. "" u 'Yl'Yl 2

n1111lu L~Eh1m10'WJ'Ulfl1l :IJ ~1 m1n1 um1~EJ ~l11l1~lLnTI!I~tlfu\l~WIJ EJ\lum1t.Ju

1~~mfuJJ'Tiu:IJ?ln~1u~ 6 hwh1n~EJwmmm1m1i:1'eJ'Ulll~lL~eJm1~mn1flf\ld ~l9J~t.J1~ 'lJ

" " 1. Vl~ni:1'1111Un'Uni,'11\ln11?lm~1iwllu~nwv<Jrrrr~ml'l! 2551 mi:IJi:1'11~

cu cLJ <l q

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

' ' ml:IJV\:IJl U"lJEl\lnl1~EJ'U1ll~1L 11 Eln11~Eli.111

~mrrn~ ~1 fl .... qj'lJ eJ\ln1"J~eJ'Ull1~l L 11 um1~EJ~l1 " . .

'lJ~'U~ El'U'lJ El\l nl1~El'Ull1~l b 11 Eln11~Eli:1'11 " iu~ El'U"lJ El\l nl1~El'Ull1Ml LnlV\ ~

' . nTl""illllfi9Jn11:1Jm1~EJ um~1 L 11 eJmJ"~eJi:1'11

nfllTILL1,'1~~El~1 'l!L un1 ~~El'Ull1~1 L vi um1~El~l1 U'YllJl'Yl"lJ EJ\l fl1 1 un11~~fl9Jn11:1Jn11 1 irn~lL ~Elm1~EJ i:1'11

'lJ

U'YllJl'Yl'lJ eJ\lU n L1u u 1 um11l~ fi9ln11:1Jnl1 1inl~1 L vi eJ m1~Eli:1'11

4. Lb'U 1~~ bM rnnu WJl:IJ ~l:IJ11fl lun11~El i:1'11

4.1 ml:JJVI:IJl U"lJ eJ\lf111:1J~ldJl1flL un11~Eli:1'11

4.2 EJ\lrhh~n EJU"lJ EJ\lf111 :IJ ~l:IJlJ"blL um1~Eli:1'11

4.3 'YlnM~m1-0f\l 'Y'l~ e:hu L'liuu 'U

4.4 m1~f1\l LLUU'Yl~i:1'EJu1~ml:IJi:1'lm1n1um11inl~lL vieJm1~Eli:1'11

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

9

6. l'<\J(j)fl&l

6.1 flll:lJVI:JJlt.J'lJehH'<\l~fl&l

6.2 Eh!~U"'l:::neJU'lJeJ.Jl'il~fl&l

6.3 lll1Ln~H1l~fl&l

6.4 rn1t1.l~mtmJ~.JL'<ll~fl&l "-' =

6.5 lll"'ll~l'il~fl(j)

7. .Jl 'U l '<\)~[J fh il t.Jl'JJ e:J-\1

7.1 .J1u1'9lt..~1u111:::L'Ylf!

7.2 -\!1Ul9Jt.J~1.Jtb:::L'Yl'F'!

8. n1e:J1JLL'Ul~(j)m111l"'t.J

ll1M1 <?i1\lU"':!~l'YH>f

n11~n'JoJ11:::vl1J ~Tit.J :JJ~n'JoJ1LtJUn11~n ~1offu vfu~1'U ~:JJ-J'Yf~u 11 ~Un L1t.JUiJfll1 :JJf ~ ' ~

<V .d' 0 I d d Q...o d Q....o ,C:i

LL ~::: 'Yl n M::: ~ u ;n WYl1-J n1 M1 EJ t..1 1-J ~ e:J L u e:J .J "ll" -J VI~ n ~~ 1 LL nun~ 1-J n 11 ~"~ n M1'lJ u ~ u ~1 u ~ ~ ~

~'Y!:oflm1'1J 2551 1v'lmhln.Jn~:JJ~11:::rn1t1t.Ju fn1M1~1.J111:::t 'Ylfl v1-Jd' ' ' 'U

1.1 A11:JJ 1:h Al1J'lleNn1"':lt~~"n1'I::Vl <7hvtl"':l~L'Yl~

m:::'Yl-n-J~n~11frn1 ( 2551 : 220) 1vi'rhu.Jn.Jfll1:JJ~1f1qJ~vi'eJ.J1~'l!m1t..~u t1t.JUJl1'JoJ1~1.J1.l1:::L 'Yl wh 1 ui.Jfi:IJ 1~m11l'<llu~un11L1t..~ufmM1~1-Jl..h:::t 'Yll"'i1m1:1J~1f1 ru LL~:::

' ~ v

oJ1 L tl u eJ ~1-J rJ.J 1 u151 (j) u 1:::oJ1i'u L rte:J.J1l1 n L u u L fl ~e:J .J i1 eJ ~1 f1 61! 1 u n1 1&1 (j) ~ e:J ~e:J ~11 n11~ n ~1 n11U~l.JV11fll1:JJf n11U1:::n eJUu1'1i~ lll1~f1-J fll1:JJ L'JJ1 l'iJL~ t.J"Jn~1Jl~'UTI11:1JbL~:::1 im1m1

~

'lJ u-J'lJ:JJ'lJu hn u~:::(j)J":::V\ u nfi.Jfll1:1JV\ ~1m'\ ~1 t.J'lJ e:J.Jl~U:011:lJbLi:l::: i-Jfl :JJ hn tbm~-J :D (j) 1 ' L:JJ ~1~~ lli:l:::fll1:JJ'il :lJ i1 E) nm.b:::L 'Yll"'<1i1.J ") ~ ~ '<ll:::"lil t.J0'~ 'U1Unb 1t.Ju 1 ~i1fll1:1Jb'l11 h (j)'j,.j,Le:J-\1

bb i:l::: rr5 'U~ .ffu LvlL 1 [J 'U fLL i:l::: L '111 hflll :lJ bb ~ n C7) 1-J'lJ e:J .J 111 'JoJ1 bb i:l::: 1 ~ 'U 1Jjj:JJ 'lJ 'U 1J l)jj:lJb it [J :lJ ~ ~

u1:::t~ru i.Jfi:IJ Ll"'1~;Jn'<ll rn1Li1u.JLL~:::rn1l.Jnfl1u.J i1L1l~fl&l~~<?iun111in1M1~1-J1.l1:::L'Yll"' d.3

LLi:l:::: 1 irnM1~1.Jl..h::: L 'Yll"'L ~ urn1~mn11v1 "'ll :JJ rf.Jrn1t'l11n.Je:J.Jflfll1 :JJf<1i1.J "JLvl~1 mt~::::n11-J ~

'lfu Lli:l:::i11im1l"'u1 un11~h L i1wi51(j)

1.2 t~~".rD~ 1 "':!l'H>n11t1<?i1\ltl"':!~t n A" <u

rn1t1 r.m 11 un ~mn1:::111M1 ~1-J l.J1:::t 'Yll"'ttu dJ.J'VIl-J 1 ~um1t..~ui1t1l~fl &1~ ~ <1i u ~ ' '

Jl1B1<1'i1.JU1:::l 'Yll"' ~1 :JJ11bl1 i1l1'JoJ1~1.JU1::::b'Yl'F'11 Ulllj~e:J~11 1 'U~bll'Ulll"'lrU~l-\1 ") ll~::::~1:lJ11bl

Ll~l-JV\1 fll1:1Jf 11 1:::n u u m15vm~:::~n B1~ eJ 1 u 1::::~u ~ ~.Joffu 11 :JJ i.J ilfll1:JJfflllm '111 h 1 u ~ ~ ~

10

6 ~eJ ..J'dll 66~:::1"-'w.~ u TI'd'd:JJ eJU'\·'1 ~lm'l ~ll!"ll eJ -1 i-1r1:1J h n 66~::: i-11 :JJl'di:Hlll!'Yl eJ ~fill :JJ ~ (j] 66[,1:::

lWJUTI'd'dJJL 'YllihJ rJ-J ~..Jfi:JJ li,ln 1~eJ~l-Ji.1fl-J i.111fl tb:::nmJ~ll! i:l'l'd:::~lfi<Vl] ~..Jd~eJ 1.2 .1 111 ~l 6 vi eJm'd~eJ i:l'l'd 6 u um1 1 in1~1 <111-J 1.h::: 6 'Ylf'llum'd0'..J-'V'-l (j]-Eh u-

'U

d) l! u 66~ mtJ ~ uwv eJ :JJ i,l li11 i.1l'd 66i.1(j] -J fill :wf~mb~:::m1 :JJ ~ (j] b ~ u ~fill JJ u 1 bi.1U eJoJJ eJ :JJ i,l 'U 'U 'U

fill :Jj ~ (j]J"ltHJ El (j] bb [,l :::fill :Jj~(j] b ~ u 1 ub ~8 -J <111 -J 1 bbi,l::: 11'fl..J fill :Jj ~:Jj vr ulf1:::vdl..J u fi fi [,l El ~l-J '

Q..; Q....o Q....- () Cj I I Q.....o 0,.....

b 'lll"lJ el-Jlll ~l fill :JJ i:l':JJ 'V'-J UTI flll:JJ LV\ :JJ El 'Ubb fl::: 'fill :JJ bt.~n ~l-J 1:::'1,.'1 ll-J Ill ~l nUlWJ U If'd'd:JJ"lJ El-J

6 9fl"lJEh'11ll~l t,t,i,l::;'l-1, l hJ1 'lJEJ t.Jl\!6 'I,'\:!Jl::;[1'JJ

1.2.3 1ll~lrl1JflllJJi:JJ0'ulfnun~JJi.1l'd:::nl'dt.1rJuf5u d"Jun111i ' 'U

lll~lllil-JUJ":::t. 'Ylf'l1 un11t. ~eJ:JJ ll!..JmlJJfnun ~ ~i.111:::m1t.1l1u f~u d:Juvfu;;nu1un11v1"'w.~u1 'U 'l 'U oLJ

1.2.4 lll~lnUmlJJ~mimfnu'llJJ"JJUt.t.~::: li,ln d:lum11inl~lllil..Jt.h:::t. 'Ylf'l1u '

i.1rJlUnl1ntllil-J "] rf-J 1 ui EJ-Jt.1l!ut.t.[,l:::UEJmf El-16 ~rm "ll"JJ"ll"U t.t.[,l:::i-Jfi :JJ hn t.lJUt.fl~EJ..JiJEJvfu;;nu ' ~

1 um11iin~llliEJ th:::n EJumoJiw t.L[,l:::t.t.~m'Ll~rJut.~liufnu~..Jfi:JJ 1[,ln 'U

"' ... 1.3 aJ10l'dt5"1UnTH"'H.IU1 ""' 'll

d:Ju~ [,l nl'dt.1rJuf~~eJ..Jnl'd 1 ~6fi ~'lfu1 U~lttn t.1uu t.t.[,l:::d:JumeJU~lUfill:JJf 'U 'U

'Yl"-'n~:::n1:::1JlUnl1<1il-J "] filliTI11JJ 'll1l!ll'd1JJ ~hUl!JJ ~i.1rJluliin~li.11JJ11n~hhh.Jfut.t.i,l::; '

v1"'w.~mt. 'Vimll'I,'\U(j] t.UU:JJl(j]J"~lum'dt.1rJu 11 UV\ i,l<Vn i.1~'di.1muliin ~l eJU'll:::UlLtJI'i'm19l(j] m1 ...., 'U 'il 9J

' ' ' "' "' "' ?fl'd:i::'YI 1 [11'JY1L'Vflln1161B?fl"';l

:JJl(j]'d~lU (j] 1.1 :L'lflht.t.fl:::~wn :JJt.~eJ..J~0'..J6t.fl:::DlU'llln~eJU1:::t.1l'Y1<1il-J "] t.t.i,l::;

b6 fl'(j]..Jflll JJ~(j] 6 ~ UEJ t.Jl-J fl 6 'I,'\ (j] ~~ '

:JJl(j]19J1U (j] 1.2 : ilfill~i.11~11rllun11~EJi.1l1'Yll-Jlll~llun1166i,lnbU~l!U ..,

0 v ' .c:o. ~ ~ :JJ1(j]19J1U (j] 1.3 : Ult.i.1'UEJ"llEJ~fl"lJlli.111 flll:JJfi(j]jll.Jl!EJ(j] t.t.~:::wn:JJfi(j]t.'l,'lu .., 'U

1ut.~eJ..Jilil..J 1 1mm11'V'-J(j]t.t.[,l:::mwilt.~u 'U

' "' "-' ?fl'd:i::'YI 2 [11'JY11Ln:i:1WIUBd"13J

JJ1<n'd9l1U (j] 2.1 : t.'lfll'lJfi'Jl:JJ~~v1"'UTI'd:::V'Ill-JJll'BlrlUlWJUif11JJ"lJEl..Jt.9fl"lJEJ\l ..,

nl~lu~:::ul1uh1r~ EJ t.J1..J mm:::I1'JJnumfl t. 'Yl~:::

11

JJl<7ld"~l'U <71 2.2 : L'JJlh:Jf!ll:JJbV\iJEJ'ULLfl:::fldl:JJLL<7lmhn:::VJll\!1llloflLLI:l:::

l~'Ulld"1:JJ"lJ th'l I, '<ill"lJEJ\!1lTl~lLLI:l:::1bm 1iEJ rll\!flflriJEJ..:J 'U

1 inlMl ~1..:~ 1h::: L 'Yl fl1 um1L ~ EJ :JJ h.J\1 fill :JJ fn un ~ :JJ ~11:::m1 'U '

L1rm f5u LL ~:::: d:Ju ~w;nu 1 u n11vr~ u 1 LL~l\!Vil fill :JJful:l::: 'U .. 'U

Lu<711l:l n rlflU"l.J m<11u

611'i:i::~ 4ll1'lt1nUA'l1aJ~aJW1-ttfnu'7!'aJ'7l'UU6'l:;;L6'ln •

Jn<111~1u <11 4.1 1inlM1~1\!U1::::L'Ylfl1u~mumJ"rn~l\! 1 J\!1u~rnu~nM1 "ll:IJ"ll'U LLI:l:::~.J fl :IJ '

JJl<711~1'U <11 4.2 1inlM1<7il\!U1::::b'YlflLU'ULfi~EJ..:J:iJm~-'U~l'Ulufll11.h:::nEJ1J

m1J'V'J L6l:l:::n111,Lflmu~ t.JUL1rm fnu i..:Jfi:JJ lfln 'U ... ...

(1_,... ..:::S Q...,o ,:;!j Q..; ' ~ v "'illfl Vi l:l n ~<71 J"LL nun fll\1 fllJ"f'ln ~l"ll u ~ wnu 'V'l 'Yl IJfln 11 "1J 2551 n fl :JJ ~11::: n1 161 u u 1

<u <LJ ~ q cu

nlMl~l\!UJ"::: L 'Y1 f'l 'V1 EJ ~J"UL~ll Li:J u 1,111::: n1 J"L1rm f~ ll..:~VJ l\1 1 ~u n L1rmil L"'ll <11 fi ~ Y1 ~ ~ EJ ' 'U '

nlMl ~1\!U 1::: L 'Y1 f'l ~1 :IJ11n 1 inlMl ~ 1-0 1.b:::: L n f'l LU'ULfi~EJ\! :iJ EJ 1 u nT1~ <11 ~ EJ ~EJ ~11 LL ~l \!Vil

fill:J.Jf~l\1 1 11 :IJ ~\! :iJ fill:JJfwnm 'lf1 h n..:~ fl 'dl:JJU'llfl~l\!"ll EJ\! nlMl LLfl:::-1~ Uild"d:IJ LLI:l::: £1-:~ 'U 'U

~1m1mi1u'Yl EJ<7lfill:!Jf~niin~'llr1~1u £J~..:~ i..:~fl ~ 1 flnL~EJcil\!LVJm:::~:IJ 'U

2. '7l'U~'2.1 f)J~h U6'l:i:: LA'i\1611'1\lvr'l-M5lWl.l u-:Jll1'lt1Ln1Vi~ """

iwnEJ-J5i:i (2550: 58- 99) l,qfn~l'd'll1um11inlM1L11ilfill:JJ~lLUumJ1-JD\!.;1 "'ll:::riJ EJ\1 L1t.J'U fL~EJ..:J ~n Mlli:::"lJ EJ\1\ill L ~ EJ 1 "lJ 1,1f1..:1 I, U 'Ufl ~:!Jfll lbfl:::~f1..:11.h::: 1 r.Jfl fllj~flM11 ~L 'JJ1 1'9J

'U •

Vi it l.y1LLI:l:::"llil.<71"ll EJ ..:1 f111 u1l1::: lt.Jfi~\1 il fill :1J ~~ ~ b!J :JJ1fl L 'V'ld"l:::"'il :::'ll-1 u1 iL11 ~1:JJ11n1 if11L~ nn rilEJ\!<711\!<711:1Jfi11 :JJVJm ur1~EJ\!n1J" "ll'U~"lJEJ.J <rh hmMlLfll'VI~mJ..:~ EJ EJmi:Ju 5 "1lU<71 ~-:~ LL~fl::: 'U

"llU'lln"'ll::::ilinMrn:::LLI:l:::wul'Y1u~m~1\!rl'UtJ EJn h.J <i..:Jd

1. f11u1:JJ flEJ f11r1rhVJu1r1LL1,1~..:JVI~uu-:~uEJnn\!fiu i<711 ~\!"lJEJ\1 LLfl:::~rnu~Li:Jurilu fll'Ul:JJ 1 'Ullllofl L fll'V\ ~ ~lJJld"flLLU\! EJ Elm tJ 'U 2 lJJ":::Ln'Yl~ EJ fll'U 1 :JJ 5 ~d":::LLI:l:::fll'Ul:JJL~ 5 ~1:::

1.1 f11Ul:JJ5~J"::: ~EJf11u1 ~~ilwn:JJ'VImt.J~:JJuJ"ru1 u<11"'1 ~1m1n 1im:JJ~hvr..:~ 1 u 'U

111::: hifiL'liL'll r.JL~1h d:Jurir EJ-:~ilrh 5um"l.J £J1 u ~..:~ ~1m:JJ5~J":::il 2 "lJU'll ~mh~l:JJ1U£JU l:JJ LLfl:::

flll ~l:JJl Ut.J'Ul :lJ

- fll~l:!Jl'Ut.J'Ul:JJ LU'Ufll'UI:JJ~LU'U~EJfi'U i<711 ~\!"lJEJ\! ~fll'U~r11~1f LU'V1l:::L"'ill:::"'\l\! LLI:l:::U"\!d"lOO\!fll.y1LL~<71\!!.'Ull~~~tlflll:JJ~'ll-rrl1ltlL~ Liu A~~(fi'U) , \::{7\~ (~"lllt.J). :H.77I2I(i'l-:~), ~(L~EJ~l), {!l-Z..t(fill~~<ll). L~(flll:JJf~n)

'U 'U

12

- q;)l l N'1 :1J 1 ~HJ 'U 1 :IJ llJ 'U fl1 U 1 :IJ ~ llJ U ~ eJ 'lJ eJ \! r1 U ~ 1 u N' bll U ~ L ~HJ off

lU 'V11~T~1~'il\! l ~ eJ ~ 'il~lltlfl eJ [] n 'ill nf) 'U 5u Vi 1 [] N'rll'U r15u ") b 'Jiu aCH -§:-AI ;g(lll ~-~ ~ U:!Jbl~ :JJU)' B.Y(lt:IJJ:1eJ'U)' 'g{~(fl1\!l'Y1V'J) ' '

1.2 f11m :JJ hJEi N'1~ f1 u f11u 1 :JJ ~ 1J11fl!J ~1 mhvr-J 1dJ1~ ~1 ttl u<?l u-Jilf115um

'll tJl[Jii-J'il ~ il wn :JJ~ m tJ~ N':JJU1rntt~;;; N'1 m1n 'Yh~1X1~1 u 1J1~ LtJrJl~ ~\! 1<?ltt ri f11 m :JJ~ vlluf11 'U

ttN'~\!mbtJ1unTl"uu~1e:~mJ"l~~ tanu ~('llllll) , :g(tlr-lu), -?i('1JEJ\!), ~~..:::J.~ (nl~nf:JJ) 2. f11N'11'Y'Im:JJ $le:~ f11~1itmuf11u1:1J~n1n~1ln\! t'liu 1itt'Ylu~urlu i~{ ~\!'lleJ\1

~1uN'rnu~ fl1N'11'Y'Im:JJ1un1~1lfl1VJ~ttU-Jd:Ju 3 1h~tJl'Yl~\!d 2.1 f11uJ"J.ofN'11'V1ul:JJ tuuf11~1"1ftl'Ylu~u~'Y'Ill1 ~u~Vf\1 tt~:::~u'llu\!~~n~1ln\!

~ 'I cu 'U 'U cu

1~ttri q(uu), Xi(~uu), Li(tTiu), ~~(mth), -=:l(t'll1), ..:::J.~(Y1lmm) '

2.2 f11N'11'V1mm:::utuV'11::: $lu f11~1iJ"~Utt'Yiu~u~\!'lleJ\!lt~:::N'mu~ t'liu ' ' Ol~(~\!d), ..:::J.~(~\!tfu), Xi~(~\!LU'U), O=PI(~~), 7i7l(~ttu)

2.3 rl1N'11Y1'U1:1JblN'll1\!rl1rl1:JJ ~eJ rl1~YhVlu1~llN'~\!rl1rll:JJ1m . .hdtJrJ il

'Yl,o;\!Vl:JJ~ 5 f111<7ltlri ~-?(1m), ~~(u:::h), 0-ILI(~LV\'U), ~D~(trh1w:f), ~lil(triEJ1wi) 3. f11r1rn~nl.ofrn::: $le:~ f11~1i~1Vlfu"l.lmtJf11'Ul:JJ Lll1tJ'il~l1\!m!lf11u1:JJ~nn'llr.J1r.J

' 'U

' ' "' 3.1 f11 r1 rn~nl.ofrn:::u eJ n N'Jl1'V1 f1 EJ f~Trh.J\1 u eJ n n.J ~nl.ofrn:::Vl1EJ N'Ill'Y'I'll EJ\! ~\!u u "J

'

fllf! rn~n ~rn~~~u LU Y'il~ ' '

.__ ~ll~"lJ

2 ~ tf.J'VIfllf:J

13

OJ !.rill mtd, OJ _S:_2.H lY'i~h1d _:::::!_ _:::::!_ ~ 1UJlTvnfu , _:::::!_ ~ fllY'i~nfu

'U 'U

~ ~ 10 flU, ~ \::} 10 U

2 ~ ~12.1 111~"1l"l-nwn<t.JV~fllrJ

Oj 21 12.1~ Vlfll!'J"ll"l~ . Oj 21 7r7\l Vlfllf:Jflr.h.J

3.4 fllf!rn~n ~rn:::LL~~.Jfllfll:u ~ eJ l'll~rhmXl~ll~ti1.JI'llnl:JJ'lleJ.Jfllm:JJ1 u '

1l1dm1 i!r.f.JV\:JJti1 4 Ill Lvlllri

~ ~ ~ ~v~h . .!f.~ -.S::2.H LY</fl,w~h

.2_[tj "'rill mt1~. 01[tl ~ ~1ti1

01 L 12.1 ~ -nl&l1vm, 01 L Lf2r 111:::L'Ylr~1wu

~"'IV ~-ilL:JJ.J . ~"'I OJIQ ~1m

4. f1ln1m ?1EJ l'll~1iLL~~.Jm1rn:::'YllV~1mwti1.JEllnl1 llU.JLuu 3 U1:::Ln'Yl ~El 4.1 f1ln1m ll~~.Jm1m~rh ~ eJ rhn1rJlrfl11l~tl.Ju EJn n.Jnl17l1:::'Yh'V11EJ

LL~ti1.JEllm1'liEJ.J111~Inu1m.hdm1 L"liu 7rq(hJ). 2 q(m) . ~ q(W.J) , or"'l q

(~:JJ). tJH-Sf.q(l1rJu), 7p::o :;tj q(~EJU) ' ' ., 0 ~ C:f 0 A ~ a.,.. .c.:t A Q..l

4.2 m n 1m u EJ n ~IllY'~ rH:J fll m rJl 'Yl u eJ n fl n ~rn:::VI 1EJ ~ nl Y'i'll EJ.J ~\lu u ~ L-tiu 7r 7~q(1n~). ~q(1nfl). HHr2q(L1l). L2Jq(il). 3q(1VIbjj). ::Qq(L~n)

14

4.3 r-hn1mdlu r-hn1rn OJ q 66Uflll d:Ju, ~u ilull6Uur-hn1rnvh~M

:iJ~nMrn~6~:i1uul'llUl:!Jl~EJ1;11~ fiEJ~EJ-J:iJI'll~-tl;}Jll-JEJ~wt!l OJ q u:mu l~1;1ldJl1nhL111!11 ")h!. 'U

UJ"dtJfll~ 6"1iU £[~OJ q (6Um!m1uu), tj {!j ~OJ q (6UUrHUfl1) ' 'U

5. l'll~h~Mrn ~ e1 l'll~1i~l~ fu1Hn ul'll n1ul 6 vi m61;1111>1 fill :JJ~ m u1 ii111 6 -;u u ~1u1 'IK1l tJfl~65tJ!11mn~u L<JJ u-;u~ll-J~Ull'lln1t.Jl~rm'lJ r.nmi;1:JJ EJ

'U

~>lflllL~Mrn1Ulll"J.ofl6nTV\~i;1l:JJl1m6U-16UU 2 1..h~6ll'Yl i-1d

5.1 flll6~Mrn661;1!11-Jfllbll:IJ ~u rll~rll~Ul~661;1!11>lfllbll:IJ1uuJ"dtJf1 iJ 3 fll

<cj Ali 6d tl lJ 2H 'Ylll:IJ

01 ~JJI eJ~l>lh

~OJ ~lllflU

::\~-9 UEltJ ")

0~-9 mn

7~:g ~1;111) '

~ w -;u1>1")

o~~ u,J

'2! All ~1 01 .a? 1 t1 L dEll wi

2H ~01.9.? fu>lLv\rhL:JJ

Oi~lJI oHR? 'Yl1u~l>1LJ

~OJI;!:j01R. Tl'U~ltJfl'U

::\~-912_1-q.a. 'VHJrlUUEltJ")

0~-9 OjJH~_a !;'ntJmn

7~:g ~RoH.H. ~l~ru~1;1111 v '

~W 9-!~lOi.H. e:duu-;u1>1"J

o~~ c;1i;!:j ~ Oi ..2. u>11JJ1~nu

15

l"n"nl.J6JJ'e:J.JU~~~U'Yl1 fllir:f.Jl1u.J ( 2550: 15-18) L~n~llrl.J1m.Jl:rfl.JU1dr.Jfl q q

vfu~1ubm~1mTv\~ mJ.Je:Je:Jmuu 4 "lfU<1l~.Jd 66U1J~ 1 lh~IllU + 1JYHi:i1:JJf!'Jl:lJ + OJ q

L"riu J::i ~ EH~ A~~oJq. uuLllufluL'Ylr.J

66uu~ 2 1h~mu + n1r.Jlflrnl'l"Wr1 q

l"riU EH~ g~OJ 9-l'S?Jq, e:Jlf.n1L'YltJEJie:Jr.J

661J1J~ 3 Ud"~IllU + e:Jn11:JJn1rn

6"151-l. -§-{!j OJ ~ = q, 'tte:J.J1fll11~ 66UU~ 4 lh~'ITlU + n11:JJ + fl'fl11:JJn1tn

6'1iU q ~ ~ ~ Qj = q, UUnU'JJll

~.J ff'J u'lJ1~n e:Ju"JJ e:J.Jlh~ 1r.~ fl il11 u fl::::L5r.~~i.Jd 1. Ud"~Ill'U ~ eJ film:JJ~YlTl-ntT~ dJufi'lm.h~n EJU"lJ e:J.JUJ"dr.Jfl 'lJ1~n e:JU~l mh

"ril r.~.ffG11 lb'V\U.J 66i:i<1l.JU1~IllU"J.Je:J.J1h~ 1 r.Jfl ~~'lJ11 n!J eJ ~'VIul e:Jn11:JJn1m'VI1e:J'VIUln11:JJ

2. U'Yl6i:i1:JJflll:JJ fle:J fi'l'UU1~flEl1J'V\~.J"J.Je:J.JU1dr.Jfl Yll'V\Ul~6~1:JJflll:JJbY'ie:J "JJ m llflll~m1e:J l ~ mr e:J:JJ~"JJ EJ.J1h~IJl'U 1 u'lJ1~ 1 u f11 ii<in'<ilu'lfu

'!J

3. n 1m fl rn~'Wtl f1 EJ f11n 1m Yi Yll'V\Ul~Luufi'luU1~n e:JU"JJ EJ.Jl.hd r.1 f\6 Y'i e:Ju eJ n q

~.nl'W'VI1mfn~rn::::"lJ e:J.JU1~1ilU"JJEJ.J1h~ 1 Llfl

4. eJ n 11:JJ n 1t~l f1 EJ f11 n 1m~ YlTV\ u1~ 6UUfi'lu 'lJ1~ n eJ u"JJ EJ.Jlh~ 1 r.1 f\6 Y'i ml l:f<1l.J

n1mEJlnl1"JJ e:J.JU1~1il'U 1 utb~ 1t~fl 1<11 u hh1l6UU~EJ.Jilm1:JJ m1e:J-:d"u

5. ~:in 11:JJ n1t~l f1 EJ f11 n 1m~ '¥11 'V\ Ul~lUUfi'lu'lJ 1~ n eJ u"JJ e:J.J 1hd u fl l Y'i m6i:i<1l.J

n1r..mnm1"J.Je:J.JU1::::mu 1 mh~ 1r.~fl 1<11 r.~"ll1 LlJu~ e.J.Jilm1:JJ:!Jl1u.Jfu

6. n 11 :JJ f1 eJ f11u 1 :u ~ '¥11 'V\ u TYh 1l ufi'lu 11 1~n EJu "JJ eJ .J 'lJ 1dr.1 fl1 u.nT!~l6 m 'VI~ m1:JJ'il~EJ~'VIU1fhn1m ~.J 1~r.~un~1l~ilf11"ril uoffG1lLmu.Jm1:JJ

'!J

iil r.11 11 u 'Ylf'0' mf (2555 : 39-43) 'lGi e:Jnmt~n.J 1fl1 .J i:ifl.JU1~ 1t~flvfu~lu 1 u.n1~1 lnl'VI~ U1~nEJuL'lJ~ ... w 1m.J~fl.J'VIin ")~e:J

66~ ~ 1 uu 1~ 1tJ fl rJ.J iJ 1'11·Ih t~.ffll 1:::::01 u 66 ~:::: \') li'J t~.ffm1:u l Y'J eJ hJ1 ~\ n ~fill :lJ iu i:r'U 1~'VI ll.J

1'11u l:JJ 2 f11 ~ '¥11 'V\ u 1 l lJ ul11::::rr1 Ull~ ~n 11JJ"1Hl\IU1dt~fl ~ .J f11 l 'V\ ~l d'il~ll\1 '11 'V\ ~.J 1'11 u 1 :JJ

Jw'JL~:JJe:J 1~r.~il11h~e:Jn1ii.Jd 1. 1'11il r.~.ffud'~:Ol'U (Subject Particle) 1iL'iJ t.JU 'V\ ~.J f11u 1 :JJ~rll'V\Ul~ 6U'UU1~1il'U

"lJ EJ\1111dt.Jfl ilLi eJ u 'l "J.Jn11 1 iLL~mh,n-lu<i.Jd

16

- Oj ll.J<1ll:JJ'V\~.Jrhm:w~'YlTvnb~d:l~-t1h~:olu'JJEJ.JU1dt.Jfl hwihmmfu

~.JrlltJ~ltJ~tn.Jrf~i1i1~~n~ 6anu -501 -2:-01 ~o1

- 7 ~ ll.J ~l :JJ'V\ ~.J f11u 1 :w~ 'Yl1Vt u 1 yj vu u u1~:ol~-t'JJ EJ.J u1~ 1 t..1 fl 1~ t..1 f11m mf u ~.Jrllt.J~'"HJ~tn.Jrf~1~i1ilff~Tl~ 6'15~-t 7H Dj7~ 5.H J::j7~ l::l~ J::j7~

2. f1lilt.Jif'il6~EJ.J (Topic Particle) 1id1tJ~-t'V\~.Jfll'Ul:JJ~Yh'V\Ul~d:luu1~1llu 'JJEJ.JU1~ LtJfJ 'VI1EJri1EJ.Jnl16 uuJlud":::Til~-t 1 UU1~ 1t.Jfl iJ6~ Ell-1, hm-:J 1 i66~mh.Jrli-t~.J-d

' '

~ dl~ ~l JJ~ ;~ f1lUl ~fi ~h1rl'lU~l rJV-J Ul.Jq{fiijilff::n~ b lJu "'

1uitmmf'l~ .S::.AH£ ;i::HQ OI~LI Cl o o '- -, 2 21 t=1 I . UEJ.J ~1u mt.J~EJ

/\i ~ 7;\HJH ~ ~ ~ q ii'unu6m.J

Tll11i Oj ,7~, ~, ~ ~miJEJWu~1id:l~-tf111iltJ'lfu1~1lli-t'JJEJ.JU1dt.Jflb'V\fiEJ~-trl~-t 66~-;u~ 'U

66~n~l.Jn~-t~1.Jflll:JJ'V\:JJltJyjf1Jf m11i 01 ,7r 9J~'Yll1'1Xf1l~-tlmfu'Yll'V\Ul~Ltluu-:J~:olu'JJEJ.J 'U

u1dt~flfe:Jmud .. L.fiu'11 LL~Vtln1i ~ . ~ Luuf11'1ht~'lfud~mum-;ui1ml:w'V\mtJ1udi.JLuuJl 3. fllorilt~'lfm1:JJ (Object Particle) 1~tJll.J~l:JJ'V\~.Jfll'Ul:JJ'V\1EJf1lff11~Ul:JJ~'l'h

'V\Ul~L1l~-tnJ"1:JJ'JJEJ.Ju1dt..~fl 1~ t..~i111h~EJn 1 i~.J~ EJ1ud

- ~ ll.J~l :JJ'V\ ~.Jfll'Ul:JJ'V\::J'EJfllffd"d"~U l :JJ~~.Jrllllri\'1 tJ'VWl.JrffiiJ~lff~Tl~

O~I::JiJ::I ~ t!-1¥~ ~i-;;;;;Ljq. flrn')ljEJ~lU'V\U.J~m~:JJvf '

- ~ ll.J m :JJ'V\ ~.Jfll'Ul:JJ'V\1eJf11 ff11~~-t 1 :JJ~ ~.Jrll t.Jri\'1 tJVWl.Jrf~1~ i1i1 ~~n~

.S::.AH 0 D~_2L 2 .5:!. Ll [.L C>Ot_L...: f21=:J I·

q ~ ~,;;- 7~4: ~ ~ 0~~ Lj q. Q~-t'lfeJUunfEJ.JLm'V\fi

4. m1r1"'~-tf11n1 m 1 ~-tf11N1 Lnl'V\ finld"~.Jrll tJU1dllfli1m1:JJ ~hff r1J mh.J ~.J 1~ ll

f11n1 m LL 'Yl1 un1 Nl L m'VI fi1~ ffl m 1ntb m1 i'L aihuJ"~ 1 tJ fl 1~ 9J::::IIleJ.JiJm-:Jr.!"' un1m LL 'l'li.Jn~ll ri em 1~ tJrf1LU'lfl1Lm'V\ fi9J~UtJ :JJ1 i1u L6U1JTll1~.Jrll mh~ 1t.Jfi~LL!:'f~.Jfll1:JJ~n1~ 2 u1::::6n'l'l

'U '

- ~ Lj q Style LU~-t1U66U1Jnl1~.JrlltJthdt.JflueJm~1~66ff~.Jflll:JJfff11~mn 'U '

1i~~nwrfi m1Lffn1l 66~::::m~~~ EJ ~l.J Lflu '1'1l.Jrn1 'U 'U <j ~ 'U

17

- R Style d:J u 111 u u u m1 fl-\l 'Yll Lllb~ 1!'1 flU 1J m ~ 1 yj 66 &1<11 \l fill dJ &1 Jl1 'V'llh u 'U '

mn.J t1'1dJl1fl'l"l~ 1~rfl1thf.JnurrmlL&1n11 <.9l fl EJ<111mrr~iJEJ1m.tewn11 'U 'U q <U q

UJEJ\l~lwn.J ( Jung Hwan Seung, 2014 : 73) 1~n~1ll1Jl1'[o}1bnTI-~~6U'Ufl1'[o}1yj Elr11UVJ1~n~eJ~6<?J5n (Aitaic) 6U'UJll'[o}1rh&l<?l~El (Agglutinative Language) lflJ\l&1'h.JrflLU 'U 'U

"lJ El \l n1 '[o}1 6 m'Vl ~ ~\l 6601 n 116 'll1 n mHJ\l 6 ~t.h'l ~d:::: 11 mn1rn Vl ~ 1J <11-;u uti \ll \l 1'1'1"lrf El rJ1 u~n '[o}rn~ 'U

r1 ~l LJI'l ~.Jrl1JJll'[o}lri11Ju 5fi.J N~n'[o}rn~~1flru"lJ EJ.J fl1'[o}1 6 m'Vl~iJi.Jd v ' v

1. 1m.Jt1'f1.J"lJEJ.J111dr.Jf11un11316flTVI~ ~s 111~n1u + n11JJ + n1m m:J.Hhciu

2. Jll '[o}1 6 n 1 VI~ i1 nl16~ dJl n <?) &l"u -;u -;u~LJ ~ El i1m16U ~ Ll 'U 6611 ~\11111'11 6 vi El 66 &1<11 \l 'U

T11N6 lN16l~~fllldJ&1'fl1'V'l q

3. 1'11 6601 N:::: fh il m uu1'11~hl ~1 6 1"il1u ~ s.JL11 ~ um6 u N.J1111'11ri s u tb 1uh1r u 'U 'U

4. 1'11 r'l1 6~hn Ell"il iJmn r.JI'll1 JJ VI JJ1 LJ h1~Vl ~1 r.J'Vl u 1 yj LVJ m11 ~ r.JU6611 N.Jd"U r'l1 'U

t1'1 dJl1fl 'Yl111Jflll dJVI JJ1 Ub6N:::Vl Ul~l~'il1n fl1"li"l LJ'lf111:::1il'U (Subject Particle) 1'11'ri1 LJofffl11JJ

(Object Particle) 66N::: ~l 'U 1'11 Llfl1n1m (Verb Ending)

5. fll"lJLilLJ1.h1nnmtlr'11~flfl"lHJ1LJ fl1flrnf1'1"l'YftbVIu1r'l1'U1JJ &111'1"l'U1:JJ 66N::: ::.J 'U q

r'l11 6 f113rn1111n LJVl u 1 n1 t.nVI 1EJ r'l1~ rnf1'1"l'Yf

' ' ~ Q....l ~ ~

3. LL'U1YWHL~~'Vi~ n Wld"~fJU111H1L'YHJ Wld~u~Ti

m1L1uunT1&1EJ un1'[o}1111.J111:::6 'Ylf11 u Lf9l9luu :0-JL itu 1 iun 61LJU&11 m1ml1m1 :JJf'Yl1.J q q 'U

n1 '[o}l1uh1 u&1mu nTnu~h.J "l Vl1s1 u&1m u n11rn"il1.J hw 1i'ltm 1LJu&1lm1n1in1131 6 vi EJ

T11 J ~ mn11~ El Ul\l :iJ u d":::: ~'Yl TI Jl1'1"l LVI dJ1 ~ t1'JJ n 1J t1' Jl1VHl\lfl dJ u ~ :::1 WJ 'U 1l11dJ ~\l u 'U l ~ Vl LL N:::

VI ~nnT1&1El'UJl1J.o.m vi eJfl11~eJ &111 i111 i..I~:::L~ t.J <nri.J01 eJ 111d

3.1 A 113J Vi 3J 1 ~ '21 u" n 1 1" ?t £J l-1> n1 H 1L fi £J n 11 ~ £J ~ 1 1" :0 u n n 11 ~ n 'to} 1L <11'1 ~ fll1 dJVlJJ1i..J'lltl\lT111&1eJ'U[l1'[o}1 L vi ElT111~1J &111L-J ~-Jd

fllL'UN LLN::::~nu (Canale and Swain, 1980; Widdowson, 1978 eJl-Jn-J1u

ITU'YlEl\l nl1\l&1l1&1&1~ 2549: 31) l~Lifll1JJVIJJ1i..i"lJEl>'~Tl11&1El'UJl1131Lvism1~El&11T.h Li:Ju 'U

n11t1'au ~lit um1vrWJ 1.-t 1 L vi EJ1 ium1i..Ju&11 :JJ1 d"n L ~ El :JJ 1t.~>'~1~Vl11.Jfll1 :JJf'Yl1-JJl1Ml 'Yln 13::::'Yl1-J 'U

n1 '[o}1 u~~fll1JJ &11 :JJ11n 1 u m1~s ~n1 n ~1'1 f,1 EJum1t.~u';J~~ s.J :0 wn :JJfL~ i..ilnu Lfl1-J &111-J 'U

fl1'[o}1LLN~U1flllJJftf"uJJ11 iu1~ li..i1l"UL vismJ"~eJ &111 'U

~'Yll~Nl<?l (Littlewood, 1981 : 17 eJl>'ln-Jb El11rf u1~nN, 2553: 26) LVJl~ 'U q

l'll1 JJ'Vl :JJ1t.JT111&1El'Ufl1131 L vi sm1~El&111l1 d:J u n11~au.~L '!!uVl'!!1yj"lJ eJ-Jfl1'[o}1 mnn111u LLUU 'U

Vl1 eJ fll.J L nrn"Yf"l.. eJ\lfll 131 LL&i:::Tl11L 1r.JU.Jl1'[o}1J" 'U L:IJL~L1t.JU.LL~LU 'l"l1:::n lJ Ln lli'Vlll i..l;nJrUL 'Yhtf" U

UTl L1i..i'U';J~~ eJ-JiJm1 dJ ~1 JJ11fl1 'UT111~';J:::~eJWJ1 dJVI dJlllb ~El1 i~~'UL "111 l"iJ Lvf 'U

18

'l"l1fl'l11rl ETUeJ (2550: 20) 1~1'1tml:JJVJ:JJlLJ"lJeJ~m1fl'eJ'Ufll'lofli~Elm1~eJfl'l1 1wllum1fl'eJU1lTl.Yl~l:JJm~uluml:JJ~~ T~m~mnnm1Yf\J hJ~m1'1"llj] m1~luu~:::m1

'U 'U

1'llrm fl'UUfl'u u 1 'ltum1uuilm10'WJmr1m.Y::m1 1im'lofl'Ylmrrn.Y::: 1ifl'lm1n 1inlMl 1 ~Elm1 ' ' ~eJ fl'l1 1 ui1~t11:::'<llll'U 1~

'<\) l fl fill :Jj Vi :Jj ll.l "lJ eJ \1 n l J i;l' El u b ~ eJ n l j ~ eJ fl'l J '<\);:: b ~ 'U 1 ~ ll n l j vr ~ u l b ~ eJ 1 i un 1'1li'Ufl'l:JJl1fl1 i'Jll'I.Yl b ~ Elnl'J~el fl'l11~u\ un L1uwu:::~ El~ il flll:JJfl~lllrllJ lfl1~ fl'fl~'Yll~

'U

fl l 'lofl fl'l :JJ l 1 b1 6 ~ E1 :JJ lll ~ 1;:: Vi ll \1 fill :JJ f 'Yll ..:1 [] l 'I.Yl ll ~ ~ 'Y1 fl 1.Y ~ 'Yll ..:1 Jll Ml .yj I U 'U Vi U l.yj :JJ l fl flll 'U

nJIIUU"lJeJ~Jll'I.Yl T~m~mnnm10'~ fll1'1"l~ m1~l'UII~::nl11'1Juu ~l:JJl1n1irnMll~eJ 'U 'U

nl1~El fl'l'JIL~;:: ~El fill :JJVJ:JJllJ 1~ eJ ~l\Jflfl ~ El~ I "Ill 1'1J 'U

3.2 ~m~Hlt~cfl~q}'ilu\ln1J6'H:l"U1lTI"l-1L~un1J~u?fT1

1l ~ dJ-J VIm ll"lJ eJ~nl1fl'eJ'U1ll Ml L ~ eJfll1~eJ fl'l1d dJ~ 1 iirn 1'1llufl'l:JJl1D1 inl'lofl ' ' '

1 ~eJ~eJml:JJVI:JJl u1~ 1~ mu'l"ll:::eJ ~l~ D..:~nl1 1 inl'lofll~mh~L V\ m:::fl'J-JTlu~m'l"l;~fi:JJ LU1'1:JJ 'YleJ~Ul~ (2554: 2- 3) 1~fl'1U~nMrn:::~hiqJII~::VJ~nm1~lLtJ"lJEJ~m1

~EIUJllMlL ~ E1 fll1~El ~l111~~d

1. ~ e:~~ 1 iirm1uu f1l nl f1~\J rh EJ::: 11 L ~ e:~ e:~:: h fl 1tY fl'eJu~ eJ\IU e:~ n1 'ltu m1rm 'U 'U 'U

'Yl1l1J tl~';j) ~ dJ ..:IV\ :JJll.l"lJ El~ fll1L1ll U66f1;:: fll 1~ n 1anJll'lofl I~ EJ1 'Vf fll11'1liUJllMl dJU~~.yj iJ ' '

flll:JJVJmuvi mXn L 1 uu ~~~::un 11uufl'l:JJl1D ~eJ ffl1L~<lll:JJYI~u~ e:~~m1

2. fll1ffeJ'UJll'lofll~jjlJ Uumuu~-;m ") llJ"lh u1 'Vfum1UU11llkbfnl1 1 anJJlMl L ~ eJ 'U

m1~eJ~l11~~ 1 rhnum1~e1u 1 u~n'lofrn::u1rnlm1 1 ui1~t11::·<~hiu ~~1um11inlMl 1 ~ElmJ" 'U

~eJffl1~ eJ\11 anV\ f1l u'Yln M::1l:JJ ") rl'U 1u 6lf1:: 1 UlJl~rrf\ln~ El\1 Ell f1un1LJTYhYll\IU1::fl EllJ

3. ~ El\11 'Yfirm1uu 1~th n 1J fl 11JJnl1 1anJll'I.Yl Tl1l fl11:JJ~\lfl ~llfllJ"iJ ~flMnt::

L VJ ile:~u 1 ui1~ t11::'<llliu 1imnrl~lj] 1 ~ e:J 1 '!tun l1umb1t11 "15L~"il1\l LL~::f1l11 iun 1'1rm 1~il '

Te1m ~~~ eJn 1 ii EJ flll:JJYI1 Vlm::~:JJnuuYJUl'Yl ~~~::::mnum1rn~l u

4. ~EJ\l1iirm1uu~nm11 inlMlmn "J m1Yium'1uwu::~lm1n 1inlMll ~eJ m1~eJffl11~J u u EJ n1lln"il::~ eJ\Ithn1l n J"J":JJ n11 1imMl<J1~ n ~ll ~~~l rJ\1~ eJ\lilT EJ nl ~1~rh rl"ilm1:JJ1u~ULilJ1Jvll-J "] 1-rl'U fl"i)f)Jj":Jjlfl:JJ nl111rlUqjVJl nl1LLI;l'~~U'Yl1J1'Yl~:JJ:JJ&i IUU~U

5. '!! n 1'1u u~ EJ\l1JJ n ~lll1l:: 1 i Ill 'lofl e:l ~ 11 u l nl 1L'1r.~um1~eJ UJll Ml 1 ~ eJ

m1~eJ~l1 1iflll:JJ ~lirunum1 1inlM1 :JJlnn1l1rr1inlMl ~lmVt<ntt m~~e:~u~\l1JJf1l1 QJ Cj cu 'il

lln1"lJ'JJ eJ e:l ~ 'l"l ~l ~ "lJ EJ\lun L1uu 'Y1 n fl.f\l u EJ n'illndnlJ"~e:J UJll M1 L -Yt eJfll1~eJ ffl1fll11 i '

flll:JJ ~lfl'ru 1 u1 ~EJ\J wn :JJfl ~ EJ~ llfl~l1 u nlJ" 1 i nl Bl 1uu8u<J1u Ll 1n ~\lm1~eJ~l1eJl1l 1JJ nn ~ EJ\l ~ 'U

19

n11~EJ N'11J' u 1l:::L 1Xum1rh n11n11:1J L ~ u~nn1 11 in1 Ml~1n ~L~ u-n1iJN'fllUmJ"ru111,J1 imn

~N'~ 1~u~n1u~nocrrn:::"JJEJ,J'Yl~nM:::'ll:lJ rnrfN'EJU01EJ,J1J~~n1lmJ":lJ1m"'flltJJ"ULLuu LL£'1:::1i '1 '1.J cu cu

'flll:JJ ~l'fl~ru 1 um1 1imMl L 'V1 eJ ~El'flll:JJY1:1Jl tJ :JJ1 nn1l'flll:JJrJn~u..J"lJ u..J'I-1 ~nm1 1inlcrl v ~

"' ' ' 3.3 ~ "' "' 'l!Ut91 em'2l 8\l Tl1"H'lflUfl1'M-1L ~ fl fl1d?lm'l1d

:JJEJ{h{ (Morrow, 1981 tll..JD-J1u 1lu'Ylf1l11JruN':lJf'l1, 2552: 46-48) 1~n~ll q q v

'V I I q_.. <l.J

ll"llu~ EJU"JJ El..JTlld"N'e:JUJllMl L v:J e:Jflld"~Elfn'd iJ"lJu~ e:JU~~-JU

1. "JJ..':UL~1tJ:JJ'fll1:JJ'!AfieJ:JJY11u"JJ..':U'Ull'lhrrum1t.Ju (Warm up) dJun1JnJd":lJ~1J~ ~

oJfuL v1 EJ1 iun L1tJU:iJ'flll:JJ V'rfe:J :JJ ~1l:::L1t.Jm tfeJ ~11 ~ ~ ~nlfl~..J1l:::L1t.Ju~ EJLU Tl1lfl11:1J~h1 U

offu~EJuti'm1l1l:::dJuL'Y'lfl..J Lfl:JJ U'Yllu mJ"~U'YlU1 ~1e:Jmd"Llff~.,J~h..J ~ 2. "JJ..':UTlld"t'hlN''UEJ (Presentation) d"lumJ"1iv1lUElU'Yl1-JlllMl (Language

Input) ll ri un L1 t.JU tf..J~ LU u~~l El rh..Jlllcrl~1 "ll'L u'111 tii111..J lLfl:::vlllllcrlrl 'fld"rf ffeJUb~ Eln h1 u ~~

i EJ..J L1uu ltii u L 1Xu 1 ium1uu fLLfl:::'Yllml:lJL'Jh h L ~ tJlrlU'flll:lJY1:1JltJLLfl:::nlLLuu"JJeJ.,JJllcrl ~ ~

3. "JJ.,';u~n (Practice) Luum1~n illl1Ml1uN'mumJ"ruL~mnunu~mrf~EJu UlLN'ueJ1 u"JJ.,';umJ"'lllL~ueJ tf-Jii'L 'V1mtltiilEJmN'1'1-fun L1uu1~~nmJ"1inlMl1 UffmumJ"ru1l1-J

~~

r11r-T N'EJULLN'~-JU'YlUTYHtlurf'fllU 'fi:IJ (Conductor) 1 umJ"~TllllMl"JJ EJ,Jum1uu LLfl:::um1uui1 "U 'U cu (j

wu1rl1 umJ"~mLfl:::il~lu il:JJ1 un1lm1:1Jnl1L1u Uflld"N'Elu

4. offmbhJ1i (Production) 01EJ..JEJEJmLuun~m1:lJL~eJ1ium1r.m1~1i~lcrl1u n11~EJ N'ld" 1 uN'mum1ru~1-J 1 ~<51£'1 El..J1llnffn1 um1ru111.,J ~.,JEJl1J'fl~l u'fi~-Jnuffmum'dru rl 'fiJ"rfN'EJ u 1~'ll1LN'UEJLuLL~l r-f.,jii'L v1 e:J~.,j w1:JJ 1iun L1uu 1~1inlMl~L~L1uu fmu~l r-f.,j1 u~lu ~~ ~

~101L1uu1l will:JJ-Jriem 1 LLfl::: 1 wil1m~n1~..J L1uueJ ~ mrf~e:Ju1l:::'fle:Jmm:::'lllLLfl:::'1hm~~EJ 'U 'U 'li'U

1Xm1uu 1 Uflld'Ulll1crl1u1i

5. "JJ.,';u~nJ (Wrap Up) L1lun1JTld"J":JJ~i~.ffuL~eJ1ium1uu1~N'J"U~lJ":::~lf1ru q q v

"JJ EJ-JU'YlL1uu ~1e:Jn1ln1J":JJYl r-J1 U:JJ1

"IrllUtJ,J (Savignon, 1983 fll-Jfl.,J1u llfl~nMru L~U~"JJ, 2555: e:JeJULflU)

L01 N'J"thfu~EJ'UTlld"N'ElUJllMlb v1 Elflld"~e:J~l'd ~~-J.n q

1. offmbL'Jh ~um1uu (Warm up/Lead in) i111~~,J~:JJ1 m ~ EJ1ium1r.mLn ~ ~ q q

'fill :JJ'I"'feJ :JJ LLfl:::EJ t..11nfEJ m m 1u u 1 uu'Yl1mj L deJ~11l::: L~El:JJ lt.J.,JLU ~ffld":::~lf1ru"JJEJ.,j1Jmfu 1 ~ ~ v

Lri mnrf N'EJUL ~w;hum1uuil'fll1 :JJ'Y'lfe:J:JJ LTl~'flll:JJ N'un LLN:::ffu h EJ u1m 1umL~l fh~m1uu ~ ~ q

L'fi'EJ~l~EJltJ Tl1JTld"d":lJ~nl~U~lllWffuttiJ~{;l1fl~fl1U L"liU L~ULTl:JJ U1f1Ulf1l'YlltJ L~El 'Yl1J 'Yll'U'flll :JJffl L 1 tJ U:!Jl LL~ l

~

20

2. affu u 1 L~'UEJ (Presentation) luoffudm'il~ 1'1t.V EJ:JJ iil'Yll.J1l1~1urii!m1rmi!rn1 'U 'U

U1ltll.l.Eli'V'rYJ1 V\ JJ b d 0 V\1l V\ ~1iLoVl hnf~"JU U1J1J ll~~fll1 :Jj V\ :JJ1 r.J n'iln1J:JJ~fh'V\ 'j,.j,(jj 11 'U

1h~mru~hurn1 11-fVJ'.J L do'V\1l VI~ 11-fi!n L1r.Ju~n'\I'J(jj(jjl:JJ 1uaffu d~>nd:luf..J1 im1:JJf'Yl1.J1l1~1~ ~ ~ ~ ~

rm <j] eJ~ LL~ ~Lu u LL 1J u o rh~~ rm <j] EJ.J 1 u n11 o on L~r.J~ 11.J LLU U"lJ o.J 111 ~1~~ L '!! u ~ fl 11 :JJ n n <j] o.J 'U cu (jJ qj

3. "lJ~U~ n (Practice) 1 uoffud it m1r.JU'il~1<jj~ n 1in1 ~1~L1r.JU:JJ1 Lltll1 wffu

'tt1ttlue:J 1(jj ui!1(ilntJJ":::~~fl1 ium1r.Ju 1 i1l1~11<jjnn<j]EJ.J 'JJrn:::t~ r.Jlnuil L 't!uL~EJ.JrnJ" 1 i1llM1 9 'U

11-fmieJ.JUfi~l rn1~n01'il1l~~nJ.Joffu d:Jufi V!1m1tJ1Jfiflfl 'lJ 9

4. "1J~Un11 1 iJ11~1 (Production) i!'iJ(ii~.JV\:JJlm .A! o1 'lti!m1t~mbl"hVI1otJJ"dtJfJ 9 9

~ ~ n :IJ 1 bb ~ l :JJl hi1 'U ~ fl1 u rn J rn ~ 1 ~ ") 1 u J tJ lllJ 1J n 'iJ nJ J :Jj V\ fl1 n V\ ~ 1 tJ l ~ EJ1it l n (jJ fll1 :Jj 'U

mieJ.J6bfl~lllfl~Ln(ilfll1:JJ~un~mu 1 U"lJ~udt uu.ffu~Luuum1r.JULUUrJrhn'ilnJ1:1J fl1f1EHJ1 i 9 'U 'U

fl11:1J"li'1 m VI~ EJ

5. "lJ~U~"JU (Wrap Up) blJU"lJ~U!:r<ntl1tl'JJEl.Jfll11J~(i~Tl1Jn11:JJfll1L1rmn11~ElUlU 9 9

LL~ fl:::-i'J h.J.J L ~ El ~1tl ~" ~1<jjt1tJ um 011l L 1l u n 11'\.l 1LtlUEl11 !'.1 .J1 U"lJ o.Jn ~ :JJ tl1U EJ.J 1'1 fll1 :JJ f q q q 'U

' ' ' Vl1mfiutn:JJ L ~El'Yl(il ~El1J ~.Jfh1uumu~l

~1t111 offu(iiEJU'JJEJ.JmJ"~EJUJl1~1L~Elrn1~EJ~11iJVI~n~11'lru 5 affu(ilou fiEJ 9 .,

"lJ~U ~ 1 .Ju U1 L"lll ff1J'Yll1 rm LUU'JJ~U ~i'(il1f'UL y:j o1 ~-fum 1tJUiJfll1 :JJY'lfo :IJ~'il~ L1tJUL do V\11 U1J'Yl 9J

1m.i~~n'<ilnJ1:JJ1U"lJ~Udtn'illUUfll1l~'Ubn:JJ nTH'm'YlUl V~1onTHl~(ii.J~1.J ") 'JJ~U~ 2 "1J~Ufll1 U1L1.me:JL dEJV\1 d:lttn1J"U1L~um dm-n 1 V\JJ 1rn tJ~~Luu1ii!m1r.Ju 1~fuftt~:::r11flllm'll1 h

9 'U

L~tJlnUfll1:JJV\:JJ1mLfl:::J"1.JtLuu1l1~1 iu~ 3 "1Ja'::'urn1~n d:Jun11~nunu&l~1ii!m1uu1~~n 9J

1 i1l1~1~L Yi.J L1tJu fl VI J.l1J1 n'JJ~Urn1u 1 L ~uo L do vn 1u~n~rn~"lJ e:J~n11~ n LLuumufl :JJVI1EJ'1fu 1 'lJ q

fl1rttle.m-.u~ttlurtfl11J fl6J 1 urnJ"Nn1l1~1"1J e:J~un b 1t~u LL~~irn L1uui1VIu1~1 urn1Nn LLfl:::i!f{lu 'U lU 'U q

il:JJlu.ihmJ":JJfll1L1uurnJ"~Ell.l. .ffuf'i 4 "1J~'Un11U11l1~111.J1"1l"1ttn11~El~11 .ffudi!m1!'.1tt'il:::

d:Jmfrhn-.umJ":JJLEJ~ 1(jj !'.lfl EJ~1im~11 u~mun11rn~1~ ~ <j]ltJ(ilttLEJ~ mrt~EJmuuL Yl tJ~rtfle:J tJ \1 'U 'U 'U

LL u:::'ll1Lbfl~'lil m VI~ EJ LL fl :::"lJ~u ~ 5 .ffu l:f1U d:J 'U"lJ.'::'tt'JJ EJ.Jfll1~11l L de:JV\1 ~11~~11'1 ru"lJ EJ~ u m1t~u q 9 .,

... ~ q

3.4 '21U01 flU'll fl\l n11"iiHJHfll'a1 L Wl'Vi ~

~:JJEitt1le:J~ (Kim Eun Jung, 2014 : 5) 1<jjL~UEJofftt(iiEJ'U1urnJ"~ElU1l1M1Ln1V\~ 'l1s .ffurnEJu i.Jd

1. offuLn~uu1 (Warm Up) 1u"lJ~udmrt~eJtt'il:::ue:Jn11tlfl~LEJr.J(il~1~ ") L~!'.llrl1J 'II9J

L~e:J>l~~e:Ju Llfl~'V'J(jjfl un1J rtt1t~u l(jjr.J~e:Jrn LL 'Yl1n L de:JV\1~-.u:::&mm oV'1 'lu1 uu'Yl~u'Ylm 'lJ 9 'lJ

21

2. iuu16fl'Ue:J (Presentation) r-r:1r-Tfl'e:JWil:::e:Jihnun~VJ~~nrn:Jh1xnmrntih~ "J 'U'\J

rh r1vn1 fll1:JJVI:JJ1 ml~;:; u n \il1 m.h.Jth::: 1 LJfi e:J rh~i'~H 11 u

3. iu~ n (Practice) rnr-Tb1e:J u 9l ::::<f~rhm:u hwh1 1 L/1 nJ"rnll&'l;:;l'l1ivn1~1~ '\J'\J

fl'eJU hJ mJ1-J~1r1 ~ L ~ e:J 1 'Yfr-Yl 1rm 1~&'le:J.J~n hi, l u1n1rn66&'l;:;l'l1ivrn1q) LJ1l~Ufifl'u'YlmnuL ~ e:Ju '\J '\J

4. ium1u1 hJ1 i (Use) 1 U'lJ~u dv:::d:lum11J""'~n11m1:u 1 'Yfr-T61rJu 1~11nr1m~:::'Yl~~ '\J

4 'Ylm~:::: 1~rJfll1U1fll1:uf~1-J ~ ~1~61tJU:JJ11.h:::un~1on1uiu~e:Jud L"liu ~n1ium1rJ'ui~ '\J '

fllbl1:JJ bl&'l;:; 1i1;1U'Yl'U 1rl1J 6 yt eJWh:JJoffu t-J~qj rl'U bl1:JJ-~ e:JU fld~b1'e:JW\J::::fl e:J ll'lilllb 'VI~mdm fi q] '\J'\J

" ' ' 5. 'JJ~'U~~~1:1Jt:i&'l (Follow-Up) fl19l::::'YlU'YllU11ll&'l;:;65LJ~bfllllrl1Jb1e:J.J~1~ ")

'\J

fll~fl'e:JU LtJ5md~ 'V'lfeJ:JJrl1J 669J~th:::b1'~rlfll16 ~f.J'U fl 'UfllUrl~ltJ '\J

".lf.J5U1Je:J~ (Song Eun Jung, 2014 :53) l~Ul6b1'Ue:J'lJ~U~eJ'UVJ~n'JJe:J.Jfll1fl'eJU Jl11of1bfl1VJ~lr 4 'JJ.t'U~e:Ju \il~d

" ' 1. 'JJ~um1mb (Warm Up)

1.1 fiJ"r-J fl'e:JULL9l.J1Jq]th;:;fl'~ rf n116 1uu f Ul'l:::u e:J n 1;111::: ~1fl~ru~1-J ~ 'U 'U 9 'iJ v

1.2 fAlqjfltJ1UL~e:J.J~r-J61LJufl'u19J qjJ"Ulll'V'l 1~1EJ VJ1e:J~~'lJEJ~~1-J ~ 'U q 'U cu 'U

1.3 un \il1 mh.J1hd urdl t.J 'l ~1J:::U1 i.tJ~l ifEJ'V111 U6 ~EJ~~1l:::L1uu '\J "'

2. 'JJ""'u u 16 fl''UEJ (Presentation)

2.1 fld"El If1Jlli'VI &'l""'nmJ" hi, d !'J1 fl1rn66~:::l'lli'V'lr1 mh~anq) 6 9l'U '\J

2.2 un \il1 mh.Jl.JJ":::: 1mr~ ilfl 'd1:JJbln~EJ~66~;:;i~L9J'U '\J

2.3 li.J1mwntJu'VI~~nm1 h'1r l mnJ"rull~:::l'lli'V'lrf 3. 'JJ.t'U~fl (Practice) 66U~eJEJmuu 2 ~l'U ;iEJ

3.1 ~l'U lTiflld"

3.1.1 1'Yf~61tJu~mtJ~uuf'hf1'V'lr1 '\J

3.1.2 66~-Ju1::: 1llfl1 It fl':uuJ"rn~l:u'VI~n '\J

3.1.3 1'Yf~61lltHl~~tlJ":::: 1ufl1umnn'VI&'llmi.J661JU '\J '\J

3.1.4 t:i ~~rl'U bll :JJ-~ El1J 1~ llb~:IJ1llmnr-J fl'EJU rl1JUnb1liU rf~VJ :lJ q] 'U'U

fl1r-T fl'EJunuum1tJu Yi ~:::flu 66~::::1;1~'1'11 u;i eJun 6 ~ u unu'!!m1llu 'U 'U '

3.1.5 1um1~nu~~::::flf~ i.J1dllfl~1im16uui.JJ"dllfl~lilh~1u

" 3.2 ~1'U6 -flEJ'V\1

3.2.1 1il'lli'V'lrf~Vl~lnVJ~lLJ

3.2.2 m~b1'em<f.Jthrrl:urlr-T61t~u1;1l:!Jl1bl~eJuf11m:u1~1~t~mnhu 'U'\J 'U

22

4. "lJd':'Unl1'tbhJ1i (Use)

4.1 mr-f1nm'il~ n9J n 11:JJ rl11Xr-fL1llu~l :JJ11bl 'tbf!llJJf~1~fu :JJll.h~ r.m ~ 9..1 'U 'U 9..1 q

4.2

4.3

Q.....o <=>. .c:j q_; t:1....- 6' .c.

9J~mm11JJ'Yl fl &il un u ~rnum1rn9J1~

9J~~fhm11JJ~1 :JJ fill :JJ ~u h'JJ eJ-.1 r-fL1r.m 'U

4.4 r-fL1liU'Ylnf!UiJ~l'UJ'--:JJJ1urm~ n9Jn1J":IJ 'U ' '

9J~L ~u 1~11 .ffu~ eJU'JJeJ~n11~e::J 'Ulll'Ml L nTV\~~n ~11 :JJ1'1l1-.1 ~uilmlJJf! rl'1 tlfi ~~ nm1u

.ffu~ eJU'JJ eJ-.ln11~e::J'Ulll ~1 L ,At eJn11~e::J ~11 1<n u~11.JLL&fl9J~il"lld';u~ e::Ju ~~l~qJ 3 "lJd';u~ e:JU ~in~ fi e::J .ffu ~ 1 'JJd':'U nlJ"Ln~'tnb (Warm Up)LL~ :::.ffuu1 L~'UEl (Presentation) dJ 'U n111J eJ n n~ 11ll fi~L5ll~<~h~ ") L~ lllrll.Jb~eJ-J~~eJ'U fi1~ ~e:J'Ue::JTIUllln-.1~ in n11 hLllllmrn fh «v,nf ~1-.1 ~

'U'U

m.il-J-iVJL9JU 'V'lfe:J:JJJ~llm'hmh-J1.J1:::ne:Ju "lJd':url2 .ffutln(Practice) mr-f~eJU9J:::t~f1lbll:JJ1~ll 'U'U

1 'll"bmmrnLLi:1~f11«'V'lrf~lll ~ L ,AteJ 11X ~L1uu 1~&i eJ~tln h'11 mnJ"rnLLi:1~f11i'V'lrf~'l~ ~e::Ju hJ1~LJ 'U

~i~numJJ-~e:JunwvieJu LLi:1~.ffurl 3 "llo':'U"lJe::J~m1't1.1L1.J1i (Use)ur:1:::.ffu&i~mJJ~&i (Follow

Up) 1 U"lJd';u~ eJ u d'f\1~ ~e::JU9J:::'il~n9Jn11:JJ rl1 ~ irL 1r.~u~l m1n u 1 fill JJfrl'l~fuJJ1lJ1~ ll n VJL inu <U qJ cu 9J q

~r11um1rn9J1~ 1 ~ ll fi1r.f ~eJudJuL v:! ll ~ ~1fLL u~ LLi:1~fl e1 ll'lh ll b ~ fi El Ld tJ Lnwli e1 t1~'V'l r:11 VJ 9:!1 mf u 'U'U 'U

f\1~ ~eJ'U9J~'YllJ'Yll'U J"lll i:1~L5ll~~l-.l ~ rl'l~ ~f) 'U, Ll.J 5n flf,j '111 f El :IJ n 1J bb 'il~9J~1.J1:::~~ I'll 'U n11L 1 rm 'U 'U '

~'~.f~~eJ'lll ' ' (L....o .::::::.. ~ ~

3.5 n11'ilto! n'il n113Jfl11i.'Hl'U111~1 L 'YH.Jn11i>'HliifT1

~ ~ l &1 i:1l ~ (Littlewood, 1981 ell.J ii~ 1 u :oll'Yl eJ~ n ll~ ~ll ~&~: 2549 : 34-35) L~ 'U 'U

m.i>ln'<llm1JJn11~e::J'Ull1~16 ,Ajeln11~El ~11LDU 2 n'<UnJ1JJ~in7l~d'

1. n9J n11JJ 6 ,Aj an11~El ~1 1 (Functional Communication Activity) n9J n11JJ d'

iJ9J~li~~m m vi m'.r~ul'Ylm~::m~Jll'Ml L ~ e::J ~a fll1JJ~JJ1ll VJl:JJ~Ul~"lJEl-JJll~l e::J19J9J~"il~ 'l~ ' ' ~ f:1lli11.J LLuu u~ il~ in m1"i1JJnu~ El fi1 ~ ~e::J u~ El-Jrh~ u~ ~rn u m1rn1 iun L1r.~ u L fi ~fill JJ 'U 'U'U

951Lllw~'<ll~~eJ-J 1inl~1L vie:J~1-lieJJJi:1rlmue::J-J U>l"lJ1~eJ~ ~1El L vie::J LLntfnm1eJ~1-J 1~ Elth>lwct~ 'U 'U v

2. n'<Un11JJ1.J:f)iJJvru:o1 ui~fi:Jj (Social Interaction Activity) dJufhnJ"1:1JrlL U'U

· nlj 1iJl1~1 6 vi eJ &J ~ ~ El ~8 ~11 bi-Jfl :lJ 6 "lJu n11~'U'Yl'U1 nl1Lfi lJ 'ULLlJlJU~:::m1Ll~Vl~ lJ'YllJl'Yl

~:JJJJ&i

~nlL'll&i&il Ur:1::8eJnWeJfVJ (Scar~ella and Oxford, 1992 El1-Jn-J1u TIDYl El~ ni'1-.1 'U

2549 : 35) L~L~umm::~f:1~nnl1"D~~n"lln11JJL,AteJ 11X~L 1LJu~l:IJ11n-0'~mflll:JJ~lm1n 'U

1 Un11 1"1fn1'!~16 vi Elnl1~8~11i-Jd 1. u 1 L ~ ~ m1rn ueJni El~ L 1u UL "lf111.JcioffuL1rJu 1 ~ ll 1 i 1J'YllJ1'Yl ffJJJJ &1 (Role Play)

' 'U

~rnum1rn~1 r:1 El>l (Simulation)

23

2. 1iJl11'}1~JlTV·ru1.J (Authentic Language) 1'1-f:knn~~~Lrh~v~dJu hJ1~ Jl11'}1 q

~Jl1'V'-Iv1.J~ eJ Jl1 '[o}1~LUUTI11:U"ll1 ~ 1~hiJl1 B1~~"'~ LLU fl.J 1 iLu 'V'-11~ 1 wffuL1uu LL~ dJUJl1 1'}1~ L1i'1'1JEJ.JJl1'[o}11 "ll1 wn1f1lu1~1h1u

3. b'UUfll1:UVI:!Jl uou eJ.JJl1'[o}1 (Meaning) 6 ~ e.Jnl1~e:J ~11"<\l~'lh u 1 'l-firm1uum~L~1 b "'Vf11Ul'JJ e.J.J N'V'j f1l'V11e:J Nb ']J r.JU 1~

'U 'U 'U

4. 1VILe.Jm~um1uuLL~f1l.Jf111:u1~mLfl~m1:ufif11 'Ylr!ufl~hhu~h 'IJ

5. n'd~~ULLfl~fl.JL~1:u1'1-firm1m.u1uuLL1J1.d1:UiJe:J LLfl~'Yl1.J1ULUUmi:uL~n 6l 6~8 q q J

dJ~ hm~ 1 '1-fLL~ fl~flu 1~iifi1wh :u 1 uihm1:u

6. eJ e:JmLuunvm'd:u~dJf111e.Jml.1' 1 '!Xum1uu 1f111 iJl1'[o}11 um1~e:J ~111~mn~~~ q

t:5 = Q.-' ~ =I

n'd~'Yl11.Jf!n'lo}1Tinl'd (2548: 114) L~umm1n11v~nvn11:Un11L1uum-:r~e:Ju Jl11'}1 L vi e:Jnl-:r~e.J ~1-:r'll' ~"'.Jd

1. ~e.Ju1iLTl~nl1L1rmfLLfl~JJL"<\l~fl~~~~e.Jnl'dL1r.JUJl1'lo}l 'U

2. b deJVI1~11~~1ifl11~e.Jf1lfltfeJ,:JTl1J~lf11"<\l1.J 3. nl1L1uum1~eJUf111 1 invn'd'dJJ'Yll.JJll'[o}l 6UULfl~eJ.JiJEJlum1r'ln 66fl~n muu

~11-.u1un11<il1L uun11~e:Ju

4. n11~e.JUU~ ~L1 u m l:lu~1fl'ru fl'd~ ~e.JuLuu~'lfLm~ fi.JL~1:Ufl11 :u ~1m1n 1u 'IJ IV 'lJ ~ 'IJ

= v 6" nl'dLb~~.J eJ eJ n'Yl1.J1ll'[o}1 Ufl~m1 :Ufl ~ ~11-J ~'d'dfl

5. n1'd~e.JU6UU'Yl""'n'[o}~'J1:U (Ylm.'!~~:u~""'un) :U1nw:hrln'[o}~L~LI1 Ufl~LUU Q.-

~~Ulnl1'Yl1..J1ll'[o}l

v~ L ~u 1~11 m1v""'~ Rvnn:um'dl.1'fl'!Mll'lo}l L vi e.Jnl'd~fl~11LUUm'dv~~n1-:rL1uuf~ 'U

L uum1~e:m 1 u 1u Lb1J1J'JJ fl.Jrln 'jj~'J1 m-f.J~TUn11W.J ~ ~ ri1u dl r.JULLfl~r'ln 1 '~-firm 1uu 1~1 i 'U 'U

Jl1Nl1 U~fl11-tn11ruv1.J U~~L1LIULUU~1flill ~\H~1:u1 'l-firm1uuntfl66~~.J eJ e.Jn 1~ Llfl'd~~r.JU 'IJ IV 'IJ'IJ

v~ Luutrv""'~ R v n 11:u 1 iu n L1rm 1~fu u 1~ ~u n11rnL ~ eJ 1 '~-fir n L 1uu~1m-:rn u 11u ufu 1 'lr1 u 'U

ol51m.b~1h1u 1~

3.6 n~~iht~~~u~1;tunTHHlUn'l1tlt~unT:i~flct1""J

1"15Tf~LLfl~hL-.uEJf (Richard and Rogers, 1995 eJ1.Jn.J1u TIU'Ylr.J.J nl1.J~1l~~: . 'U

2549: 33) eJTI1J1LI1J'Yl1Jl'Yl'JJeJ.J~e.Jnl1L1UUnl'd~eJUl1 nl'd~eJUJll'lo}1L'Vie.Jm1~mn1ttu "il16UU

eJ ~1-J tl.J ~ ~ e.J.J iJ ~r.J ~VI fl1nVI fl1 u L '\l'j'Jl ~ ~m1w:n JJ~1f1ru ~ eln11L1u u '1'111 i NL1uuiiu n ~:uvfulf "' 'U ::.1 • ' ' q,.,

& Q,..l (l....o C:t .cJ 0 a...- .::::1 ~ Q,..l .cJ

'lr.JnULLfl~nu ~e:J'Yl~lflqj:U 3 'lrU~ ~.JU

1. Life:JV11 (Text) <il111L1r.JU~bVIdJ1~rl1Jnl'd~flUJl1'!.'!16'Vie:Jm'd~fl~11"<\l~~fl.Jl~aJ uuu~n~~ VI 1 eJ 1fl 1-J ~f1.JU1~ 1 Llfl ~:u1mnu LU 6 ife:JVIl ~1 um nv~U1~n flU 1u ~1 Ll'lJ eJ :u fl1 u

'U

-:rllLLUU~l.J "J L 'li'u m1v"'~~mum1rnL ~ eJ 1 it!m~r.Juu~~.Ju'Ylul'Yl~:u:u~VI1e:J'Yl1Rvn11:Ufi 'U q 'U

24

2. -J1uVI1EJrhm1dJ (Task) ?lEJUldJvl1-J"J 6'Iiu U'Yl1J1'Yli.1dJdJ&'i !.1rnum1rn~1~HJ-J ' n~n11dJ 1ll1i.1EJ1J bl1 dJ 66&in6U~ 1.JUoU El dJ f1 ~ 6 U U 1 ~Un 6'11.JU l~£ltJ n «dJvrurrtl1-J1U6 lJun ~ dJ

~ ~ ' 3. ~El~blJWlJEl-J~1-J (Realia) L".liu th1.1u1:::n111l'JJHrn1 V\U-J~EJ'\Alm-fn.Jrn"r"J

66r-JU~ d:Ju~u ~

LU~dJ 'Yle:J-J'Ul&i (2554 : 5) 1i!.11Unf1lTI66f1:::~EJ<111-J "J~h1um1611.JUnl1!.1EJU i-Jd '

1. nl11i~EJ~-J6lJWlJEh19J1-J (Authentic Materials) 6'Ii'U V\U-J~EJ'\Almtf 6dJ'UEl1V\11 ~

~111-J6 "Jf11 6 ~ EJ h1 um166rlDruV11~un 61uu 'lti !.11m1rn-b fll1dJft mfu6'1uu 1u1 irnuuEJn 1i v ~

66~:::m1 1 i~EJ ~ 6UWIJ EJ-J~1-Jtf uu~-J 6UUn11dJ ~ 1 EJ m !.11 iun 6 1uu6 1uu fnTJ~1 EJ u1,1 6 ll 'UIT11dJ"'r1 &1 ~

1u!.1mun11rn<1l1-J "JVI1EJ~1nmHl~1i9J1-J 6"1iu m1Vf-J9l11l111Jm11'Ylu 1m'Yl~mr 6lluiu

' 2. 6ndJ'Yl1-J1llM1 (Language Games) 6ndJ~:::'Yll1i~6'11J'ULifuf1lldJi.1'Uni.1'Ul'U

~ ' L6&'1::: ~-:~ 6 llu n11tl n n11 1 in1M1Li EJ U1\J ~

3. ll1'V'l"'r~L~El-:!11l (Picture Strip Story) n~n11dJ~1in1"r"J'lr~~:::6U'Un~n11dJ~ ' '

'1'111 '!-fun 61 t.mil1 El1l1 i.1Li66&in b tJ ~ 1J Wi'l11 djfl <n 61.~:::'1'11-J1 u ·h dJTl 'Ufl1J 6 ~ El'U6 ~ EJ lb n u t]V\l vl1-J '1 66&'1::: 1.1~-:1 1~~n i.1U 'Yl'Ul ~ni11.1

4. 1J'Yl1J1'Yli.1:JJ~&'\ (Role Play) n~1TI-dil~lflt]1Um1!.1EJ'UlllH16~EJ1l11~Eli.111 6 "r"J11:::un 61t.mil1EJmi.11~'1lni.1u'Ylu1 ~EJ i.111 1 u~rnum1rn<1l1-J 1 66~::: 1 uu1u'Yl~a~n<1ll-Jnu

9J::: 6 ~u 1~-;hm1!.1EJUll1 Hl 6 ~ EJnlJ"~EJ !.111if u 1l1 6U'UEJ u1-:~ fl-J~i EJ-J 1 i~EJ~£ifll1dJ VJ ~1nV\ f1l u ~eJnl1!.1EJuilm1dJ ~1 r1~ru EJ u1,1 ti -J <11 eln116 1 u u f11 EJ,j um 1uu 1:1J119J::: 6 ll u~eJ~6llu

v ~

0 (V .,:.'j, ~

i.11V\11J1llJ"i.1eJUfllHl 6 "r"Jeln11!.1El !.111

3. 7 1J'Yl1J1'Yl'll f)~~"i LUn1"i~t91 n~ fl"i'Jc'l.Jn1"i 'l~n1'l~1 t .yj f) fl1"i~fl?l1"i ..

2549: 32) eJITU11JU'YlU1'Yl"lJEJ-Jf11r-fi.1eJu11 f1j~f'l'eJu£iu'Ylu1'Ylfl~1f1ruEJu 3 U'Yl1J1'Yl ?le1 qj 'tl cu cu v 9J

~vl1 b U'U 1ll1 ilVI '!! l~!.~'11.JdJU&'l:::vl1 6 u Unl1~ .... <n ihm1dJ r.f6m:::ih £1VIU1~1 irhtJ1m~1VI1eJ 1 '1-f ~ ~

fl1 u u:::u l 6 ~ Lll n uaffu~ El'UU&i:::n~1l1J"dJ <111-J "l bb~:::1J'Yl1J1'Yl !.1~ rl1 Ll ?1 elbU'Ur-Jl~~LI £1mXl ~ 611J'U f ' ~ ~

"r"Jf)~nJJ"dJ11 EJ-Jun 61maL~&i:::rm f1J"~~E:Ju~1 "'r~rrn1J"I:munlB16 ~eJmJ"~eJf'l'1J"~:::~eJ-J 6U'U~i.1eJ'U ~~ ~

~ LlJ'U11utf n f1l\J 1 itt EJ r.J~i.1~ ilVI 'It 1~ L V1 r.J-J LL~ v-ll L uun11i~ R~ n11dJ U&'l::: 1u'Iil-J~un L1uu '1'11 ~ ' n~ nJ1dJ fl 1 r-f i.1EJ 'U~ eJ\J f!El1.J 1 '1-f rl1 ~-J 19J LL f1 :::'Ii1 tJ L ~ ~ eJ 1 i U 1l L 11.J 'U l~l ozY.f11H1 L ~ eJ ~eJ flll dJ V\ dJ11J 'IJ~

25

~lrlill~TV\fU'fl1f-f~t:JUiJ~lt..lflU 3 U'YlUl'Yl ~El 'fl1tf~t:J'UlUUf.f--n:Hlt:-JU -;u~<?Jl1111rnmfl:::t1hl'U'Unl1 v 'U 'U 'l.l cu 'U

l~ rnnu nlnhn -;unjnJ1u'J)'~u<iru tJ ITUl u1 vhrm1LJUl oVl hn \! irn jjnJ,::;']J tJ \!Th n 11:lJ lTIYh

n-;um1JJ (flfl EJ(fi'<UU 1 iit:J:JJf1~'11llUU 'flo L1 1 ifilu1njjlllfl:::'lil m V\ ~ mfl mim1uuil1J illV\l L1uu f 'U v 'U

'V1b]~n11JJ"lJ EJ-\lun L1uuu~f1:::flu

3.8 11"YI111'Yl"l.l u\l'ltnL~l:JU L U n11"<iJ Vl n~ n'S13J n11" L'211l1'M-1 t rj fl n11~ fl i:'t11"

JJo1h1 (Morrow, 1981 :59- 66 eJl\ln.J1u ~1u~rn ·:kr~u:::n'<ll, 2554: 25) q

ll~l ~l JJl 1n '1-'h 111dmru1tih1 u n11~ o ~11i.<il t:J cll\1 h l '.ITu m 1'!11111 l vt t:J u t:J n Yi fl'Yll\1 Lfl t:J m1 'U

~t:JUl~!J'<U~Ufl-\1 um1um:::~t:J\!~1JJ11nrh~\!Wd,\l~\!1<?Jfiu~ l&'lmh hJ1~ llf1dJU1::: 1mn!~ ElnTl

~t:J ~11 l "liu i:11 :JJ11n 1·n'1m\l ~fl-\1 'Yll-\lll L!l nnu1t! l ~t:J :JJ 1u \! nu n'<lln11:JJU 'YlU1 'Yl i:1:JJ :JJ &1 L<?J u

n-;um1JJ it u n b 1 u u -;u::: 1~~ n m 1 ll ~(fl-\! tJ tJ n <il1 u m1~o ~1 11111 u 1 i Jll jjl ~l.<i1L1 u u I. u 111~\lu\ q

lJ'YllJl'Yl"lJ EJ-\!Un L1uu~t:J m1111m~1VI11m1u 1 un~:JJ"lJ t:J\!Un L1uuL vtm·hn'<ll n11JJfi'fl1f-f~t:Ju q 'U 'U

fllV\ U<?J1 ~ l vi El 1 V\l~iJ1 tl m ~Yll-\ll U"i'"J :JJfl'UblJUn ~ :JJb ~ n ") llf1 :::-;u mJ\!V\:JJl tJV\ fl~n 1 U nl1Yll q q q

n'<llm1:JJ~o ~-\!1~f-fL1uui1mV\~o~-\lnuLLf1:::nu finm11~V1EJ ")n~um1fu q 'U 'IJ

' ' q... ~ ILl 0 0.,... ~ .c=t

3.9 '21 u Vl u~g:;"l.lu~1nVl"l.l u\l n11"i:'tuU111'lf1 trw n11"t'lu tt11"

t1il(fl11 eJ'n"'~unf1 (2540 : 55- 56) 1~mhln\l'JJEJ~llf1:::'JJEJ·<ihn(fl"lJEJ\llTimj~EJu q q

m:JJLmln11i:1EJUl vtt:Jm1~EJ~11Ll(fl~\ld ' '

1. 'JJt:J~'lJEl\lnl1~tl'UJlTl~1l ~Elnl1~tl~l1

1.1 d:luiTit1EJ uri i:1EJ (flfi ~El\1 rl1HU1V\ JJ1 tJ"lJ t:J\Inl1L1uun1 ~1 ~El~.J1i um1r.JUt11 JJ11n ~El t111l~Elcll\l l V\ m:::t1:JJrllJt1rll'Um1rn'<ll1.Ji.<il

q

1.2 d:Ju in~t:Ju fi l uu n~ n11:JJ1ium1u u i.~~n 1iJlljjl 'Y111 ~um1uu:d hm1~~n r.Jun1~1 l vtEJ~EJml:JJV\JJl u1 ut1mum1rn~1\l "l ~n 1iflll:JJ~<?Jllf1:::iifll1JJn~l1 um1

1imjjlrJ11 ~um1uu:d1.b:::~um1rn1 um1 1irnMl

1.3 um1r.JUl<ifL1uufmJ"rJ1\11Wh:JJnUf.T5u f"iJn'lilL!lV\~El~\lrl'Ullfl:::nu 'U 'U 'U

q_., 0 Q..; 4 ~

2. "lJEJ~1n<?J'lJEJ\lm1t1EJUJl1~llY-~tlm1~EJ~11

2.1 mtf~EJu<ilo.Jfiii'fl111.l'V1fEJ:JJ1u<il1u~l\l "l Liu flllJJf 'fll1mi1h 'U'U 'U

~lum~1fl1i:1(flfl-11.Ji.Jfi:JJ m1~ ... (fln'<lln11:JJllfl:::nTH1fl\li:1fi1Um1rn1 uiEJ.JL1uu 1 ~l Vlil'ou~1\l 2.2 dhirr~EJu fiL UU'flll1.!~1:JJ11n 1 un11~EJ ~11:JJlnn-hfll11JTI u 11.! uuu

'U 'U

'lJEJ\IJll~l (fl ... -\! J unl1l<?Jt:.Jf1Uf1:::n11U1::: Liiut:-J iil!?ll:JJbl u 1n11~EJm ~ E1m1~o ~11'<ll:::l uu 'Yln M:::

26

~dJvrulf 1'11r.f ~El U~ EJ,'J'l~Hi ~ El U~ fl 8~ 6l fll66fl ~~ EJ-JiJflll dJ1t U lll'':ll~ 66Umh-J "] 66fl :::'1-b LU1 i 'U 'U 'U 'U

EJ ~l-Jnm1 8-J~.:r'il:::rh 1 ~ m11J1::dJu~ fl ih.h::: ~'Ylihn'!Al 'U

~~6'V'Ju (Stephen, 2001 eJl-Jn-Jh EJl1rf tl1~n~. 2553: 35-36) 1~th ' A. 6' A. ~ d A. d d '

nl1l6fl1l:::V\ 66 U l fl ~ nl1'\J~ lll16 1 ti U lll1~HJ U~ldJ 66 U l fl ~ lll1~EJ UJll Mlb'V'l 8 Ill 1~EJ i.1l1ll

n1::ulu n1 111~ n1 161t.J unl1i,1EJ u~1 dJ 66 u 1 f1 ~ d iii e:~'il1 n ~ u1 \! u1:::n11~ ~\! ~ fl1 ~ rt61t.J u 1JJ

i.1ldJl1fl 1 iJlTl~l6 vi81ll1~Eli.1l1l~ 8 ~1-J iJU1:::frYlTilll'V'l 1~ tiilU1:::6~U~lrl~~\!d 'U

q_, I I I 'V Q._.. .:!:! 4 .::.I.e! Q.J d

1. "lJ'U~El'Ull11i.18U~ldJ66Ulnl1i.1EJ'UJllMl6'V'18nl1i.1Eli.1l1i1dJ 3 "lJU~8U 1'18

offu 'It 1 wu 8 offu tl n 66fl :::offu u 1111 MlL tl1 iJ u EJl'll ci"'-J 1dJ 6 tAl ti-J '11'1 8 vi eJ m1vr~ u 1 r.f61 ti u 1 ~il 'U

fllldJi.1ldJl1n 1 i'n1 Mll~ 8 ~l-JiJU1:::~Y1TIJll'V'1 fll1iioffuri 8U66fl:::V\ ~-Jm1~h 6 u um1~8u 2. n11'1l~ lll161t.J u n1 1 i.18 u 1 uoffu lll1Ul6 i.1U 8 d:J u m11l~ n1 1~8 u ~ 6 u u

mrf i.1EJU6 u ur:Ju 16 ~U86 dmlll'lll n 6 8 n ~11~ 6~1t.JdJ m1 u~n Mrn:::~ 6UU~8m-J 6~ til dJln n'i1m1 'U'U 'U

1~r.f61rm 'l~il1J :5 idJvrulfnu6 dmnYll-JJllMl ~8 Lw:::~i.18u 91-J Luum11l~m1L1tiunl1i.18U ~ 'U 'U

1dJ ~\!Li,116Jn1:::UlUn11 1 um1~Eli.111

3. lll1'\J~~ fl'\Jn11dJ ~1 ~ rfL1 LIU~ll 1 olll1l MlJll ti1~ nl'JI'lllJ 1'1 dJ"lJ 8-J fl1r.f i.1El U 'U q 'U 'U

~61t.JU'U:::~n ~l dJ 661JlJ'llllllJi1i.1Ui1U l66fl:::6 tt8VIl1 ULEllli,111 lll1"il~~fl'lim16J1 u~n~rn:::d6UU7ll1 'U

~nuuu'Yi 8-J"iJl66~Tulm1 '.!JL um1~8 ~11 rfL1tiu 1JJ1~ui,1~-JfllldJ i.1lm1n 1 Ulll1~-JfllldJfL6fl::: 'U 'U

U1:::i.1um1rnL?l:JJdJl6~8dJ 1u-Jnu~-J 1mJ~1~61t.Ju dhLVI~ 1 ~~dJ~l ti ~-JLdJi.1lm1n~8~111~1~ u '

f)~ 8\1 Ufl ~l1 u lll1~8 i.1l1 1~ llldJ 6 UUfl ll dJ n n ~ 8\!'lJ EJ\!ll til n1rn "il:::'Yh 1 i~61tiu 1JJ Yl'JllJn-J 'U 'U

"JJ8 ~~'V'lfll~"lJ El.:!lll1 1 i1l1M16 ~Ellll1~El ~116L~:::ldJl~tllnl1Lblll "lJ 1 ~ flll~8-J tl11 ~rfL1tiU6"JJ1 h 'U 'U

~~U~:::~\1 ~fl n.:~ ~'ill dJ i.11dJl1fl 1 'U~l'Ulll1~l 'ULL~:::llldb'll LIU

5. 11fm1i~ 6L fl :::tl 1::: d1u ~'ill dJ i,116Jl1n 1 u n 111 i 111 Ml L ~ EJ n1 1 ~EJ i.111~ 1'11~ ~Elu 1 '.!JL u u "il "il uu ci"'-J 1JJ ~El ~ fl ~ EJ.:~ n u n11'U._~ n'lln11dJ n11 b 1ti un11i.1Elu ~ "il~~·lfun1 u1 u

'U 'U '

lll'J'Yl ~ ~81J l~~ f:i ~ iml i1 ITY11\!ll11L 1 Ll u "ill n-il 8 a'EJU~\1 i.dJ fl1 81J fJ fl dJ LLfl::: 1dJ ~8 ~ fJ ~ El-J n 1J nl1 '

U1:::bi!um1dJ~l dJl1n 1 umJ"1im~1L vi EJ1l11~8a"ld"ElUl\!LLYl"il1-J 'V'11a"l11~ ~UEJ (2550: 67) L~~d"U'JJEl~LLfl:::i8"iJ1n~"lJ8\!llld"i,18UJl1~1Lvi8md"

' ~8~1d"lli-Jd ' '

1. -ilEJ~"lJEJ\!nld"~ElUJll~lL '1Alum1~EJ~ld"

1.1 um1uui.~iill11'V'1~WJUlrlnM:::m1LiJll~l'Ylllrlll~::: '

27

1.2 um1LJ'J..bltj]lim~l1 'Ub'Hli'J..bTlTl"m1l1\l

1.3 um1uu 1 irm~n l~blfl ~ e:J\1 l ~:!Jl:::~~rl1J i.J<fi:JJ ll~:::l~UIJjjJJ'lJ e:J\1 l~l'lJEl\1 '\J

JllMl

' ' 2. ie:J'lhrltj]'lJe:J\Inl1!;1'e:JUL~e:Jm"lf{u ~l1

2.1 Tll1!;1'e:JUlllMl1~1~~fl 'IKu.Jt1uu~u\l'lJUltj]1JJ1ml)tnuhJ

2.2 <fl1r-Y!;1'e:JU~e:J\IiJml:JJ!;1'l :JJl"ln 1inTI~.n1~~ ~.J"D:::l;1'el'J..b 1~e:Jcil.Jnn~u.J '\J'\J '\J

9J:::t ~u 1~'il Tll"li;1'EJ'UlllMl L vi e:JTll"l~El!;1'l1Jui1rf.Ji e:J~ll~:::i m1lntj] ~.Jtfu<fl-:rr.Y !;1'e:J'J..b '\J'\J

wni(j]n9Jm1JJ11Xt ~ :JJl:::!;1'JJLL~:::i1ml:IJ~ ~l nVI fll u t vi EJ1 iun t1uu L<ll"tln 1inlB-l1 um1~EJ !;1'l1

66~:::1.t1 1111 "lil Ui;1'fll'UTll"lrn9l1\ll.~

4. m-nAlP! t~ ~.ru1uA-:~13Jt'f13JTH1Lun•"i~mn'l 4.1 A'J1:JJVi :JJ1 ~'11 u\I\PI'J13J ?f1:JJ1"irtL 'U n11~eH't11

L'i'!:JJ; (Hymes, 1972 eh.Jn.J1u TIU'Yle:J\1 ni'l.JWJl!;1'~~ 2549: 31) 11XumJJ '\J

<fill JJ~ m LJ'lJ El\1 <fill :JJ i;1'l JJl"ln 1 um1~e:1 !;1'l1'il d:Jmnl~ ~l JJl1n 1 u m1ui] i~'0'un'Yll\l~lu

i.J <fl JJ 1<ll m~:rvn::: EJ rh\1 tl.J ~l'J..bnl"lYlcn il ull vu u~rJ1JJ!;1'l:!Jl1n'Yll\l ~l'J..blll~l~ftlflru ~.J 1 um1 '\J v

'Y'J(j]J 'UEil9l hJnn(j]l :JJ~ fl~n ll rnmrnu<ii~EJ <fill :JJVI m LJL~LL~:::l ~ JJl:::!;1':JJrl1J!;1'fllUTll1rn'iil\l ") '\J '\J

~(j]L&lfll<ll (Littlewood,1988 eJl~n.J1u Yl~lfn L'll't.Jlu, 2545: 32) mhlll '\J

<flllJJ !;1'lJJl1n 1 u nl "l~EJ !;1'l1 ~ JJl rJii.J <fill :JJ ffl :!Jl1n hm1 1 i Ill Ml1 u m1~\1!;1'l1L~ EJ cil\1

rJ(j] 1 uJJ1\ nn~EJ\1 ue:Jmnntfuv\1~ EJ.JiJ<flllm'IJl1 "D 1 UEJ\IflU1:::n EJu-:r:::uum-:r~u~l-:r Ll~:::!;1'lm-:rn '\J

1 in~1rr<iil.J "J 1 unl"l~e:J<flllJJ~mtJI.~ mh.J ihJ-:rd~'YliTJllYI mh1?1 EJ 1 inlMlL~nn~ e:J\Itj]lJJ '\J v d Q..oo 6"

~'J..bl'Yl'lJ e:J\IJllMl blfl::: l ~ :JJl:::l;1'JJfl1J!;1'tll'J..bTll"lrn

LY~"Vl"lrf ~u~nfm! (2548: 39 eJl\ln.J1u e:Jl1cl' 111&1n~. 2553: 37) 'l<ll11X '\J '

<flll:IJ~:JJltJ'lJ EJ\I<flll :JJ !;1'l JJl"ln'Yll\IJllB-lll ?1 e:J flllJJ~l:!Jl1n 1 'J..bfll"l 1 inlMllvie:Jm-:r~e:J !;1'l"lrf\l

4 'Yl m~:: 1.~ EJ cil\1 iJ tb::: ~'Yl IT JllYI 11 :lJ rf-\1 !;1'l :JJ l 1 Wl~Cj]\1 EJ EJ n 'Yll \1 <fill JJ fi (j] 1.~ EJ cil\1~ ~l n ~ ~l u

il<flllJJ !;1'lm-:rn 1 unl1 1 in e:J t~rh~1e:Ju1::: 1 t~<fll~ e:J ~l\lfl~ EJ\1 tlf1~1 ~El<flll JJ~m t1 1 i rr5u 1~ e:J ~l\1 lil19J

'\J

28

' mhll~Ut1'1U flll:Ut1l:JJ11n1um1~Elt1l1 $1u flll&Jt1'l:JJ11nhm11inlBlLY'imll1

~e:Jt111rf-:J 4 'Yl""'nB~ 1~u1in~1n~1-:J "J 1um1~e:Jml:JJVI&J1u1irY5u'limh-:JL'111hLL~~1irnBl 'U

4.2 e:~\1 vfu":::::m:llnJ t~\l~1l (jJ 611 <kll"::n 'l u m"::~e:~ 6111"

Ul''lHL:JJU ( Bachman,1991 eJ1-:Jn-:J1u 'JAJ ~1fn L"ITuh!, 2545: 33- 34)

'lin~ll n-:J El-:J flU1~n ElU'JJ El\Jflll&J ~16J11n1 UTl11~El~l1 t1'1UL!il~""'-:Jd ' v v 0,.... cl: .:9

'U 1. flll6J1~1 Ulll':J';j] ~ 1~ L U u u 'Yll\l1ll Bl (Organizational Knowledge) VIm u n \l

fill :u-fl U011 Uflll :lJV\ :JJ1 [J']J El\lrh fl'JAJ rf 011 u Ll mmrn Tl11~fl-:JU1~ lr.Jfl~ fl n 01 El-:J LL~~flll:Uf 'U 'U 'U

LTl t..llrlUTl11EJEJn lfrU-:J

'U 2. flll&Jfilum11inlBlLY'iu~Elflll:lJV\6J1U (Pragmatic Knowledge) V\:lJlUrl\l

wn:uf"lJEJ-:JJ;-JLin1Bl (Language User) ~Elu1u'Yl1Un11~Elt1'11 ~\lllii'LLri flll&JfL~r.JlrllJ 'U 'U 'U

ml:JJV\ :JJ1 u 66~~ L de:~V\l~ie:J\llll1';j]~~EJ m11 inlBlli ~El~fl~ EJ-:JrllJ';j]<iJJl-:JV\:JJ1 u1 um1~EJ t1'l1

' ' b&ln Brn~<?il-:J ") L 'liu 1inlBlL Y'! EJ ~Elflll:Ufflll:JJ$l<i1 1 inlBl L Y'! EJm~rhn';j]flJ"1&J ~l\l "J 1 i

'U

vd Q,...o 6' cv &S

'U 3. flll6J1LTl UlnlJ1ll'l~1 f'l1 t1'~1 LL~~t1\Jfl :u (Sociolinguistic Knowledge) V\ m r.Jfl\l

llld" 1 inl'l~1l~\ VI :JJl~~:JJniJt1'fllUTl11rnLL~~L UU ~ r.J El&JfU"lJ El-:J ff\lfl :JJ LL~~nni El\l ~l :JJl.__~UJJd"J":lJ 'U

fl ll :lJ f1 U011 U d ';j] ~ ff'm•rurrnu Tll J"f';j)'-'fl L~El n1 i1ll B1 ~VI ~lTl V\ ~l r.J <ill :lJ ~ fll'JAJ ff-:J fl :JJ LL~~ 'U 'U

~\llll~~El&J l'liU Tl11ffl1Bl~U (Dialect) Llfl~l~Eln1"lfnlBlllii'LV\:JJl~t1:JJrlUYlEJ-:J~U nlJ" 'U

L~ Eln 1 i1~~""'u'JJ El\Jfll'MlLiL V\:JJl~Tl.__U Uflfl ~~~U 'YlUlil tJ Tl11 1 i~~l'Yil'Yll\l~L VI:JJ1~~:JJ L yj El ~El '

flll:JJV\ :JJl U 101 n n i El\l '1-Hlfl';j]lmfur.J-:J ff:JJvrurrnum1 1 in1 Bl El t.Jl-:JLUUJJ116J"ll"1~VI1u1n~L~tJ\l 'U

OJ "'

TllJL';j)l'JJEJ-:J[]1~1

~n~11 5-:Ji~un~ (254o : 1o8- 109) 'lin~1ln-:Ju-:Jfi'uJ"~nuu'JJEJ\lflll:JJt1'lm1n ' ' 1umJ"~EJ~11 ~-:Jd$1u

1. flll:JJfflll:Ut1'l:JJl1rl'Yl1-:JilunlBlV\1EJLl tnn1rn (Linguistic or Grammatical 'U

Competence) liLLri Tll11i'YlnB~rf.J 4 'Yl.__Tl~~ $1u 'Yl.__Tl~~Tl11Yr\l 'V'l<il ~lu LL~~LolltJU l~tJiJ . 'U

El-:Jrltb~n ElU'Yl1-:Jfl1Bl $1v nl1El EJmihJ-:J rllfl'JAJrl LL~df!J"-:J ~f1-:JLUULLnU1UTl11~Elfll1:lJV\:lJlr.J m11ir1n~~rf-:J 4 tfu';j]~iEJ-:JL~:u';j]1n1~~UL~:JJ01u1tJ';j]ufi.J1~~.__uoffut1'\lff<il~l11:JJ11n1in1B11~1u

'11 ' J"~~lJL&J Ul rlU L 9J1'JJ El-:J[]l'Ml

2. fll1:JJ~l:JJ11fi'Yl1-:J[]1B1f'l1t1'Wf~\lfl6J (Sociolinguistic Competence) $1u

fll1:JJ ~1 :JJ1 1n 1 u n11 1in1 B1llii' EJ rJ1-J n n Iii' EJ\l LV\ :u1~ ~&J ~1 :JJJ"~ LU r~utlflu.__~'JJ E?-:J i-:Jfl :u 1~ r.J '11

29

R1dJl'JTH~ un 1 in1~11 i6 VI :u1:::nuu~~ ~H6fl:::~-rnu n11rn~hJ 6J 1v1 6 'liu f1TiJ:::v1 uJ1 in1~l~ ' ~

dJwnTJ nl1V11u1JJ d:Ju m-ml1 6 uuvfu

3. ~l1:JJ Rl:JJTHl1 um1 1im1:JJ ~:u'Wu:rf"lJ uJiuWJldJ (Discourse Competence)

$1 u ii ~ l1 :u 16M r.n nu m1 1 '111::: 6 f1 uu1rr"lJ uJ ~ll :u i:u 'W wrh:::V\llJUI::: hJ ~ hw 1 i~l1 dJf'YllJ ~ ~

ll u1 WHU66fl:::~l1:JJ R1dJ11n1 un116 ~u:JJ TuJwn :JJV\ :u1 tJ'Yl1Jlll~11 i6i1nu 1v1 u r.hJnnvf uJil ~

~l1 :JJ 6 "1Y1 h 66fl:::'Y11u 1 um1 :ui1 Jm.t1 6 ~ tll rl1J'JU fl.__m~rn:::ov u\llll~1~1l:::d'l \911fu 1 u (Context) '1J

lvlb1flvle:J\l ~

4. ~l1:JJR1dJl1n1um11infl1Tih-hmi~EJWJl:JJV\dJ1ll (Pragmatic Competence

of Strategic Competence) fiu ii~l1:JJR1dJ11n1um11J1u'lll6i1nuRmum1rn \9lr::lu\9l'il'Ufll1

1 in1 m 'YiTn1J ff'V\1!1 Jl 6 ff tJJ 1J1:::n uu 1 um1~ u ~ l1 :u V\ :JJ1 u m1 1 in fl1ird'~, uu m166R\91J eJ eJ n

r-fJ1wvnJth'V'I\91 (Verbal) 6bfl:::1JJ1ith'V'I\91 (Non-Verbal) ~ ~

R1UlvJl1 EJJrl 1J1::: n uuov EJJ ~l1 dJ R1 m 1n1 u m1~EJ R111.h;:;n u u ~l tJ ~l1 dJf~l1 dJ ' ~

li1h~1un1~1 .J1Jl~llri 'Yl.__n~:::'Yl<tJ 4 'Yl~n~:::fiu 0'J 'V'I\91 ehu 6lfl:::b'l1r.m 1~nn~uJ\911:JJV\~n ~ ~

ll u1n1rn ~l1:u1l unTn~ un 1 in1~11~nnvf u.J "V\:JJ1:::R:unuumlfll6fl;:;Rn1umJ"rn~hJ 6J llfl;:; ~ ~ '

wn:ufl um11,~ un 1i'nfl1rr1 um1~EJ t111rl~ rfu'll~"Ih tJ 1 ~1J111:1l\91Dtl1;:;RJr:fov uJ m1~EJ R11"lvf ~ ' '

fll1:JJR1 :JJ11n1 'Unl1'il..,\9ln'iln11:JJm1l1uum1RuU6 vi u tlm1n~;:;'Yl1Jll1~11 ~miirn 61tJu 1~mhJ REJ\91~ ~ [hJ rl1J1:::~U~l1:JJR1 :JJ11b1 66fl:::f1n !Jll1'V'11J uJUn 6 1tJu

4.3.1 rln'!Y~n1";iW\J

1il1dJ'lJ1 ~"lJ EJJ nl161tJU flll'Hl"lJ EJJ:JJ'U~tl 'il:::l~mll!'Jfl110'J 661:1:::6~ !'JUllUlJ 'U '

l~uJrl1iluu~Jn~1ll~ll m10'J6UU'Yl~n~:::lifeh1~U"lJuJm1l1!'Juf'Ylnm~1 66~fl110'J:D1'linT.J 'U '

0'J6~tJJ 6 'Yi1ttu m10'J tJJ6UUn1:::1JlUnl16~!'Jlnum1rh~l1:JJLi1 hv1lu.J1J 66B1J1J EJ'Yl (Abbot,

1981 : 57- 58 eJlJiiJ1u uldl11rn nuJ~V\1, 2551 : 22) n~1111 m10'Jn1~1luum1m1 ' .

0'J rhv-1 \91V\ 1u 6 ff!'JJ .J1JiJ1'liJJJf~l1 :JJV\ m !'J EJ ~1J" ~ !'Jl 66~ ~ EJJ l i1 h11 ~W\91V\ :JJ1 u iiJ ~J 1\91 ~JJ u 9J Cj 'U 'lJ 'lJ

1. A113JViaJ1 ~'liBJnnM-:::: n1";iW\J

U'V'I6rl1 rn 'W'Ylr::lJ (2548 : 22 eJ1Jii>"~1u ~11~u U1u\9l:JJ, 2553 : 22) ' '

l\9ll i~l1:JJV\:JJ1 !'J1JuJm10'J11 m10'>"~ V\:JJ1!'Jtl.J ~l1:JJR1:JJ11n 1um1'il~UU1:::t~uh~l1:JJV\~n 'il1n ~JrlYf>"Jl~ u ~1Jnn~uJ .J1J 6UUn1;:;ulum1Yi"l1u'11uu "'V'I11:::un t1uu~ u>'~l i1 hR11:::~hrl'ru

'U v

30

'V'I1~ld"J"rl frUEJ (2550: 39) lCJ!lfKfll1:JJ'lUJll1"llEJ.J'Yl~nM~n11'1·l:r;h m1Vf.J VI:JJll1n.J'Ylm~~m1fu 11-:J~nEJu<11-w rf~.J~lj ~11 ll~~rrfuj;nj rffu~11<1lu.J1h~m~

'U 'U 'U

iEJ:JJ~ri1<1lfu 1CJJl1 1im1:JJfl~ml~~flll:JJf<11Tunl~1 ll~~l '111 h 1 u~.J~rr5u'V'ICJJ 'U cu 'U cu "U

9ll n flll :JJVI :JJlll"ll EJ.J'Yl~n ~~m 1Vf .J ~1111~-h'Yln M~nT:JVf .J VI :JJl un.J 9

m1:JJ~1m1n1 um1'11uhwn;u ~lfl~ru"ll EJ.J ~.Jri1<1l~tm1u1<11YJ.J mh.Jnn<11EJ.J ~1m1m'l11 h 1u~.J v 'U

2. nTHHJunm:t~n11W\J

'YlnM~nlJ"Vf.JlUU~UvlU~~lrl'ru1umJ"l1uuf CJ!~.JtfumJ""V~CJ!fl11l1uu ~ v 'U

nl1fl'EJU Ufl l1l1U"V~~ EJ.J 1<1lfu fll-:Jfln r.Ju 'Yln~~nl1Vf.J EJ rh.J9l1.J'1f.J

~fllll !,!,(;1-Jlwn (2548: 132- 135) 1~n~1ln.J11hJBu~1umjffeJu

'Yl~fl ~~fll1Vf.J llll fl'9Jn11:JJ .yj-;;) ::;tb llJ ~fl11Vf.J 1fKl n CJ1 'Yl~fl ~~ll~~1~'JJ EJ :JJ ~ fld"1J rll UCJ11.Jrl1J ~ 'U 'U

~ El.Jfllj"'J~ ~m.f U rfVf.J ~ El.J iJflll dJf'YfuvlU ll iJm1.J U~~flll :JJ fllCJ!'V\l.J ~l.JVI U l El uri El'Ull~l~.J "U 'U cL9 "U 'U

mrrf!EJU L01"1J~CJ!Tl9Jfljj:JJi.J~EJL'iJtt 'U'U

1. n"Vn-:JJ":JJriEJumJ"~e:mVf.J

1.1 lCJ11t.J:JJeJ11nJ"ru~1i'iJJ"~nuumJ"f!EJu l'riu"lJEJ.J"V1.J UCJ!J"rh 9

1.2 'Yl1J'Yllum1:JJfl~:JJrilMt.JliEJ.Jnmb~~unl-:Jrn1mJ 'U

1.3 l~UEJ fl'V'I'YlL VI ~~lM r.ni EJ.Jnul~eJ.J~9l~~EJ u 1CJJ t.J1 iEJ11mcl 9 1h~nEJ1Jl vi EJ1 ~lnCJ!m1:JJl'l111"V

2. Tl"VflJ"j:JJJ"~VIll.J~EJU

lU'Ufll1Yr.J1~:JJ1n~~CJJ EJt.h11Kum1uud1t.Ju:JJ1n 'VI1eJ~1u 9

ieJmlmviEJCJJEJurhm:JJ"Vlnnl-:JYf.J l'V'I11~um~uu9l~L1J~uh1u~.J5u "l fll-:J1in"Vm1:JJ l'liu

flljl ,gfl j'iJ 111 'V'/ CJ!l :JJ'JJ El fill :JJ ri fl J rr ~El u ehu fll1l1 [J.J ~h iu lll'V'I hw 1 i'VI :JJ 1m ~"ll rh n 1J fllj 'U 'U 'U

l~EJm'iJn1'V'11 ~m.Jnuf11u11m t..1 m1~ EJl~:JJn1 'V'I11K~:JJuJ"ruCJ11:JJl~eJ.J~101VJ'.J n11ll~CJ!.Jrhm.J 'U 'U

111~n EJU n"Vfl11:JJ'Yi1<11Vf.J ll~~Ell-;;J t. ~:JJn"V n11:JJriib 111 ~fl11'V'ICJ!ll~~l oil uu 'U 'U

3. Tl"ilflJ"J':JJ'V\Sl .... .JflljVf.J

3. 1 1 ~ u m 1 u u <ll eJ u f1 1 n1 :JJ eJ 1 "il9l ~ t. 1l u rh i u ") VI 1 EJ t.t. u u i1

3.2 t,t,~<l].J1J'Yl1J1'Yl(;1:JJ:JJ~ 9

31

3.3 L 11 r.JU<iil:IJ~lu EJn Tlj) u 1 ~un L"'tJuv\1 L uun11n~ULEJ~ Tlj) r1 LLU.J

um1t.JUblJUTl~dJ ~l6UUnl1ellUl~eJ\IrlU6eJ.J/ <i.Jrlltll:IJ/ <iie:J1J/ Lfl!'.JUL~e:J\1/ ml9li.181Jb6Tll"lJ~l!'J '

1.h~nEJU~ltJ 3 affu<iie:JU(j) .... .Jd

1. "lJo'::'Ulle:JUVf\1

fl11 n11:1Jri eJUnTJv:f \1 ihh~ lt.J"ll"t!<jj e:J'rf.Jf11ff freJULLfl~um1uu ~l~ fuf!J"~ ~e:Ju ~~ ~~

Tl9JTl d"'l:IJ ri eJ U Vf ~ rll1 vl fld"~ ~e:J U L~ U 1~ L:lJUflll :IJfL~ :IJ"lJ eJ \1 U n 61 !'J U6~ !'Jl rl1J 6 ~ eJ \1 f'19J~ 1 v\VJ" \1 ~~ ~

11 m-f.J1h~ L:lJUflll :~Jfm.Jnl '!11 ueJ Tl"ill ntfurJ'.J ~l:IJl1n 1 ~ flll:IJf nil 'VI ~.J r19ll d:Ju~ eJ flll:IJ ~ ~ ~

L'Jll h 1 um1Vf~ LLriun L1t.Ju ~l'VIfuun L1uu fl:u n11:1Jri eJUm1Vf.Jj:i9JmJ.JV\m u L vi eJTl1~~uml:IJ ' ' ' ~u 19J ~fl~flll dJ Ju 19JLL~~'Yll1 v\ n11v:f~"lJ e:J\IU n t1t.JU~l uoffu rl'ilnJ1Wi El'UTll1Vf~ ~l :1Jl1b1 LLU\1

mmd:lu 3 n~:JJ fle:J mwn1umh~'V'n1 'Yl1J'YllUflll:IJfL~:JJL~t.llrl1JL~eJ\1~9J~vr~ LLfl~1~Lij]lL~eJ~ ' ~

1.1 mwn1t.J:JJ~l~Y--Jrl l~LLri ~eJ'UfllflV'lrl66fl~~lU lu~;ijl6UU 1 UTll1Vf.J

9Jij]1.h::~.Jff"l1 e:J~ m1~e:Jm1wYJ1 un1 1Vf~ d hn 'ri~ mm1 1 ~irn b 1 uu r1 EJ~;ijlf1lr1'V<Jrf LL~ ~ EJ~m1 1 v\ ' um1t.JUffllldJ~:IJl m vleJVf~l~L'lh 19J

~

1.2 'Yl1J'Yll'Ufllld..JfL~dJ6~t.J'JTliJL~El\1~9J~VJ~ ff~EJU~l:IJl1b19l~<ilrl9JTl1"d:IJ L'liU ~ ~

nl"JW(j)fl m ~8~11lV11m V\'~lnl"drn~1~ ") f'1 r:.llUd..Jl L ~ElbUUTll"d'YllJ'Yll'Uflll:IJfL~ :IJ 'U 9 9 cu

1.3 1vlum1tJu'Yllt.Jll6 de:J~lrlum1t.Ju'll~1~vr~6~t.Jln1m~h n9Jn"d"d:IJ~ilj) 1 U"lJo'::U d 9J~ 6 ~ iJ ElUrl1J 1 mfu 'YllJ'Yll Ufll1 :JJf fl EJ1 ~lll 661J1J'Yl<ii ~e:J1J iu ")

2. "lJo'::U "d~VI':h.JVf\1 ~

Tl'ilTl"d"J:IJJ~V\ll~ n11v:f ~ L u ufl:u n"J"J:IJ~un L 1rm rll"d~VIll.JVf.J ~1 ElrlU f1r10'.J9l1J

1 'Unl"Jiij]fl9J Tl11dJ1~VIll.JVf.J

2.1 m11vi~L1r.ruv:r~ 3 L~t.Jl L~t.llLL1nVf~LvlEJ1v\um1umJfu~lnu~lLUt.J.J ~

LLfl::ml:IJ L 1l"lJ eJ~ ~V<Jij) m"JVf.Jfl.f.J Yi freJ~ LUUTlT':JVf.JL ~ EJ~l"dl u fl::L5 !'Jij) L ~:IJ'li'u m1Vf~fl.f.J~ ~l:IJ ~ ~

fiTnflum1Vf~ L vlEJ1~irm1m-~,<ii1l:u~>h <11 EJu

2.2 nliEJflll dJ Yiu m 1uu Vf.J Lumr eJ fill :IJ t.Jll fll1LLU.J EJ EJ m u U<ii eJuiu "l Ufl::ml'il ~EllJflllm '1!1 hflfl~offu<ii uu

2.3 U1J1J~nVI .... <i!Yi1 v\rh fll"diJ.JlULfltJU 1 ~UEJ t.J~~ij] 2.4 1 v\um1uu w-~~1mhuf1lrJl:JJriEJum1Vf~ '

2.5 1vlr-.J~uEJunfl~lJ'Yl""uf1

32

3. "lJ~UVHl~-.lW-.1

fhJnd'JJJ~~-.lnT':lW-JiJ 2 uuu ;)El fi~m"JJJfi6~r.nnmJi)n1t.Jl~tl1J~Utl-.l~El iuw:nJJ~W-J u~:::m1"hrrn:::i~m~rn~'Yll-J1ll~l~u·nnD 1 uim111JJ ~l~fufhm"J"JJJ6~ t.Jlnu

11 i]n1t.~l~ uu ~u u-J ~ ui um1JJfiW-.1 J u Ell1:J 1l::: 1 vrum~t.Ju 'Yh ~-J flllJJf ~ Elmhrn m ~ t.Jlnu 'U

6 ~EJ-J~l~W-J u ~~-J 1J'Yl1Jl'Yl ~JJJJ ~ 6 tl u~u 1 U~1um11 6fl 11:::1-f ~n 'efrn:::m-JJll ~l fl 1r:J ~EJ u 'U'U EJT~l"'il::: 1i'Yl1 66Uutln~~~b~ WJTlmhf1v·rnri1~0"-1 6 iu 'Chrhmu~-Jlh::: hm d:Ju~u

"'ill n"'J'\~ EJUn1"J~e:J u 'Yl~n 'er:::n11W-.1~n ~11 JJlil-J <1lu ~1111~11 offu~ e:J U"'J EJ-J '

~fl-JflllJJJJ,;uh o71-J1l:::'Yll1imJ"W-J"lJe:J-1um1r:mJlt.Joffu .ffuri 2 "'J~U"J:::~'il-JW-J 11-Jil-J6nmih

nl1W-Juuuflill "J 6~EJ1l~uhmlJJ~lfl~qJ ~&:l~-J"'il1mfu1J::: 1~0"-J6~e:J~l"Jlt.J~:::65l.l~ 66~:::"'J~u~ 3

off'uvt~-JW-J 6UU"'J~U~ e:JU fi1 vrum~t.JU~ eJUfllbll JJ6b1J1Jfu "] 6~ t.!'"JrllJ 6~El-.l~l~W-.l 6i:Ju~u 3. n11"th:::tih~>n n -a:;:nTn~l\1

~D~11 5n~~un~ (2540 : 212- 213) l~6~umm:::1rrmJ"'Yl~~uu'Yln'ef::: ' ' m1W-.1 1~mh6mnm"J'Yl~~EJ1JEJEJmi:Ju 2 "ll"u~~a

1. Tll':l'Yl~~e:J1Jnl"JW-Jrim11l1-J (Pure Listening Tests) 6UU'Yl~~tl1JTll1 W.JL~t.J-.1 LL~:::nl"J-;JlLmm~t.J-J'lJEJ-Jf'ilri1<11Du 6"riu

1.1 nl"J'Ylrn ~EllJTll"J'<ihLmm~t.J-J 1~ tJ 1 irh Yi t.JU Lfft.J.J'Yl~-Jri L tluf11L6~::: 'U

1.2 n11r1 ~ ~e:J1Jm"J-;J1Lmmfft.J-J 1~ lll~~flllJJ~lm"Jn 1 un11W-.1 6~t.J.J

L U'uvtun hf'llL6~::: 1 uu1dml b 'liu 0">1 f11 bb~l1 'IKL~EJm"' t.Jl-Jffri e:J um~t.J-J~unri ~~ 0"-Jlh:::Tt.~fl '

2. n11YJ~~El1JWJlJJb•lhhhmd"W-.l (Listening Comprehension Test)

6i:Jum1YJ~ ~EllJflll JJ 6 i111l1 u6~EJ-JriVf.J 6 'liu Vf.J b~t.J.JU~l ~ uu f11 m JJvt1mnn 6iU66~~-Jrli'IYJl.J ~-J1uu~mri~lJJiufll1JJ~1mhi-Jri1~~u 6iu

2.1 w-Jiufl'JldJJ-.l'V\JJ~ 1 fl.f-.1 1l1Jbb~l1~W-Ju"J:::1t.JflriEilufl.f-.lb~t.ll bb~1liun b~t.Juu EJ n11 nn~1EJ~~

'U

' ' ~1L~Eln um1l.JU6~ ElnfllrnEJuflnn~ tl>'lrl~~ 'U '

2.3 W-JllElfl'JlJJ66~'J~e:Ju~1mm~ mnuiEJm1mfu "]

~.4 YT-JimJm~t.Jlnm~EJ.J~l-J "J 6-rlu unmm1EJ1nl1'!66~ln"Je:Jn 'U ' 'U

llE!JJ[lvt1El'Ylllfl~tl,J~ JJl tJ ~\)1 'J.t~ld"l-.1 'U

33

"lJ~'U~ emnT':ll~ u~~1b~ dju~ ~ 'Yln M~nTJ"Vf.J~n~ll JJl'lll\l ~u 1.1'1tl11?111 q

m11~~ 66~ ~tl1~ 6:iJu 'Yln '[o}~m1Vf\l fl'1JJ11tn~~ L~'V\ ~1 rJlTI ~\l~l66'Un 11?ld:lu 2 lln Mrn~i.Jtt ~ EJ

nld'Yl~ fl'EJ1Jn11YJ\l~L6 rl"il1\l6Lfl~n11'Yl~ fl'e:J1Jl'l11 JJ6'1Jl h 1 'Un11Vf\l ~\l1 'Un11l'U...,rJI'rf.Jtt ~l"il~t.J'o\l~ '\J

1 imJ"tl1~L:iJu~~r1nM~m1Vf\IL<11 rJn11'Yl<111.1'EJUflllJJ 6 i1 h 1 'UL~EJ\l~Vf\1 6d mXn 61rJu Vf.J'lfmr""JlJJ

~l\1 ~ 66fll fl'1JJ11bl~ EJU~hrnm~ mnu'JJ Elfll111ttu "J l~ mh\lflni?lEJ\l '\J ..,

4.3.2 'Ylfi'lf~fi1''i'Y'l~ <u

.._ 1. ~11:JJVi3J1 1:.1'2.1 flJ'Yl n 1t:::: nT1'Y'l~

<u

1.1':iJ~J"l eJ\ll<mun~ (2540: 167) n~lllln11'VHHUU1tl66UU 'l q 9.1 <u

'VHl ~ n 1111 yj L ~ rJ l'lf El\l rl1J Ufl fl ~ <t\l LL~ 2 fiUoJlU ttl ~ \111116 U'Utf'l·"l ~ 66~ ~ ~Yf \l L6fldltJ nfl1r.n q cu 'lJ q_r ~

11?1~ EJun u ~.Jrlt~fiu tfi111 1.1''U 'Yl'U16L~ ~~flu~ eJ\l ~1JJ11bl ~flllJJ 1 u~\l~t~YJ\ll~ i.J,X um1V1~~\l '\J '\J

dhnTHh rJ'Yl El<1lflllJJ~~ mlJJ L il h 66~~fi11JJf~n 1 ~~YJ\lt~fuf 66fl~L'lfl h<u<11:IJ\l'Vllllt.J"lJEJ\ltf 'U 9.J 'U q q 'U

'VI~ 'YlnM~n11'V'1<11~\lLU'U'Yl~n'[o}~~ ~lfl .... ru1 um1~EJ~11 1 ui1<1ltl1~~T)u '\J '\J v

'V111.1'l 11ff ~tr EJ (2550 : 40) t~1 i wn 11 'Vl JJ 1 rJ ll n l1'V1 ~ ~ EJ '\J

m1t15 ill 'V'I .... 'UJJJ~'Vlll\l1_Jfl fl 1:11 ui.J fl 11 d:lun11~EJ rr1 1'Yll\lll9ll"lJ EJ\lfi'U<t\l LL ~ 2 fluoffu ttl ~l\1 ~l t.J~l\l ih <11 tl1~ fl'.Jff~"il~~EJ ml JJ'Vl m rJ'll EJ\1 ~ u~ EJ\l LL~~~l\l ~lrnil?l EJ\l~flll JJ ~\lyj <11 'ULEJ.JLi?lVf.J q

~~\ltfwu<11U1~rr.Jff"lJEJ\l'Yl ... n'[o}~m1'V'1<11 fi El fl'1111J"bl ~Elfl'11l~mh.Jiitl1~~'YlTilll'V'I ~ El\lfl'l11l1fi'V1~ q '\J '\J

1 itf~Ul '1J1 h ll~~~El\l'Vl~ 1 iL Vl111~fl'11rl1J i.Jfl :JJ6l~~l<m'U1:l1111i?l·-,HJ '\J '\J

"illnflllJJ'VlJJl!'J"lJeJ\l'Yl .... nM~nl1'V'1<11 intlt~llrlnM~nl1'V1~ ~EJ '\J q '\J

nl1LL~n Ltl~ !'JWihifl'l1~l\l ~ ~.J1 'Un11LL~nL'IJ~ LJ'ULL~~~flf.J9l~~EJ\ltl1~n EJULU~l t.JUflfi~J\lLL~ q

2 fluoffu 1tJ n11'V'1<1l"il~iitl1~~'Yl TI1ll'V'I'Vl1utl1::::1.1'u fill 11 ~l L 19lt~tf u tf'V1<11<u~~ EJ\l rr1m1tm~ 1 'lK 'lJ 'U 'U 'U

5 n ~l u vrd.JL i1 hn.J9l~tl1~fl'\l fl1 un11'V'I <11 LL ~~ 1 i~>h 'Vi <11 rl L 'Vl m::1.1'11nu LVI <11 n11rn Vl1EJu flfl 1:1rl q 'U 'U q 'l

L~rn'lfu.J1 urrmum1rntfu ~

2. n116<iflur'lm3-::::n1"l~~ <u

t1 n 'to}~ n 1 1'V'I <116 u u 'Yl n ~~ rl ~l f1 ru Llf!::,)l LU 'UJJ 1 n 1 u nlJ"~EJ fl'l11 u '\J v

1.1':D~11 eJ\ll<m'Unf! (2540 : 167- 168) 1~LrruEJoff~-t<11EJ'ULL~~Lmlm\l q q

1 um1L~ EJn 1 in9lm111hm11.1'EJu r1nM~n11l"l<11 "l1<i.Jd 'U

1. offuu eJ ni<11n tl1~ ~\l~flj~ rrEJUfll19l::uEJm!m 1!'Ju fri.J ~\l~"il~L1uu 9 . 'U 'U 'U

2. "lJ~ULrrum ii'u'Vll ~1~fl'EJU<u~~EJ.J1i'!Xm1!'Ju~ u\l i.JLn<111ln'[o}rn~"lJEJ\l '\J'IJ

Ill 'to} l ll ~ ~ fill JJ Vl JJ l !'J "lJ El \1 i El fill JJ yj 9) ::::'VI <11 ~ ..J "iJ ~ ~ El \l off 'U El r_j n 1J 1J 1u 'Yl b 'li 'U tf 'Vi <11 b u 'U 1m ii '\J '\J '\J '\J

ml11iJJvrulfnm'ifl'u'YlmEJcil.Jlj tffl'u'Ylmv-nn!'JlJJ"il::uEJnEJ:::h ~\l~"il~l"l<11 mnu~'Vl~ LLfl~ '\J '\J '\J '\J

6 ii'EJmrl l"l <11 il e:J~ l:nJl\l '\J

34

3. "lJ~'Ufll1~nb6~~flT1rhLJ lel'Un11~ n 9l~fl1:::YlltlUYh·'l ~.J9llflll:l''Utl b dmn tll9J 9)~ ~ n '\1"-J (§1 vrfm..J ~rl'U V'l1tJ9J~U fi rr fl'E) UV'il1 1 i rYVT.J l~U'Ub6f1~ 1<?1Vf.J ~l'U l'Ulll'l.":flV'\ f1l LJ b)

'1..) 'U 'U 'U )

66UU 66f1::: d:J 'U ~l'U l 'U1ll'[o}l~6~l"lJ tl.Jlll 1ofl tt U 1 i9J1.J 66f1~fll1ff.J 6N1JJ 1 'vfun t1 r.m lr§ll i1l1 '[o}1

1Jth.J5N1::: 1n~l\~ LJ.JrlUfl'bll'Ufll1ru9J1.J

'Y'l1Nl11fi' fruu (2550: 168-172) 66U.Jn11'ilr§ln9Jn11J..Jn11t1£Jw1 'U

" 1. 'llurie:JU'\1-JCJ!

'U

n9Jn 11JJ 1 uoffu d d:J um1Nf1.J fll1JJ N'U h 1 iuriun t1£Ju m1'V'l ~ ~he:J rh.JihnJ"J"JJ 1 'U'lJ,o;U diii.Jd

'U

1.1 11XwnJ..Jff1r frvn16tf1::: 1flJ".J Nf1.J1 mJ~<?fe:J.Jtb m 1 "ll'L 'Ufl11'V'lr§l 'U 'U

1 'UU11J'Yl~m1f t.JTlUU'Yll:l''U'Yl'Ul~9J:::<?fe:J.J'Y'JCJ! 'U

1.2 1 '1-f WJ1 JJ[ilr U~.JfiJJl~ 'UTIJ"d"JJ~U11fli] 1u U 'Yl N'U 'Yl 'U1 6 "Jiu 1:::ium1JJ d:Ju 'Yl1-J fll1"1J EJ.JU'YlNu 'Yl'U 1

1.3 ~fl88fllfrth'l~1 1:::iU6frt.l.JN.J~1 USI:::n116~EJJJ6frLJ.J 'U

1.4 1 iVf-JU'Yl NU 'Y1 'Ul~blJ'Uil mh-J

2. "lJ~Ufl11'\I-Jr§l1CJ!mhvru,r§11m.JNf1-J 'U

Tl9lll11JJfll1'Y'l<JlflfhV'IUr§l1fld"-JNf1.J ~e:J Tl9lll11J..Jb~JJ"JJEJJJSI~ 'U 'U

V'\1 Ll hJ (Information Gap) 1~ LJ um1 LJ u 9) ~ 'V'l CJ!L <1l (§1 El1J b ~ EJ'I.·'\1"11 El ;J.J ~ ~ ~ 'UI,e:J.J 1JJ lJ ~n 'jjffi~"lJ El.J 'U 'U

n9lm1JJ9J~6 VI J1 EJ 'Ull11~e:J N119J1-Jt6illmrt b1EJ'U9J~rl1V'IU~1l11ofl ~'iJ::: ~n11url'l 'U'U

3. Jum1'\I-Jr§"ILCJ!mb1~ 'U

"lJ~u 1111'\1-J CJJ1r§l u 1. ~~ttlun11~ n 66 u u ~EJ N11 1~ LJ 66 'Y19l1.J 1~ LJ1 i 'U

Ull61LJ'U~fl 1 an rn '[o}1~ t1LJ'U 1 'Ul:l'bll'Ullld"rn ~I, VI iJ eJU9J1.J 1 'Uflld"Yl1Tl9Jfld1JJU1l61LJ 'U~ El-JYl1.J1'U

11 JJnut ~ EJl1-J tt~m~.r1trqJm V'l1u'Ylln9JnJ"J":JJ 1 ~ ~16 19J

9J1nJur§l EJ u flld"&<r em Y1n 'jj~flld"'\1-J CJ1 ~ mh1 JJ1'Jh-J~u b11tl1<?111 'U 9

'lJ~'Ur§le:JU'lJEJ-JnlJ"NEJ'Utlll1of~n11'V'l~ 66U-JL~d:Ju 3 Ju~e:Ju fiEJ offu~ 1 Jurie:JU'\1-JCJ! d:lum11JEJ1l 'U 'U

9lr§"IU1:::b1-Jfl'lJ El-Jfll161LJu1 uuillS~:::fliJ 66~~Nfl-JV'i'l1JJ~m 19J 1 i nuum1rm Ju~ 2 'lJ,o;'Ufl11'V'l~ hw 9 'U

rhV'Iur§l1f11-J&<rfl-J6tlEJV11lr§lrium1LJu'iJ~'V'l<nL<1l'r§lu1J6~ElVIl'llEJJJ~~~utEJ.JLJJii ~n1ofrn:::'lJEJ.J 'U 'U

n9lm1JJ9J~6 VI J1 EJUfl11~m~119J1-J6tillfl1rT b1EJWu~rl1V'IU~1l11."fl~9J~~n 'H Ju~ 3 'lJ\mJ"'V'l~ 1~ LJ 'U 'U . 'U

6N16UUfl11~flb6UU ~Elfl'11 l~LJ66rl9J1-J 1 '\Xum ~t.J'!.-b l~lill11."!1 El rh-JEJN1::: 1nrl't~LJ-Jfl~Ub16l1Ufll1ru

D9l<t111 l.Jf11NTI1 (2544: 82) l~l:l'1U1U66UUfl11l~USI:::U1~dJu~~'Yfll1of::: 9 'U

m1'V'l~113 1h~tn'YJ i-Jd 'U

35

6~l6~Eh'! m11'1-fl'll6m~tb

2. Tll1~:JJJll'jjrn66~~Tll1fl"'U'Yl'Ul ~-J:JJ"""'mth1,Tll1'V1<111~VIll-J1Jf)f)f1 2 rm 'U 9

1 <11 u r:1 l u VI it -J 6 11 u f) 1 VI 1 El rr ~ ~ l 6 u u nl 1 1,1 El u 6 n u rr tr El u cill n 1 ~ rJJ u 1 i rr 6 'lll 1,1 El u 1 rJJ 66 1,1 <11 -J <u 'U 9J CJ 'U

flll :JJ l,i"l :JJl1rl 'Yll-J Tll 11Al <1l"lJ El\l <11 u 'U

3. 'V1<116tlun~:JJ 6"1i"u nl1EJill.JJ"lt..J m1lilllrl ~-JiiEJ-Jilm16~1t.J:JJcillm 'U 9

~l\lVIUl 6 ~ El 661,1~-J flll :JJf fnl:JJ~~ 6 ~ WlJ El-J ~'U 'Vl1EJ6UUnl1 l'lJL 'V\l'V11u1 Unl1 1il ~ EJUU1~L~U 'U

A-JLLrh EJl1fnM' (2546 : 84) 1i1(,1J"l.J1ifnl1lrj166~~u1~6iJu~flr1n'jj~m11Al<11 ' 'U lr 2 u1~6Il'Yl cil-Jd'

1. Tll1'V1<1l~ilm1f1lUf1:JJ fl"lJ.Jl1rl'Yl<111,1EJUl(j]L<1Jt..J 'U 9

1.1 Tll11'1-fcill6LU~~J.Je:J-J6~UliJ"J1~L91U 6"1iU um::ft..JUIAl(j"lUJ"dt..JfliJ 'U

1.3 nl11,1EJ u ')AJ (jl1.h m 1hhill t..ilTITll1'Yl (jl 1,1EJ1J 6L1JU 1f1 fl"'l 6LU u 'YJ(jl i,i"EJU 'U

"llU<11d um1t.Ju91~lilYf-JiEJml:JJ 2 flf-J 1~ t..Jf1~ mnYJ'-JiEJf1llJ.J'Yl~-JVI:JJ<11 VI~-J'illmfu 1 vfum1uu

Yf-J'JJ EJ fill :JJ ~ :iJ Ul-J ~ EJUL fu ll\l B1 'IKL ~ J.J 'It n 6 ~ uu 'i!~il EJ-J ')1\J (jl LLrl'l L ~ :J..JiEJ-Jll-Jill r..~i EJ flll :JJ ~ 'U

L VIi! ElUfllJ~liluum 1 U1El1JbL1n

1.4 11-f'!Al<1J(jllJ.J l,i"fllUTlT'J"rni,1:JJ:JJ~1(jl r.J 1 iJll'jjl~LVI:JJl~i,i":JJ 'U 9

2. nl1'1Al<111<1lu ~~n~ 1 urn:nunl1rnm1~EJ l,1l1m.h-Ju'l'l911-J il1if'Yl~i,1EJUcil-Jd 'U

2.1 1vfum1r.JUU11t..l1 m Vl~nl1llil UJ1l'V1"1l<11 nlLUUJ~rlJUL~J.J61t..JUEll91 9 9

2.2 1imlJ.J~(jl6~m~u1n1Jb~EJ\l~~lr.J "l

2.3 11-fum1r..~u ')AJ(jl~l:!JL ~El\l~rllVIU(jl1 '1-f mr.'Ji,1EJUfll1 1vfl,1rl1UTll1rn 'U 'U'U

'Vl fll tJ "l L~EJ-J 6 ')AJ1l~um1uuEJTil'il~f1 &i e:J-J 1 UL ~e:J-JV\ ii-Jmnn11 8n 6~EJ-JV1ii-Jil1il 2.4 Tll11,1U 'Yl u 1 66 f1::: « :IJ ill 'jjcl 611 u 1 ifnl1'Yl <11 (,1EJ1J r1 n 'jj::;nl 11Al <11 ~

'U

LVI :JJl~ i,i":JJ u ~::: u r..~ J.J 1 i l'V11l~ L iJ u 1tl L6 u u nlJ"-1 ~fill :JJ 1,11 J.Jl 1r11 u m1 1 inl 'jjl m J.J 'V\ u l ~'Vl 1EJ 'U

fnl :JJ l,i"l:JJl1rl1 U Tll1~El l,i"lJ" 1<11 1JbU(jl1 El Tll 1,11 vf ~t, ili,1EJ1J lii6Li,1(jl-J flll :JJ 1,1l:JJl1rl1 UT11161r.Ju L 1t..J-J 'IJ

rhuu1:::n EJu fii1-:1 "J"ll Eh'!fll'V1<111 i i,i"EJ(jl f1 rl' EJ-J nue:J t.h-Jm m~ i,i"J.J LLf1::: L dv'Vll1 um1~Wll 'jjclnm1 'U

L~ vn 1 iL Vlm:::nuJ":::~"""'uml:JJ1,1l:JJl1n LLf1:::f11l :~J ffU h"lJEJ-Jun 6 1r..~u

2.5 1i'!Al<1l'l.b~i,1Ue:JiEJ:~J~'illn~EJ~l-J "l L"li"u U'Ylml:JJ mlAl 1~r1rn! 'U 'IJ

36

"lJ~UVl e:JUTll1l~VIl6fl:::t/1::: 6iJ'i-H-Jfl'Yl~n~:::nT~i'V'iVl~ n ~llm'Jll,J~U fl'1Ul<7lll TllJ'JilH6fl::: 'U '

lh:::LiJur1n~:::Tll1'V1VIfl'l:IJl1bll'11lVILU'l-·Hn1J ") 11J661J1J l'liU Tll1VJVl~iJnl1flllJf1:1Jfl'l:IJl1bl 'U 'U 9J q

'Yl VI fl' e:J 'IJ 1 '11l Vlll n l J 'V1 VI Ul n 6 u fil VJ Vl Vll :IJ fl' bll u n 1 J rn fl' :IJ :IJ ~ lllllJ 1 i lll ~1 ~ 6 V\ :IJ 1:; fl' :IJ n l J 'U 'U '

i:JJ!ll~rn66fl:::m1fl'U 'YlU 1 66fl::: 5 TlliTV\ ~,1~ e:lfl11'V1 '7H tJun ~ :IJ ~,1 1 U,:ilU l'il~llflf,Jd rf1'iJt.riJ:; 1 '1) 'U ' 'U

liTTllT.l.__'71f1ll:IJfl'l:IJ11f11 W7llU rlfl~:::Tll1'V1111l'71l1Tll1 1JXun 61lJU~U'YlU1l~ '71 e:JUnm) ~U 'YlUl'JH:J,J 'U 'U

4. 6niWrlfll')U')~taJUrln'l:f:::n1')'Vl~ qJ

n 11 tl n dj u 'Yl~ n ~::: n1 1 VJ WlJ e:J ,J n1 11 ~ u 1 u f1 f,J d ~1 'iJ~ u 'iJ::: 'r11 n1 11111 'U 'U

ml:JJfl'lm1n1u~lUm1VJ'71"lJEh!um1uu hw6LU,JLUU 2 1Ul61JU ~e:J 11Xirm1uufl'u'Ylml~<ne:Ju 'U 'U

nm) ~'U 'Yl U l"lJ e:J,J Vll-tl e:J,JVll:IJ~l'Jl EJ'Yl f11rllV\U'71 !.6fl:::Tl11fll :IJ-<11 e:JlJJ:::V\'Jl,J fl 1rf fl'e:J UrllJUTl L1l1U 'U 'U 'U'U

~,J6nrn"Ylrn1u1:::LDuillll,J~ u1ud

R,'!66rh e:J11fmJ (2546 : 11 O) 1~6fl'ummu,ovfm1'Yllllfl'u'IJ~lum1VJI1l~u'Ylm 'U <nl:JJ~liu~rllV\Uill ~,J6nrn•vfrn~-11Xf1:::66UU i1'71~-Jd

5 f1:::Lm u Vi '71 ~u fl'11l~ <n 1-J u 1::: 6r;] u 6 tl u ~ 6 '111hi111 t. 'iJ u t. d uV\lnn ~ e:J,J <nl :JJ 'U 'U

'1-fl'JJ El ~ rll V\ U'711 ~ iJml:IJ ~ '7116 ~:IJ ~f1,1 fl'111'f ~Ill!. tJ U 1l11:1J"ln ~ f1 ~ e:J,J 66 fl fil 111J~U 1 irJ'V'J tl 'IJ

~lUlU 1f11-J~fl,JU1:::ltmnm1u-J 'U

4 f1:::66U'U 'V'i'71~ufl'11l~Vl1-JU1:::t.r;]udJU~6'JJlliJ'J5!1l6'iJ'U dtuV\lf!Tl~e:J,:iVll:IJ 'U 'U

'1-f1'JJ u~ rllV\ Ul111 ~ 'V'Jill !.UUil11:1J"'l1 ~ f1 ~ u,J!.!.f1 fil 1 if1'1Altf ~lUlU lf1J,Jfl'f1-JU1::: 1uf1nn~ u-J 'U 'U

3 f1:::t.m u Vi '71 ~u ~11l~t.tlu ~ t. '111 h 6 duV\lf!Tl~e:J,JVll:IJV\~li u~rllV\UI111vi1'1l 'IJ 'U

rlVJtl~l'UlU 1m,jfl'fl-Jtl1::: 1uf1~1l1 ~

2 f1:::6m u 'Vi'71 ~u ~11l~'V1mtlu ~1.'111 h dte:JV\lt.fiuliu-JnU~lim~e:J-J 1ii'V1tf 'U

~lUlU 1f11,J~fl,Jfln !.!.~~n~rn:::m1VJill!.UUTll1rle:J-J~h 'U 'U

r1:::t.m u Vi mm:IJVJill t.Luu'Yl e:1,1~1 <11:::nn <n:::nn ~e:J~11L~ituu mn 'U '

o fl:::t.mu 1:0VJ'7!t.fl1J 'U

~-J!. n lli6JIJL Ufl11'Yl <11 fl'uU~lUTl11'V'illl fl'U 'YlU 1 Vll:IJ'l-fl'JJ e:J~ rllV\ U<71flf,Jd ~l~lll~ 'U 'U

t/1::: 1J n '711 it. n rn..vflll,Jn ~llil-J ~ut. vi u1 ~~l fJ ~ um11J1:::t.Du 1111 mt.u,J t.n rn..vf n11tl1:::d!ut.t.~::: ' " 1:::<;luf1:::t.mu <;l,:iit

1. ~1Uf1l1:1Jfl~EJ,J!.!.fl~l1Un11'V'illl 'U

2 fl:::t.mu 'V'illll~t.tlu1i11:1J"'l1~ f1fiu-Jt.t.f1~l 'U

" 1 f"l:::t.mu 'V'illl~Vl-il'71m-Jf1f,j '71:::nn<n:::nn 'U '

o fl:::t.mu 'V'iVlt.tlmh1:0~m~u-Jt.tluu1:::1ufl 'U

2. ~lUfhfl'V'irl ~lUlU 1m-Jfl'fl,JU1::: lLJfl

37

3. nT:1UlL~um1EJ.J

2 ~:::Lmu UlL~um~EJ.JL<llm.h.Jtb~ulu ilm1:JJ~<Yl1L~:JJ~fl.J~11rl 1 ~:::LLuu U1L~um~EJ.J"Ihmfu<YJEJUU1.J LL<li~1:JJ11rl~<YJ<Yll:JJL~EJ.JL~Ill~EJ<YJ o ~:::Lmu UlL~um~EJ.JL:lJ0imdEJ.J L:lJ"lrluqj<YJ!lll:JJ

4. <11'1unl1EJEJm~t.J.J

2 ~:::6LUU ElEJnb~t.J.JrJn<?le:J.J<Yll:JJVH)nm"lEJElnb~t.J.J 'IJ

1 ~:::Lmu EJEJm~u.Jnn~e:J.Jd:lmn.Jfhu 'lAlm'l11h 'IJ

o ~:::Lmu EJEJm~t.J.JL:lJnnvi'EJ.J rh1ViL:lJLilh 'IJ

6' I g_, QJ QJ .::i 0 (;'

m rn'VlnT'J'Yl<YJ ~EJUm"lm:JJ-Ill EJUJ":::w-n.J~~~H'fEJunuun L 1t.1u m'l?iU<YJLnrn"Y~m"l 'IJ'IJ

1~~::-:LLUU~.Jif (A.JLLrll m1fml 2546 : 111)

2 ~:::LbUU

TI11:JJ"lrl ~mi EJ.J LL~~l

fi:::Lb'UU

0.5 fi:::Lb'UU

0 fi:::Lb'UU

4.3.3

'V'llll~El~11lvl!ll1.J1.h:::6~U flEJU'JJ'l.Jfl~ El.J LL0J1 'lf111Ble:i(j]tJl.J 'IJ

V'l(j] 't~'!Al mtlu ~ L '111 h u<li'V'lllllll:::nn!ll:::nn 'IJ 'IJ '

V'l tnt.ll:JJ'V'lmuu¢h "l LLiJ"iJ::: 1JJ~EJml :JJ 'IJ

t:lJV'l(j] b~ u 'IJ

"-' I

1. ~J1~~~1U~u~nn~~n1Ju1U

~uwrn dubi'!Jer:;Jl'YJU (2540 : 2) lrjJL'Vfflll:JJ~:JJ1~..r;h m1~1uLtlu ' "'

nJ":::UlUm"l~~ehumJ~~ll:JJVi:lJlt.J f11 iruinBrn~Ltlu~leJ'm~11~L"Ihh ull.JLuu 3 1::-:iu 'IJ v

38

~EJ m1-fuf~""'le:lmj1 f11 1h:::Tr.~fi66fl:::ie:Jfill:!J m166Uflfill:!JVtmr.~ f11 U1:::Tr.Jfi66fl:::ie:Jfill:JJ 'lJ

66fl:::nl1tllfill dJ fl'U6fi r.JfllJ'JJ El:!Jfl~L~1 Vt ~ ' '\1

urn.vi~ ~~11T 1';)J'i! (2549 : 2) mhT,h fll1Ell'U ~El n1:::1Jl'UTll166Ufl

fill :JJVt :u1 r1 "lJ EJ-:~ ~nn1n Mrn rn-:~ 111 MlT~ r1 r-h un1:::u 1 u n1 1f1 ~ 1 Lml::;vf ~l dJ fill :u fLL~::; v 'lJ

U1::;i,11J rn 1rnL~ dJ"lJ El-:1 rr ~l'U Lbfl::: &) fill :!J 6 ~ EJ1 ~Li1enml :lJ 6 "lll h fill :IJVt :!Jlll'lJ El-:1 L ~El-:1 ~ eh um:u 'lJ

flll:JJ~ EJ-JTn1"lJ o-:~ trL1r.~u ~i-:~1'<1m1h::: i.'f-Jfill 'lJ '

rn~Rm ~wrrfY'lul'vn""'blJ (2551 : 5) n~ll'h rn1~1u~o n1:::1Jl'Unl1

LLll~ml:JJVt :!Jl r.~Vt1o rn1L i1 hm1 :!JVt :!Jl rm1o ffb!J~nMrn"lJ o-:~ ~l e:lnM1 Ten u ~hun1:::ulurn1f1en 'lJ EJ-Jff:JJEJ-:~ L vi mh 1 ~Lil h u~::;fuf~-:~~ trL 11 r.~ucjl EJ-:~m1rh r.J'Yl EJ~m ~rr ~1u ~-:~rn181wu:::1l1::;ffu

'lJ 'lJ 'lJ'lJ

r-J~~ll 111Vt1o 1~'1fuEJ Url1Jfll1:JJffill :lJ i.'fl dJl1bl LLs:J::;U1::;i,11Jfll1rn"lJ El-:1 rr ~l'ULU'U~l fl ru 'U 'U 'U Q.l

rn1uu flfill :!JVt :!Jl r.J'lJ EJ-:~ ~bl! ~n Mrn 'Yll -:1111 MlVt1EJm16 i1 h fill :!JVt mu'lJ EJ-Jil e:l n MJ" Ten r.~ ~1u m:::murn1f1~ 6 vi EJ'Yll1 ilf1enml:!J Lil h 1 UL~EJ--J~~1u

2. n TH'f ill-1> '¥1 n '13-:i:: n TH.h u

LL'iJ-Jfl (Hank, 1993:103-120 eh-:~n-:~1u fflr.J'VJrn 1-:~l'~u:::ih, ' 2554: 36- 37) 1cji'Li.'f'UEJ'lJ,tuene:JurnJ"1J.__~n1ln11:!Jm1ffe:Ju8lu11~-:l'd

1. of uri O'UEJl'U (Pre-Reading) d:Jmfu~fi1<1llLU'UTll1i.'fu'U hwL~:IJ 'lJ

111nm1u EJ m1 ~ 1h::: ff-:~ff'll EJ-Jm181 m6fl :::¥'1 r11 m:uu1111 L ~EJ :!J T r.~-:~ nu1.JJ"::;ffurn1rn"lJ EJ-:~un L1r.~u ' L ~mf1m1:1J ffu h 1 ium1r.~ue:J mn 81u ~ EJ1llnifmuurnJ"'Yl1J'Ylluf1livrr1LLfl:::11l L6uu1l1::: Tr.~fi

'lJ

~L1uu 111 LL~l ~-:~11:::1l11nlJ 1 ui mn1 :!J ~ 81u Vt1EJi.1EJ'UfllflY'l 'Yl1 Vt ~~un L1r.~u 1JJj'';))""'mL~1l:::fAlu 1 u UYl~l'U

2. iu1:::Wil-J~1u (While-Reading) Luuoffum1rhf!ll:!JLoVl1u

Tm-Jfffl-:1 LLfl;:;L ifufill:JJ hL~El-J~ EJl'U 1 U 1:::r.J;:;LL1n ~mr7ffuUEll1JLL'U:::U1LLfl:::~n h~"'!m1r.JU~1'U '\1'\J

djun ~:!Jfll T~ r.m11~ i.'fl r.~mL1lw1h-:~ 1 6L 'Yl'U ~';))::eJTI.rYi~:::f1l LLfl:::ilmrtffEJ'Ufi EJ r.J'lh m Vt ~ EJ Ten r1 ' '\1'\J

LL1ktf11Luun~ :!J 1 ~ 81u Vt~-J';))lm:fu~-:~ 1 ~um1m.mu-:~n~m1uLo-:~ Ten m~:u111nn ~ :!Jfll~ilfill:JJ ' ' ' r11lLJJm nun LL~l~-J'lJ m r1 1 iL 0:!J :!Jln'1fu

3. offu Vt ~-:~ 81 u (Post-Reading) d:J U"lJ,tu ~1 ium1r.~u rhn11n11:JJLdEJ

Ei1u11u LL~l L vi o ~ 1111 ffe:Jum1 m '111 h 1 urn1Ei1u~-Jiin';))nJ"J":!JVt fll r1 eJ u1-J L iu 1 ~ ~ ouf11 rn:IJ

1 ~L~ e:Jn'JJ u:!Js:J ~ ~lflru'lJ EJ-JU'Yl~lU:!Jl L1r.~-:~ m:!J~1~iJ Luu~u 'lJ v

39

1. "ll.tU riEl U Tl1 1 ~l'U b lJ u Tl1 1Tl 1~ ~UI'll1 ~ ~U h bb~ ~ dJ u Tl11U ~U ' ~

qj1um1 ~-n 1.-u ~u-:rvi9l~~1u 1, 'liu 1 vfl'l1~1'l:::mt,~EJ\l~9l~~1u Vl1u1vfl~lml~vu.n t.J'lJ u\l~hivnf "' ~

3. offu'V\ ~~\lfl11~Tu 9l~U'l:::~\l~'l1 u\lTl11~lu1uoffuii'fh Ylu1 vfil'l1t.~uil ' ~

m1:J.J~1m1f11 un11~Tu n~ll~EJ 1Xm1t.~U~1~l1m ~EJ:JJ b.J l~EJ\l~~lUl"Jhnuwn:JJfuf!:::lllu ~

m'lml9l~u'l.Jf1llm1h h"llu-Jum1t.~u ~-Jn1Jn11~~rh u19lLuum1rhv 1v-J1ur;;i-'Yln~:::5u 6J l'liu ~

'Yl,_.m~:::Tll"J'V'j (f) ll~ :::mw] vur11vi' l "riu 1 vfu~~.J'l.J'Yl'l.Jl'Yl ~:JJ:JJ ~ 1 vfl '11 mu~e.J\l1lll~ (f) u u Vl1u'V'l~ ~ ' ~ ' ' '

66~~\lml~fl(f) 6 ~ud=J r.Jlnw1u-Jfl ehu

'.\JlTl"lJ.tU~ ElUTll1~EJU rlTl ~:::Tl11~1U ~Tl ~ll~lil\l ~U ~1uhJ-;hoffu~ e.JU

' "lleJ\JTll'l~ElU'Yl~Tl~~Tll1~lU mJ.JL~lUU 3 'V.tU(fle.JU ~El "Ifu~ 1 offuriuUTll1~lU luuoffu"llu\l

Tll'lnJ:::~Ufll .. l:JJ ~UhLLfl:::lUUTll16(f)1r.JJJI'lll~'Y'Ifu~1 U6~El.J~9l:::~lU offu~ 2 "Ifu1~Wil.J~lU ' lUU"ll.tu ~1 vfil'l1 t.JUt, i1 h Lm-J~fl-J llfl:::l ii'ul'lll~ 1u6~EJ\l~ ehu llfl:::offu~ 3 "ll.tu V\ ~.Jm1~1u lUU ~

"lJ.tU"lJEl\JTll1~1l9l ~El 'UI'lll~l"Jll h 1 Ul ~El\l~ ~1'1.-b ~\JTl'.\!Tl11:JJ1 Ull~fl:::offu~EJU'.\1~~\lr;;i-.J l~1~1'lll~f ' ~

m1 :1.J l i119l ll~ :::vr'7d.J U 1Tll1"l1 El\JUTll1 t.JU~l t.1Tll1~~n'.\!Tl11:JJ ~V\ ~1 Tl'V\ fllll eJU9l:::r;;i--J r-J fl1 '1KunL1r.Ju

th:::~1Jr-J~ ~ll19l~lUTl11~lU

3. nT·a-l~ttt'i:::l1'1:::tiht,~t'lnm~J·:::nTnh-u

A-JLLrtl ul1fn-J (2546 : 86) 1~~1U1ULL'l.J'UTl11l~llfi~111~L:iJur-.Jf!rln~::: ' ~

1. Tll1~lUEJ El Tlb ~t.l\l Tll1'Yl~ ~El'l.J Tl11~1 UEJ E!Tlb~r.J\l1 Ulll ~1 ~ ~El\l 9l:::'Yh

1vi'ii ~ El b~ mX Tll1t.JU&'fl:JJ11rl'V'l ~Ill ~1~ ~El.J L~bb~l ~\lU Tl l1 rJ u ~ El e.Jnl~ll\lL~~ llfl~ Lil h n\l ~

ml:J.J~EJ(f)f] ~ El\l1~'1Yil.J l,~r.J\lrl1JifqJ~Tl~rn 'il~~l :JJl'lrl ~lU L~lb6J9l~ hhil hl'lll :JJV\ m rJ

2. Tll1~lU'il~'l.J19Jflll~~l~qj l"lfU 1'1K~1U"Jlul'lll:JJ~~~:JJ1'.\JlTl V\U\l~u'V1 m1fll~l'l.J EJTll1Lllm~u\l1ll 1,~ r.Jln~u u~t 1 VJ1u ~lUL ~u.J11ll'lill6J 1 Wil (fi'V\ m r.1

. . Q..; V I I I Q..<o C;i ,::::, t)' .cJ ,o:;!:t ,d

3. Tll1'Yl ~ ~El 'lJ Tll11'l.J'lJ El ~ ~ l "JJU Ell U'l.J 'Yl rJ El"ll El\JV'J U.J ~El'Y'I :JJ 'Y'IV\ 1El El U Gj'Yl ~ . .

L VJm:::~:JJ ll~l (f) rJu~hrn:JJln r.Jlnu"JJ ufll1:JJYl ehu

"Ifu(fl uunTn""(f) llfl :::111::: t:Du r-J flrln ~~Tll 1eh u ~ n ~ll :JJlil.J ~u ~1111v111 . '

Tl11l,_.~ Ll~~th~ L:iJu 'Yln~~m1~1uil1nm1YJ ~ ~e.Ju 1~Llri Tl11ehmmm~r.J.J n11~1 Ul vi u'.\J,_.u

hm1~ ~1f'l ru Ll~~Tll1'Yl'ii~e.J1JTll1fui u~~ ~.J1 U\llU 11l""t.~m~-Jd r-J'liv'.\1::: h'lnn11'Yl'ii ~u'l.JTll'l ~ ~ ~

~l Uu ElTl l~t.l .J 1 U 1ULL 'l.JU'lJu\lml ~ b "JJ1 h n.J flll:JJ ~El~l'l ~ El.J1~V\ ll.J l~r.J.Jrl1J lfru ~Tl~rn bbfi~Tll'l ~ ~

~1wiluh flll :JJ ~1f'l ru 1 u 111 ll1JU'l1 EJ-Jnl1~lu1l'J::: 1r.~mfu b) Vl1uie.JI'l.ll~~~nnl'V\ u~ 1 'IK ll~l v ~ ) ~ . '

UTl l1l1Ub~ ElTl fll (f) El1JYlrlTl~ e.J\lrl ~~ ~ '

40

4.3.4 "-' "' 'YinH-::::nTH'21!CIU

1. A-:J1:lJVi:lJ1!C1'21B\Jrln1<t:i::nTHii!CIU

~:n1<?J (Lado, 1986: 189- 192 ehJn-J1u 0'ui111 ~1~1. 2555: 41)

Tl ~ 1T;h flTH 'lJ tJ U Vi dJllJ rJ-J Tl11~El fill dJVi :Ul rJ ~l rJ ~l eJni~1'lJ El-J 111 'Hl ~-J ~ U U ~ ~ 'JJ1 h n"-' U

1:::wi1-J~t 'llr.~utt~:::r-r eJ1u fll1~'llr.~utllu1thtutmrt-J'IJEJ-Jm1 1im'H1 t ~ e:Jfl11~Elfll1dJVIdJ1 u m1 'U 'U 'U

~ '11 r.JU 1<11 rJ 1JJYJ111J fill :UVi :Ul mf u 1JJuu11 Tl1 db '11 r.JUn El tllu~ Vl r.J-J fll1';j)11n ~l ern ~1~-JU U~-J 1<11

~ -J VI rt-J t ri1tf U Tl11 l 'lJu U ';j)::: ~ El-J lUUTl11 1 i~l e:J.,__ n 'H1 El ~1-J iJ flll dJ Vi :U1 rJ t1 r.JU L1 t.J-Ji El fill :lJ <111 :lJ

1fi1-J i,1"h-J'lJ El-JJll 'Hl 'Yi1 i 1 i~t1J1J Tl11~ '11 r.JU 1 ~ <?! 1-JrlU"il<?l JJ-JVI dJllJ'lJ e:J-J Tl11t '11 r.JU~~~::: 1 in e:J mh q q

~1UlULlV111l~nn~e:J-J 'U

tue:Jfu (Byrne, 1991 : 1 eJ1-Jn-J1u i-J1:::ll:1:U:::l11IJu:::, 2553 : 113) q

Tl ~llll fill dJ ~1 :Ul'Jbl 1 U Tll1l 'lJ r.JU LJJ1 'litU U l .l) r.J-J tLv;in11~'1J r.JU ~bl:J ~rn 'Hrn Yll-JJll'H1trU bl~ Vi dJl un-Jn1:::1JlU Tll J 1 u n 11rl1 r.JYl El <11'11 EldJ ~1111 ~11tl~:::filldJ~ <?l'IJ El-J tft '11 r.JUEJ ElfldJl LU U~l rJ

'U 'U

~~n 'Hrnelfl'H1 L<?J tJ il Tll J b 1uw 1r.J-J n El rJ ~l ~~~ ::;';j)"-'<?J ~1 <11"-'U fill dJ~ ~ 1~ e:J r.h-J LVI m:::~dJ ~ ~ e:J ~Ell:11 J

'lle:J:JJ~';j)1fl~L'llr.~u hJ U-J r-Y eJlu 1~EJ~1-Jnn~EJ-J 'U 'U 'U 'U

vn1:1l11ff ~UEJ (2550 : 195) 1~1'1Kml:JJVi:JJlr.J'lJEJ-Jm1t'llr.~u11 n11

l 1J r.JULUUTl11rl1 r.J'Vl e:J<?lfill :uf fllldJ~<?! fll1:uf~ne:J e:Jnmtfluie:Jfill:U'Vi~ m rtEl-JrlU L ~ e:J 1lftf5u 'U '\J 'U

fufLL~:::L'JJ1 hJ~1-Jrl1J L ';j) <?! U l'lJ El-J~~'lJr.Ju ~-Jtr U Tl11L '1Jr.JU~-JiJ1 'lJLUUflll:JJ ~1dJ11tl 1 Ufll1L1r.JU 'U 'U

L1 r.J-Jtb::: 1 r.Jfi1 inn~ e:J -J <111 :JJVI ~n ll r.11nJrnL 'Yh tfu L~~ ~UUTl11rh rJ 'Vl e:J<?Jtb:::i:1Ufl11rne:J ril-JiJ 'U

'il<?JJJ-JVJmr.~ l~m~ e:Jn 1 ~¢h~t Vlm:::~:JJ q q

Tl11rl1 r.JYJ El~flll :JJf~n'lJ e:J.J ~b '11 r.JU 1~ r.~iim1l 1 LIU b 1r.J-J n El r.J~l fill :lJ ~ <?! e:J ri1-J :cr~~JJ-JVI :JJl rJ L<?J rJ 'U 'tJ q q

~e:J e:J e:Jnmtllu~1 u~n MrneJ"-'nM1~i111fm1L'lluu 'Vinn~e:~-Jmd.JVI tfn Ln rnsrf L vte:J tllum1~e:J 1:111 1'1-f 'U

tJ eJlU 1~t '111 h ~-J~ r-Yt 11uu~ EJ-Jfl11~Elfll1dJVI :Ul u1~ e:J ri1-Jnn~ EJ-J '\J '\J 'U

q q 1:1'iJ<ll11 eJ-Jl.,__~Un~ (2540 : 185- 193) l~ll:1'Ue:JoffU<llElWJJEJ-Jnl11:1e:JU r1n'H:::m1t'lluu1~mtt1-Jnl1~EJUEJEJmllu 3 .ffu<i!EJU i-Jd

1. offut~1r.J:JJm-i-t11uu (Prewriting) 1mfudtuum1~f1-Jfi1l:U1:1Uh 1 Ub ~El-J~';j)::; L '11 r.JUlbfl :::~ vr 'U]lUfllldJJL ~ t.JlrlU b ~El-J~~:::~ '11 r.JU L<ll Ll e:Jl';jj 'Vl1JY11Ufll1dJJl ~ L1.1 n 1J

nlJ ~nrn"Ylm-Jm'Hl1<?J un11 1it 'YlfiUfifl11~e:Ju VJ1mtuuYJ~1:1EJu~1'1-fun t1r.~ut'llr.~ut~El:JJth::: 1r.~fl 'V u1 m..h:::lr.~fi ~<ll1thh:::1ufi ufu~1f1vrn~Lfl:::: ~1u1u 1mh:::lr.~m~:JJ1 VJJJ 1~m1-Jmml:JJVJ:JJ1 r1 '\J

l~ :JJ ll~!ll1J1J Yl ~ ~e:J 1J llU 1J b ~ :JJ ~1U ~VIl rJ lU 1<11 Llfl1J~1~~ El-J l~:JJ eJ e:J Tl 1'1-f~ Tlllfl11Yl~ 1:1e:J1Jbl1J1J

41

2. "JJ.tunT.a11uu LtjH.JnTHb'U~I.I.UTYll,J (Guided Writing) 1.uun~n11:u 1. vi 8 ~nrfn~~m11.11uu ~vr~mm~1 n n111. 11 uuuuumuf!:u 11.vffu d'~~~ 8,J1ii. 'YlfiUfl m1~8u

' 'V118 I.I.UU'Yl<11~8u~1 !tun 1.1uu1.11uu 1<11 m tJ ~ um dm"'l1Jl.JfflU"JJ EJ.Ji. ~8.J~rl1ViU<111 i 1. 11uu"JJ m u

1m ,_'I 1.~8\l"JJ 8,'11J'Ylfil1 :JJ~1 It m 1.1.1;1~ 1.11 lnt<1ll :u fh u un

3. "JJ.tu nTH 11 m..-b 1.1. u u 5 ~1~ (Free Writing) 1 U"JJ.tu d'rt ~El u~ EJ,J ~ n 1 It 'IJ un 1.1uu 1~<111~WU n tl,Jfl11:!J ~lrlqj"JJ 8,Jnl11. fi l'JU 1.d8un 1.1uuiit11~~1Jn11rnL Un111. 11uumn

offu um1l'JWil:::~1:JJl1n1JfmJ1,JoffU<1! 8U~l,J ") 1 UnTH11uu1 it1. Vi:JJ1:::~:!Jrl1Jfll1:!J~l:!J116HI.i;i~ fill :JJ6lU<1l"JJ 8,'1<11 Ui.EJ,J 1~

' uv-nn1 rn 0''Yl!;i.J (2548: 22 eJ1,Jtl,J1u 'Y'i~urh1 !;11fl1, 2555: 55)

1~1.1. u:::'l-1, Th n1191~<11 n91 n11:!Jn111.1'8UI. 11u U if UeJ1~~<111 U~n ~rn:::n91 n11:un ~:!Jfl91n11:!Jfl'V118 ' 'IJ

n91nJ1:!J 1.~ tn fl1~ offu8 tJ rl1J 1.1'bl1Un11W.l U vf El.J i.1l'JUI.I.~~fll1 :!J I. Vi :!Jl~~:!J n11i<11ihn11:Un11 'IJ

1.11 t1 Ufl111. ~:u 911 n~1u hJV11 m n 1.1.1;1 ~ I.~:JJ 911 n VI tb ll 1.~ n hJ Vil Vi 1.h t~1 Vi qj 1."1iu 911n 1~~u f11

1hdum~m tl1dt~fli'u"Ile:m 'l1'8m1:ut.le.Jwtbiu "l ~um~rr.Jm11.11t~u61tJ,Jfll1:u 911 n"JJ.tU<1! EJ un1 1~EJ u 'Yln ~~m11. 11 t1 u ~ n ~11 :u1'11'1,J ~u ~1111~11

offu<1!8U"JJ8,Jnl1~ElUYJn~:::nTH11llu I.I.U-J1~i.UU 3 offu<118U ;)El offu~ 1 1.<111tJ:Unl11.11tJU i.UU '

nl1~fl,Jfll1:!J ~u 1'9J 1 it nuum1tJU66i;i~6UUTll1u'Yfmnul.~ tilrl1J 6~EJ,J~91~611llu offu ~ 2 offum1 'U "'

~.11 t~u 1<1lr.Jm161. u~u u l'Yll\l EJ1~~.tlum1 1 vfun ~.1uui;18.JI.u~ llui Elflll:u'V!1EJ 1. ii'EJ'V111Jl,Jfi'"Ju 1.1.1;1~ ,ffu ~ 3 'lJ.tu m 11. fi t1 Ul.6 u u 51.1'1~ 1. u U"JJ.tu ~ fl 1 f.f ~ EJ uill 8,'1 <11 1~Vi u n ti ,J flll :u ~lfl~ru"JJ 8 ,J n111. fill u

'U 'U "'

I. ')iii 11 ~ u n I. 1 tl u 91 ~ ~ El ,_'1 J l1J J l :!J fJ 11 :!J ~ tj] 1.1. ~ :::I. 1 ti1J I. 1 tl ,_'1 ri El u ~ 91 ~ 1 ~ i 8 fJ 11 :!J ~ ~ :!J 1J J rn 1.1. 1;1 ~ 'IJ

fl1r-71.1'EJ'Ufil191~tj] n91n 11:JJn111.1'ElU1.11uu 1 vf1. VI :JJ1::: 1.1':JJfl1J~mun11rn hl11~~1.UUn91n11:Un~ :JJ 'IJ 'U '

n91 m1:ufi'V11EJ n91n11:u 1.~ m m11.~:u~u911 n~1 t~Lu mm1.1':JJ El 'IJ

3. nTj1t9ltt~~tl1":::: tihunn1nM-::::m·Hii l:.I'H

~JJ<1111 el\ll~Uns:J (2540: 221- 223) l~I.I.U~U1n11'Yl<1l~El1J ' '

nl11.11 ti'U6 vi Elnl1~El ~11ll~,Jd'

1 . n 1 1 1. 11r.J u 1.1 t1 ,_'1 fl 11 :u 1 !?Ill ii n 1 1 1.1. u::: 1.1. u 1 'Yll ,_'1 1 <1l t~1 i ~ 1 1.1. u ~ ~ :JJEJ,JI.~Ul~i."liU Jll'Y'i'll"!?l Jl1'V'It1U<1lfl.~t11J .;ffi.I.U:::~llln11'V'I!?l !."liU 1ium1t~m11r.JU~1U~lni.~El,J

' 'U ' ~ 1.~11 iW,J'V11mn1m t1 1. Vi <1lm1rn~1nu'Yl ~m 'YlUl '

2. n111.11t~umJ1,J 5 ~1::: r-71.1llu~~l~l.l.~<1l,Jf11l:U~1:!Jl1tl1 um1~1~u 'U

fi11:JJ~!?l m1 1 if11 i'Y'i rf~ 1. ¥, m~1.1':JJ 1.1.1;1:::-.il<1l n ~ :w'JJ EJml:u~ ~:u0'ulfnu <1l1:U'Vi~1'JJEJ~rh'V!u<111 i '

~rmrn~m1'Yl<11 ~e.Jum11. fit~Ufl11~~~.uun11'Yl<1l ~EJunTJi.11t~u ~vfu9l1U:UTil1nf11i'Y'irf 1. "liu 1 i "'

r-7i.1r.Jue.Jrrm t~i EJ-J 1.1t1u i EJ,JUEJu ill1t~n11 1 if11~'V'Irfn~:JJf11u1:u 'V11muum1'Yl<1l1.1'EJumw11t~u 'IJ '

~iivfu9l1U:JJ191lnl1mn1rn 1."1iu illEJ,Jnl1'Yl<1l~EJu Past Tense TlEll9191~1i1Xm1LJm11tJu1.~1 "'

42

l V\ 111 nTH1-bl 'tHJ ?1 ~"lJ th1111Ul El-J VI1EJ fll1'Yl ~ !,lEJ U lll1loJJ l/Ul 1LJ-J 'fill :JJfll Tli11~lnnl1nJ::::~U'flll dJfliJI ' '

l 'liu 1ill!,l~-J'fllldJfl~l ~Ul~LilrlUl V\~fll1Ubl U h-Jl1liUV11EJ5u ") lUU~U

eJ~U1l l-Jf11!;11f1 (2544: 83- 84) mhT;h fll1'YliJI!,lEJUYln~::::loJJl/U Ell~l~JJ~luth:::nE:Ju"lJEJ-Jlll~l l.~uri rhl'lvrrf ~lUlU llLJlnnllllfl::::nh.h::::Tu'fl~l-J "Jrl~lLJ

'U

llfl::::oiu'l1mt nl1 1 i Ill ~ll ~ El ~El 'flll:JJV\ m Llll UU!111-J llfl::::m1 1 inl ~ll t11LJu l ri LJU fll1'Yl~JJ !,lEJU

Ell~luutt1111l:JJl~nt11::::!,1'-Jfi'"l1El-Jm1~El!,ll1 l"liu l~Elh1urn11lLI-Jlu 1'1-fimJfl {,lJ"U l!,ll::::V\l ' 'U '

iEJlr1~~1-J "llElfEJ-J l'Bru"JJlu "11El1'Yl~ VI1D1vnm;1~l1rn lnrn"Yf~lfl'rurlh1unl1t11::::d}u v v

mJ"loJJLJU JTnt11::::nE:Ju~lLJ

1. wn:unn~ El-J~lU1ll11inl~l L~llri l'lvn11m-J!,lfl-J 'U

2. 'fllldJ6V\:JJl::::!,l:JJ<~hum11inl~l 1~llri ivrnuf!::::~lUlU 1l1i

lll~ll~ 11ll :u-1~ nth:::: {,1'-Jfl"ll El-Jfll1l o]J LJU VI1EJL~ ml:ui'~J~l ~u n1::::i'u l~JJL~'flll:JJ EJ tll-J 1~ e) EJ:JJ '

Q...; a,_.. f)' I ~ 0

4. fllldJ[;'l'dJ'JAlUTI1::::'V\ll-JfllldJ'fl~llfl::::'fllldJ!,ldJ~Jifl"lJEJ-Jfll1Ull!;'l'UEJ ' "lJ~Ui11 ElUfll1l~ llfi::::UJ"::::lJJUf:.H'1'Yl~n ~::::fll1l oJJ LIU rlmill:!Jl"iJl-J~U !,l1Ul~

' ll m1l~J~llfl::::t.h::::liiu'Yln~::::m1loJJLJuii1nm1'Yl~!,1'EJlJ 1~llri fll1loJJLJUl1mml:u 1~LJiim1lm:::: ll Ul'Yll-J llfl::::fll16oJJ LIUEJ tll-J 5!,1'1:::: ~-J 1 Ufll1l~ ll~fl::::m?-J~::::l~JJ~lUU1::::n ElU"lJEl-Jlll~l l"liU fllldJ

nn~EJ-J~lUrn11inl~l rhivnf ~lulu lltnn1rn Llfl::::1tlt11::::1LJ'fl~l-J "J ~-J1U-Jlu1'<i1LJ'flf-Jd 'U 'U

~1 '<11 LJ ~ :::: 1 i1 n n l 1 'Yl ~ !,1' El u uu u n l 1 L 11 LJ u 1 ~ LJ i1 n l 1 u u:::: 66 u 1 'Yll-J 'Yl ~ !,1' EJU n l 11 i r1l «'\AI t{ 'U

ll mmrn fll1l1LJu l1LJ-JU1:::: 1LJ'flrlnn~ El-J llfl::::fll1l~Eln 1 illl~lfll Vl:lJl::::!,l:JJrllJ!,lrJlUfll1rn~l LJ 'U

mJ"L~:JJiEJ'flll:utfu "J VI1Elr1lfi-J1ut11:::: b'fl

4.4 nTn<tf1\l uuun!PI G'lilui!PI ~'J1 a.J G'I13.JTHJ I. u nT1 L~ll1'tt1 t riil m-a~il G'l1-a

eJ~UJ"l l-Jf1'1!,1'1JJ" (2544: 67-68) n~llll nlJ"!,lfl-JlllJU'Yl~i;'l'EJUl~JJ 'flll:JJ!,ll:lJlJ"rJ 1 unlJ"~El'flll:JJV\:lJl LJ"lJ El-J ~61LJu J-J'Yln~::::~lUfllT:iu !;'l'l166fi:::'Yln~::::~lurn1~-J

'U " 0 .:::::.. cv d

!,ll1 fll11JillUUfll1~-JU

"ll~url 1 rllV\U~JJ"lJEJU6"lJ~"lJEJ-Jl111mh::::!,l-Jfl lii"DV\ll6fi:::'Yln~::: '

1.1 1:::Uillll.hfl6 ~ LllrllJ ~'YliJI!,lEJU 6 'lfu vfu~lU 'Yll-Jlll~l l 'JAlfiVI1El ' 'U ....

EllL/ '

1.2 rllV\UIJI'il~~-JV\ :JJl L/"1JEJ-Jfll1'Yl~!,1'EJUll1'1J6 ~Ell~IJifllldJ!;'l'ldJlJ"bl 1 U ' '

rn11inl~l'Yll-J~lu1~ L'liu m-J~lUfllJ"UJ"::::nE:Jum'iJ'V'I V~1m~Dh1u'11111lt11:::9hl"u 1.3 1:::u l V\~nl1rnl6fl::::n~m1:JJyj~::::-r~'flll:JJ!;'l'lm1n 1 urn1 1 inl'l~l

' '

43

1.4 rll'VI'U<i11U661J1J"lJEJ>lnl1~El~T;1'"llblJ'Urln1~~nTJ"0'>1 '\Al<i~ ~1'U ~ ~

6 '11 rm VJ1 e:n1n B~ i:l-m"-'mf 66fl~J"'LJ 66 uu"lJ El>lfllJ"~EJ ~116U'Ub61J u i1 ~ EJ ilVJ1EJ ~-hum1 1 i6fi~EJ>l ~

Q..; d """ c::: ~ 6' 6' lJ'U'Ylnb~tJ>l ~>1'\Al~'\Al lll'VW'U<i~J"

1 .5 1~u 6 ifEJ 1, ~EJ>l 66fl::: hm1~'1J EJ>ln11~EJ ~11 1 uu~ fl~flf>1 q

1.6 6~EJn'YlnB~'Yl1~ll1~1~~16UU~EJnlJ"~EJ~111u'Yln1~iu q

1.7 6~EJn1'LJ 66lJ1J"lJ EJ-JozJ EJ'Yl<ii~EllJ~6 VJm~~mhwfumJ"l<iiil'<llm1~1 u ~

m1~Elfll1~Vi m t.J'Yll>lll1~1l1'<ll~ 6UUfl11<i! EJ u 66 UlJ<i!ltJ i1 uuu <il EJU l<i! m~1 VJ1m6uu n1VJ U<i!

'11 EllJ6 'll<il1 'Ufll1<il EllJ

'll.,o;u~ 2 rl1V!U<il~nBrn:::iEJ'Yl~HHllJtn1~offurnEJui>lif (eJ'<llQ11 l>11'11~1f1, 2544 :

197)

2.1 n1VJ U<ii"D''U<ii'll e:J>loU EJ'Yl<i!~EJU~'<ll~l<ill,__rnn'LJ1~~>11'1u~ SJ~i EJ q

2.2 rl1V!U<il 6 ifEJVJ1 'Yln~~ 6 viEJ?inB1l<i!tlU1~~>lfi''llEJ>lm161t.Jum1 q

... '

"lJ"-''U fl 3 i'<i!rl166lJ1J'Yl<il f1'EllJ

3.1 fl>lii m 11 t.Jui EJ 'Yl ~ ~EJu1 VJLcil<i!1~~n1VJU<ii ~>lih~iU'Yl1>lll1~1 6 ifEJV!l ~1'U lUi EJ'Yl<il ~EllJ ~>l'<\l~6 U'Ui<il ~l'U rirm <.rJ EJ.J<ii1~ cil'U .yj9J~l,__<il

~

3.2 l6fl11~vfuSJ~11fu 1h>1i EJ'Yl<il ~Elu 66~ SJ~i EJ q

3.3 611 t.Jufh i>~ ~1V\ fu 1 inui EJ'Yl<ii ~EJu 1 Vi'i'<ii 6'<\JU6 vi EJnu "bJ1 Vi'

un 61tJuiu ~u 1 ui El'Yl <il ~EJ1J~1m1n 66f1'<il>lile:J rJi>l'lJEJ>llTI<il EJU 1cil6 ~ El'lh 1..1 1 Vi'6i1 h1n<i!EJU

~1u1cil11 offu<i~EJulu.n1J"~f1>166lJU'Yl<il~EJu ii 3 offu<i~EJU ~EJ n11 q

n1VJ U<il"lJ EJu 6 "lJ <ii"lJ EJ.Jl <il n'L11~~>lfl1 un1 J"'Yl <il ~e:Ju fh VJm~~m1uun 6 1t.Ju n1VJ U<i! ~nBm~"lJ EJ>li EJ q

'Yl <il ~EJu 6 vi EJti9J ~l'<i~1cil <il1 >1 rn1~l'<i! n'L11::: t1>~l'166fl :::~<ii'Yl1 66UU'Yl <il t1Elu 16m1~lfufu'L11>1 6 ~ EJ 1 VJ1cil q q

i El 'Yl <i1 ~EJuti 111::: ~'Yl rrnl'\Al1-i.1 6 ~El n EJ

4.4.1 2l'UI?I~u\J uuun to~ ?fulJ

m11it.J1 uflf.Jd ~l9J~LJ1ci16~EJn 1i"ll''U<i!"lJ EJ.J 66lJU'Yl<i!~EJul'lnB~'Yll.JlllBl ~

. 1. iEJ'Yl<iit1El1J66UUiiil 6~elnV!Sl1t.Jil (Multiple-Choice) iEJ'Yl<ilt1EJlJ

661J u dii m 11-b ~11 i EJ rh>1 u YdVJ Sl1 rJ ~1 n ri t1til b 'V'I11~ ~~<ill n ~ EJ nlJ"<i~J'B 6bSl~fl~ bb u u ri1cilb uu q

'L11u1..1 (eJ'<llQJ"l l-J1'11t11f1, 2544 : 132 - 157 ) 6bSl~1U6buuiEJ'Yltiit1EllJbbuuiiil6~EJnci".J66U.J 'U

EJ EJmuub6uu ~ m.J o:J1cil5 n<i!,__>ld

1.1 i1n1:::cilu661J1JU<i!L6SJ~i1m~<1luLLUULU<i! q q

44

(Statement) 'YJ(jJi.leJU1lr.Jlfl1rU66fil~f1ll:JJb'1hh 66fil~'JJU(jJrhm:JJ (Question) 'YJ(jJi.lEJ1Jf1ll:JJ

6'lllh1um1ehu

~ l n 1 ~ 171 u 66 1J u 6U (jJ (Open Stem) 6 '1Y u '1:1 u (jJ 6 ~ :JJ rh 9

(Completion) 'YJ(jJi.lEJU1lmmrn 66fil~'JJU(jJ'lieJ.J'1l.J (Blank)

1.2 ~ l n 1 ~ 171 u 6 ~ u l 6 '1Y u n l 1 'Yl (jJ i.l eJ u 6 ~ u .J 'Yl (jJ i.l EJU rh « vn.f 9

'YJ(jJ[,le:JlJLl mn1rn 'YJ(jJ[,leJ1Jm1~lu6 ~tlflll:JJb'lh h mJ"'YJ(jJ i.le:Jum10'.J6 ~e:Jflllm'll'llu 2. '11 EJ 'Yl (jJ i.l EllJ 661J m ~ eJ n 171 EJlJ '1:1 u w9l"'u ri (Matching) d:l u n l H~u ri

'U 'U

~ln1~ c;lu6 <Jh nu fll171 EJU~ i.lEJ (jJfl ~ u.Jnu 1llu l uril 171 EJlJ En"iJ ilmnn1l ~ln1~c;lu t(jJ u d:luf1ll71 EJU q q

~hJ [,lEJ CjJ fl ~ El.J~ 1EJ im·runnu il fl1~c;lu ~1 vr fllJ"i(jJ 'Yh'll El i.le:JU 661J U"iJ"'u ri ~fl"i)~tj) EJ.J"i)~(jJ 6 UU661J1J • 'U

i.l~(jJ mf (Column) ~ 66lJ n n u ~ 1u tll'il 1 'i 1llJfll11'h 171 eJ 1J 11 ri eJ u ~1EJ~ r;1'.J'Jl eJ flll:JJ~ iJ'lYEJ.Jll.J 1 vr 6 ~ :JJ 6 'liu 'Yl (jJ i.lEJu m1~ EJ ~lulu 'l"l (jJ 1 'i i.l:JJu1rn 'Yl (jJ i.lEJu m10'" 6 ~ EJflll:JJ 6 ilh t(jJ u 1 inl'l"l 6Uu

'U 'U

66ril~'ll EJ fll 1rhu.J 1 um16 '1i uu'll EJ 'Yl 171 i.lEJ1Jb61JU il ~l6~ eJ n fll 1rh U.Jrl.J ~.J ~e:JltJd' (eJ9JU1ll.Jf11i.l"IT1, 2544: 198- 201)

1. 11ll~n~EJ.Jn-:r~iu66~:::'i(jJ69Ju

2. 'llm~EJlJ~ eJ.JL:JJhK~l1f6m:::~>hl71 EJu~nnl71eJ.J11 'U

3. '11 El [,lEJlJ"i):;;~ EJ.Jilu1u'Yl~'\Al El [,l:JJ fll1 6 ~ eJ 1 vr6 tlu J"l n ~l'U'lJ El.Jfll16~ Elfl

4. 'Jl El i.lEl1Jfll11:::1Jfll'VI1u'll Elflll:JJ~"iJ~ 1'JJ1 U~l6~ Elfl'Ylfl'Jl El 9 9

5. '11 EJ i.lEJU"iJ:::~ EJ.J df EJ ~ EJ ~l6 ~ EJ n 'Yl n'll EJ 1:JJ1~9ll r1 (jJ EJ ~ 66rl Ul.J ~l6~ eJ n • 'U

6 'Yiltfu 6 '\Al 1l:::"iJ:::rh 1 vr flld'Yh'Jl El i.le:J 1J n fill fJ d:J U fll16(jJl flll71 EJU ~1EJ fllJ"'lJi(jJ il fill.J~1:JJ i.lEJ(jJfl ~ e:J.J eJ EJn u 'Ylu ~9J:::d:lum1~lfll 171 EJU"iJln il6~ EJn~rml71 EJ.J

'U

6. iEJi.lEJum-:riim-:r 1inl~l1 U11h61J1J'lJEJ.Jm11 inl~l1u1f11719J1.J 'U

7. 'Jl El i.l EllJ 171 e:J.J 1:JJ 6 U Uflll :JJ frrl hJ L '\Ald"l::: ~ 171 EllJ L:!J9ll6 U ul71 El.J ~l'U 'U 'U

bii'EJflll ;JJ 6 vi EJ~lfll171 EJU En"iJ 171 EJunn T(jJ um-:r 1 iflll:JJf~ il EJ ~1tj) 'U 'U 'U

8. 'Jl El i.l EJU fll 11 'J1 11l H l ~ 1 :JJ n l n l :JJ 6L fil ~ 1 :JJ rl EJ1 vr 6 n (jJ U b1J ~ lll iJ flll:JJ~;)Jl fJ~1EJliT1'J1~L6(jJfl ~l.Jrl'U

4.4.2 n1';i'Yll9HHJUn1Atli)u~

el"iJUJ"l l.JI'Ili.l"IT1 (2544: 15-16) 1~EJlhJlr.Jrl.J'Ylb]H~~blJU~U~l'U'lJEJ.J fll1 1 illl Hl6 ~ eJ nl1~El i.ll1661J u nld"~Elflll :JJV\ :JJl m.J l)u~Ur.J:JJ ~.J'Ylb] ~~di11lfl]lU"iJlfl

' ' f( =o fl..,.o dd .:b Q.; Q....<o ()' I .Q g... d Q..;

11l~ll'll i.l(j!16 'JJ.J i.l.Jfi:JJ 'Yl:JJfl11rln Hlflll:JJ i.l:JJ'IAiUTI1~~ ll.J11l~lLL1:'1~u-:ru 'YlUl(jJ fil EJ:JJ'Yl1l:JJ'Yln~~

'Yll.Jm-:r1inlHlL~EJm1~EJi.ll1 L'ltu m1~.Ji.ll1 mTf1Ji.ll1 m-:r~flll:JJ nl1LLi.l(jJ.JEJEJmL1:'1~m1

45

~~~l\lVllfill :JJVl:JJl fJ"lJ e:J\l ~11 .JJ\l fi e:Jll d.'JumJ"~EJ fill :JJVl m fJ uuutli]u1HifJ :u ~ ~ u uwn:u ~:u:u1\l m:u ~n1~ m1~EJ ~11~ ~A ~"lfu 1 u~n1um1ru~1\l "l nTJ"'Yl ~ ~e:~u1~~ r:.J fl'Yll\llllNl:u:::~ ~e:~:u 1fJ\l

~dEl fill :IJb oVl n~1JU1:::~u n11 rn"lJ El\l fff'u n11'Yl ~ ~El1J ~dEl fill :JJb~fl:::'Yl~nN:::'Yll\llll Nl~ ~e:J1J ~ e:J\l iJ 'U

h fill :IJ ~ El ~ rtEJ\ln~u1J11J'Yl'Yll\llll ~1 n11~~ El :IJ b\l 111::: ~1J n11rn:U1\l nu ~ dEJVll'V11m1nN:::~1~ ilmtluVl~lh~lfi~qJ"lJEJ\lnl1'Yl~~EJuuuutli]u~utJ:u (Oller, 1991 Bl\ln\l1u e1:uu11 1\lf'I1~TI1, 2544 : 15) ~~fl::: ~ rte:~\l:Ul nmJ"19J~tJ1 ufif\lii ilVl ~n n11 1 u m1"il~m1~1t.Ju m1~EJu ~dJ\l~~~ u 1

ff~1t.J U 1 ~iJ fill :IJ ~l:JJl1rJ1 U n11 1 "lflllNl ~ ~ fJ n11~EJ ~11 n11'Yl~ ~e:J 1J fill :IJ ~1 :IJ11rJ1 Unld" 1 i q

'U

n1 Nl ~ ~ EJn11~e:~ ~11~\lil ~n Nrn:::"lJ eJ\lnlJ"'Yl ~ ~EJu ~~u u'YlnN:::i:uvru-IT ~\ltfu u u 1 'Yll\l1 um1

~fl\l uuu'Yl~ ~El1Jlllfitli]u1l i1 ~nNrn:::~~\lii ( eJ9Ju 11 l\lf'l1 ~TI'J, 2544 : 16)

1. ~uumJ"~~~~\lEJe:Jn'VI1EJm111i]u1l

2. ~ uu11 B «:u vruTI'Yll\JJll Nl 1~ fJ nl'Jl~ Lb1J1JrlnN:::i:uvrun'VI1e:Jm'J1~ ~~1J1J1l:IJ

3. 1~fill:IJ ~11'lrunut11:::~um1rn"lJ EJ\lfffum1'Y1~ ~e:~u 1~ t.~1iL de:~m1:1J~ v 'U

1JJ1n fl ~~l llfl:::l~n11 1 illlNl~ l n~'lfu:u1\l1 Wlfl ~111:::~1-fu d" 4..- d1 v .ct ~ v d"

4. bUeJVllllfl:::'YlnN:::'Yll~lllNl'Yl "n~El1J :IJflll:IJ~:IJ1Jd"llibU~llEJ\l LUeJ'V\1 'U

i:IJ,_,rUTirllJfill dJ LlJu:U1\l iJ llrl Ub~EJ\l iJ nl'J~l~~1J fill dJ iJ fill :JJ i:uvruTI"lJ El\l l dEJfill:JJrf\lln t.~1 U

. . ~~ cv o,....o (L..,.. ,qq..

s. ttu'J fl~ tn ~nnunTFil~'YI1tt~'Hn1';!~~ n1';lt ';lrJU1 .. "' "" .., 5.1 fl"113JVi3J1 r111 £1\1 u~u n117i!~n1';lt 1rJ'H1 ..

~1mf :JJflrhLLfl:::firn::: (2551 : 58) 1~1~fill:JJ'V\:JJltJ"lJeJ\lLLr:.JUm1"il~m1L1rmfl1 q 'U 'U

11 L UULLr:.Ju m1"il~ L~1rwm"J~EJu 'VI1EJm1rhwu~ fl:u n11:1Jn11L1rm fl1~l\lVlU 1 eJ rJ1\l d:lm:::uu 'U

LLfl:::9J~~rh LUUflltJ~nNrne1nNJ" 1~ t.~ilm"JLnuJ"lUJ"l:uiEJ:ufl~l\l "l mr'll'VIu~A:um"J:IJmJ"L1~m 'U

m 1~EJ u L ~ EJ1 ~ ffL 1t.~uLil ~ n1 1 L 11 ~ tJ u LL11 fl \!1 u<l11 u ~~if ru ru1 L:U !ll fi ~ 'Yl n N::: LLfl:::d:lu nT'.i 'U v v

ll\l Ur:.JU ll:U:::9J~~fl:Um'J:IJnl'JL 1tJUn11~eJUlrr1~ 1i~Elnl1~e:JU'VI1mt 'V\ ~\lnl'JL1t.JU fl~ LLfl:::9J::: 'U tl1:::dJum~ EJ f.J1\l1 1

"nl~~ "nrllLL~\l (2553 : 94) 1~1~fill:IJ'VI:!JltJ"lJeJ\lLLr:.JUm19J~~nl'JL1t.Jufl.111 'U 'U

Luu m1"11~ L~1t.~:ufl:um"J:IJm1L 1 tJUmJ"~e:~u 11 ~l\l'VI u 1 e:~ rJ1\l LUUfll tJ ~nNrne1n N'J"lJ e:J\lmff ~EJu • 'U'U

L ~ EJ LUmL u l'Yll\!1 umJ"-.il~il9JnJ"J":JJm"JL1rm f1 ULL~ fl:::fif\l 1~ t.~1i~mLfl:::EJ11 n1rnm1L1~mm1 'U q

~EJU 1 ~ ~EJ El~fi~ eJ\lrl1Jr:.Jflnl'JL1tJU f~fll~Vll\l L dEl '\ill Llf11 L ~eJ,_,r~Ulnl'JL1~.mf"lJ eJ\lfJL1fJU 1~ 'U 'U 'U

LUU 111 El f.Jl\l L~ :IJint.Jlll~

46

llt:-.l'!MllJ''il~~ rll"H1 r.JU fi) flll JJ V\ JJl rJ llJ'U6~ rJ l rl'Url1J llt:-.J U rlld"~El U n ~llfi El llJ 'Ulbt:-.J 'Urlld"-;~ '\J

Tl9l rld"d"JJ rlld" 61 r.JU f rlld" 1 i~EJ rlld" L1 r.J'U f ll fl::: rl lJl""'~ t:-.J fl1Jd::: dJut:-.J fl ~ ~El~ fl tl EJ-:Hl1J ~ld":::nld" '\J '\J

l1uu fllfl:::9l ~tl1:::~-1rfnl1l1 uu fVI1EJ t:-.J flrll1l1u u f~fll~V\l-'i~rllV\U~ 111 u V\ ~n ~~1 '1..1 q <tJ 'U 'U

rlld"ll-1 ut:-.J u V'I1EJ rll'Jllll1uJJ m'J~EJu 11 ~l-'~V\U 1 1~ uilm"JnlV\ u~ n9lnJ'JJJ nT:a1uu fEJ r.h-:nuu

1:::uu 66 fl::: 6 u Ul fl~ e:J-'Iil EJ ~"15l u 1 vf f11~ ~EJ w1h 6 u 'Urll19l~~ rll'JL 1uum"J~EJu hJ i.ii'9l~ JJ-1V\ m um1 '\J

'tJ '1..1 qJ "l 9

5.2 B\l~U1"::::nBU'2l~h'Htf.JUn1<j7i:J~~ Wl1b1~mci 'U

Llt:-.l U rlld"~El u V\1 El6Lt:-.JU rl1 1l1 L1 'U flUU n 9l n 1'JJJ rll'J61r..m f~ ~ ~El 'U 1171 rl1V\ U~ 11 ~ '\J '\J

L'ViEJ1vf~L1rJuLn~m~l1uufuJ"J"fl~lJJJJ1~'J;)l'Unl161uuf (~l'YlrJ JJflflllLfl:::mu:::, 2551 : 63-9J 'il '1 cCI cu 9 'U

64) 1!7ln ~1TJlUt:-.J'Urll'J~e:Juth:::n e:JU!7ll u

i.ii'1u~ 1 ~l'UUlV11mfl6lt:-.JUm1'il~m161uuf 6UUi.tlmh:::nEJurl66~~-'~1vfL~uri-'~ '\J

1ll'Y'IJ"lJJ1! e:J-166t:-.Ju lllUUl6t:-.Ju1 un~JJ~lJ"::: 1~ 1 inu~L1uu 1:::~~u.ffu1~ L~EJ-'Ie:J:::h 1iL lflll rh 1wj ' '\J

i.ii'lurl 2 il6lt:-.JUm19l""'~mJ"61uu[ (El-lrlth:::nEJu~~lfl""'qJ) 1. ~11:::

2. m~J";)1Urll161r..mf ., '\J

4. ~l'J:!:~lfl~b!J

5. 9l~tJJ":::~-lrfmJ"l1uuf ' '\J

"' 6. ~11:::m161uuf 1 dlvV\1 '\J

9. m11~6lfl:::u1:::d:Jm-Jfl

9.1 lTirll1U1:::6iJU

9.2 6f1~EJ-1i1 EJ~h1 un1JU'J:::6:Du

9.3 Lnrn"¥1~1imJ"tJJ:::6:Du 10. le:Jrl~1J"UJ":::nm.Jm19l ... <ilrll161uuf

'U Q.J d v 11.,.; ~ .....

11. 1J'U'Ylrlt:-.JflV\fl-'irl119l<ilrl1J"lJ"rJUJ" 'U

i.ii'lu~ 3 'Yllmlt:-.JUrll19l""'~mJ"L1uuf lh:::nvui7lluuwYinf.Jfln1J"LiLLt:-.JumJ"-;~m1 ~

L1uu f.t~ d:lui.tlu ~~~EJuuwYin'JJEJ ~-'~lrl~~'Y'I1J9llnmJ"u166t:-.JU hJ1i L'liu UUJV\16lfl:::66 Ul'Yll-11 u 'U 'U . v

mJ"6brlL"lJ n9ln11JJ6~umm::: 6 vi EJtJ1::: 1mm1 unlJ"ufutl1-166t:-.Ju1 umJ"ul1tJ1if1.f-'~~ EJ1tJ5ni.tlu '

47

Virt\l'lJ Eh'lrll lHLf.-JUTll'd'<U~Cll nTH1t.Ju r LillLLri Le:Jn !.'l'l11h~n El1Jfl11fl'tlU b 'ltu 1U.JlU U1J1J'YlCll frtl1J '!!

m:mLr--JUm1-;u~Cllm1L1uuftfu "l Luulllu '!!

n~ll LClit.Jfr'dU tl\lrlU'd~ne.Ju'lJEJ.JLLr--JUniT~JClifl11L1t..~uft11~ntJuilllurhu~lrl'ru 3 fi'lu ' '!! v ~I 0 ~ Q..., Q..., .::::1 ~~ 0,.... Q Q...> q_.. Cl....-

'fl tl frlU UlVi'dtlVil LLf.-JUTll'd'ilCllnTH1tJU 1 Cli'd LLt:iUnl'd'UClinl'dL 1LJU 1 U~~'Yll L!bLf.-JUTl111JCll Tl11 '!! '!!

L1uu r ~.J1um1l'<U~LJfl.f\ld f.-Jl'il~tJ'il~CllrllLfll L'fl'd.J Uf.-JUTl11'il~Cllnl1L1uu r <i.JClll'll\l 7 '!! '!! '!!

Clll'dl\l 7 Lfll Tm.JLLr--JUm1-;u~Cllm1L1t.Juf '!!

'"' n~:JJfrl'd~ .................................................... 1:::~ui'u .......................................................... . ' ' ' I .<::1 'V ~ q_,.. T

ViUlt.Jfl11L1t.JU1 ............................... L1El\l ............................................ Ll~l ................ "ll"l :JJ\l '!!

1. frl'd~ .................................................................................................................... .

2. :JJlCll'd~lUnl1L1t.Juf ........................................................................................................ . .., '!!

3. r--J~m1L1t..~ufflmCliVJl\l ................................................................................................ . 'U

4. fl'l'd~~lrlqj

5. 11Cllt11:::fl'.Jrlm1L1uuf ' '!!

5.1 11Cllt11~fr.Jrft1~lL1'Yll.J .......................................................................................... . ' 5.2 'ilCliU1~fl'.JrlUl'Yll.J .............................................................................................. . ' '"'

6. fl'l1~Tl11L1t..~ufiLUEJVil ................................................................................................. . '!!

··································································································································

'"' '"' ~ 0 "'

'lJUnl1U1Lfl'UtlL UEJV\l ................................................................................................. .

~unl1tln .................................................................................................................. . ~UnTilbm~ltt11"1l"1um1~Elffl1 ............................................................................... .

8. frtl I UlClind'l:JJ I LLV\~.JL1t..~uf ...................................................................................... . '!!

································································································································· 9. Tll'dlCliLW~U'd~LiJm-H'l

9.1 liTnl1U1~LiJu .................................................................................................... . ,d .,,j1~ ol A

9.2 L'flde.J\l:JJEJ'Yl "1l" b Ufll'd u'l~L:JJU ................................................................................ .. .-d1 " 0 I A

9.3 Lnlli"Yl'Yl "ll"Tll'du'd~L:JJU ....................................................................................... .. 1 o. Ltln frl1U1~n tJU nl11l~Clifl11L 1!'nrf.. .......................................................................... ..

'!! o,..; d Q.....o o_.. d q...

11. 1JU'Ylnf..J~Vi~\lfl11'<\JClifl11L1LJU1 ................................................................................. . '!!

·····································································································································

48

5.3 Q...,. Q....o 0 Q.,..o .ct q,.,

Vii'! n n11';jj~'YJ1UI!JlW1'1';j)~ n1'1t '1t~1-h1 'U

" L1LJufr111i1~~m~rn~i~il, 'U

1. rhVJ UVl'il'11th~ ~~ ff fll1l1LJU fl-f"J5VJL1lWh 1 Un11~ElUl ~El~~U 61 ~ El~ Tll1 1 i ' ~ J

rfL1LJUl TlVl fl ill~JJu1i1 U~lU 1V1 'U '

3. rllVIUVl ~EJEJtlmrnVJ1mm~'lL1LJuf~'15VlL1lu ' 'U

4. rll'ViUVllTinl1lVl ll~ ~tl1~Lilu~ Slll'15Vl l'ilU l vi EJ1 vfU11Sl1lVlU1~fl''l ff fll1L1LJu f '' 'U

6. iJ flllJJrJU~:JJ~LJ llSl~fl'El Vlfl~ El'lrlU~1ll'V'l~LlJU1l1'1~ rfL1LJU~l l U u'1J1 <11 El tJ 'IJ 'U

7. mJ~flll:JJL~ m~nu LL~UfllJ"'il~Vlm1L1LJu f~L '1!LJuoffu 'il~~ EJ'l~Elfll1JJVJm LJ 'IJ

l~ V11~rlU l '1J LJU 1 vf Ell'Ubl~1l"lll 11J~1 LJ ll~~ h1~ ~1~VllJJ'ilVlU1~~~ff"lJ El'l~-fl'1JLJUU~Un111l~Vlfll1 ' 'IJ

'11V!m1L1LJu fL '111~1 LJnu 'IJ

9. i1 n11L ~ EJ :JJ lLJ\J flll JJft tJ1 '11 EJ ril\J ~ m tiEJ \J L u Vl 1 EJ m fl' 1 i rfL1 LJ u 1~ih flll :JJf 'IJ 'IJ 'U

llSl~U1~ fl'U n11rnl~JJ m l ~El:JJ lLJ~nu fl1l :JJfll~~U1~~1Jfll1rn1 Vi JJ ll~~l-b 1tJ1 "ll'l u'1J1Vl1l1\Jnu 'U

fll1L1LJu 1 ttl ~EJ'l7i EJLtl

EJ1Inrn hL~LJ\J (2553 : 230) 1rilL~UEJVJ~n1un11'11Vl'Yl1utium1i'V1m1L1LJuf 'U ~'1i1"lJ~u~wui'17i EJLtld'

~ 6'o 0::::. 0:::. 1 .:::1 Vd .cS

1. 1lfl11~'Vifl1ElllU1LJJ1 LJ1"Jl'1 11 tllllflll~~'Vi'U 1 tlfll1l 1LJU1'Ylfl'fl1Uf'Jfl'l.'f1 'U

rll'ViUVl L vim 1lutl1~ 1 LJ"ll'UL um1L '11 LJU 11 LJ SJ~L5 tJ Vl"lJ EJ\J LL7i Sl~VJ~1'11 EJ"lJ EJ'lllt:..JUnl11l~Vl fll1L1LJu f 'U

2. 1 Lf111~1-friSJnl1L1LJu frlmrnwr\J L vi mbm L '11 LJULUU'ilVlU1~fl'\lfffll1L1LJuf 'U ' 'U

lVl t1 1 if11El1Jf1 ~ JJ'Yl~'l~1Uf111:JJf rlfl'l.'f~ l'il <11fl~lLfl::fhULJJJ ' 'U

llf111::1-f ~l1~fll1L1LJu f l<11 v L ~EJn ~11~rlL1vu fl vf fl'ElVlfl~EJ~nu rfL1LJu 'IJ 'U 'IJ

llf111::1-f m::u1ttn111l~Vlfll1L1'LJu f 1Vl m~ EJ n1tJ uuu~L u urfL1vuL 1lu~1f1ru ~ ~ ~ v

llfl11~1-f nJ~U1UfllJ1.h~LiJU~Sl lVlf.J L~ El n 1 "ll'lTifl fl'ElVlfl~ El\JrlUJJlV11~1Ufllj

3.

4.

5. d "' L1f.JUJ

'IJ

6.

49

111 n 'V1 fl"-'n mH"-'<il Yi1 llr--J u fl1111"-'<1! nTH1 !'J u f ~1u1~ 11 'V1 fl"-'n n1111"-'<il Yi1 u r--J u m1 'U '

11<V<ilflTH1t.Ju ftfu fiJ"e-f~e:Ju~ e:J\!iJmJ"ll\1 Ur--JU 1~i~JJ l 11u ilflll:JJ~e:J<ilfl ~e:J\!rlU 1 wnn ~ ~lie:J 'U 'U 'U '

b 1t.J\! fl1~ 1J"lJ.~U<il e:J Uri e:JU 'V1 ~\! 11<V<il Tl11 fld"J":JJ 1 ~ <ild" -1 rl1J b ife:J'V11 b 'V1 :JJl::: ~:!Jrl1J l l fll llfl::: ~l:JJld"rl l.Ji)u&'J 1~9J1\!<i11:JJ'Vfl1\! ll~m 11

5.4

= = "" llfl:::9J m'Yl m nlJ"flfl'Ml

2. 1h u1 ~fiJ"e-f ~e:Jui11u uu un 1 111<V<ll m1b 1t.J u f~r1111 ~l\!'V1 u 1 llfl:::Yi11 ~ fiJ"iJ 'U'U 'U 'U 'U

flll:JJ:JJ...:U 11J 1 Ufl1111<V<ilfll"H1!'JU fl~<ill:JJLth'V1:JJ1 rJ 'U

3. 'lil!'J1~me-f~e:JU 'Yl111Jllfl11ffe:JU"lJEJ\!<iJUbe:J\!lUU LtJ1 Urlfl'Yll\1 1<ll 'V11e:J'Yl111Jl1 'U'U

9l:::~e:JUe:J:::l:J ~l!'JliT1~JJ ~e:JUYi11:JJ ~e:JUe:Jf.h..JLJ" 11:::1i~e:Jblfl:::ll'V1~\!l1t.JufEJ:::LJ Ufl:::11:::l<ilr--Jfl UJ":::dJur--J fl e:J t.l1\! 11 'U

4. 1 ~me-f~e:Ju 1r:J~n'Ml'V11flll:JJ f i\1 l~e:J\!'V1 fl"-'n ~<ild" liTnl111"-'<iln1J"l1!'Ju fufl::: 1 i 'il 'U 'U 'U 'il

~e:JU'V1~\!l1!'Ju f <ilfl El<il'<\IUfllJ"l"-'<il llfl:::UJ":::liJUr--Jfl 'U

s. 1iluufiiJe:J~lwfufiJ"~m~e:Ju (i'<llmJ"l1t.Juf) bl'Ylu1~ 'U 'U 'U

6. bbf--J u n11i'~JJ n11b 1!'J u f'Vf u 11u1 ibbfl :::vr ~ u 1 bb~l9J::: ln <il u 1:::1 u"lruvi e:Jl\1 'U

7. lU Ur--J fl\!1 u 'Yll\!l"lrl rJ11'Vf ll ff<il\1 tl\1 fill :JJ i1 u 1 ru llfl:::flll :JJ b ~ !'Jl"lll ru'JJ e:J\1 v v

met ~e:Ju ~1wfuu1:::n e:J1Jfl1J"UJ":::d:iul ~ e:J'JJ e:J l~ E1'U~1 lb'V1U\! llfl:::l'Yl mnu:::fiJ" 1 ~ ~..Joffu 'U'U ... 'U 'U

111 flflll:JJ ~lfl"-'ru'JJ e:J..J Uf--JUnl111"-'<ilnTH1!'JU f ~~u1~l1 llr--JUfl1111 .... <ilfl11l1!'JU f11::: v 'il q 'il

'lil !'J 1~fiJ"e-f~e:JUiJJ"Ull1J1J"lJe:J\!fl1J"9J<V<ilfllJ"b 1!'Ju n 1~l\!'V1U1 b ~ eJ 1 ~m~~lb UUfllJ"~e:JutfulUU 1u 'U'U 'U 'U

<ill :JJ lU1'V1 :JJ1 !'J ~ rh'V1 U<il llfl:::Yi11 ~fl1 fllJ"ffe:JU"lJ e:J\1 <i1 Ub e:J\1 l 1J u 1u1 u fl fl'Yll\1 1<i1 9J :::ffe:JU e:J r.ll\1 11 'U

fill 1 i~e:Jlb1J1J1 'V1U Ufl:::11:::l<l]f--JflUJ":::liJUr--Jfl e:Jrh-'JL1

"" 6.1 A'"J13J'Vi3J1~'2.1u\H'illnA<n

L11<il fl &ld.'Ju 'VH] &ln11:JJnl1L<i11L.J:JJflll:JJ'V'lfEJ:JJ'Yl1\! ~:JJ EJ\11 um1~11:::n1:::rh ~\IU\1 u untl\!'V1 u1 ~']J El\1 ~ llll:::~<il h'V11u fflll'V'l'JJ E}..J Ell j:JJcl b 11<ilfl (~huuf11~i1m1 :JJ'V1:JJ1 L.Jnll\1 1~JJ L.J i1 unmJ"~fl'Ml1 ~flll:JJ'V1:JJltJ1l'V1fllrl'V1fl1L.J ~\ld

50

6:0e:rfff1~u (Thurstone, 1999: 77 eJl.Jn.J1u 'Ulfr:i~u U66U, 2550: 7) n~11 '\J

ll 6'<\J~f1&ldJu6~e:J.J'lJe:J.JmlJJ"ll'e:Ju mlJJ1~.hvu fllldJ~~6~U mlJJ1~n 6Uil~flllm~EJ1u~.J1~ '\J

~.JV\ ~.J ~.J1i\u 'o\1 ~fl&l~.Jl~ 1mJ~1.J hJ1~ 66~ ffl JJ11bll~ 1~1 'UflllJJf~n flll JJ~~ 6 ~ UV11e:Jm1 '\J

66ff~.Je:Jvnrn.Jlll~l

u1rnvn 1.Jrle:JU~1h'o\Ju (2553: 243) 1~1~fllldJV\dJlrJ'lJe:J.J6'<\J~fl&l116uu6~e:J.J '

fllldJ'1HJU flllJJhhmJ fl11JJ~165u.J fl11JJ~~6~u fl11JJ1~n mlm~m1'.Jh'lJe:J.J61l~EJ~.J '\J

V\ ~.J ~.J 1~ JJn'<\1 ~ 6 n ~offu6rl m 1lfu 1VI1El U1~ l:Ou~ f) 'U b V\ ~nl1ru1 ui.Jfl dJ b 11'<\J~ln ~ EJljdJ ill '\J '\J '

m1 JJ1~n Ul.J e:J ~l.JmuY11unun11fu1tt Ull~~il ~ ~ ~ vwn JJ~~ ll~:::u nfi1m 1 u 1'<il'lJ eJ.J 611 '1..1 'U qj dJ

f11l.Jrl Tf11~1~n~ (2553 : 396) n~llll l'o\J~fl&llU'UeJ"ll'UJlirJ (Disposition) ' '\J

Vl1mm 1T'IXJJ ~il5rl1h'l~~ eJY"lb]~n11dJ ff'Ue:J.J~ vu<71 eJ ~.J 6n~ tle:JJJV11eJ~.J l 11 ~.J eJl'<illUU 1~J.Jfl'U -r~ bl ~.J"JJ e:J.JV\ 1e:J fllldJ~~ b 'o\1 ~ fl&l e:Jl'o\1'<\1::: b U'U~l 'UlJl nV\1eJ~l 'U~ 1J rllill'<\1 ~f)&\ ~l'UUln~ e:J ~.J 1~n ' I I q,.. I

'o\J:::il'Y'J 61 &\ n11JJri'<il:::l~ilqJnu ~.Ju u 6L<7inlill '<il ~fl~ ~lu~un'<il:::V\ ~m~m~.Ju u

dJlr.Jle:JeJfff (Myers, 1993 eJl.Jrl.J1u 'Y'J1Yl'Y'JrJ ff'lJffE!.J~e:J.J, 2555: 7) 1~1~ '

flll dJ 'V\ dJ 1 rJ ll 6 'o\1 ~ fl &\ {) eJ ~ .J ~ eJ e:J n dJ 11 'U 1 U 66 1J 1J 'lJ eJ .J n l 1 U 1::: 6 :iJ 'U rl .J fill dJ "15 E!U 'V\ 1 e:J 1 :JJ "15 E!U '\J

6il.Ju1 mL~::: 6 il.J ~u ffuu f11-.j> u 'Vl1e.J u i) 6f1:o hw ih:::~u fill JJ JJlm!e:J m6~ n <1l1.Jnu 1u1u66<7l ~~ u flfl ~ 5 udJ u~<hu 'V\ ~.J~ ~lfl~ ru 1 um1n1V\u~Y1 f'lrll.J m1~ e:Ju ff'UE!.J~ eJ'Y'J 6J &\ n11JJ 1~'Y'J6]&\m1JJ

' v

VI ~.J'lJ eJ .J u fl fl ~ ~ l tlu 1111 U66 u lrll.J ~ 66 ti ueJu<7i eJ ~.J ~.J n ~11 '

'<ill n fill JJ 'V\ m u <1l1.J ") f111l1~ 11 6 '<\1 ~ fl &\ 6 tl u 6~e:J.J'lJ EJ.Jflll JJ"n v u fill JJ 1:JJon eJ u '

m1JJ ~ ~ 6 ~u fll1JJ1~n 66~~flll:m ~v<71 eJ ~.J 1~ ~.J'V\ ~.J '<il:::Ln~offuLrlm 11'l~fuf~.J 6 'V\~1ttm6~~ '\J '\J

6 tl u<11'1 n1 'V\ u~ Y\ flrll.J m 1~ eJ u ff'Ue:J.J <71 eJ'Y'J 6J ~ n 11JJ ~ .J'<\1::: 66 ff~.J eJ e:Jn m1 u 1U'lJ e.J.J'Y'J 6J &\ m1JJ 1 u '\J

6 il.J1Jln66~~ 6 i!.J~U

6.2 f1\l~h.J-n:nmJ'2.1f1\lt'il(7)~~

1rl1UeJU&lff (Triandis, 2001:2-3 eJl.Jrl.J1u 'Ul~f~u 'U66U, 2550: 9) '\J

1~ e:JTIUl un.J e:J.JrlU1:::nEJU'lJeJ.J6'<\J~'fl&l~1~fum1tJe:JdJ 1 mJ'<\1'<\JU'UllileJ.JrlUJ":::nvu 3 1l1~m1{1eJ '

1. e:J.JrlU1~neJU~l'UfllldJf (Cognitive Component) l~lbfi flll:Uf66~~ '\J '\J

fill dJ ~ ~ ~u fl fl ~ il <71 El ~.J l f1~ .J vl'<\1 lUUUflfl ~ n ~ dJ 'V\ 1e:J ffllllnl1rn1~ "J n ~1 dJ flllJJ1ll~::: <:j <:j 'f 'U

fill JJ ~til ~.J n ~1191~6 tlu fh u nl'V\ u~ ~ n ~rn~ lli;i ~Y\ flrll.J'lJ e.J.J l 91 ~ fl &l'lJ eJ.JU fl fl ~ n ~11 {1 e:J n1 '

1Jflfl ~ iJ fill JJf66~:::iJm1&\~ <7J El rllJ ~.J 6 11L~fl1Ubll 'U66~1 Uflfl ~91:::iJ691~ fl ~ <7J eJ ~.J 6 f11 'U 'Yll.JUln <:j 'U . 9

~ dcu C:&" 'V\ je:Jrll.J ~ u rl"n~ 6 91'UrJ.J'lJ'U

2. eJ.JrlU1:::ne:JU~l'UflllJJf~n (Affective Component) L~llri e:J11JJrn'Vl1eJ '\J

fill JJf~n'lJ eJ.J u f) fl ~~il <71 e:J ~.J b 11 eJljdJ rn V11v fill dJ f~n ~.J n ~1191::: 6tlu~.J ~ JJlnl 'V\ u~Y\ flrll.J '\J ' '\J

'lJ e:J.J 6 91 ~fl~"JJ eJ.JUflfl~ L "liu rllUflfl ~ilfl11JJ1~n hJ&i<71 eJ~.J 1~n91~il691~fl&l 6 il.J~u<71 eJ~.Jttu ' ' '\J

51

3. e:J.Jrl111:::nEJU~l'U'V-If]&lm"JJJ (Behavioral Component) l~lln 'V-Ib]&ln"JJ":JJ'lJe:J.J

lJ 'fl'fl f1~ll~~.J EJ e:J n <71 e:J ~.J l fl EJ ~l.J 1~ EJ rh,n!lct-J 'V'J b]~m-:J:JJi.Jn ~ll~::: d:lu~-J~u EJn ~n ~rn:::llf1::: ' ' ' "' fl fl'Yll.J'lJ El.JU 'fl 'fl f1 n ~llfl e:J bll'V-1 b)~ n 11:JJ'lJ e:J-J lJ 'fl'fl f1Ylll~~-J e:J e:J n <7) e:J ~.J l flU WJJ~ l';j)'U, l';j) ~'fl ~fl

9 9

rJ e:J:JJiJ~n~rn:::dlu 1111 ~H-7i-JUln~1EJf1lJ e:J ~l.JTI~ 1, -;uuL'Iim)u

111mvn l-JrfEJw~nh-;uu (2553 : 247) 1~EJTIUlun.Je:J-Jrf1h:::nEJu'lJe:J.JL-;u~'fl&l~-JiJ '

e:J.JrJl..b:::nEJu 3 111:::m1fie:J

1. e:J -J rf 11 1::: n EllJ ~ l u l'lll JJ f 'flll :JJ L 'lll1 ~ (Cognitive Component) L tl 'U 'U

El.JrlU-:J:::n EllJ~l'U'flll:JJfl'lll:JJL'lll h'lJ e:J-JU\'11'1 ti ~iJ<?J El~-JLflJu 6) L ~ e:J d:Jm ~~r-.Jf1~-;u::;!;n11'flll:JJ 'U q 9 q

LLf1:::1l:JJLU'UI'lll:JJ L ~e:J~1e:J <1ll'Iil rJ 1 'Unl1111:::LilU~.JLfltfu ")

2. e:J-Jrl111:::nEJU~lUI'lll:JJf~n~1EJEJl1:JJrn (Affective Component) LU'U 'U

El-J rf u J::: n EllJ '1ll u l'lll :JJ f~ n ~ 1 El Ell J :JJ rn 'lJ e:J -J u f) f) f1 ~ iJ l'lll :JJ i :JJ vr u -IT n u ~ -J b f l b u u ~ f1 'U '

L UEJ.J:JJl-;ulnnl"J~lJ 1'11'1 f1111:::d1u~.JL flJ'ULL~T·hiJml:JJ'V-1 EJ h~1e:J 1JJ'V-1 EJ h ~EJ.Jnl1~1EJ1JJ 9

3. e:J-Jrl111:::nEJu'1llW¥'1f]&ln11:JJ (Behavioral Component) LU'UEJ.Jrl111:::nEJu

~l'U'flll:JJ 'V-IfEJ :JJ~1e:J l'lll :JJ 1 U:JJ d) t.J-Jrll..J 1'11'1 fj';j];:: 11nu~'VI1EJ ~ El u ~UEJ-J<?i El ~-J L fl1 WYlfl'Yll.J~~::: ~u-u ~u u 'VI1EJ1'1~ y;flu rf-JdoffuEJ tJ rlU'flll :JJ L ~EJ~~EJml:JJf~n'lJ EJ-J u 1'11'1 f1 ~1~-;ulnm1111::: Lilu~ f1

q <u 'U q ' ' '

A .c:J cS 'V IV V.dl ,.::::1 ,d 1

'!AI bJ IJinJJ":JJYJ LL ~~-J El e:J n :JJl6Jl"-J-;u:::~EJ ~1'1 f1 EJ-J n u l'lll :JJJ"~nn :JJ EJ v 'U 'U

1~ v ~111 El-J rf 11-:J:::n EJU'lJ EJ-J L -;u ~1'1 &1 u1::::n EJU~l u EJ.J rf111:::n EJU~lUI'lll :JJf ~lu 9 'U

l'lll:JJf~n LLf1:::~lu 'V'-1 bJ &ln11:JJ ~-JJ-0 ~l mhuri 'flll:JJi:JJv1'u£nufl EJ ~lUI'lll:JJf~:::luu~n~rn::: 'U 'U

'lJ EJ.Jml:JJ~~YJ~l1rnl<7i EJ~-J lfl<?il-J "J bb~lLL~~-J e:mnm 1 'U~lWlJ EJ-JI'lll:JJf~n"lrEJu~1EJlJJ"lrEJu<?l EJ 'U

d 1 ~ A ~ d g..o IV V~ ,d,.:::t I

~.J L ~ f1l'U 'ULLf1:::-;u::; LL~~-J 'V-I f) ~nd"J:JJ'U 'U,EJ Eln :JJl"lJ-J';j) :::~EJ~'flflEJ-JnUI'lll:JJJ"~nYJ:JJ El t.J 'U 'U "" .,. 6.3 nTHn~t'iH?I~(?l

1lf1111rn f'I1~-JI'1Jl:JJI,bf1:::1'lrn::: (2549 : 75) l~n~lT:h nl1Lrl~L-;u~l'l~1~t.J.,rll11

"' '

m"JL1vu fuu-;u:::bb~n<7il-JrlU~l:JJ bL<?i~n~rn:::'lJ EJ-J 1,-;u~fl~ LL~~-Jfl:i:1EinTI'V-If1<?iEJm"J~flwu~l'l~ EJ-J 'U

Ufl'flf1 iJ 4 111:::m1 <11-Jtt 9

1. 111::: ~lJ nl-:Jrn1~ t.J(?]J"-J Uf1:::11"J:::~um-:Jrn1 UEJ ~ ~ nu ~-J 1~ ~-J~ rt-J -;u:::iJ ~ fl <71 El

nl1Ln m -;u ~ 1'1 &1 b 'Iiu 1,~ n YlLu'!AiuYJ"'u~ bb '!AI Y1 rf~ 1EJ LL 'V-1 Yl rJL ~ Elfn ~l nlL~fum1~HLf1 El tll-J ~ . 'U

~ ,:::t Acf.:::::j I 0

L ~ n -;u::: :JJ 1, -;u ~ f!IJI Y1 ~ <11 Elbb 'V'-1 YJ rJ

2. l'l"JEJUI'lfl LUULL'V\~-J ~l1'lru1 um"J~fl.JL';j]IJI'fl ~ nl"JEJUJ":JJi.J~EJmffv-J~'lJEJ-J v 'U

~ mLJJ1 u 1vn EJUb ill 1r.mil ~f1<?1EJ m1~fl.J b~IJII'l ~El~l-Jmn b iu ~ mbJJ~iJml:JJfu ~~"lrEJul?i EJ

i-J'fl:JJ 1JJrf.J bfl~'lJ u:::uu ~~lTilJ"rn:::: b~nn-;u:::sJ1:JJ"J1u~n~m::::b 'Iiu Ju<111v

52

.::::::1. ~ I I I I CJ. I ~ .::3 I (U d

3. El'YlTI'V'Jfl'lJEl·Jn&i~~l~ "] 6"1lU fli:l:J.H'V'JEJU flfl:l..Jl"lll"ll'\11 flfl:l..l~blllJUflld"l"'fl'Ml 9 q '1 q

'Ylnn ~ :l..l n 8 'Y1 IT'\11 fl <l1 El m1~f1~ 6 ~ lfl f1 &\ f11Uu ~ flll m ~El 1 ~ mu 'V"1l:::n ~ m vi EJ un8'Yl n'\11 i:il1i m ~ ~ ' ' ' fl&if11Uu~ fill~ 6 ~EJ1 mh~1u1u fi'lun~:l..l~hl'l1'V'J 66fl:::n~~mJ"6i!EJ~~:::ii8'Yln'V"1i:il1iEJ1m..J1 V~ru

q 9 9 9..1 v

4. ~Ell1il~ "] l~66rl l'Yl ~ 1 'Yld"rlfn! wu~~m~~vr lld"~ld Jll'\11 uu~fufl:::5u "] 6tlu~EJn&il~ 1 umJ"l;'j'fl~ 6~~fl&i1<i1rr~ 1 u 'Yll~ulm6i:l:::'Yll~ flu 6 'liu md"fl~"llll1 u Vil!~~m'~m~--6~EJ~ flld"L~fUJ"l~li:i'VI1EJmd"L~fu 1 'YlB'lJ El~1Jf1fl fl1 Ul~El~ 1~ l~El~Vi~~ rh 1 i~ ~1Uiil9l~fl&i~~Vi1EJL~

' ~

~11iEJUf1f1i:1Ju "JL~ '

1J1Ul'\11d" l~fi'EJUlfld"1HU (2553: 260) l~fl~llll l~~fl&\lf')~~lflflld"iJ • lh:::~u n1JrU rr-'l'Yll~ ~d~ llfl:::'Yll-'1 e) El :lJ Vil flU 1::: l;'j'1J mnu ~ l d"ll~1u l y:i :lJ L&i ~Juu~ n 11il~~1fl 1h:::~un11rnL&i:l..l ld"lrlEll~lU~UullUfl~l~~fl&iL~ ~~~nNrn:::mJ"ln~L~~fl&iii 2 d"UllUU~El

~

1. L~~fl&i~Luu1u1u'Y11~L~r.nnu L'liu L~~fl&iL&i:l..l'lJEJ~Uf1f1fl~LtluhJ1u •

m~ulnnv::: L vi~ mn'llu 1 u 'Yll~Uln L611irl'1 6~~ f1&i1~ 6 tlu 1u1 u 'Yll~ flun~:::6 Yi:l..l mn'llu 1 u 'Yll~flu 2. l~~fl&i~1umti:i:::'Y11~ l'liu l9l~f1&16&i:l..l'lJEJ~uflf1fl~6tlu1u1u'Y11~uln n~:::

• fl~fl~ 1 u 'Y11~1Jlflb6fl:::LU6 y:j:l..I'Yll~&i1J GllEl ~1wnu 6fl U"llEl1Jf1UfiU dn6U~UU6UU hi"llEJU

n~1l1~ul;'j'J"U L~lflf1&i6n~~lnnlJ"61uuf~~l1il~ "Jd"ElUGi"'l'lJEJ~6611ii:i:::uflflfl ~~6611ifl::: . ~ . flU~ El~ nu1::: l;'j'1Jflld"rn ~6UU~~ 6 ~1~ j;'j'f1~ l9l~f1 &\~ ll~fl 11i1~ nu 1u

6.4 nTntl~~uutl~..:~t~~~01

tl.lfiEJ:l..IU (Newcomb, 1998: 123 eJ1~ii~1u Ulfl1~11 U66U, 2550: 18) 1~ ~

I I q_., Q,..; Ei' I ~ ~ d.:=j Q....oo Q....o 6'1 a..,.. I

flflllll fill~ l;'j'~ '\11UTIJ":::Vill~1J f1 fl i:166fl::: El'YlTI~ fl'lJ El~1J flfl fl'Yl :lJ flll:l..J l;'j':l..J'V'JUTIJ"l ~nUEJ U ~ld.Jld"bl . ' ~

6U ~ UUl9l ~f) &i'lJ El~1Jfl fl flJu "]LU ~l:l..J ~mtm1J"rn1 Vi~"]~ l n~'llu~l:l..JEJ'YliT'\11 i:l'lJ El~fl ~~1~ 6 'li'j,j, ' .

nld"l i1-il :lJ l uu~~1']n 1 Vi~ n11 'It~ fl fl i)l ~ El~ 1.J Bu&i ~1 :lJ n :!J'll El~ n ~ :lJ 1 Vi~ ~~ Ell~'ll~ llu~nu 6 'il~

fl&i 6&\~~ ~U6 El~ n eJ ~ ill1 i6n~Jlll::: ldJ ~~~i;i .j) El-'!66~l~Vi1f1ll~ ~El~fl~ El~1:::Vil1-'l'\11b]&im1:l..lrl1J ~ '

m1:!J~ ~'ll El-'~ ~'j,j, 1l1l:::d~:::'Yl11 '1Kuf1flfl6U~ uu6~~fl&i11J~l :l..l ~mum1rn ~1~1u1~ • rhl~ 6Eln:::ni:i (2549 : 96) mi1ll1 6~~fl&i~1m1mu~uu66Ufl~L~Vif;ilUliT . '

L 'li'j,j, 'il1n n11~uf1 fl flL~1u"llll ~1111i1~ "J'VI1eJn11&i ~11i EJ ~EJ ~11nuuflflf;i 1J1:::~um1ru6u '\111::: . ' EJ~l-'~ m16fiuu66uu EJ'YlTI'V'Jfl'lleJ-'~n~~ ~muu ~~riEJ1'!K6n~u1:::l;'j'um1rnm161uuful1ufi'm1

' ~ ~

6U~ UUl6Ui:1-16 ~lflf1&irr~'Yll-11Jlfl U&i:::'Yl1~i:11J

u1m'V"11 l-'lfi'mtlfl1h~tt (2553: 260) L~EJIT1Jl[Jll fll16U~Um6Ufl~6'il~fl&i1u • 1 'j,j, 'Y11-'~l~ uln 'J,J,66i:i:::m16u ~ uu6Lll i:i-'ILllfluf;i~'Yll-'~J u iiV~ ~n m1'l16~ ~ fl &1~1u1 u 'Yll-'16~ uln'J,l,ii

m1 :l..l dufl-1 f1l1~fl~~mnn1l n116 u~ uum..J &i\lLUflufl:::'Yll~~~~:::6~ m'JJ EJ\lnuu~9lu<li EJ1ud

1. fill :l..l ~~"ll lfl 69l ~ fl &\~ mJ 1.J i;il u ~~ -;u::: 6U ~ uuuu i;i\JL~ u1 n n1169l ~ fl &1~1~ ' ~ '

1U66 1-1 ~1n un 6 'liu fill :l..lf"'n~ ~~ fill mn ~ u ~~ ~~ 9l::: 6U ~ UU66Ui:i\ll~U1n flll fllld.J"Jflb6i;i::: ' . ' flll~lnfiu~~LdJ:l..llnlXn

53

-;u1 nV\ fll LJ "J 1.11 m ~

3. flll:JJfh'l~ llm~~fl~~6UUflll:JJ6~EHl.Jh -;u:::61J~r.~umnn116-;;J~fl~~lhJ 4. flll:u~:u0'un6~ LJl 6 ttEJ\l 6~~fl~~i1flll:u~:uvrun~-Jnu66fl:::nu 1~muvn:::~

6 flu LU'Yll\l 6q; LJln...,u-;u:::61J~ LJU661J ~\JL<il mnn11 6 ~ ~fl~~iiflll :u ~:u0'mr11J1 u 'Yl1\l~1\lrlWJJ1:Unu I I t I I t

5. flll:JJ 6Tl Lll 6 u e:J\l rllJ ~lULl :J.J 6-;;J ~ fl ~ fl 6 n Lll 6 Ue:J\lrllJ rhur.J :uV: El flll:JJ 6 oJJ e:J

"l..UlJ1i11:l.J 6 Ur.J :l.JU1:::6 'VI rn66~:::l~'UTIJ1:l.J~:::6 lJ~ LIU66Ufl\JL<il r.Jln

n ~ ll 1 ~ r.1 1.11 11 n 1 1 6 lJ ~ r.1 u 66 tl f1 \l 6 -;u ~ fl ~ "l.. EJ \lu fl fl f1 -;u ::: 6 lJ ~ r.1 u 66 lJ f1 \l ~ 1 :u q q

1.1mun11rn V11ulJ1:::1.1um1rn ~1<il6 1uu f ~\l~~-u 1111 ~m161l ~ uu66Ufl\l 6 ~~fl ~ 'lJ 'lJ

"' ""' 6.5 n1'J'J~t~~~~

u1r.~l'VJ1 l\lrle:Ju~J h~iX (2553 : 252) 1<ilEJnuli..l11 6~~fl~vlluflll:uf~n flll:u q 'lJ

q 6~EJ"l..EJ\llJflflfl~\li1m161J~ LJU66tl ~-JL<il my)~ 6~ ~fl~~\JLJJ1.11m1rrr~ 1~1~ u~1-J u~1.11m1rrr~ 1~1 u 111 661J u"l.. EJ\l m1:u 6 ~ u my)~ 6 ~ ~ fl~"l.. EJ\lUflflfl~ iJ~ EJ ~\l1~ ~:::<il EJ\l b'lnm1i\l6 n~~1nm1 'lJ q

m:::rh f'l1 'VI~ m166!.1~\l~V\ u 1'Yi1 'Yl1-JVI1EJm"Jiml1 'J.ofrnflll :uf~niin~~ ~-J1 um11~tf um1i1 'lJ 'lJ

" " i EJ~n fl\l 6 u EJ\l <ilu ~...,\JU

1. m1~n'J.of16~~fl~d:Jum1~m~1ml:u~~6~U ml:uf~n"l..e:J\llJflflfl~iJr;rn'J.ofrn::: 'lJ q

fl\l 6 ~Ufl \lll V\ 1 El e:J Ul\JUEJ Ll n d:J 'Uflll :lJ ~ ~ 6 ~ u 'VI1EJ flll :lJ f~n ~-;;);:: 11J 6 lJ ~ Ll U66U fl\l1 WlJl\l L l ~1 'lJ

2. 6'<\l~fl~hi:Ju~\lyjL:!.J !.11:l.J11nl~'V11EJi\JLn~ L~l~r.J~1\l m"Jl~ L'<il~fl~~\JLUUn11 1~ 1~m) EJ:U'<illnLLUl1 u:u~UflflmL!.1~\JEJe:Jn Vl1e:J'V'-Ib]~m1:u~i1LL1J1J6L~Ufl\l~ q

3. n11~n 'J.ofl L '<il ~ fl ~"l.. El\llJflfl ~ iJ1'liL6~ 6U Un11~n'J.of1Yl fl'Yll\l"ll El\l L'<il ~ fl ~"1.1 e:J\l q

" " I Q....o lq,.. 4 .:;!i Q....o V .:!j V ~Q.-' V

lJflfl ~ L 'YllU U 6L~ ~ El.Jf'!n'J.oJ-1 bl\l1:::~u fill :l.J:l.JlnUEJ r.JV\1Elflll:l.J L "ll:l.J"ll El\l L'<il~fl~U 'U~l Ll q

U~-;;JUULfi~El\l il' uYl1 ani~ 6 '<il ~fl&i aJ'V\ ~lnV\ fll Ll1U 6LlJlJ L 'liu LLlJlJl~ L ~ ~ fl ~ ~1 :l.JlTI q 'lJ

"l.. El\l 6 1ie:Jfb11 ~ U b61J1Jl~ 6'<\l~fl &i"l.. e:J .J e:J El 1.1n ~ LLUU l~ L '<il ~ fl ~1~ r.~1 "lf1:::LU LllJlTILLlJlJfil"l..EJ\l 1.1~h v-Ju 'lJ

~U LL~~LLlJlJl~L~~fl~~l:l.JlTin11"lJ8\l~llfif'Yl (U1Lll'VJ1 l\lrl8U~1h'<Uu, 2553 : 253-259)~\lb q

U'<il'<iluu uu:u1 iLLlJlJl .... ~L'<il~fl&i~l :J.J1lim1"l..8\l~h~f'Yl rf\lii'L 'VJ11:::11fm1"l.. EJ.JfiL~f'Yl1<iln1V\u~ 11X q

"iJEJflll:l.J'Yln"Jl Elflll:l.JiJflll:l.J ~1f1 ru L 'Yilrl'U V\:l.J~ fi:::6LU U"ll EJ\l~~ EllJLL~~:::flU 1 'ULLlJlJl~ L'<il~fl~ llEJ q "' 'lJ

~f11l :l.J"ll e:J\lfi:::L6 U U 'Yln"Jl e:J 1 ULLlJlJl~ ~\l flL~f'Yln Elll ~iJL '<il~fl ~ ~ e:J ~\l1~n U El:l.J'<U:::iJ1EJmb1~'<il:::~ EllJ q 'lJ

L ~u<ill unui EJ flll:U~ 1.1uu 1.1u u~.Jtt um n LL~~ T sm 1.1~~:::~ EJu L ~u<ill r.~nui EJflll:U~~ EJ<illU~\l q

tf U'<U:::iJUt! Ll 1 'U'rllUEl\JL~ Lll rlU ~aJL'<U ~ fl&il:l-i ~ ~ El ~\l1~tf'u 1vm 1.1~'<\l::: L ~ U<i\'l i.JrllJ"iJ Elflll:JJ~ 'lJ

!.1UlJ 1,1'\-l, 'U~\ltf un i1UEJLJ 6bfl::: T Elnl !.1Yl'<U:::~ EllJL ~U<ill LlrllJi e:Jflll:l.J~ ~ El <il1U~\JJ uniJmn fl:::U u u q

dd :l.J"l.. e:J..J 'Yl ni e:J '<il::: LU ULfl~El..J~1 vft ~ Un\l L'<il~ fl ~"l.. El\l ~ ~ EllJ 1 ULLlJ lJl~ L'<il ~ fl ~"1.1 e:J\l LL~ ~:::u flfl f1 q 'lJ q

54

"lJ El·JnTn~~ l 9l ~ fl ~ ~l :IJlTITll1"1J EJ,J fi Lfl{'Yl l1'l :IJl.Hll1'1UVi ~~n bn rn"YfLL~~lTifll1 l 'UTll1t1'fl,:i ll1J1J'J~ q

L';(l~fl~~~,Jn~ll lll,Jd' (Likert, 1961 eJl,Jrl,:il'U~&JUEJ,J JJlrJE:Jb'Ylfl, 2548 : 31) q

1. nlVJU~l~~nuJ":::l1',Jflll~EJ\lnl1~mjlL-;u~fl~"lJEJ,JLm ~EJ~,j1~ q

2. 1 vf wn :IJVJ d..Jl rJ"lJ EJ,J L 9J ~ fl ~ ~ eJ ~,J ~ ~ EJ,Jfll1~n'ljl eJ rll,Ji~ L -;uu L vi Ell vf 'Yl1l1Jll

~,1~~ EJ,Jfll1~n'ljlfieJE:J~1 1 u1~n EJU~l r.Jflrn~~n Mrn~ 1~u1,1 q

q q 3. l1'flvLJEJflll:JJ~fl1eJ Ufl~:JJ 'fl rn~m~rn:::~~EJ,lnl1 1 um11~ L';(l~fl~u~~:JJl rn

20-30 i uflll:JJ Tll1L 11 r.~ui eJml :1J flT:Jrhu,Jn\J ~ \l~ eJ1ud'

3.2 L 1lr.~uu1::: 1r.~fl EJ rJ1,1jl u 'l~wn1iu1::: 1r.~fliJDLl1':rm1m.h::: 1r.~wnuirm 3.3 ieJml:JJflllilflll:IJfl~ L~ r.Jl~t1':1JU1rn1 UllllLEJv

'U

3.4 VJ~m~LJ\lfll1Jl,Jrh L"liu r\'~v'Vi:JJ~ rf1Lu 1~ih~r.~ LrhJu Ll1':1JEJ , ' '

3.5 ~~m~r.~\liEJflll:JJfhn~.nnueJ~~

3.6 ~ ~n L~ rJ\JLJ eJ flll :IJ~L tlu-;u1,JVJ1mnm1n ~flll :JJl~ll d:lu-;u1,J

3. 7 l~flld" l ii El flll :lJ ~ tf ~ El1J l1'1:1Jl1bl ~ EJU~1EJ l~ eJn~ El1J l~l ~ iJ El'U rl'U 'U

~ :IJ~Vi1EJ~ EJ1Jl~lvl

3.8 1 mLU1Jl~~fll1U1~n eJ u~1 mf EJfll1:JJJ\l~l'UUln LL~~~1Uflu 4. ~11-;u rruui EJfll1:JJfl rrf10~u ~v eJ1-;urh 1~1~ r.~ r.Jrrf1vLJEJf111 :JJ LEJ,J~1mf~;jj

'U 'U

flll :JJfl UL ~EJ\JJ u "J d:lur.J ~1lllt1'e:JU 1~ u YJ';(JlJ"rn 1i E:Jml :JJ~ l1'fl\loffu llf1JEJ1Jf1 fl :JJl~ nu1::: t1'v 'ff 'U 'U "' "'

"lJ EJvfll1rif1,JLf1~EJ,jiJE:J1~L~EJvJu "J~1eJ 1~ u~:::flll3l~LiL mn:::~nH ~LJ,Jl~ 5. rhmJ"YJ~~EJ.J 1iri e:JU 1-b h.J1 ".ll-;u1v 1~r.~·1bi E:Jfll1:1J~~~l-;ut1'EJUU~lluYJ~fl Elv

1 in u n ~ :IJ f111 EJ rJ1,1 "il1u 1 u ~ rtv L vJ EJ ~ n 13111 aJ u f1l1 :JJ l11,1 n ~11i~ L -;u u VJ1eJ1~ i EJ flll :IJ 1~ ~ EJ,J q

ufu Ud",J 'UEJ n-;uln d' Ll~v ~ Elvllfld"l:::vf ·n LILJ eJ b ~ El~1rh Ell'U l';(l"ill Lmn llfl~fl~ b~ El ni El ~il rh q

Ell'Ul';(l-.fil bb unrr,J llblJ'Ubl1J1Jl~~ ~:IJ1J1rn~ El h.J 'U 'U

l1'1U 1 'U TllJ"l';(l~rJWf,:i d rf1iu1 ".lJL n rn"YfLL1J1Jl~ l -;u ~ fl ~ ~1:1JlTifll1"1J El.J~ Lflf'Yl 1~ Ll q 'U

1 vfun L1u ULLrr~ ,1 flll :IJ f1 ~ L ~ ufi1 ~ EJU"lJ eJ ,1 LL ~ ~:::i EJ<flll :JJ d:l mLu u m m1 ~1u 1J1::::JJ1 rnf11

5 1:::l?lu ~01 ui EJfllm:IJ-;u:::d:luL~EJ,J~ fliEJU'fl ~m~ rJlrllJ L';(l~fl ~~ EJTll1L1uu l"l1ll1ll3l m1~ ~ q "

dJE:Jv~'U~1:JJULJl:JJf1'vn-1L~vn::: 3 <1l'1u ~EJ ~l'Uf1l1:JJf ~l'Uflll:IJf~mLfl:::~l'ULL'Ul ht:JJ1u 'U 'U

55

~ Q..,.o Q c:t q,...

7. \11UT:U£.JrtLm.J'J'2Je:J\I

7.1 \11U~~£.JlUU1":::Lrt~

-nu l9J.,_.U 1 utJ1:::6 'YHif~l~ Uli EJ.;n-'lum1'1l~m1l1uu~em 1~ u 1 "ll'lTI~EJU~lmmlm1 ~ElU1ll1oJll ytEln11~El ~l1~9J:::Ull~UEJ1 u ~i{iJ <7-'l~if

~"ll'l~l 1n"ll'u~JJ1nrn (2550) l,vi'~n1oJlr:-Ji.'1"lJEJ-:ml1~EJu~lmmlnl1~EJu ' 'lJ

rn 1oJlEJ-:mn 1oJl vt EJ n11~EJ i:l'l1~ ii ~ EJrln 1oJ:::rn.J1111oJl eJ\lnr]1oJ"lJ EJ\!Un l 1uwffutJ1:::n JJ~n 1oJlU ~ 5

1~ U iil~blU1::: ~~ fl6 yt El ~n 1oJl r:-Ji.'1n11b'l'El U~l :JJ 66 U l n11b'l'ElU1ll1oJl eJ\1 n r] 1oJ6 yt El n11~El b'l'l1 ~ iJ ~ El ' 'Yl.,_. n 1oJ:::'Yll\!1ll1oJlEJ\Jn r] 1-}"lJ El\1 ~l1UU mi JJ <1-'ll El rh\1 llJ U U m1 U U 11 \! l1U U l~ Ul\1 b'l''Yl TI11l JJ

'lJ ' '

n1\ll'Yl'Y'lJJ'V\lUfl1 '1llulu 33 flU LvlJJl1~u1nnl1~JJEJrJl\l~lu lfl~EJ-:JiJEJ~h1um11iu LvlLLri ' '

llrmm1~EJU1ll1oJlEJ~ n bJ 1oJm JJ lL u ln11b'l'EJ u l ~ EJ m1~EJ b'l'l1 1.1.u u 'Yl ~ b'l'EJUl~ flll JJ b'l'l JJ11n1 u

n110'.J 'Y'l~ ~1UI.1.1.'1:::6'11uu 1.1.~:::uuuuu'Yinn11~.J1.n~ 1Lm1:::'1-fiEJJJ1.'11~umJ"VI1~>h1EJul.'1:::1.Li.'1::: 'lJ 'lJ

rhm1ltJ1uu l ri u unu ln rnovf~ i-:J111EJ u 1.'1::: 70 r:-Ji.'1m11iu'Y'lu11vi'1u r1n1oJ:::nl1W-:Jiiun l1uu

r-l1ULnrnovffEJUb'1::: 70 '1l1UlU 31 flU vl1UrlnM:::nl1'Y'l~iJum1uur-J1ULnrnovf 1J1UlU 30 flU 'lJ

6' 0 ~ a_.. ' '1-" d ~ cv =.6' d 0 ~ q,..

l n rnOVI9J1U lU 27 flU Utl n9J1nUU\l'Y'l1Jl1 r:-J I. 1LIU:JJr:-J~b'l'JJb]'Y11l'Yl1\ln116JUU fll1JJb111. 19J~1U 'Y'l'YlTI 'lJ '

WftUr-!1Ulnrnovf ft:Ju~::: 70 1J1UlU 21 flU ~~lbUUfEJU1.'1::: 63.64 1.61.'1:::fll1JJ~1JJ11rJ1Un11 rl1\!1Un~JJ ii ~~iJfl rnn1'Y'J ii'Yln1oJ:::nT:r'Yl1~1u <hm1u~~u 'lvi'~ii1:::uu ~~ 1.1lu 1EJ Ui.'1::: 87.88 'l 'U 'f qJ

lLI.'1:::wnJJ~1L19Jvi'1u~~wiu 'Y'l1Jl1~L1uu'Ylnfl uiimlJJb1uhl1uu iim1m'Y11um1W\l i-:Jh 'lJ '

rll\l1m:Llm:::1.u uu b 1u ufEJ u

b'l'i"JJ' n1 1'11wt1n!J' (2551) Lvi'191m~EJ\lnl1lAlWJU1'V\th Un11l1rm11l11oJ1El\lnr]1oJ ' ~ 'lJ

~ 1 JJ 61. U 1n11 b1 El U1l11oJ1 l yt El n1 1~EJ b11 1 il :JJ rllJ lTib'l'El U ll 1J 1J W \l-'!11 ~ ~1'V\ fu U n l 1 U wffu 'lJ

th:::nJJ~n1oJ1U~ 5 1~ ui11~ntJ1:::~\lfll ~m."l.,_.WJ U1VIthum11.1uu1n11oJ1eJ\lnr]1oJ~1:JJbbUlm1 ' 'lJ

i:l'EJUn11oJ1L vt EJ m1~EJ i:l'11i1m1u1nb'l'EJ UI.Lu uVf-:J-'Y'l~ u~:::~n 1oJ1 r:-J 1.'1n11 1 iwu 1 um1L 1u u 1~ 'lJ 'lJ

lAlWJm'ifu 1~ m yj LIU rllJ 6 n rnovffEJ U~::: 80 "lJ El.J fl::: bb U Ul.u~ Ub6~:::~n1oJ1fll1JJ~.J'Y'l EJ19J"lJ El.Jum1uu

mlJJ~lEJrl1\llUuum1uuh.JI.1uu'Y111m! 9J"-'~vri~b'l'.J"JJ~1'1l1u1u 30 flU l.fl~EJ.JiJ8~h1rum1 ' l9J.,_.U lvllbrl 'V\tbl Un111.1UU f1l11oJ1eJ\lnb]'M~1:JJI.I. 'Ulnl1b18U1l1'M11. yt 8n11~8 ~11'illUlU 7 l.l.r-JU

'lJ

I.I.UU'Yl~b181Jl~rln"M:::m1W\l nl1'Y'l~ m1~TUI.I.fl:::m11.iluu 11JJrf.JV\JJ~ 10 "ll'~ 11.m1:::'1-fi8JJ~ 'lJ ' 'lJ

1~ Unl1'V\lfl11.Q~ U fl1 ~lUI.flU\l1.1JUJJ1~1~1U t:ii.'1nl1l'1lU'V11Jl1 n11 1i'VI'U,J Un11l1UU 'fl Un11 ~ 'lJ

vrWJ U1'Yl~n1oJ:::'Yl1\l1l11oJ1El\l nb]1oJvllU 'Yl.,_.n 1oJ:::nT:iW\l 6b~:::n11'Y'l ~ 8 rJ1 U 1:::iu~ mn ~lUfl::: 1.1. U U 'lJ 'lJ

r1 n 1oJ:::n11~1u u 1.'1 :::n11 1. iJ u u 8 rJ1 u 1::: <7-'lu ~ 1.1. fl :::fl11 JJ~ \l 'Y'l819J"lJ 8 \l u n 1.1 u u~ 8 n111. 1 u u 1 u 'lJ

56

1:u~mn1rn ~'IHm~:u (2554) 1il~m~lt-.~~m1-;ij~m1L1t.Jufnl~leJ'~mp~~lmLul ~ ~

n l 1 ~ El 'U Ill ~ l b ~ El n l J ~ El ~ l J ~ b u 'U n l J vr ~ -'V'l ~ bb ~ ::; n l J b ~ 1 :lJ bb J ~ u l n 'lJ El ~ u n b 1t.J 'U 'lJ\ ~

JfiJt.J:u~n~1u~ 1 1~t.Ji!i~n1.h:::~~rii ~mu1uu 6 flt.Juml:u~l:!Jl1n1 umJ"Yf\l-'V'l~lll~l eJ\lmfl~ ~ ~

'lJ EJ\lum1t.JwluJJIJt.J:u~nMlu~ 1 rirJmL~:::~ ~-\!L<711~Um1-.u~~m1L1t.Ju fnlMl eJ\lnr]M~l:U66 Ul ~

n11~EJ'Ulll~l6 ~ Elnl1~EJ ~11~ 6 uum1Yf\l-'V'l ~ LL~:::mJ"t.~1:u 66 J"~Uln u~:::~nMlf!ll:U~\l'V'l EJ 1-.u 'U

V\ ~\lm1-.u~~nl1L1t.Ju f mi :u~l EJ ~1\lLuuun 6 1rJwiu:u~Irt.J:u~n~lu~ 1 h\l L1t.Jwr~~l~ ~tl, u ~ ~ ~

1J1u l'U 43 flU 6fi~1J\l iJ EJ~hJL 'U nl1l9lt.J fl El 66 F-J'Unl''l'<\J~~nTH1t.JU flllMl eJ\lnr]~~1:lJ 6bU lnl1 ~

~EJ 'UlllMl 6 ~ rJnlJ"~EJ ~11~ 6 IX um1Vf\l-'V'l~ 66fl :::nl16 ~1:u u 1\lUln LLUUl~~ fill :u ~l m1n mJ"Yf\l-~

t-.1 G'1 nlJ"l'<\J~lJ'V'IU'Jl Un L1t.J uiJ flll:JJ ~l:!Jl1rJ1 U n11Vf\l-'V'l~Jll~l eJ\lnr] MV\ ~\lnl1'<\J~~nl161t.JU f ~ ~

lllMl eJ\ln fJ ~~1 :u u u l n1 J"~EJ 'Ulll:EJ-16 ~ EJ wn~EJ ~11~ 6 uum1Yf\l-'V'l ~ 66~:::m16~1:u u 1\JU l n ~

~\l'lfuurh~ilut.J~lfl~rurn~~n~~'d:::~u .01 6Lfl:::unL1t.Juilml:u~\l'V'IEJh1:::~umn~~~ ~ <v ~

UTI~l 11 M£rf6 V\ u 1.) (2554) 1ilw ~ 'U l"J!~ nl161t.J 'U nT'l~El 'U~l :!Jbt, 'U l n1'd~El 'U ' '

1l1MleJ-\lnr]~Lv:ie.Jnl'd~El~11 11t.Jl"lJ1~WYlU11l1~1eJ\lnr]~ 1 V\Ult.J "Eating Out" 1:::iu

1h:::mf!um.J~11"1J1'lr'V'loffuu~ 31~llil1'7ln1h:::~\lfi'L~m~~-cmu1"1J~m1L1t.JumJ"~rJu'711mml ~ ~

nl'd~EJ'Ulll~leJ\lnr]M6 ~ Elnl1~El~l1 66~:::6U1 LJU 6 YlliU t-.1~ i:JJr]'YlTI~l\lnT~a1t.JU'lJEI\lUm1t.JuriEJU UG'i :::V\ ~~\lnl'JL<7lfumJ"'<\J~'71 nl16 1t.Ju -n~ lJ 1 'lh~ nTH 1t.JUnl'd~EIU n ~ :lJ ~l El Ul\l 6U'U un L1t.Ju -:r:::iu

~ ~ ~

U'd:::mf!umfm1"1Jl'lr'V'loffuu~ 3 111m1'7lt.Jnl'dfimLuut,t,J.J\ln~:u Lfi~EJ\li!EJ~h1um119lt.J1<71LLri q ~

"lJ~ nl161t.JUnl1~EIW~l1 :JJ 66 'U l n11~1J'Ulll Ml eJ-\1 n b] ~6 ~ Eln11~El ~11 66~:::UUU'Ylt11 ~El Ul'71 t-.1 G'1 ~

Q....o """1.1!) ,:::::j .:::. (l...o I <=i Q....o

~:u b]'Yl If'Yl1\ln116 1li'U t-.~ G'1 n11l-.u t.J'V'IUll "I!~ nTH 1rmm-:r~EJU'71l:U Lm l nT'l~EJ'Ulll:EJ-1 EJ~n bl~

6 ~ E1 m1~u ~11ilU1:::~'YlTI1l1'!AI ~\ln-hLn rn-rf~ ct-\1 11LL~:::t-.~~ i:urJ'Yllirn~ m-:rL 1t.Ju'Vl ~\lnl1 1 'lht11 ~ ~

nl'J6 1t.J 'Unl1~El'U'711 :JJ 66 U l nl1~EIU111Ml eJ\l n 61 ~6 ~ Eln11~El ~11\1\lnllrl El'U 1 iEJ r.j1\liJUt.J ~1 f1 qj

'Yll\l~rl~Yl'J::C1l~U .01

'1-fwn ll ~:n rh (2555) 1<7l'V'l~ ~ u 166 u u tj n 'Yln ~:::n1 16 '11 tJ un1 M1 eJ\l n rJ M~l :u

u u l n11~EJ'UlllMl L ~ EJ n11~e1 ~11 mi:u ~1 1:::n11L1t.Ju fn1~1~1~U1:::6 'Ylf'f~1wfuun L1t.Ju ~ ~

offm.b:::n:u~n~lU~ 6 1~ t.Ji!1~m.h:::~\lff6 ~ eJ W~'U166UUtjn'Yl~nM:::nl16 oVlJ'U111~1 er~nr]M~1:!J ~

Lm l n11~EJ UlllMl L ~ EJ n11~e1 ~11 1 ~ill.J1::: ~Yl li 111 '!AIm :u m rn-rf 80 1 80 LL~::LU~t.J m Y1 t1 u

t-.~ G'1 i:u fJ 'Yl TIYil\lnl16~ t.J 'Ulll Ml eJ\lnr] ~ ri EJ u 66fl :::V\ ~\l nl16~t.JU1i'lt.J 66U u tj n 'Yln ~:::n11 LoV tJ u

Ill Ml eJ\l nr]~m :lJ bb 'U ln11~EIU1ll~l b ~ Elnl'd~D ~11 n~:U~lEl r.j1\l LU'U un b~ll'U 1 'J\l b~Ll'U Ufl :lJ ~

~fl\l'71Ubtl~ 2 1l-\!Vll~El1JG'111"1Jil1U ~1'Ul'U 31 rm 1<7l:ul1t11llliTn11~:JJEIU1\l~1l1 6fi~El\li!EJ~1i ~ ~

1 u n111-.u~t.Jfl EJ LLU u tj rrr1n M:::n1Wlll1Ulll ~l B\ln fJ~'71J:U u u lnl1~EJ Ulll ~16 ~ Elnl1~EJ ~11 9llulu. 12 "lJ~ LL~::LLUU'Yl~~Elul~~t:.~~i:unYJrf'rn\lm-:rL~llu. t-.~~m111lrmu11 LLuutjn'YlnM::: ~

57

' ' n1 16 oJJ u u .Tll '!of 1 EJ.__-.:~ n ~'!of <111 :JJ u u 1 n1 1 ~ EJ u n1 '!of 1 6 v:i EJ n1 1 ~ EJ ~1 1 n ~ :JJ ~1 1 ~ n1 16 1u u f

9 ~

.Tll'lof1~1-.J1.h~6 "M'I ilth~~'YlTI.Tll'V~ 84.18 I 81.69 66fl~r-.!fl~:JJ~'YlTI;,ll-.1Tl116'1Uu'lJe:m!m'1mtVH'1""'-.:~ l '1uu~1u 661JU~ m1n '!of~~-.:~ Tlllri Elm 1uuEJ ~.h-.:~ i1 uu ~lfl"-'rum-.:~ ~il~~1~<1l.__u .o 1

~ v

TI"lJ:JJ 1 f1 Vi ll"-'Tl ~ .. (2555) 1~~ Tl'l~l ~ fl Tl111l"'<11 Tl1J TlJ1:JJ <111 :Jj 66 u 1 Tl11~E!U.Tl1 'lofl 6 ~ El

n1 1~EJ ~11 6 ~ EJ Ei-.:~ l ~1 :JJ fill :JJ ~l m1n 1 u Tll 10-.:~ 66 fl ~ Tl11VJ <1l.Tl1 'l'flD-.:1 n n 'l'f'lJ EJ-.:1 u n 6'1 uwffu ~

JJifU :Jj $in 'l'flU ~ 3 L<ll tJ :iJ l<ll mh~ ~-.lrl6 ~ El b u1u 1H flu 1J r-.1 ~ ~:Jj b] 'Yl TIYll-.:1 Tll16 1UU1J1 Tl Tll 1i'<11 9

' ' C::,. .::!:J 4 V ..:::::j 1 ..:::::1 CV .c:l ,:;!i

Tl1l TlJ1dJ <1ll:!Jb6 U 1 Tll1~El Ulll 'lofl 6 V4 E!Tl11~El ~l 1"lJ 8-.:IUTl 61 lJUTl E!Ub 1U U66fl~'V\ fl-.:1 6 1UU 66~~f1Tl 'lofl

1~~u fill :JJ ~1 :JJl 1n 1 u n1 1v\r-.:~ 66fl~ Tl11'1"/ <11n1 M15-.:~ n n '!of 'VI fl"'-.:~ 6 1uu L<11u 1J""'<11 fh m1:JJ <111 :JJ 66 u 1m 1 ~

~El U.Tll'l'fl 6 ~ E!Tl11~El ~11 Tl ~ :JJ~h E!Ul-.Jfl E!U m 1u u h-.:~ 6'1UUTI11'Yl El-.JVl'Yl Ulfi:JJ 1l"'-.l'V\l<11U'1fmf 9 9

~1u 1u 30 flU 1~dJ1L<11 un11Ei:JJEJl11-.:~,h u L<11 u 1 ii EJ-.:~ 6'1uud'Jumb u 1 um1Ei:JJ lfi~El-.JJJEJ~h'1 u 9 9

,::::,. QJ .c:t o,_., .d v 0 0,.... QJ ,:::,.6' ""'

Tl1 111l tJ f1 El 66~ U Tll 11J <11 Tll 1 6J lJ U 11l1 U 1 U 6 66 ~ U 66 1J 1J 'Yl en ~E!Ul <11 ~ fl ~:JJ b] 'Yllf'Yil-.:1 Tll16 1 t1U66 fl ~ ~

uu u th~ liiu 1~~u fill dJ ~1 :JJ11n 1 u Tl11W -1 u fl ~Tl11VJ en.Tl1'l'f1o-.:~ n n '!of r-.~ ~n11~h .... u '1"/ u 11 ~ .. '

r-.~ fl ~:JJ n 'Yl ifm-.:~m1 6 1u u VI fl"-'-.:~ l1uu~-.:~ n11 ri EJ u L 1 uuu t.J1-.:~ iiuu ~1 f1"-'b1J 'Yll-.:~ ~n~rl1::iu .o 1 1~~u 66~~m1:JJ~1m1n 1 um10"-.:~ u~::m1VJ<1l.Tl1'l'f1 8-.:~nn 'l'f"lJ EJ-.:~um1uu VI fl.__-.:~ 6 1uuEJ t.J1 u1::iumn

~ ~

7.2 -.1lu~<ilt~<?il-.1U'i~L'YI0

1l1Tl Tl11~Tl 'lofl-.llU l~U~6~ Ul"lJ El~ 1 U~l-.11h::6 'Ylfl ~l1l"-'t.J1~1l16~UE! r-.!~Tl11l1J"-'U~ ~

6~ m11EJ-.:~num11l.__<11Tl116'1~m fl<11u h'lrr~EJU<lll dJ 66 U1Tl11~E!U.Tll'l'fl 6 ~ElTl11~El~11 i-.:~ii' '11

EJEJ'Y'Jmuf (Offner, 2003 :Online Ef1-.:~n-.:~1u ~1uViu 1-.:~i~u::ih, 2554 :56-9

57)1~'Yllm11~m~ ulnum1~EJu~u'Ylm.TllMleJ-.JTlb]'l'f1 mh::l 'YlflnhJu ~lTl:JJflb'V\<11~11 ~l'1uu v "' cu ~ 'U

1:0 ~l :JJl1n 1 i lll rrlo-.:~ n n '!of 1 u m1~u ~11t<il ~-.:~ iJ ~ul VI en m~1 ninn116 1uu m1~em ~1:0 9

6 'V\dJl::~dJTl~T"Jfl El t:f6'1UU"l11<1lrlTl'lof:: 1 UTl11~ nnl1'1"/<1l~U'YlU1 r-.ll~U~-.J:IJ~~Tl'l'fln-.JliTTlT'H 1uu ~ cu cu "'

Tl11~E!U~-.llTI~hL~Uri Tll1~TlrlTl'lof::Tl11'1"/~ 1 U~bllUTll1rn1l1-.J~l-.l "] 6'1iU Tl116'1UWVU1bl'V11EJ '11

Tl116~Ubf1~El-.J<11U<111 d:lwi1u r-.~~m1~Tl'l'f1~1u1<i111 9

1. Tll1~EJU 'Yl"-'Tl'lof::Tl11Y4<116UU~-.J~f1116 itud'Ju5u~U66JTl ~

2. inn116 1uum1~EJU~f11J"1i 1~mi m16'1uu~1n ~n1um1rn~'1-.:~ 66fl:: 1 u .-d

~bllUTll1lli'Yl'V\~lTl'V\fllt.J

3. Tl11~El~l16UU~-.J~lf1ru~~~ ~1m'V\en~6UU-.Jlu~f1-.J~11rl ii~flU~ 66fl~iJ v 9 9

~u<11u 1m1 m1v~ n £J 6 n rn6Vl'V11EJmen1~1u 'Yll-'lf1l'l'f1 6 tlu~-.:~~1f1 b1J1El-.J flvm

4. lllrrl d:lu~-.:~~fien'VIt.Ju 1~ ~L1t.JUf111Ufu.Tll'l'f11im:JJ1~~:JJnUm1:JJ~ ElvTl11 9 'U

~rh;-.:~ 6U~UU66Ufl-1

5. Tl116'1utt.Tll'l'fl6UU~-.:~~~ EJ-1 66~<11-.:~ EJEJTl'V11EJiim1n1~i'l1 iiu~Ju1l~1:JJ1~r-.~~

.. 1~------------------------------------

58

6. nTH 1rJ unl ~l l u u ~~~ i eJ ~ ihJ lJ i:1-rvr u rr h-w i eJ~ ~>h 1:1~--il m1~t1 ~l1~ tJ i~n1h~~~l'fVJ ~~n'JJ tJ~nl1l 1rJUlll ~l

9

•rn5~ tlll'Y'IiJ~ll~~l'leJ~UJJU 1ll (Saeed Ahmad & Congman Rao, 2013:

Online) 1i~n~lnl1 1 "lJlTI~tl'U~ldJ bb 'U lnl1~tl'Ulll~ll ~ tlnl1~tl~l1 1 'Unl1~tl'Ulll~l er~nn~ lU'Ulll ~l <1h~1h~l 'Ylfl 1 m.h~l 'Ylflthfi ~rnu 1~ rJih~~nth~~~l'fl ~ mu1mJ l Y1 rJUm1 1i1rr~tJu

' ll1J1J b U'U, ll mmrnll~~nl1llU~ nu1TI'~e:mm :JJ bb 'U lnl1~tJUlll~ll ~ tlnl1~tl ~l1 n~JJ~ltl r.h~

' ~tJ m~ ~8Ull~~irm1rJu 1~~~u.ffuJJ~"lHJJJ~n~1 ~ eJUU~l rJ1 u1J1~l 'Ylf!Uln~mu ll'l~tJ~iJ tJ~H1 u 'U'U

m11'<ll~u b tlulluu ~tJumJJ ll.uu~~ 11'11-J ~rl~ bb~~~.~.uu 'YJ(j) ~tJui(j) r..~~ iJJI]'Ylnrn~ m1l 1rJull~~b '<U ~ l'l~'JJ o~um1rJu r..~~m11'<ll~rJ'V'lu1l nT"J~tJu1~ rJh"ln~tJU~lJJlbUlnl1~eJUlll~l l ~t1m1~t1 ~l1 iJ111~~'YlTilllvm1lm1~tJulluu l '!tu Llmn-:Jmll~~Tll1ll1J~ ll~~nlunl.1rJu 1i1um1'<lJ~(j)m1 l1rJunl1~eJu ~l Vi JJl~~JJ r.J ~ iJJ Il 'YlTI~l~nl11.1rJ u 1~ rJ lU 'V'll~r1n~~~1 "lJL unl1~tl ~l1~offu5n rf~ m1 1 i1 TI'~eJU~lJJ ll u lnl1~tl Ulll~l l ~ tJm 1~tl ~l1 rJ~.Jth 1 iirn l1miiJ ll 1~'<ll~ h 1 u nl1l1rJu

'U

ldJUUrJ "Irl'Ul (Mennaai Sanaa, 2013: Online) l.i~n~lnl1vrWJ'Ul'Yl~n~~ m1'V'l~ 1~ rJL i1rr~tJum JJ lm lnl1~eJunl~l l ~ tJnl1~o ~l1'1J tJ~irn~n ~l.ffun~ 2 ~l'JJll"nl 'U

nl~l e1.Jnr]~ JJVill'Ylm~~rJu1~nl 1~ L.J~llVJ ~Vi ~~n~rh 1 iirn~n~li.JJ~lm1n 1inl~ll ~t1m1 " ~tJ ~l1Li ~tJ m~~omrn 1i1TI'nlJ"~eJur1m~~nl1'Y'l~l.luu~.~JJ ~~m U'u 1u~n£)'1JtJ~i.lrJlmrn 'U 'U 'U

i~n1J1~~~1'f'JJ o~m11'<ll~rJ1 ul'lf.Jdn b ~ o~m~n11 nll'l1~ ~tJullJ~rJUJJl1 i1TI'~tJu~lJJ bb u1m1 9 'U 'U

~tl'Ulll~l I.~ elnld"~tl ~l1 un~T1~l'<ll~~ldJl1rJvr<1dJ'UlrlT1~~nl1'V'l~ Li~1fu ll'l~tJ~iJtJ~hJ1 Unld" 'U

19J~m u mluu ~tJu m :!J 2 u uu ~ tJ fflVJfmnr-Y ~eJuu~ ~ fflVi fuirn ~n ~l l ~ 01~u Ufl~ffl1l'<D 'U 'U 9 . ' ' <V ,c,. Q..J ,dl ~d I a_.. ,:,.,c::t &:!:I .=J

'Yl f1 Ufl ~ 'lJ tJ ~ u n fin ~l 'Yl JJ ~ eJ 'Yl n ~~nl1'V'l (j) ll.~ ~l !f~eJ U~l JJ ll u 1 m1~e1 Ulll ~l 1. 'V'l tlnld"~tl ~l1 'U

r..~ ~nl11<ilrJ'V'lu1l 1TI'~tJu~lmm 1m1~tJun1~l 1. ~ onl1~tJ ~l1 ltlu 11\'~ou ~il111:::~'Ylrrnl'V'l mn 1 unl1vr<1dJmr1n~~mJ"'Y'l(j)'JJ eJ~irn~n~l

'U

'<Dlnm1~n ~l l tJn ~l11.1.~~~lu 1<ilu~ 1.~ rJli tJ~'Yl~~ 1lul~~<111.JU1~1. 'Ylfli~n ~ll ~111 9

1i1l T1l1'<ll~~ nl1l1rJu -n~ rJ 1 i1TI'~oU~lJJU u ln11~e:J'Ulll~ll ~tlnl1~tJ ~l1 ltlu 11\'m1<il(j)m1 'U

l1rJu fri ~l:!Jl1nvrWJulr1n~~ 1 um1~e:J ~l1tf.J 4 r1n ~~1i tJr.h~il111~~'YlTinl'V'l 1. 'Y'ld"l~ltlum1 'U

~n 1 iu n 1. 1u u 1(j)1 in1~l1 u~n1un11rn'<U1.J f1 (jjun l1rJultluffll'1 b1J ~.J l~1:!J1 iun 1.1rJun ~l u~~.J eJ e:m ll.~~~ldJl1mb111~~Um1rn~i.~fumnfhn11JJl1Jh1 wn1~111~•ihiu 1~ ~l.;rJ~~ lifi eJn1TI'~tJU~l:!Jbl. u lnl1~eJ'Ulll~ll. ~ e:Jnld"~e:J ~ld" :!Jl'YJ(j)~ s~h1 um1~e:J u l"nllll~ll.mVJ i!i

'U

lC e:J~ iunuun l1rJu 1~<1lu.ffuJY:rmJJ~m,,n1JYi 6 l ~ e:Jvr<1dJUll'lllJJ ~l:!JlJ"n 1 un11~t1 ~l1lll~l lnlVJ ifil d e:J.J iu'JJ e:J~irn l 1rJu 1 i~ b~1fu

59

TrHJ1Hm1 A~ 'l u n1J"~i' ~

m~~'h)u L ~EJ~ m11'7 tm t.nfll1JJ ~l JJl"lrJ 1 u m"l~EJ ~111l1B1 L m'V! ~ Lri' e:J\l ~ w11 e:J.Jun L 1 u u

~~ ~ u affudJIJ u JJ ~ n B1 u ~ 6 hw 1 i1 IT~ EJ u <;J l ;u u u 1m 1 ~EJ un1 B1 L vi EJ m 1 ~EJ ~11 r-71 11 u 1~

1n~EJmnmL u lnl1~EJU111 B1 L Yi EJnl"l

~e1~11 U"l~nEJU~lU''lJ.~U<;JEJU ~~.Jtt " " (V .:::i Q...oo 0 .::::!:1

"li'U'Yl 1 "li'Unl1U16~'UEJbUEJVl1

"l.l,o;u~ 2 'll,o;um1f:1n

"l.l,o;u~ 3 "ll,o;Um1tbnlB1Lllh1um1

" "" "' " Jll'Ml b nl'Vi ~ 61JEJ\l~'U,

2. L'il<;Jfl~o/\EJm1L1rm1"1l"1

.... ________________________________ __

'U