Layout Tyre CS

8/9/2019 Layout Tyre CS

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The City SitejdG be Al-Bass SitedG be2 1


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Phoenician Tyre was queen of the seas, an island city of

unprecedented splendor. She grew wealthy from her

far-reaching colonies and her industries of purple-dyed

textiles. But she also attracted the attention of

jealous conquerors, among them the Babylonian King

Nebuchadnezzar and Alexander the Great.

Five Millennia of HistoryFounded at the start of the third millennium B.C., Tyre originally

consisted of a mainland settlement and a modest island city

that lay a short distance off shore. But it was not until the first

millennium B.C. that the city experienced its golden age.

In the 10th century B.C., Hiram, King of Tyre, joined two islets

by landfill. Later, he extended the city further by reclaiming a

considerable area from the sea. Phoenician expansion began

about 815 B.C., when traders from Tyre founded Carthage in

North Africa. Eventually, Phoenician colonies spread around the

Mediterranean and Atlantic, bringing to the city a flourishing

maritime trade.

Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, laid siege to the walled city

for thirteen years. Tyre stood firm, but i t is probable that at this

time the residents of the mainland city abandoned it for the

safety of the island.

In 332 B.C., Alexander the Great set out to conquer this

strategic coastal base in the war between the Greeks and the

Persians. Unable to storm the city, he blockaded Tyre for seven

months. Again Tyre held on. But the conqueror used the debris

of the abandoned mainland city to build a causeway, and once

within reach of the city walls, Alexander used his siege engines

to batter and finally breach the fortifications.

Tyre

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It is said that Alexander was so enraged at the Tyrians defense

and the loss of his men that he destroyed half the city. The

towns 30,000 residents were massacred or sold into slavery.

Tyre and the whole of ancient Syria fell under Roman rule in

64 B.C. Nonetheless, for some time Tyre continued to mint

its own silver coins. The Romans built a great many important

monuments in the city, including an aqueduct, a triumphal arch

and the largest hippodrome in antiquity.

Christianity figures in the history of Tyre, whose name is

mentioned in the New Testament. During the Byzantine era,

the Archbishop of Tyre was the Primate of all the bishops ofPhoenicia. At this time the town witnessed a second golden

age, as can be seen from the remains of its buildings and the

inscriptions in the necropolis.

Taken by the Islamic armies in 634 A.D., the city offered no

resistance and continued to prosper under its new rulers,

exporting sugar as well as objects made of pearl and glass.

With the decline of the Abbasid caliphate, Tyre acquired some

independence under the dynasty of the Banu Aqil, vassals

of the Egyptian Fatimids. This was a time when Tyre was

adorned with fountains, and its bazaars were full of all kinds of

merchandise, including carpets and jewelry of gold and silver.

Thanks to Tyres strong fortifications, it was able to resist the

onslaught of the Crusaders until 1124. After about 167 yearsof Crusader rule, the Mamlukes retook the city in 1291, then

it passed on to the Ottomans at the start of the 16th century.

With the end of World War I, Tyre was integrated into the new

nation of Lebanon.

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Archaeological TyreFor a period of nearly 50 years, the General Directorate of

Antiquities excavated in and around Tyre, concentrating on the

two major archaeological sites in the town, which can be seen

today. Those sites are the City Site and Al-Bass area site.

The importance of this historical city and its monuments was

highlighted in 1984 when UNESCO declared Tyre a World

Heritage Site.

In the meantime, government efforts have stopped much

of the wartime pillaging that Tyres archaeological treasures

suffered due to economic stress in the area and international

demand for antiquities. Grassroots campaigns have also drawn

attention to the importance of the citys antiquities.

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Al-Bass Area SiteThe site consists of an extensive necropolis, a three-bay

monumental arch and one of the largest Roman hippodromes ever

found. All date from the 2nd century A.D. to the 6th century A.D.

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Al-Bass Area SitedG QU be

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1- The Byzantine Road & NecropolisThe Byzantine Road (1a) was uncovered for a distance of

more than 300 meters, reaching the foot of the Roman Arch

(8). Paved with well-preserved limestone slabs, this road is

delimited on both sides by the Necropolis.

The Necropolis (1b) consists of a large number of sarcophagi

and constructed tombs dating back to the Roman period.

They were reused many times after that date throughout the

Byzantine period.

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MAINENTRANCE

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67

8

910

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2

14

1b

1a

1b The Necropolis fdG

2 Church with Garden jM e c

3 The Arcade Tomb WdH jdG adG

4 The Columbarium IedG

5 Tomb with Elevated Structures adG dG

6 Funerary Chapel jFL c

7 The Mosaic Tomb AdG ae

8 The Monumental Arch dG Sb

9 The Roman Road fehdG QdG

10 Sideway Pedestrian Road IdG jW

Aqueduct dG IdG

The Hippodrome dG S Ge

The Sepulchral Fountain adG dG

The Blue Team Structure QRCG jdG U

Crusader Church dG dG

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13

11

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MAINENTRANCE

1b

1a

Al-Bass SitedG be1

Accessible Structures

The Byzantine Road fdG QdG1a


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2- Church with GardenThis complex has a main semi-circular room with marble

floors, in addition to

a garden and many

tombs. It has a complex

water supply system to

irrigate the garden. Itwas probably built in the

3rd century A.D. and

reused throughout the

Byzantine period.

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IdG e dG

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YGh OeN dSG

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1b

3- The Arcade TombThis tomb is decorated

with arcades and rect-

angular structures, infront of which were

placed fragments of

small columns which

served to hold oil lamps

and offerings during the

Byzantine period.

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ah e TeGd AGLGfc IU

fGa Y VJHGdGh jdGN jFdG

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2

4- The ColumbariumBuilt in three levels with four burial cells each, this structure

dates back to the 2nd century A.D. and was used until the4th century A.D. The

faades were covered

with lime plaster

colored with reddish-

brown paint during

the Byzantine era.

Decoration with crosses

and names of the

deceased can still be

seen on some of the

painted plaster.

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.iNG eSQ

342

Al-Bass SitedG be1


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5- Tomb with Elevated StructuresIn the same style as

some of Palmyras

tombs in Syria, this

structure consists of a

tower-like shape with a

vaulted lower section.The structure dates back

to the 2nd century A.D.,

while the sarcophagus

inside belongs to a later

period.

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eJ aGe HH T Y gh

SSG a Je

Gg Oj .SqedG dG AdGH Oe fdG

OLdG ShhdGIa dG a

.M jQJ

345

6- Funerary ChapelOverlapping the right edge of the road, this funerary chapel

dates back to the 6th century A.D. It has a small courtyard

furnished with a small

fountain. The threshold

at its entrance and theapse floor are paved

with multicolored

marble. The threshold

has a star-like pattern

inscribed in a square.

The inside walls and

floors of the whole

structure were once

covered with marble.

jFL c -6

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dG M IOLeNdG Y Y.GdG NGOh

45

6

7- The Mosaic TombThis structure hasmosaic covered floors

representing Christian

symbols. It was built

around the 6th century

A.D.

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e e TCH.dG dG

adG Gg AH JSOdG dG a

.Oe

5

67

11

Al-Bass SitedG be1


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8- The Monumental ArchDestroyed by an earthquake around the 6th century A.D.,

this Arch was constructed with cut sandstone blocks during

the 2nd century A.D.

It was covered with

decorated lime plaster

which is still showingon some of its stones.

The 20 meter high cen-

tral section has been

reconstructed; it was

preserved to its middle

height when it was first

discovered.

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N GdH qeOh .. fdG dG a edG IQdH SdG Gg AH J.fdG TH aNeh dH e JLGh fc .. SOdG dG

AdG eJ YGddG SdG

e kGe 20 dW

edG jjdG b.QKBd

67

8

9- The Roman RoadThis Roman Road was uncovered by removing the upper

layer containing theByzantine Road (1a). It

is paved with large lime-

stone blocks on which

the impressions of

chariot wheels can still

be seen. It is bordered

on both sides with a

Doric colonnade. Part

of the necropolis (1b)

extends to the northern

side of the road.

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J GJ ghHdG Qhe QKBG

fL Yh .YJ QdG Gg

IYG e Se J dG

Y ddG LL eh fdG

jW Y HdG.IdG

67

8

9

11

10- The Sideway - Pedestrian RoadOn the southern side

of the Roman Road (9),

the pedestrian sideway

still preserves the

Byzantine paving. This

pedestrian road gave

access to several shops

on its southern part.

Remains of these shops

were discovered under

the arches of the aque-

duct (12).

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g aJ GJ dM Y jdG

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gJ .fdGHdG dG e

IU bhQGJ jQJ eh

N Y dG.jKG jdG

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8

910

1211

15

Al-Bass SitedG be1


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12- The AqueductThis Aqueduct runs along the left side of the Roman Road

(9). It carried water from the springs of Ras el-Ain, 6km south

of Tyre. It continued

further to the east toirrigate the city. The

foundations of the

aqueduct are preserved

to a length of almost

200 meters. Most of

the stones of the upper

aqueduct structure were

robbed in later periods.

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e dG J fch .fdGh fehdG jdG W Y IdG g JjdG NGO dG kUh QU L c 6 f Y IOLdG dG SGQ H

dG J .jdGJ YGb YbdG NGO IdG

OGeG Y dPhd .kjJ 200e GSG Jfc dG IQdGdG AdG dDJ

OGc IdG eGdG a Ad

.MdG jQdG

8

910

12

13- The HippodromeDating back to the 2nd century A.D., the Hippodrome of Tyreis one of the best preserved in the world. Built in a U shape,

it measures 480 meters by 160 meters and used to accom-

modate around thirty

thousand spectators. In

the center of the arena

stretches the spina that

divides the area into

two runs. It is said that

chariot races used to

last several days and

were held every 30

minutes.

dG S Ge -13

kGe 160 VYh kGe 480 FGLG H eJ J dG GdG Gg W jc bh .jQdG Y a gGj Gfc ge dG KK d j chH jh .SJ dG cdG M Ge S JHH GhQhj G ADg Y

fc jQdGjG Y hJ

dN J30 c bdG

.bO13

11- The Sepulchral FountainThis monumental foun-

tain is part of a funerary

complex. It is decorated

with niches and various

basins. The deceased

were buried in loculibehind the fountain. In

front of the fountain a

small courtyard is paved

with a mosaic made of

small pieces of white

limestone.

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AL g dG Ggae U ee OH Ne

.AdG Hh GqdGaO j ch

GqdG a dGIOLdG adGLJ eeGh .N

a IU MHAH Aa

IQH UQ J.IU c

910

12 11

Al-Bass SitedG be1


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14- The Crusader ChurchThis chapel was first built during the Byzantine period when

the Hippodrome was

abandoned. The chapel

continued to be used

during the Crusader

period as a pilgrimageplace, and its walls

were then covered with

paintings and inscrip-

tions (shields, horses,

boats, etc).

dG dG -14

e eGSG Ia eGO bh .. SOdG dG a dG g AH JM SOdG dG

.dG IdGSG b ch

J a dG

cQJ IdGe jdGY eSdG

dc fGQLhQdGh dGh

dG aVH.iNG Hc

14

Al-Bass SitedG be1

15- The Blue Team StructureThis structure consists

of a small bath with a

mosaic on its entranceon which is written

Victory for Tyre and its

blue team.

QRG jdG U -15

Gg jIY dG dGM ah Zbh .U QH

Ne Y cGY c Aa

Qd dG{.zQRG jdh

1211

15


12/17

The City SitejdG be

2

The City SiteLocated on what was originally the Phoenician island city, this

area is a vast district of civic buildings, colonnades, public

baths, mosaics, streets and a rectangular arena.

jdG beSGh qe Y jh ,jdG jdG e AL Y jc g bdG GgbhQG GP QGdGh VjdG qdGh edG edGh dG AMG e

.AdH UdG VQG GPh


13/17


14/17

2- Glass Making AreaRemains of large glass

making ovens are still

visible in this area.

They date back to

the beginning of the

Islamic period (7th cen-tury A.D.). Big blocks of

green glass are still vis-

ible near this workshop.

LdG Yd dG RdG -2

Gg a cGGa jH RdGjhd e

dG OJ LdG.eSG IdG

c a LJh cV LLRjH Y jc gh

jhJ da dH AH

.VdG

2

The City SitejdG be2

3- The BathThe structure of this monument is divided into two symmetri-

cal parts. The lower part consists of arched vaults giving

considerable strength to the whole structure. The upper part

consists of large hypo-

caust bricks coveredwith marble pavement.

The hot air used to

circulate between these

superimposed baked

clay disks, diffusing the

heat into the different

parts of the bath.

edG -3

Icc SG Sqe SSG e dDe S ,FL dG AdG Gg jj NdG AGdG ch .Y dG eNdG VQGh jQdG IYd

Gg AGLG e ddHh eNdG VQG ad jQdG IYG J H.dG

3

4- The PalestraBuilt during the Roman period, this marketplace wasdestroyed in the

Byzantine period.

It consists of a 30

meter wide square area

enclosed inside a gran-

ite colonnade.

During the Byzantine

period, this monument

was covered with deep

reservoirs, which may

have been used in the

purple dye industry.

jdG dG -4

.fdG IdG akqc eOh fehdG IdG N dG Gg AH J dHe Y jc gh

e 30 be qee GhH

.HQG JLIdG N

fG fdGGg e a

e fN dGfc HQ Ic

YU a J.GLQG4


15/17

5- The Residential QuartersThis area consists of houses paved with marble and mosaic

floors from the Roman

period. Its roads were

narrowed during the

Byzantine period, and it

was still in use duringthe Medieval period.

dG AMG -5

fch .jdG be e dG Gg a dG dG e jdG cG JJ VQG

aUe dGAdH

.kfMG NdGh

NGdG bW eGV faGO bh Lqeh

dG J SIdG M.dG

5


6- The ArenaBuilt in the first century A.D., this major monument is the

only rectangular arena in the world. It was used for practicing

sports like wrestlingand boxing and was

still in use during

the Byzantine period.

Around it, rectangular

vaulted cisterns were

laid out in two rows, but

their relationship with

the arena is still not

clearly established.

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e IMdG .. hG dG N H dGh dG dG g JIdG M cdGh YQdG He a J fch .ddG a Yf

.fdGdG M fdG J bY

dG fGHY dG

.fGL

6

7- The Petite AlleThis paved Roman-Byzantine road extends to the North under

the new city and to

the West under the

Crusader Cathedral

(9). One of the major

roads during the Roman

period, this Petite Alle

was bordered by small

shops that continue

further to the south

under the Grand Alle

(1).

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J dG Mf eh jdG jdG J dG dG QdG Gg jFGQJdG

jh .dGkGMGh QdG Gg

QGT gG eIdG a jdG

M fehdGH J fc

jQdG dGdGh IdG

dG J.dG7


16/17

8- The Octagonal FountainThis building consists of an octagonal fountain surrounded by

mosaics. It is located

inside a hexagonal

shaped building sur-

rounded on four sides

by a colonnade. Thisstructure was probably

built in the Roman peri-

od and remained in use

during the Byzantine

period.

VG dG AdG -8

VG S qe U NGO AdG H J Ae cH Y jc g AdG GgIdG a noHbh .fehdG

Gg SG GOIdG M dG

.fdG

8


9- The Crusader CathedralThis structure consists of the remains of a 12th century

cathedral that was the

site of the coronation ofthe Kings of Jerusalem

during the 13th century.

It is said that the

body of Frederick

Barbarossa, the

German Emperor, is

buried there, but his

body was never found

during the excavations.

dG FGQJdG -9

fGdG e IYG Y fdG dG N FGQJdG g IQY a eSGJ QMGh MG

a LGSGBdG e MfG jh .fehdGe jJ a JdG N SdG

Gh Y ddGQWGeG jQja

a aO fdG.JGP dG

9

The information in the text was taken from:

The pamphlet TYRE, text: Elian Larwood, Marilyn Raschka,

Dr. Hassan Salam-Sarkis, The Ministry of Tourism.

The booklet TYRE written by Emir Maurice Chhab.Maps & text compilation: Assaad Seif.

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.T jQe ed zQU{ qc

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17/17

Glossary

Aqueduct: A conduit used to convey water over

a long distance.

Arena: An enclosure or platform, usually surrounded

by seats, in which sports events,

entertainment, etc., take place.

Capital: The top part of a column.

Cistern: Water reservoir.

Colonnade: A set of evenly spaced columns.

Corinthian Style: One of the five classical orders of

architecture, characterized by a slender, fluted

column and bell-shaped capital with carved

ornaments based on acanthus leaves.

Doric Style: One of the five classical orders of

architecture, characterized by a heavy, fluted

column and a simple capital.

Hippodrome: A long rectangular open air arena with

a semi circular end, surrounded by tiers

of seats, used for horse and chariot races.

Hypocaust: Part of the heating system in a Roman bath,

in which hot air circulated under the floor and

between double walls.

Loculus: A small cavity or chamber.

Mosaic: A design or decoration made up of small

pieces of colored glass, stone, or tile

(tesserae) inlaid in mortar.

Necropolis: Burial site, cemetery.

Niche: A recess in a wall, often containing a statue,

bust, or vase.

Sarcophagus: A stone or marble coffin or tomb.

Spina: Long construction in the middle of the

hippodrome dividing it into two equal parts.

Tessera: A small piece of stone, glass, tile, etc.

used to make a mosaic.

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Layout Tyre CS