Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global …south.mpls.k12.mn.us/uploads/lecture_06.pdf · Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context ... Why do researchers divide

Wendy A. Mitteager

State University of New York, Oneonta

Chapter 3 Lecture

Human Geography: Places and

Regions in Global Context Sixth Edition

Population Geography

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Key Concepts

• Census

• Demographics

• Population Dynamics

• Movement of Population

• Population Patterns

• Sustainable Development

Figure 3.1 Biometric census taking in

India, 2011

Key Concepts

Important Terms

• Census: A count of the population in a

country

– In U.S.A., done every 10 years (next one

2020)

– What does it include:


Key Concepts

• Demographics: the patterns and rates of

population change, including birth and

death rates, age, migration trends, ethnic

background, religious background and

population distribution patterns.

• Population Dynamics: short-term and long-

term changes in the size and age of

populations, and the processes influencing

those changes


Key Concepts

• Movement of Population

• Population Patterns

• Sustainable Development: The level of

development that can be maintained in a

country without depleting resources to the

extent that future generations will be

unable to achieve a comparable level of

development



Demography

• Characteristics of a

human population

– Gender, race, age, income,

disabilities, education, etc.

Figure 3.2 Accuracy of

the 1990 U.S. census

Apply your knowledge: Give an example, other than the

Iraq case, of how the census is more than just counting

people.

Demography

• Census

– Vital records

• In U.S., these are public records

– Limitations

• Only as accurate as the people giving the information or

filling out the form



Population Distribution

Figure 3.3 World population density, 2010


Population Distribution, (cont'd)

• Geographic reasons

– Environmental &

physical factors

– Political & economic

experiences

– Cultural

characteristics

• Examine at many

scales

– Global, national,

regional, metropolitan

Figure 3.4 Population distribution of Egypt


[Insert Figure 3.A]

A New Sense of Identity, USA

Figure 3.A Mixed-race

Americans

Figure 3.B Mixed-race Americans, by region


Population Density and Composition

• Crude (arithmetic)

density: The total

number of people

divided by the total

land area.

Figure 3.5 Mexico City, a classic high-density

urban settlement

Population Density and Composition

• Nutritional density: the measure of how

much nutrition can be produced from land

(a ratio between the total population and

the amount of land under cultivation in a

given area)

• Agricultural density: The ratio of the

number of farmers to the total amount of

land suitable for agriculture.



Health Care Density

Figure 3.6 Countries with a high proportion of old people face unique challenges. This map

shows the ratio of physicians to the population by nation.


Age-Sex Pyramids

• Shape of pyramid

is dependent on

proportion of

people in each

age cohort

Figure 3.7 Population of Germany by age

and sex, 2000

Age-Sex Pyramids

• Dependency ratio

– A measure of the portion of a population

which is composed of dependents (people

who are too young or too old to work).

– The dependency ratio is equal to the number

of individuals aged below 15 or above 64

divided by the number of individuals aged 15

to 64, expressed as a percentage.


Age-Sex Pyramids

• Dependency ratio

– A rising dependency ratio is a concern in

many countries that are facing an aging

population, since it becomes difficult for

pension and social security systems to

provide for a significantly older, non-working

population.



Figure 3.8 Population Pyramids of Core and Peripheral

Countries

Age-Sex Pyramids, (cont'd)

Apply your knowledge: Why do researchers divide the

population of a country into youth, middle, and old-age

cohorts? What do these categories indicate about the

potential of a country's population?


U.S. Population

• Baby Boom generation

– Born 1946-1964

• Demographic, political,

and economic factors

– Suburbanization

• Aging of the core

countries

• Impacts on younger

Americans

– The Net Generation

Figure 3.D Improved health care leading to

longer life expectancies


U.S. Population, (cont'd)

Figure 3.9 U.S. baby boomers, 1960-2040


Birth (or Fertility) Rates

• Crude birthrate (CBR):

the total number of live

births in a year for

every 1000 people

alive in the society.

• Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of

children a woman will

have throughout her

childbearing years.

Table 3.3 TFR provides more insight into the

potential of a population

Birth (or Fertility) Rates

• Doubling time: The number of years

needed to double a population, assuming

a constant rate of natural increase.



Death (or Mortality) Rates

• Crude death rate

(CDR): The total

number of deaths

in a year for every

1000 people alive

in the society.

Figure 3.12 World crude death rates, 2009 &

2010

Death (or Mortality) Rates

• Infant mortality rate: The total number of deaths

in a year among infants under one year old for

every 1000 live births in a society.

• Life expectancy: The average number of years

an individual can be expected to live, given

current social, economic, and medical

conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the

average number of years a newborn infant can

expect to live.



Death (or Mortality) Rates, (cont'd)

Figure 3.14 World infant mortality rates 2009


Figure 3.13

World Rates of Natural Increase, 2009


Figure 3.15

HIV Infection, 2010

Apply your knowledge: How does the level of wealth of

a country affect its ability to respond to health issues like

HIV/AIDS, infant mortality, or life expectancy?


Demographic Transition Theory

Figure 3.16 Demographic

transition model Figure 3.17 World trends in birth and

death rates, 1775-2050


Demographic Transition Theory, (cont'd)

Apply your knowledge: Why would a country be

concerned about its population being too small? What

might a country gain by increasing or decreasing the

birthrate?


Mobility and Migration

• Emigration: migration from a location

• Immigration: migration to a location

• International & internal migration

– Permanent & temporary

• Gross Migration: the total number of people who

leave and enter a country in a given time period


• Net Migration: the difference between the

number of immigrants and the number of

emigrants

• Push Factors: induces people to move out

of their present location

• Pull Factors: induces people to move into

a new location



• Voluntary migration: the migrant has chosen to

move for economic improvement

– Guest workers: citizens of poor countries who obtain

jobs in Western Europe and Southwest Asia

– Undocumented workers: those who immigrate illegally

and enter a country without proper documents

• Forced migration: the migrant has been

compelled to move by cultural factors



• Refugees: people who have been forced

to migrate from their home country and

cannot return for fear of persecution

because of their race, religion, nationality,

membership in a social group, or political

opinion (Sometimes called “displaced

persons”



• Internally displaced persons (IDPs):

individuals who are uprooted within the

boundaries of their own country because

of conflict or human rights abuse



Mobility and Migration, (cont'd)

Figure 3.18 Global voluntary migration, 2005



• Great Recession

and undocumented

workers

Figure 3.19 Controversy surrounds

immigration over the U.S./Mexico border. The

Samaritans' mission is to end immigration

related death and suffering.


• Transnational migrants: people who set up

homes and/or work in more than one

nation-state (People that may work in one

country at one season, then in another a

different season)

• Eco-migration: Population movement

caused by the degradation of land and

essential natural resources.



Figure 3.E Internally displaced persons, 2007




Figure 3.21 Iraqi diaspora before 2003

and since

Figure 3.22 Palestinian refugees

in the Middle East



Figure 3.23 Changing demographic center of

the U.S. 1790-2010

Figure 3.24 U.S. Rustbelt -- where population

was impacted by the movement of

corporations


Population Debates and Policies

• Population and

Resources

– Malthus

– Neo-Malthusians

• Population policy

Figure 3.29 Educating girls in

Afghanistan

Figure 3.27 World population

projections


• Population and Resources – Malthus: Author of "Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798)

who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while

food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that,

eventually, population growth would outpace food production.

– Neo-Malthusians: Advocacy of population control programs to

ensure enough resources for current and future populations.



• Population policy: Laws set in place by a

country to limit growth of people

– China: Prior to Nov. 2015 limited couples to

one child

• If had more, tax penalties

– China: after Nov. 2015 said couples could

have TWO children without penalties



Population Issues

• Sustainable

Development

• Gender Issues

Apply your knowledge: What do you consider to be

the most pressing issue with respect to global

population growth? Why?

Population Issues

• Neoliberalism: Derives from the idea that

government intervention into markets is

inefficient and undesirable, and should be

resisted wherever possible. Popular during

the late twentieth century, structural

adjustment loans were often part of

neoliberalism.



Future Geographies

• Oct. 31, 2011

population reached

7 billion

• Projected to

increase

– 9.3 billion by 2050

– Core vs. periphery

growth

• What will happen in

the future?

– How will urban

systems keep up?

Figure 3.31 Shanghai, China: one of

the world's largest cities at 14 million


End of Chapter 3

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Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global …south.mpls.k12.mn.us/uploads/lecture_06.pdf · Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context ... Why do researchers divide