Leading Prof. Dr. Dong Suocheng

Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, CAS

Dec. 26-27, 2013 Ulan-Ude, Russia

Current State and Problems of Forestry Management in China Current State and Problems of Forestry Management in China

Contents

I.General IntroductionII.Main National Forestry ProgramsIII. Management Measurements

Global temperature increased for 0.83 ℃ （ 1906-2005a, By IPCC ）

China increased for 1.43 ℃ 全球

I. General Introduction

Northeast China

东北区 1959 ～ 2002 年气温变化趋势（孙凤华等， 2005 ）

东北区 1959 ～ 2002 年降水变化趋势（孙凤华等， 2005 ）

Northeast China

Climate Change’s Threats and Rapid development of Urbanization and Urban Agglomeration in China

In the recent 10 years, frequent and severe disasters such as windstorms, floods, droughts, and so on, caused by climate change have significantly increased, and threats to economy, health and security have been aggravated, which have become the present prominent environmental issues in the world. With the rapid urbanization process, population growth and industry concentrating, cities have become a large-scale hazard-bearing body, liable to be affected by disasters and to suffer heavy losses. The high concentration of population, industries and infrastructure increase the possibility of disaster chains and disaster clusters in urban agglomerations.

Basic characteristics of five urban agglomerations

in coastal regions of China

China’s Rapid Urbanization

Period and ten urban

agglomerations

China are entering Rapid

Urbanization Period and the

Urbanization rate at 1.4%

annually, which increased from

36.2% in 2000 to 51.3% in 2011,

formed ten urban

agglomerations, among which

there are three state level and 2

sub-level urban agglomerations in

coastal China. These 5 urban

agglomerations, with obvious

advantages in their locations and

strong economic power, have

become the important engines for

China’s socio-economic

development.

Facts and tendency of Climate change in Eastern China

The general tendency of climate change was warming and drying with regional and seasonal differences ， in the last 100 years in China.

Northeastern China was the third highest temperature rising area in Euro-Asia Continents, its temperature rising rate was 1.43 during the last 100 ℃years, which was 2 ～ 3 times of global level. Northern Coastal Region experienced a similar climate change of increase of temperature and decrease of precipitation during the last 100 years.

Central Coastal Region: temperature rising ， but increase of precipitation in the southern part during the last 100 years.

Southern Coastal Region: remarkable increase of both temperature and precipitation during the last 100 years.

Huge flood risks in coastal cities, especially low areas

Huge risks of being flooded in the low land of coastal cities

Due to climate change there is an absolute rise

of sea level. In the recent 30 years, overall,

China’s coastal sea level rose by 85 mm over 1980,

with an average rise rate of 2.7 mm annually,

higher than the global average level. Slow

elevation of sea level is a long-lasting and delayed

disaster, and this trend is hard to hold back and

presently there is almost no way to convert it.

Trend of China’s sea level China’s sea level change in monitoring area

Data: Bulletin of China’s sea level for the year of 2011

Future Tendency of Climate Change: Generally, in the 21 century, Eastern China: temperature

would rise, under the green-house emission, precipitation would obviously increase in the southern areas but decrease in Northern regions, both with seasonal and regional differences.

Northeastern China’s average temperature would rise by 3.9 comparing to the basic period from 1961 to 1990, under ℃IPCC Climate Change Scenarios of A2 and Emission Model B2, in the next 80 years.

General situation Ⅰ General State of forestry

(1) Forestry industry develops fast, timber production is growing rapidly,

and afforestation is sustaining. remarkable success has achieved in anti-desertification and biodiversity

conservation. Afforestation has been keeping in focus, comprehensively forest management has been strengthen.

Annual forestry industry output and timber production

Annual afforestation area

General introduction of China’s forest resources

1998 2003 2008

Forest area(billion hm2) 1.58 1.75 1.95

Forest coverage(%) 16.5 18.2 20.3

Stock volume(billion m3) 115.7 124.6 137.2

Stock volume per capita(m3) 9.27 9.64 10.151

Future Strategy and Goals of China

•2010-2015: The Twelfth Five Year Plan of Socio-economic Development of China: Afforesting land, the new afforstation areas increase for 12.5 million ha.

•2020, continuing afforest land resource & energy saving policy. Reduction volume of CO2 by 40% to 45% of the CO2 total emission volume in 2005.

(2) Forestry reform steadily promotes, forestry policy has made new progress.

Area of collective forest land with authorized property: 178.47 hm2, 97.8% of total collective forest land.

(3) Further progress of forestry legislation, enforcement and monitoring capacity has been significantly strengthen.

2011, Modification of “Forest Law”, legislation of “Wetland Protection Regulations”.

(4) Substantial increase investment in forestry, initial establishment of long-term mechanism for forestry supporting by public financial.

2011, investment in forestry: 274.4 billion yuan, State budget: 130.2billion yuan, 47.45% of total investment.

(5) More strict supervision of woodland management levy occupy and forest resources. Carried out to check the use of forest land, 15 station monitoring forest resources.

(6) Increase investment in forestry station construction, more support efforts to the state-owned forest.

2011, 0.69 billion yuan invested in national Forestry Workstation.

Problems of forestry (1) Economic accounting flawed: lack of ecological impacts

accounting resulting from economic activities and accurate ecological compensation for the upper reach of watershed.

(2) Lack of multi ways of financing: forestry construction funds jointly financed by state and local government, businesses contribute less to fund.

(3) Lack of market mechanisms: forestry management mechanism mainly based on authority ways, which is difficult to adapt to the market economy.

(4) Classification system affect the overall planning: complex composition of forestry properties: state-owned, collective owned, private owned, forestry ownership disagreement affect the overall planning.

(5) Fuzzy property rights, incomplete Property, as an intangible assets, the calculation of the compensation, fund levy and the scope is difficult to determine.

1. Return Grain grow land to forest & grass land ( Green Program)

(1) Introduction: Grain for Green Project is China's most extensive forestry construction, as well as most complex processes, the highest degree of ecological construction with people involved in, mainly to solve the problem of soil erosion in key areas.

(2) Aims: solve the problem of soil erosion in key areas.(3) Period: pilot regions: 1999, Shan’xi, Gansu, Sichuan. 2000, upper

reach of Yangtze River, upper-middle reaches of Yellow River;Official implement, 2002.(4) Areas: 25 provinces(Autonomous Region, municipality, XPCC),

1897 counties, areas: 0.71 billion hectares, 73.91% of whole country.(5). Achievement ： National Grain tasks were arranged 19,165,500

hectares ， farmland afforestation: 7,886,200 hectares, afforestation of barren hills and wasteland ： 11,279,300 hectares .

Note:http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=9ugMTo8BgtEtPfFAm_F4sQTlOT4ZfWMNDBtRl6v1dj5RIwX-7y9JipgyV9dyKQcA2LYS98xZ3pr8-ACb6qdJqK

Ⅱ Main National Forestry Programs to strengthen management

2. Key Shelterbelt Construction Program in North, Northeast and Northwest China and the Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River

(1) Aims: Fundamentally change our sand and soil erosion hazard situation in North, Northeast and Northwest China and the Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River.

(2) Period: Official implement, 1978.(3) Areas: 13 provinces(Autonomous Region, municipality, XPCC) in North,

Northeast and Northwest China, 551 counties, areas: 0.406 billion hectares, 42.4% of whole country.

(4). Achievement ： Western China: 2386159.15 hectares, Shelterbelt Construction in Yangtze River: 50565.27 hectares, Shelterbelt Construction in Pearl River: 34930.79 hectares.

Note:http://www.envir.gov.cn/info/2003/6/616141.htm 人民日报http://www.forestry.gov.cn/portal/main/s/1079/content-115109.html 国家林业局

•Objective: solves the problem of gene conservation, biodiversity protection, nature conservation, wetland protection

•Implementation Date: : 2001

•Scope: including the typical natural ecosystems, rare and endangered wild animals and plants in the natural distribution area, ecologically fragile areas and wetland area etc

Achievement: at the end of 2009, it has reached 2012 district forestry system nature reserve, a total area of 123000000 hectares, accounting for 12.8% of the national land area. The national wildlife breeding base, protected areas management and scientific research achievements were scored in the construction of. By the end of 2009, a total of wild animal breeding base 431, wild plant seed cultivation base 244; 69 wild zoo, botanical garden, 64, hunting grounds, 142; the protection of wildlife management station 4526, wildlife research and monitoring institutions 638, bird banding Center (station) 122.

3. Wildlife protection and nature reserve development program

•Objective: To solve the problem of supply of timber and forest products

•Implementation Date: August 2002

•Scope: Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Fujian area, north of the Yangtze River region subtropical, temperate zone of the Yellow River region (including the Huaihe River, Haihe River Basin) and boreal regions of northeastern Inner Mongolia. Concrete construction covering 18 provinces of Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, 1,000 counties (cities , area).

•Achievements: By the end of 2004, the fast growing timber base construction 18 key provinces (regions) of creating a fast growing timber 224,500 hm2

4. Fast growing and high yielding timber base construction program in key areas

5. Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Sources Control Project

• To improve air quantity of Beijing and Tianjin, The government urgently started the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Sources Control Project in 2000. According to the data provided by the National Development and Reform Commission, in the first decade of implementing of the project, a fund of 41.2 billion yuan have been invested, the area of farmlands returned to forest, administered grasslands and small watershed area added up to 90 million mu, 0.13 billion mu, and 11.8 thousands km2, the population of ecological migration reached approximately 170 thousands. Forest coverage rate in project area has increased to 15%.

• Research of Hu Jun, et al. (2012) argued that a good effect on improving ecology have been achieved through the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Sources Control Project by which negative ions concentration has increased, SO2 concentration has been reduced and the dust removal effect is conspicuous.

Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Sources Control Project

Fig. annual variation of SO2 concentration change and level 2 days in Beijing during 1999-2008

• Although the first period of the project has achieved a prominent effect, ecological environmental in the project area is still fragile. Tendency of deteriorating of ecology in local area have not been radically changed. Therefore, it is essential to continually promote Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Sources Control Project and enlarge administering range properly. In accordance with Planning of Second Period of Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Sources Control Project (2013-2022), China will spend a decade and invest 87.8 billion yuan to govern Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Sources.

• Second Period of Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Sources Control Project (2013-2022), China will spend a decade and invest 87.8 billion yuan to govern Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Sources.

• 工程区范围由北京、天津、河北、山西、内蒙古 5 个省（区、市）的75 个县（旗、市、区）扩大至包括陕西在内 6 个省（区、市）的138 个县（旗、市、区） .

•After the catastrophic floods of 1998, for a long time over-consumption of natural resources and other reasons caused serious deterioration of ecological environment in reality, the State Council from a strategic perspective of sustainable socio-economic development, has made a significant natural forest protection project decisions.

•Mary Rose pilot project started in 1998, in October 2000, the State Council approved the "upstream of the Yangtze River, the middle reaches of the Yellow River natural forest protection project implementation plan" and "Northeast, Inner Mongolia and other key state-owned forest natural forest protection project implementation plan" . Project construction period is 2000 to 2010, the project involves the upper Yangtze River region, on the middle reaches of the Yellow River, northeastern Inner Mongolia and other key state-owned forest in 17 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in 734 counties and 167 forestry bureau. The upper reaches of the Yangtze River Three Gorges Reservoir area is bounded, including Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Hubei, Tibet six provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Xiaolangdi Reservoir for the sector, including Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan and seven provinces (regions); northeastern Inner Mongolia and other key state-owned forestry, including Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hainan, Xinjiang, five provinces (regions).

6. Natural Forest Protection Project

2010 Global Forest Resources Assessment content relationships with seven thematic elements of sustainable forest management evaluation

“2010 China Forest Resources Assessment Report,” The different uses of forest area each year

Forest zoning         Modern Forestry Theory, “Forestry Division of Labor,” the theory of sustainable development as the guiding ideology, combined with community forest.The different needs of forest ecology and economy, as well as a variety

of functions in different directions leading forest use, in accordance with the nature of the pieces, location, water, mountains, forest land features will be divided into two types of ecological forest and commercial forest.

Forest area and forest in different years of savings accumulated volume changes

Previous national forest inventory

1. Publicize the significance of forest 1. Publicize the significance of forest protection with increased effortsprotection with increased efforts Forest protection and greening the motherland can not Forest protection and greening the motherland can not

be done by the efforts of few sectors and few people in a be done by the efforts of few sectors and few people in a country, all the people must be mobilized, all the media such country, all the people must be mobilized, all the media such as television, film, radio and newspaper must be used to as television, film, radio and newspaper must be used to publicize the significance of greening and forest protection. publicize the significance of greening and forest protection. In China, for example, a few movies that demonstrate such In China, for example, a few movies that demonstrate such disasters of deforestation as water loss and soil erosion and disasters of deforestation as water loss and soil erosion and so on, were be made with the efforts of forestry so on, were be made with the efforts of forestry administrative department, and told the people all over the administrative department, and told the people all over the country that Forestation accomplished now will benefit our country that Forestation accomplished now will benefit our future generations.future generations.

III. Management Measurements

2. Ascertain the functions of forest 2. Ascertain the functions of forest resources according to local conditionsresources according to local conditions

China stretches across a vast area covering the cold, China stretches across a vast area covering the cold, temperate and tropical zones. Forest resources in different temperate and tropical zones. Forest resources in different regions undertake different functions in regional social regions undertake different functions in regional social economic development. Some regions lay emphasis on economic development. Some regions lay emphasis on economic efficiency of its forest resources, an some pay economic efficiency of its forest resources, an some pay attention to its ecological benefits, while others focus on attention to its ecological benefits, while others focus on economic and ecological benefits. From the township level economic and ecological benefits. From the township level China determines the purpose, approach and means of the China determines the purpose, approach and means of the use of forestry resources, and forms a discriminatory use of forestry resources, and forms a discriminatory position of forestry. position of forestry.

3. Change management model and carry 3. Change management model and carry out discriminatory management in line out discriminatory management in line with the type of forestrywith the type of forestry

China enables forestry enterprises to become China enables forestry enterprises to become independent entities and promotes their independent entities and promotes their competitiveness by the transformation of competitiveness by the transformation of government function and peeling off the forest government function and peeling off the forest management functions from them.management functions from them.

4. Improve the legal mechanisms and 4. Improve the legal mechanisms and increase economic penaltiesincrease economic penalties

• China has gradually established a legal framework China has gradually established a legal framework conducive to forestry sustainable development. Forestry conducive to forestry sustainable development. Forestry administrative department manages forestry resources in administrative department manages forestry resources in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. For some accordance with relevant laws and regulations. For some people who knew those laws and regulations, severe people who knew those laws and regulations, severe economic penalties must be implemented if they broke economic penalties must be implemented if they broke the laws. So people would realize that deforestation is the laws. So people would realize that deforestation is illegal, and they will learn to bear legal responsibility.illegal, and they will learn to bear legal responsibility.

5. Strengthen supervision and management 5. Strengthen supervision and management of deforestation areaof deforestation area

• In China, problems of irrational use of forestry resources In China, problems of irrational use of forestry resources were happened mainly in the deforestation area. In China, were happened mainly in the deforestation area. In China, regional government puts the responsibility of regional regional government puts the responsibility of regional forest management to a specific person, and signs with the forest management to a specific person, and signs with the relevant people of the work responsibility. relevant people of the work responsibility.

• At the same time, China pays attention to planting At the same time, China pays attention to planting seedlings, and a system of sustainable deforestation comes to seedlings, and a system of sustainable deforestation comes to form.form.

6. Formulate a series of supporting 6. Formulate a series of supporting ecological compensation policiesecological compensation policies

• Forestry is industry that has a long production cycle Forestry is industry that has a long production cycle and slow income and low economic interests, so we and slow income and low economic interests, so we must develop policies to mobilize the enthusiasm of the must develop policies to mobilize the enthusiasm of the masses. China has taken part of the policy: Bulit eco-masses. China has taken part of the policy: Bulit eco-compensation fund, and allocate extra fiscal bonus to compensation fund, and allocate extra fiscal bonus to barren mountain contractors or former peasants who barren mountain contractors or former peasants who concede the land to forestry .concede the land to forestry .

• It is unchanged within seventy years of forest land It is unchanged within seventy years of forest land use property. And, during operating period, use property. And, during operating period, conctractors has rights in succession and transfer.conctractors has rights in succession and transfer.

7. Promote the development of forestry 7. Promote the development of forestry by scientific and technological methodsby scientific and technological methods

• It is an indispensable part of high-tech forestry to It is an indispensable part of high-tech forestry to sustainable development,sustainable development, which highlights the economy which highlights the economy growth as well as the reasonable utilization and protection of growth as well as the reasonable utilization and protection of resources and environment. China has been promoting the resources and environment. China has been promoting the development of high-tech forestry gradually, for example, development of high-tech forestry gradually, for example, the utilization of advanced technology in afforestation and the utilization of advanced technology in afforestation and forest management ,and using high technology to optimize forest management ,and using high technology to optimize traditional wood processing and manufacturing technology.traditional wood processing and manufacturing technology.

Thank you! 谢

谢 ！