs 25% of the full adult brain
• By the age of 6 it increases to 95%i. Increase is due to myelination
ii. Proliferation of glial cells
iii. Last wave of neurogenesis *
iv. Maturation of neurons
v. Increase in synaptic connectivity
Post-natal brain development
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Vasculature & Ventricle
Cerebral Blood Supply
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The most metabolically active organs in the body, receiving17% of the total cardiac output and about 20% of the oxygen
available in the body.
Cerebral Blood Supply
Principle Brain Arteries
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Principle Brain Arteries
80%
20%
XL
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Circle of Willis
Brain Vascular Territory
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Brain Vascular Territory
XL
Brain Vascular Territory
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Brain Vascular Territory
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Spinal Cord
Arterial Supply
XL
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Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Clear liquid fills ventricles andcanals & bathes its externalsurface (in subarachnoid space)
• Brain produces & absorbs about500 ml/day
- Produced by ependymal cellslining the ventricles
- Filtration of blood throughchoroid plexus
• Functions
- Buoyancy- Protection
- Chemical stability
- Nutrient supply
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The Ventricles of the Brain
XL
Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid
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p
XL
Meninges
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Meninges
Pia materArachnoid mater
Dura mater
Peripheral Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system
Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers
Neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue
Structure of a Nerve
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Structure of a Nerve
Endoneurium surrounds
each fiber
Groups of fibers are bound
into fascicles by perineurium
Fascicles are bound together
by epineurium
Classification of Nerves
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Classification of Nerves
Mixed nerves – both sensory and motor fibers
Afferent (sensory) nerves – carry impulses toward the
CNS
Efferent (motor) nerves – carry impulses away from the
CNS
Classification by size and myelination, Aa, Ab, C
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End of First Chapter LoL
Q ti ?