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French scholars undertook extensive research and restoration

of the temples, work which was continued by the Lebanese

Directorate General of Antiquities.

Baalbecks temples were built on an ancient tell that goes back

at least to the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. Little is known

about the site during this period, but there is evidence that in

the course of the 1st millennium B.C., an enclosed court was

built on the ancient tell. An altar was set in the center of this

court in the tradition of the biblical Semitic high places.

During the Hellenistic period (33364B.C.) the Greeks identifiedthe god of Baalbeck with the sun god, and the city was called

Heliopolis or City of the Sun. At this time the ancient

enclosed court was enlarged, and a podium was erected on its

western side to support a temple of classical form. Although

the temple was never built, some huge structures from this

Hellenistic project can still be seen. It was over the ancient

court that the Romans placed the present Great Court of the

Temple of Jupiter.

The temple was begun in the last quarter of the 1st century

B.C. and was nearing completion in the final years of Neros

reign (37 68 A.D.). The Great Court Complex of the Temple

of Jupiter, with its porticoes, exedrae, altars, and basins, was

built in the 2nd century A.D. Construction of the so-called

Temple of Bacchus was also started about this time.

The Propylaea and the Hexagonal Court of the Jupiter Temple

were added in the 3rd century under the Severan Dynasty (193-

235 A.D.), and work was presumably completed in the mid-3rd

century. The small circular structure known as the Temple of

Venus was probably finished at this time as well.

When Christianity was declared an official religion of the Roman

Empire in 313 A.D., Emperor Constantine officially closed the

Baalbeck temples. At the end of the 4th century, the Byzantine

Emperor Theodosius tore down the altars of Jupiters Great

Court and built a basilica using the temples stones and

architectural elements. The remnants of the three apses of this

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.ANQh Y Ia ejCG a aa ,1260 Y ddG


5/19

basilica, originally oriented to the west, can still be seen in the

upper part of the stairway of the Temple of Jupiter.

After the Arab Conquest in 636 A.D., the temples were

transformed into a fortress, or qala, a term still applied to the

Acropolis today.

During the next centuries Baalbeck fell successively to the

Umayyad, Abbasid, Toulounid, Fatimid and Ayoubid dynasties.Sacked by the Mongols about 1260, Baalbeck later enjoyed a

period of calm and prosperity under Mamluke rule.

The SiteThe temple complex of Baalbeck is made up of the Jupiter

Temple and the Bacchus Temple adjacent to it. A short

distance away is the circular structure known as the Temple

of Venus. Only part of the staircase remains of a fourth temple

dedicated to Mercury, on Sheikh Abdallah hill.

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.jdG e dGdG zGYdG{ Ja j c HGQFQ e jH

Parking

Entrance

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M1

M2

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6

12

13

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1a

3a

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14

3a

3b

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8a


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The Great Temple of JupiterzHL{ e hG ,dG dG

The Great Temple orJupiter Temple [1-9]The complex of the Great Temple has four sections: the

monumental entrance or Propylaea, the Hexagonal Court, the

Great Court, and finally the Temple itself where the six famouscolumns stand.

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YeJddG qdGUadGddGIOd kS qedGdGcGhdG:g q FQbGHQGe dCjdGqdGGg ch.MG Y

.da dGda,S qdGdGj,FdGNdG qjch, qdG

1- The PropylaeaCompleted in the mid-

3rd century A.D., the

Propylaea is approached

by a large semicircle of

stone benches (1a) and

a partially restored stair-

way. The entrance struc-

ture has towers at either

end and is fronted by12 granite columns. An

interior stairway goes to

the top of the Propylaea

where there is an excellent view of the area.

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GhdG Gg qdCje TG oH e

qe HGH JaW Y bG

H j LHY Jj GhQ

Y KG e U,fGdG e kGOY

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ch KdH kje GhdG Gg ch .(CG-1) qjdG MG H ebGhdG S dG e oj dd GQOG H ,GHG KK NGdG QGL a

.j dG SdG dGh

Entrance

1

1a

2- Hexagonal ForecourtThree doors lead from

the Propylaea to the

Hexagonal Forecourt,

where 30 granite col-umns originally support-

ed the entablature. This

six-sided form was built

between the Propylaea

and the Great Court in

the first half of the 3rd

century A.D. At the end

of the 4th century or the

early 5th century, it was covered with a dome and transformed

into a church by the Byzantine Emperor Theodosius.

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dG dG KdG

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KK Y JJ.fGdG e kGOY

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2

1


7/19

3-The Great CourtBuilt in the 2nd cen-

tury A.D., the Great

Court covered an area

of 134 x 112 meters

and contained the main

installations of the cult.Structurally, the Court

is a platform built on

the leveled-off top of the

ancient artificial tell. The

tell was consolidated on

the eastern, northern,

and southern sides by vaulted substructures, and on the

western side by the temples podium. These substructures

supported the por ticos and exedrae around the Court and were

used for stables (3b) and storage. [You can visit the Museum

installed in the stables access from the parking].

The entire Court was enclosed by a succession of rectangular

and semi-circular exedrae or recesses decorated by niches (3a)

which contained statues. Surrounding the Court, in front of theexedrae, was an 84-column Corinthian colonnade of Egyptian

granite. On the exterior walls of the Court, the remains of medi-

eval battlements can still be seen.

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cGJ qj YUG qJ Y j fdkGfh .HdG GdG a YYJ dG SdG Y a ,bdG a bJ dG qdG jdG

c dG KG ICWh J NBG H dj hG FGLG H Qj G ae

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qje Lh ,e g Y fKh IFGO f T Y e HQGfc GhH

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4 & 5- The Altar & the TowerTwo huge structures stand in the center of the Great Court:

a restored sacrificial altar (5) and a tower with only the lower

courses remaining (4). The tower, dating from the beginning of

the 1st century A.D., was probably built to allow the worshipers

to view the proceedings from the top.

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(5) HdH J gGMEG ,FQ oH dG dG Sh a JJG e j d V H (4) iNG qJ a ,dG dG bG gh

dG Oj fG PEG ,kGY dG HG bCG dG Gg qjh .dG eGe HdG AH a j c dG IdG dG G ,hG dG e hG dG

FGdG H AGO dG Jj bY qe HH c fG hjh .dG.SW e dM j e Igd hG

2

3

4

6

6

3

4

5

6

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6&7- The Columns & the Ritual PoolsThe Great Court was

flanked by two solitary

columns of gray and red

granite (6). Two pools for

ritual washing (7), deco-

rated with relief carv-ings, were placed north

and south of both the

altar and the Propylaea

tower.

These structures were

destroyed when a

Christian basilica was built on the site at the end of the 4th

century.

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fL Y jGOY dG(6) GOe

e gMGMG fGdG

fGdG e NGhjh .OedGHdGh dH

VM j dGd qN

AVdGh jdGqeoO bh .(7)

.zSShOK{ QWGeG c fe d HGdG dG jf a ddG g

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4

5

6

76

8- The Temple of Jupiter

After passing through the Propylaea, the Hexagonal Forecourt,

and Great Court, the worshiper at last arrived at the Temple

of Jupiter. This approach to the sanctuary through a series ofdefined spaces was an apparent oriental adaptation.

The Temple measures 88 x 48 meters and stands on a

podium 13 meters above the surrounding terrain and 7 meters

above the courtyard. It is reached by a monumental stairway.

Originally surrounded by 54 external columns, most of these

now lie in fragments on the ground. The six standing columns

(9) are joined by an entablature decorated with a frieze of bull

and lion heads connected by garlands.

The Podium is built with some of the largest stone blocks ever

hewn. On the west side of the podium is the Trilithon (8a),

a celebrated group of three enormous stones weighing about

800 tons each.

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VJ fc dG MGdG e OY RLG H Uh bh ,dG dG YCG,kGe 48 VYh kGe 88 dG W jh .jdG qedG GOdG UGfehdG jdG VQG a kGe 20 YJQG j Y qcpO Y j ch

KK H e ,V IQH oH bh ,dG qVQG a QeG Sh IQhdGe MGdG W jh .dG e JT YGP bh HdG FM a QMGQH dG dG ojh .QeG 3 cSh QeG 4 qYh kGe 20 IQdG ggjkGOY Nh HQG e GhQ H j ch .We K P Y

.OSGh GdG ShDhQ qjJ Ne jaEG

5

7

8

9 7

8a


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9- The Six Corinthian Columns

The six Corinthian columns of the Great Temple are the first

view the visitor has of Baalbeck. Thrusting 22 meters into the

skyline, they were built on a podium seven meters above the

Court. These six columns and the entablature on top give an

idea of the vast scale of the original structure.

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a .gPG a kNSQ QdG cG H e dG H IYCG IQU J bIa J ,fJh gYGb dP a H ,kGe 22 YJQG j dG IYG

.LQdG bGhQ e kGAL J fc dG dG Y

8

9

8a

10- Temple of BacchusThe smaller temple next to the Jupiter complex is a separate

building known as the Temple of Bacchus. Constructed during

the first half of the 2nd century A.D., it has been remarkably

well preserved.

While the Great Temple was dedicated to the public cult of the

Heliopolitan Triad, the smaller temple was apparently dedicated

to a mysterious cult centered around Bacchus, as suggested by

the grapes and poppies carved on the main doorway and other

carved Bacchic scenes.

Thirty-three steps lead up to the entrance and the whole structure

sits on a platform five meters high. The entrance through the lofty

monumental gate and the view of its ornate interior constitute oneof the loveliest sights of Baalbeck. The stairs on either side of the

doorway may have had some ritual function.

zSNH{ g hG ,dG dG - 10

dG IGPHg j dG

Z a oH NBG.. fdG dG

e fH RjhcdG aG

kM fehdGkf YHG eh

Y kaNRhJjh .WGcO Y dG

N YJQG jdG ojh QeGqdCj Y QH

ddG IOd kS qe c dG dG dG Hh .LQO KKh K ekS qe c dG dG Ea ,qdGh edG FdG ebEG N e dG

GJ jdG h qQodG G a j dG qj qQodG SdG H ebdG dG H dEG M QJ GOdGh SdG g fch .QGSG aU qK e Y SG b fc dh .dGh dG f Y oj ckWJQG JQG b dG ddG c a dEG c JOY Ea ,qTH eG e dGh HdGh qdGh IOdG dCH eDdG gPG a kKh

,GQ qdG H hJ qJ e a qJ SdG fch .iNG IMj e Ggh .S qdG IdG H e eDdG d ,aGh Idc

Hh TdG AGLh dG bYh dG HSh edG qJ Tf OLhdG eG ,NGO ah dG HGH Y IdG M e IMdG gdG

.zSNH{ dG dG dG Gg Gj H GM

M2

10

3a


10/19

11- The Arabic CitadelBehind the Temple of Bacchus and enclosing the lower area to

the southwest, a mass

of wall towers and bat-

tlements were built dur-

ing the Ayoubid and the

Mamluke periods. Theentrance to the citadel

was here, as well as a

mosque in the name of

the prophet Abraham.

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IdG N CfCG bd HdG-HdG dG a zSNH{ dG e NYh HjG

kAH ddGY j kV

GQLh GHG

aVH VdG HGH dGJ J eh

dG SG Y.gGHG

11

12- The 15th Century TowerThe 15th century tower

at the corner of the

Temple of Bacchus isa good example of the

Mamluke fortifications

of Baalbeck. From the

top of the tower a view

can be had of the sur-

rounding area. [You

are invited to visit the

Museum installed in the

Tower].

ddG Y e H - 12

g jhGR YzSNH{ dG

qbdG qHdGY e H,kjG ddG

dG a oH bhd Y edGdG Gqd kG qe

eh ,H adGh dG Gjaj d UdG

QGO{`H dG M.(dG NGO OLdG dG IQjR eH) .zIOdG

M2

0 12

3a


11/19

13-The Round TempleThe Round Temple or

the so-called Temple of

Venus, located south-

east of the Acropolis,

was built in the 3rd cen-

tury A.D. Its design andsize, as well as its orien-

tation towards the Great

Temple, set it apar t from

the other Baalbeck tem-

ples. These attributes

also help identify it as

the temple of the Fortune of Baalbeck, the protector divinity of

the City. It was not by accident that during the Byzantine period

it was conver ted into a church dedicated to Saint Barbara, who

is the patron saint of Baalbeck to this day.

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bdG dG dGj zdG{ e

je U g

d e AfG L afehdG ddG

bh ,WG YZ a oH.ddG dG

dG Gg ch.dG jdG dBG eG H Jh H je J dG gG jd kS qe

fdG dG a jJh dG dG JH dG LJ qj e GghddG Jh ,jdG T oJ dG zIQHH{ jdG SG Y c dG

SG j H dgG Gj eh .H a SGh dh fG a qdG.dG M dG Gg Y zIQHdG{

13

14

14 & 15 - The Temple of the MusesNear the Temple of

Venus are the remains

of The Temple of the

Muses (14), dating

from the beginning of

the 1st century A.D., in

addition to the remains

of a portico (15).

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g e He YjH ,zIgdG{

Lj NBG gjGH dG jQJ,.. hG dGIOd kS qe ch,(14) zSdG{

GOBG dG qHQOLh dG aVH

j qe GhQ.(15) bdH

rking

14

15


12/19

Around the TownH AfG a dL

1

2

3

4

6

7 8

9

10

5

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2122

17

23

17

17

10m 50m 100m

Around the TownThere are a number of other Roman remains and Christian and

Islamic sites to visit in Baalbeck and its immediate neighbor-

hood.

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(edG H jN Y IOLe dG Gg a IQcdG bGdG)qjKG ddG e H SCH OH H NJ ,(1) zdG{ cg fL dG

.iNG eSG hG dG hG qfehdG


13/19

2- Qubbat as-Saadin(the Cupola of the Monkeys)Not far from the City Gate

is a two-room mausole-

um built in 1409, which

served as a burial place

for the Mamluke gover-

nors of Baalbeck.Theorigin of the name goes

back to the 19th cen-

tury, when an exhibitor of

monkeys took refuge in

the mausoleum that was

abandoned since the 15th century. He used to exhibit his mon-

keys in the souks of Baalbeck. The name Qubbat as-Saeedain

(the Cupola of the blissful two), which is used by many locals, has

no real or even historic proof.

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qfehdG HGqdG e ae Ybh ,JM e dCj qe jV

dG eR a . 1409 Y oHkae d a UdG dG

.H a dG Gd

dG dEG dG UCG OjhjOG qdG MCG JG M ,1890h 1870 H ,Y SdG dG e fdGc dG jOdh d kFe Y edG dG e QdG jdG e

dG dP e jdG a qdG apoa ,JMSh H GSCG a VjhCG bGh SSCG a zjdG qb{ SH kqdM qdG jJ qeCG .jOdG qH

.d qjQJ

2

3

4- Remains of the Medieval WallThe Medieval Wall was built during the Ayoubid period over the

remains of the Roman Wall of the city. It was then restored during

the Mamluke period.

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Yh ,zdG{ e HdG dG dGJ ,jdG dG e He

jH e gh , qe Y HGqHjdH J fc dG dG

.fehdG gY a

IdG QS jH -4SdG

dG N dPh fehdG QdG jH Y FGLG H a QdG Gg oH.ddG Y a edG H Y jLG bh .HjG

2

3

4


3- City GateNorthwest of the Acropo-lis near the army bar-

racks lay the remains of

a Roman city gate, part

of the fortifications that

surrounded the city.

5- QubbatDourisAt the southern entrance

of town is the site of an

octagonal structure com-

posed of eight Roman

granite columns. Built

during the 13th century,

it was originally covered

with a cupola and held

an Ayoubid tomb.

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dG dG jdG Gg jQJ LjfK a b d fch HjG

Jh .MG fGdG e IYCG,HdG jdG Ne Qj Y

IeY dG UG e ae e a fc G Hh ,jdH

.fehdG dG dG dUCG OJ Y fqL

10

5


14/19

6- The Great MosqueIn front of the Acropolis

entrance, this mosque

dates from the 7th-8th

centuries of the Umayy-

ad period. Built on what

was the site of the Ro-man forum and later a

Byzantine church dedi-

cated to St. John, the

mosque re-uses granite

and limestone columns.

There is a square mina-

ret in the Northwest corner of the courtyard.


9- Boustan al KhanTo the south of the

temples are important

remains of public baths,

a market, and probably a

bouleuterion, or assem-

bly place.

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dGh dG jdG LGQ13 bQ

jb e - 8

TaM BG AGeG jG dG FH OjhHdG dG a H GM jdG

.Y

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.fdG zMj{

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7 8

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17

7- The Temple of Venus[Please refer to the Baal-

beck site map, number

13].

8- Old ShiiteMosqueThis Mosque was built

by the Harfouch family

who ruled Baalbeck dur-

ing the 17th century.

9

11

22

17

23

1

17


15/19

10- QuarriesAt the southern entrance

of the town is a quarry

where the stones used

in the temples were cut.

A huge block, considered

the largest hewn stonein the world, still sits

where it was cut almost

2,000 years ago. Called

the Stone of the Preg-

nant Woman, it is 21.5

m x 4.8 m x 4.2 meters

in size and weighs an estimated 1,000 tons. There is another

quarry at Al Kiyyal, southwest of town, beyond Qubbat Douris.


11- Roman TombsExcavated in the limestone cliff overlooking the city, thesetombs were part of the necropolis of Baalbeck during the Ro-

man period and were still in use during the Byzantine era.

12- Qubbat al-AmjadOn Sheikh Abdallah Hill are the remains of the Zawiya-Mosque

and tomb of Sheikh Abdallah al-Younini, built under the rule of

Al-Amjad, grand nephew of Saladin and governor of Baalbeck

between 1182 and 1230. It was constructed of stones from the

neighboring temple of Mercury.

13&14- Mercury TempleBuilt during the Roman period over an earlier temple dedicated

to the tutelary God of the city and protector of the crops andherds. The remains of the temple (14) are accessible through a

stairway carved in the bedrock (13).

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dG dG a gM J bJ gh H Y dGIdG a H aGe e kGAL

.fehdG

eG b - 12

Y adG zGY dG{ qJ YdCJ b ,dG L e H

dG oJ dG zfdG GY{ dG b ah ,jhGRh U e eU{ M zT GH eG dG{ jCG a dG g bCG bh .SH

e oHh ,Od 1230 h 1182 eY H H doh dG ,zHjG jdG.jdG zOQoY{ g IQM

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dG a Qe QO Y dG.IgX FGLG H GJ e

11

12

13

14


16/19

15- Ras El-AinThis ancient spring, now

incorporated into mod-

ern Baalbeck, has been

a source of water since

antiquity. Here are traces

of a Roman shrine and aNympheum, as well as

remains of a Mamluke

mosque built in 1277.


16-17-18&19 Ottoman BuldingsAll these buildings were erected during the Ottoman period.

They present many aspects of the architecture of this epoch.

20- The House of Ibrahim HaidarThis traditional Ottomanhouse, built by Ibrahim

Bek Haidar, is today the

property of the General

Directorate of Antiqui-

ties.

21- The House ofHabib Pashael-MoutranBuilt during the 19th

century, this house was

transformed into a Shi-

ite Mosque during the

second half of the 20th

century.

9h18 - 17 - 16fdG IdG e H

IdG N HG J ac AH Je IjY LhG J gh fdG

.IdG J a IQdG a

QM gGHG e - 20

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18

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17


17/19

22 ChurchesDuring the early 20th

century two churches

were built in this area,

the Orthodox Church of

St. Georges and the Ma-

ronite church dedicatedto the Virgin Mary.


23 The Palmyra Hotel andthe Roman TheatreDuring the early 20th

century, the Palmyra Ho-

tel was built over the re-

mains of the Roman the-atre of the city. Parts of

the theatres stones are

still visible in the north-

ern wall of the hotel fac-

ing the main street.

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Fc - 22

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.fQGd

1

7

9

22

17

23

17

17

9

11

23

17

Most of the text is taken from:

The pamphlet BAALBECK, text: Elian Larwood, Marilyn Raschka,

Dr. Hassan Salam-Sarkis, The Ministry of Tourism.

Maps & text compilation: Assaad Seif.

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.S SCG :UdG J h FGdG OGYEG


18/19

www.DestinationLebanon.com


19/19

Glossary

Acropolis: Any archaeological or non archaeological

agglomeration of buildings or structures that is

situated on an elevated (geographic/topographic)

platform.

Altar: Raised platform or structure where sacrifices

are offered and religious rites are performed.

Apse: Semi-circular area at east end of a church,

often with a domed or vaulted roof.

Basilica: Large church.

Battlement: A parapet or wall around a fort or castle,

with indentations or embrasures

(slanted openings) for shooting through.

Colonnade: A set of evenly spaced columns.

Cupola: Dome.

Entablature: The part of a classical temple above the columns,

consisting of an architrave (horizontal beam), a frieze

(a horizontal band of decorations or carvings),

and a cornice (a horizontal molding).

Exedra: A semi-circular extension of a structure (usually the

colonnade), furnished with seats on which people

usually sat to talk about philosophy and other important

subjects. In private houses, the exedra was a room

intended for conversation, fitted with a bench running

round the wall.

Heliopolis: The City of the Sun.

Mausoleum: Large, stately tomb.

Minaret: A tall, slender tower attached to a Mosque with one or

more balconies, used to broadcast the call to prayers.

Niche: A recess in a wall, often containing a statue,

bust, or vase.

Nympheum: A monumental fountain.

Podium: A raised platform that supports a colonnade or wall.

Portico: Covered walkway in the form of a roof supported by

columns or pillars.

Propylaea: A temple-like porch at the entrance of a temple

enclosure.

Qalat: Citadel, fort.

Qubbat: Refer to Cupola.

Tell: Artificial, manmade hill.

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