Learning about the Past I Geography Place Location
Human-environment interaction Movement Regions II.History
Pre-History: Before written records Fossils are remains of living
things (plants, an imals, people), not things that were made.
Artifacts are remains of things that were made, not remains of
living things. History: After written records
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People who study the past Historian Archeologist Anthropologist
Paleontologist Geologist
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Search for Human Origins Archeologists Study past cultures by
locating and analyzing human remains, fossils and artifacts Use
scientific tests such as carbon dating to analyze fossils and
artifacts Anthropologists: Study culture or peoples unique way of
life. They study artifacts at archaeologist digs
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The study of past societies through an analysis of what people
have left behind. Artifacts are those things that people left
behind, they can include: Tools and Weapons Art and
SculpturePottery Jewelry Human Remains Ancient Buildings and
Monuments
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The study of human life and culture The remains of ancient
plants and animals. By studying fossils archaeologists and
anthropologists can learn about what people ate, what animals they
had around, and their way of life. Carbon dating can be used to
date organic artifacts, or things that were once alive All living
things contain a radioactive isotope of Carbon called Carbon 14
which they absorb from the sun while they are alive. Carbon 14 has
a half-life of 5000 years. That means it takes 5,000 years for half
of the Carbon 14 in something to break down. If we know how much
Carbon 14 something has left we can count back to how much is had
to begin with to determine the age of the artifact. Is limited to
things 50,000 years old or less. Thermo luminescence Dating:
Measures the light given off by the electrons in soil surrounding
artifacts. Can measure up to 200,000 years.
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Famous People Mary Leaky: Found footprints of earliest
humanlike in Eastern Africa. Donald Johanson: Found a complete
adult female skeleton in Ethiopa (E. Africa) Named her Lucy
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Here's Lucy
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Monument begun in the Neolithic age and finished in the Bronze
Age Located on the Salisbury Plain in England What it may have
looked like at completion
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Stongehenge Example of an archaeological site in England.
Started during the Neolithic and completed during the Bronze Age
Religious Site??
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Stonehenge
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Stongehenge
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Stonehenge
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Family of mankind that walked up right The first Hominids, they
are thought to have emerged in East Africa in the Great Rift Valley
between 3-4 million years ago. Second stage in early human
development, Homo erectus, which means upright human being, emerged
about 1.5 million years ago. These were the first hominids to leave
Africa and moved into Europe and Asia. They also used more complex
tools
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Early Man
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Homo Sapiens Dawn of Modern Man Emerged in Africa 100,000 to
400,000 years ago Migrated from Africa into Eurasia, Australia, and
Americans. Two Branches Neanderthal: 200,000 to 30,000 Found in
Europe and SW Asia Cro-Magnon 40,000 to 8,000 Found in Europe Fully
modern humans Created Cave Art
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About 250,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged. Homo Sapiens
means Wise Person. This group split into two distinct groups:
Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens Sapiens Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Neanderthals Found in the Neander Valley in Germany. Thought to
have lived between 100,000 and 30,000 years ago. Used stone tools,
and buried their dead. It is thought they had some primitive
religious beliefs. Were killed off by Homo Sapiens Sapiens
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Modern Human Beings Appeared in Africa between 150,000-200,000
years ago Began to migrate outside of Africa 100,000 years ago.
Replaced the Neanderthals by 30,000 B.C.. By 10,000 B.C. Homo
Sapiens Sapiens could be found throughout the world due to
migration. During the last ice age between 100,000 B.C. and 8000
B.C. the water level in the oceans dropped revealing a land bridge
connecting Asia and North America
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Early Man Hunter gatherer Societies Survival depended on the
availability of wild plants and animals Physical environment shaped
their lives
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The Stone Age
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This is not the Stone Age
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THIS IS THE STONE AGE
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Paleolithic Age
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Old Stone Age Paleolithic Era Longest Period of time
Characteristics Hunter-gatherers societies Invented first tools,
weapons Nomadic (Migrated in search of food/water/shelter) Lived in
Clans: small groups Developed oral language Created Cave Art Use of
Fire
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Gathering was a more reliable source of food and so in
Paleolithic society it is thought that it may have been
Matriarchal, or female dominated. Women were often seen at the time
as symbols of life and fertility. Many ancient religions were
centered around the worship of the earth and the woman was often
representative of the earth and life because of the fact that women
have children. Early ideas about religion are often called
sympathetic magic. It is thought that early man often drew, or made
representations of what he/she wanted to happen. Fertility statues
for having many children, paintings of successful hunts etc.
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Paleolithic Learned how to make fire Cook food-Scare away
animals Keep warm-Live in caves Developed oral language Allows
people to work together Give specific instructions Exchange ideas
Pass on culture from generation to generation
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Religion and the Afterlife Basis for polytheism Paintings,
statues Burials- simple and high status
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Cave Art
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Neolithic Era/ Neolithic Revolution/New Stone Age When
Civilization Began Started between 13,000 -10,000 B.C./BCE Change
in Climate, rising temperature worldwide provided longer growing
seasons Characteristics: Developed of Agriculture: Greatest
breakthrough in history. Domesticated Animals Tamed horses, dogs,
goats and pigs
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Neolithic Era Uses of advance tools Made Pottery Developed
weaving skills Neolithic- farm, wheel/axel, domestication,
population increase, pottery Outcomes: A small supply of grain
helped support a small population boom People started to live small
farming communities Free people to do other things: artisans,
Specialization Because people could focus on one particular thing
technology and skills improved.
Civilization********************************
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Copper and Bronze Ages 4000-1000BC Iron Age begin 1000 BC
People begin to keep written records
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Agricultural Surplus As farming technology improved people were
able to grow the food they needed. Because of this not everyone had
to work on providing food anymore and so people could do other
things. Artisans People who made crafts such as textiles (fabrics),
pottery, jewelry, etc... People could do what they were good at
instead of having to farm. Specialization of Labor Because people
could focus on one particular thing technology and skills improved.
Storage of Food Pottery and other devices were invented as ways to
grow extra food. This extra food was vital for feeding a growing
population. Trade As artisans made goods they began to exchange
goods with other villages, and later cities, who had different
goods. This was a barter system.
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Neolithic- New Stone Age Developed agriculture- Agricultural
Revolution Domesticated animals Used advanced tools Made pottery
Developed weaving skills Neolithic- farm, wheel/axel,
domestication, population increase, pottery
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Variations on Agriculture As agriculture spread different areas
began to grow different crops that were suited to their
environment. These places where people began to settle down, grow
crops, and start villages became known as the Cradles of
Civilization. Most of these areas were in river valleys. This first
was Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys.
Other river valleys include The Nile in Egypt, the Indus in India,
and the Huang He in China. These villages spread throughout Europe
and the rest of the world. The oldest and largest of the villages
are found in SW Asia.
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Early Civilizations and their features
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River Valleys
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Good place to farm Rich soil due to silt from flooding Great
source of water Valleys tend to protect from invasion by nomads.
Examples Egypt & Kush (Nile River) Mesopotamia (Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers) Indian (Indus River) Chinese (Huang He
River)
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How Civilizations Develop Farming Surplus Food Increased
Population More Leisure Time More people = less work Less work =
more time to think, invent. Job Specialization People master one
job Blacksmith, farmer, weaver, etc. New, Better Things Tools,
plows, irrigation Use of Iron, Bronze
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Cities
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Increasing population due to extra food Farming communities
grow very big. These population centers are called cities.
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Job Specialization
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Increased Population: Less people needed in fields People have
leisure/free time to think/create. People can train & work in
one job for life Fisherman, Blacksmith, Pottery Maker, etc Results
in new items Trade of items and ideas = cultural diffusion.
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Organized Governments Plan and run things that benefit
everyone. Food production, roads, bridges, irrigations systems,
etc. (Public Works)Public Works Early government types: City-state:
city and land surrounding it. Kingdom: multiple city-states
together Empire: many nations under one ruler
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Public Works
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Organized Governments Hereditary rulers emerge Ruling families
(dynasty) remain the rulers. Created and used laws Examples:
Hammurabis Code Ten Commandments
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Writing Systems Pictograms (earliest written symbols)
Hieroglyphics (Egypt) Cuneiform (Sumer) Alphabet (Phoenicia)
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Religion
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Used to explain the world & nature Farmers pray for rain,
sun. Most early civilizations are polytheistic People often pray to
nature gods. Priests are important Only they can talk to the gods
Often become important in government