Law Courses A Clil approach - Simone

Law Courses A Clil approach Volume 2

International Law

Collana

giuridico-economica

diretta da

Federico del Giudice

Donatella Cesarini Stewart Maclean

®

2

LAW COURSES - A CLIL approach 2

Coordinamento redazionale | Dario di Majo

Revisione ed editing | Alessandra Avolio

Art director | Gianfranco De Angelis Responsabili grafici di fotocomposizione | Bianca Pierro e Marco Esposito Coordinatrice di fotocomposizione | Iole Reale Impaginazione | Salvatore Pagano

Law Courses - A CLIL approach 2 è un volume pubblicato nella cosiddetta modalità mista di tipo B (cartaceo + e-book + contenuti digitali integrativi) e risponde pertanto ai requisiti previsti dalla normativa sui libri di testo.

Questo volume è stato stampato presso Arti Grafiche Italo CerniaVia Capri, 67 - Casoria (NA)

Ristampe8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Copyright © 2021 Simone S.r.l.Via F. Caracciolo, n. 1180122 Napoli

Tutti i diritti riservatiÈ vietata la riproduzione anche parziale e con qualsiasi mezzo senza l’autorizzazione scritta dell’editore.Per informazioni, suggerimenti, proposte: [email protected]

Per citazioni e illustrazioni di compe-tenza altrui, riprodotte in questo libro, l’editore è a disposizione degli aventi diritto. L’editore provvederà, altresì, alle opportune correzioni nel caso di errori e/o omissioni a seguito della segnala-zione degli interessati.

®

SOMMARIO

Section 1History of the European Union and its treaties

PART 1

What is the European Union (E.U.)

1 Definition and origin 92 The three communities 93 The Four Freedoms 104 Treaties from the sixties to the eighties 115 Maastricht Treaty and its amendment 126 Recent treaties 13

PART 2Exercises related to the text1 Definition and origin 152 The three communities 163 The Four Freedoms 164 Treaties from the sixties to the eighties 195 Maastricht Treaty and its amendment 216 Recent treaties 22

PART 3Sources examination 35

PART 4The Schengen area 46

PART 5Exercises related to the text 47

PART 6Listening activity European Union pioneers 50

4

SOMMARIO

Section 2E.U. Institutions

PART 1

What are the E.U. Institutions and how do they work?

1 E.U. goals 552 European Parliament 552b The law-making process 572c Legal acts of the E.U. 572d The European Ombudsman 593 Council of the European Union or the Council of Ministers 594 European Commission 605 European Council 606 European Court of Justice 617 European Central Bank (ECB) 638 European Court of Auditors 649 Other European Institutions 65

PART 2Exercises related to the text1 E.U. goals 662 European Parliament 672b The law-making process 692c Legal acts of the E.U. 712d The European Ombudsman 733 Council of the European Union or the Council of Ministers 744 European Commission 755 European Council 766 European Court of Justice 777 European Central Bank (ECB) 788 European Court of Auditors 829 Other European Institutions 83


PART 4Listening activity The former President of the BCE: Mario Draghi 97

5

SOMMARIO

Section 3The UN and its Institutions

PART 1

About the United Nations (UN)

1 History 1032 Main Goals 1043 U.N. Institutions 1053a General Assembly 1053b Security Council 1063c Secretariat 1073d International Court of Justice 1083e Economic and Social Council 1113f Trusteeship Council 1114 Specialised Agencies 112

PART 2Exercises related to the text1 History 1132 Main Goals 1143a General Assembly 1163b Security Council 1173c Secretariat 1193d International Court of Justice 1193e Economic and Social Council 1223f Trusteeship Council 1234 Specialised Agencies 124


PART 4Listening activity

Nuremberg trials 145

6

SOMMARIO

Section 4Comparative Law: the Constitution in European countries

PART 1

Comparative law

1 Introduction 1512 Italy 1513 Germany 1534 France 1555 Spain 1576 The anomaly of the United Kingdom 158

PART 2Exercises related to the text1 Introduction 1602 Italy 1613 Germany 1624 France 1645 Spain 1666 The anomaly of the United Kingdom 168


PART 4Listening activity The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 184

Section 1History of the European Union and its treatiesExercise 1 Brainstorming activity

Before reading the following passage, try to find as many words as possible relating to the European Union.

European Union

Exercise 2 Do you know these words?

Before reading the passage below, match the expressions on the left with their meaning on the right.

1. to be made up of a) goal

2. aim b) to present a plan

3. to enhance c) to be composed of / to consist of

4. to lay out d) to join/ to group

5. to pool e) to withdraw

6. to repeal f) to improve / to ameliorate

7. enterprise g) job

8. organisation h) liberty

9. work i) institution

10. freedom l) factory/company

8

Section 1 History of tHe european union and its treaties

Exercise 3 Make Questions

Before reading the below passage, write five questions about the European Union.

1. ......................................................................................................................................................................

2. ......................................................................................................................................................................

3. ......................................................................................................................................................................

4. ......................................................................................................................................................................

5. ......................................................................................................................................................................

9

PART

WHat is tHe european union (e.u.)

1 Definition and origin

The European Union is an organisation made up of 27 European countries, the aim of which is to enhance1 social and economic cooperation between member states.

In other words, the European Union is not a single state, but a partnership of different countries, which each have their own languages, traditions and cultures.

The idea to create the EU dates back to May 9th 1950, thanks to a famous speech delivered by the French Prime and Foreign Minister at the time Mr. Robert Schu-man, in the Salon de l’Horologe at the Quai d’Orsay in Paris (France). He proposed to Germany the creation of a community with other European countries, which were interested in joining, to continue through the twentieth century in peaceful cooperation. Mr. Schuman was extremely far-sighted2: he brought an end to the bad feelings caused by the Second World War and initiated new international relations among states based on cooperation, integration and friendship.

2 The three communities

In his speech Mr. Schuman predicted a European union that would be responsible for pooling France’s and Germany’s production of coal and steel. In other words, the production of coal and steel would be placed under a common High Authority, thanks to the Treaty of Paris, signed by France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and The Netherlands in 1951 (the so-called Community of the Six), which established3 the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).

As far as the United Kingdom is concerned, it was invited to join this Community, but it declined for many reasons, one of which was its desire to maintain economic independence.

This Community had the following aims:

• to develop the coal and steel industry, creating a free-trade area;• to keep coal and steel prices down;• to improve workers’ living conditions.

The Treaty of Paris established the first supranational4 institutions: a Council of Ministers (legislative function), a High Authority (administrative function), a Common Assembly (to formulate common policy) and a Court of Justice (judicial function).

The European Coal and Steel Community was the first step towards the formation of the European Union.

1 To enhance: migliorare, accrescere2 Far-sightedness: lungimiranza3 To establish: istituire, creare4 Supranational: sovranazionale

1

10


On March 25th 1957 the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) were set up5 by the signing of the two Treaties of Rome (Italy) and came into force on January 1st 1958, when the par-liaments of all Member States, Italy, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg and West Germany, ratified the two above mentioned treaties.

The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) was created to establish a nuclear power community, whose aims were to conduct research in the field of atomic energy and promote industrial development.

The European Economic Community was conceived to create a Customs Union6, giving birth to a Common Market7.

According to the terms of article no. 2 of the Treaty of Rome, which described the Community’s aims, the EEC:

• sought to start an integration process of national economies by establishing a Customs Union. In particular, in all Member States it was forbidden to impose customs duties on imports from Member States and a common customs tariff rate was fixed forproducts entering from outside (=Third Countries);

• adopted common policies, for example for agriculture, health, trade, social policy, to name but a few;

• allowed the four freedoms of movements regarding people, goods, services and money.

This Treaty established four institutions: a Ministerial Council, an Assembly, a Commission, an Economic and Social Committee and a Court.

3 The Four Freedoms

The Treaty of Rome established the free movement of goods inside the geographical area covered by the member states which would contribute to the development of a European Common Market by the year 1969, in order to stimulate competition and trade, improve effi-ciency, raise quality, and help cut prices.

The first step was taken8 on January 1st, 1968 when the six original member states established a customs union, which did not allow member states to negotiate their own trade agreements. As a consequence, the goods sold in this area were free of import

taxes or tariffs and the goods entering from outside had a single tariff for all member states. From that moment on, companies were allowed to trade goods freely.

5 To be set up: essere istituito, creato6 Customs Union: unione doganale7 Common Market: mercato unico8 Achieved: raggiunto

11

part 1 •

As far as the free movement of workers is concerned, for salaried workers, the basic principle is equality of treatment for all EU citizens, i.e.9 the abolition of discrimina-tion based on nationality. For self-employed people10, the basic principle is that of freedom of commerce inside the European Union. The Treaty created the European Social Fund, which increased job opportunities by facilitating worker mobility.

At the end of the 80s, the free movement of services was implemented11 but the process relating to the free movement of money was slower and ended on January 1st, 1993. From that moment on, European citizens were allowed to buy and sell real estate, shares or open a bank account in all member states.

The European Economic Community (EEC) evolved into the European Commu-nity (EC) and finally into the EU, amending and expanding the previous Treaty of Rome.

From the 70s onwards other countries decided to join the Community.

Exercise 4 What are the current EU member states?

Identify the Member States on the map below. If you need any help you can look at the web-site: www.europa.eu

4 Treaties from the sixties to the eighties

The Treaty of Brussels, signed in 1965, unified the Council and the Commission of the three Communities. In fact, until 1965, the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community had in common only the Parliament and the Court of Justice.

9 I.e.: id est, cioè10 Self-employed people: lavoratori autonomi 11 Implemented: realizzato

12


In 1979 the European Monetary System (EMS) was established by the Community Member States, to reduce the effects of the 1973 oil crisis. It was an agreement to main-tain stable exchange rates12. Thanks to the EMS, the European Currency Unit (ECU) was established as scriptural money13, held by a bank in electronic or other non-cash forms.

The White Paper, issued in 1985, was an authoritative report which presented procedures for the implementation of the free movement of people, goods, services and capital.

In 1986 the Single European Act, signed among others by the British Prime Minister Mrs. Margaret Thatcher, was the first important amendment14 to the 1957 Treaty of Rome.

Its aims were:

• to introduce monetary union with a common currency used by all member states and a common policy, and to set up a central bank;

• to widen15 the powers of the European Parliament;• to introduce a common foreign policy;• to introduce a common economic policy by helping economically depressed

countries thanks to public financing.

This act established the European Community, creating a “single market” by the year 1992 and codifying European political cooperation in relation to the protection of the environment and industry.

The single market is the development of the former Common Market. It is an area in which states can trade easily, using the same regulations and the same rules. In this area, people, money, goods and services have freedom of movement.

In 1988, the Delors Report recommended a common economic policy, introducing a common currency, which had to be gradually strengthened. Those aims together with the political and social union were part of the Maastricht Treaty.

5 Maastricht Treaty and its amendment

The Maastricht Treaty (officially known as the Treaty on European Union) was signed in Maastricht (The Netherlands) in 1992 and this created the European Un-ion which coexisted with the European Community. This organisation replaced the European Economic Community. It amended the European Economic Community’s institutions and decision-making processes.

It was based on three well-known pillars:

• the first of these reformed and amended the treaties, establishing the first three communities (EEC, ECSC, EAEC or Euratom), renaming the European Commu-nity as the European Economic Community, to reflect its expanded competences beyond economic matters;

12 Stable exchange rates: tassi di cambio stabili13 Scriptural money: moneta virtuale14 Amendment: emendamento15 To widen: accrescere, aumentare

13

part 1 •

• the second pillar of the EU created a common foreign and security policy;• the third created cooperation in home (domestic) affairs and justice and set the

rules for the adoption of a single currency (the Euro).

The Maastricht Treaty led to the replacement of national currencies. It specified the so-called “convergence criteria”16 which defined a set of macroeconomic indica-tors17 and conditions ensuring that a member state was ready to adopt the common currency.

Those parameters measured:

• price stability, because inflation had to be controlled;• soundness18 and sustainability of public finances. To be more precise, the public

debt had to be limited (under 60 per cent of gross19 domestic product) and the annual deficit not to exceed 3 per cent of gross domestic product;

• permanence of exchange-rate (stability);• long-term interest rates.

The Treaty of Amsterdam (The Netherlands), signed in 1997 and which came into force in 1999, amended the Maastricht Treaty. It identified as its main aims:

• the promotion of employment, improving living and working conditions and, in general, the rights of citizens;

• to enhance the free movement of people, goods, services and capital, removing the final obstacles;

• to lay down new responsibilities in the field of common foreign and security policy;• to introduce new regulations in European Institutions.

6 Recent treaties

The Treaty of Nice (France), signed in 2001 and which came into force in 2003, amended the previous treaties in preparation for the admission of new members from Eastern Europe. In other words, it reformed the institutional structure of the European Union.

The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE) was an unratified20 international treaty signed and sealed in Rome (Italy) in 2004. It never came into force. It was a Charter of Fundamental Rights which stated the common values of the European States such as equality, human dignity, democracy, freedom, solidar-ity, tolerance, a free market, the rule of law21, to name but a few. The Member States also began negotiations to modify EU institutions. Those negotiations ended with the Lisbon Treaty.

16 Convergence criteria: criteri di convergenza17 Macroeconomic indicators: indicatori macroeconomici18 Soundness: solidità19 Gross: lordo. Gross domestic product: prodotto interno lordo20 Unratified: non ratificato21 Rule of law: principio di legalità. Secondo A.V. Dicey, professore all’Università di Oxford, uno dei

significati di r.o.l. è: supremazia assoluta della legge/predominio della legge, cfr. Introduction to the study of law of Constitution, 1885

14


The Lisbon Treaty (initially known as the Reform Treaty) – which was signed in Lisbon (Portugal) by the Member States on December 13th 2007 and came into force on December 1st 2009 – repealed the existing European treaties and replaced them with a sort of “constitution”, although the approved text cannot be considered a real constitution. Nowadays it is known as “The Treaty”, which forms the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU). From 2009 onwards the European Community ceased to exist and only the European Union remained.

The Lisbon Treaty retains portions of the above-mentioned draft constitution and deals with:

• the distribution of competences in various policy areas between Member States and the European Union (for example, the EU has exclusive competence in: cus-toms union, monetary policy, common commercial policy, to name but a few. The EU has shared competence in: internal market, environment, social policy, energy, transport, consumer protection, security and defence policy, to name but a few);

• the three fundamental principles of democratic equality, representative democ-racy and participatory democracy;

• a new institutional system was established.

The Lisbon Treaty is nowadays famous for “Article 50”22, which introduces for the first time a procedure for a member state to withdraw voluntarily from the EU.

This process was triggered23 by the United Kingdom after the referendum held on June 23rd, 2016 on Britain leaving the EU.

22 “Article 50” was enacted by the Lisbon Treaty (the so-called article 49A), but now it is a clause of the Treaty on European Union - T.U.E. (2012)

23 Triggered: attivato

15

PART 2 EXERCISES RELATED TO THE TEXT

1 Definition and origin

Exercise 5 5W chart

Answer the following questions about the origins of the EU.

1. Who was involved?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

2. What happened?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

3. When did it happen?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

4. Where did it happen?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

5. Why did it happen?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

Exercise 6 True or False

Are the following statements true or false?

T F

1. The objective of the EU is to improve economic collaboration between the member states.

2. The EU is a modern superstate.

3. The first politician to propose the idea of the EU was from Germany.

4. Robert Schuman wanted to bring countries together after the Second World War.

5. At first Schuman only wanted to unite France and Germany in the new organisation.

16


2 The three communities

Exercise 7 Do you know these words?

Match the words on the left with synonyms on the right:

1. pool a) tariffs

2. goods b) permit

3. decline c) advance

4. allow d) put together

5. formulate e) establish

6. seek (past sought) f) area, zone

7. customs duties g) things made to be sold

8. set up h) refuse

9. field i) codify

10. step l) look for, try to



T F

1. Schuman’s original plan was to pool all French and German industrial production.

2. Six countries, including the UK, signed the Treaty of Paris.

3. The Court of Justice was established by the first Treaty of Rome.

4. The European Coal and Steel Community hoped to limit increases of coal and steel prices.

5. The European Atomic Energy Community started to function on March 25th 1957.

6. Customs duties were only imposed on imports from outside the EEC.

7. All Member States adopted the same agricultural policies.

8. Only the movement of money between member states was limited.

3 The Four Freedoms

Exercise 9 5W Chart

Answer the following questions about the Four Freedoms.

1. Who was involved?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

2. What happened?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

3. When did it happen?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

17

part 2 • Exercises related to the text

4. Where did it happen?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

5. Why did it happen?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

Exercise 10 Timeline

After reading paragraph 3, write dates for each event in chronological order and add details.

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

Exercise 11 Fill in the table

Complete the table below, explaining each concept in the “Definition” column.

Definition

Free movement of goods

Free movement of workers

Free movement of money

Free movement of services

18


Exercise 12 Language point

Write the appropriate word forms in each space and prepare a map:

Now do the same with the following words:Efficiency - To evolve - Self-employed - Mobility

Exercise 13 Gap filling

Choose the word to fill the gap:

The main principle behind the Treaty of Rome was to (1) ..................... the free movement of goods in an area which (2) ..................... the European Member States. The first step (3) ..................... on January 1st 1968. On that date there was the estab-lishment (4) ..................... a customs union. Following this development goods that (5) ..................... in this area were free of import taxes. (6) ..................... EU citizens have freedom of movement inside the EU. The free movement of services started later (7) ..................... the end of the 80s. The EC came (8) ..................... the EEC and the EU.

1. a) limit b) encourage c) control

2. a) covered b) covering c) was covering

3. a) took b) taken c) was taken

4. a) in b) of c) at

5. a) sold b) were sold c) have been sold

6. a) All b) Every c) Some

7. a) in b) at c) on

8. a) before b) after c) between

example

In my own words: some-thing which is beyond the control or authority of one country

Synonyms: international

Definition: outside the au-thority of one national gov-ernment

Part of speech: adjective

Antonyms: domestic

Sentence: NATO is a supra-national organization

SUPRANATIONAL

19




Now do the same with the following words:Efficiency - To evolve - Self-employed - Mobility



The main principle behind the Treaty of Rome was to (1) ..................... the free movement of goods in an area which (2) ..................... the European Member States. The first step (3) ..................... on January 1st 1968. On that date there was the estab-lishment (4) ..................... a customs union. Following this development goods that (5) ..................... in this area were free of import taxes. (6) ..................... EU citizens have freedom of movement inside the EU. The free movement of services started later (7) ..................... the end of the 80s. The EC came (8) ..................... the EEC and the EU.

1. a) limit b) encourage c) control

2. a) covered b) covering c) was covering

3. a) took b) taken c) was taken

4. a) in b) of c) at

5. a) sold b) were sold c) have been sold

6. a) All b) Every c) Some

7. a) in b) at c) on

8. a) before b) after c) between

example

In my own words: some-thing which is beyond the control or authority of one country

Synonyms: international

Definition: outside the au-thority of one national gov-ernment

Part of speech: adjective

Antonyms: domestic

Sentence: NATO is a supra-national organization

SUPRANATIONAL

4 Treaties from the sixties to the eighties


Complete the following table.

Aim

Treaty of Brussels

EMS

White Paper

Single European Act



T F

1. The European Parliament and the Court of Justice came into existence in 1965.

2. The EMS was instituted as a result of the 1973 oil crisis.

3. You cannot hold an Ecu in your hand.

4. The White Paper of 1985 allowed the free movement of people within the EEC.

5. Margaret Thatcher was the only signatory of the Single European Act.

6. The central European bank was set up by the 1986 Single European Act.

7. The “single market” existed by the year 1992.

8. The Single Market took the place of the Common Market.

9. Trade regulations differ from country to country within the European Community.

10. The Delors Report proposed the implementation of a single currency.

20


Exercise 16 Right or wrong

Are the following statements right or wrong?

Yes No

1. The aims of the Delors Report were implemented in the Maastricht Treaty.

2. The Single European Act was an important amendment to the 1957 Treaty of Rome.

3. The White Paper was released by the European Court.

4. The EMS was an agreement to adopt the Euro.

5. The Treaty of Brussels of 1965 unified the Council and the Commission of the three Communities.

Exercise 17 Translation

Translate the following abstract from the “Report on economic and monetary union in the European Community” presented on April 17th, 1989 (commonly called the Delors Plan or Report) by Committee for the Study of Economic and Monetary Union.

“At its meeting in Hanover on 27 and 28 June 1988 the European Council recalled that, ‘in adopting the Single Act, the Member States of the Community confirmed the objective of progressive realisation of economic and monetary union’. The Heads of State decided to examine at the European Council meeting in Madrid in June 1989 the means of achieving this union. To that end the Heads of State decided to entrust to a Committee, chaired by Mr Jacques Delors, President of the European Commis-sion the task of studying and proposing concrete stages leading towards this union. In response to this request, the Committee has the honour to submit a Report. The ideas expressed and the proposals contained in the Report are put forward by the members of the Committee in their personal capacity”.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

21


5 Maastricht Treaty and its amendment

Exercise 18 Think pair share

The teacher asks a question. The students pair up and are given two minutes to come up with an answer. Then, the students share their answers with the class.

1. What did the Maastricht Treaty amend?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

2. Which organisation was replaced by the Maastricht Treaty?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

3. How many principles did the Maastricht Treaty establish?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

4. What are the principles?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

Exercise 19 Open questions

Please answer the questions:

1. When was the Maastricht Treaty signed?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

2. Which two word expression describes the conditions required for adopting the Euro?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

3. Why was price stability important?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

4. Under the Maastricht Treaty, what was the maximum annual deficit allowed?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

5. Which treaty abolished the remaining restrictions on the free movement of workers?

..............................................................................................................................................................................



Officially the Maastricht Treaty is known (1) ..................... the Treaty on European Un-ion. As a result of its signing the European Union (2) ..................... founded. The EU (3) ..................... the EEC, which no longer existed. Three well known principles (4) .....................

22


established. The first of these reformed and (5) ..................... the treaties, creating three communities. The second principle led to a common (6) ..................... policy. The final principle established the conditions necessary for a member state (7) ..................... the common currency. Price stability was measured because it (8) ..................... necessary to control inflation.

One of the first (9) ..................... of the Treaty of Amsterdam was to improve living and working (10) ...................... The free movement of people and goods (11) ..................... enhanced. In the fields of foreign and security policy new responsibilities were (12) ......................

1. a) by b) as c) like

2. a) has been b) is c) was

3. a) reformed b) replaced c) remade

4. a) have been b) did c) were

5. a) adjusted b) cancelled c) renamed

6. a) domestic b) foreign c) stranger

7. a) adopt b) adopting c) to adopt

8. a) has been b) was c) is been

9. a) decisions b) ideas c) aims

10. a) states b) conditions c) rights

11. a) was b) is c) were

12. a) made b) enforced c) established

6 Recent treaties



Now do the same with the following words:To amend - Unratified - Democracy - Tolerance

example

In my own words: when different countries start to coordinate their economic systems

Synonyms: intersection

Definition: the process of coming togetherPart of speech: noun

Antonyms: divergence

Sentence: in the EU there is a need for convergence of foreign policy

TAX COLLECTOR

23


established. The first of these reformed and (5) ..................... the treaties, creating three communities. The second principle led to a common (6) ..................... policy. The final principle established the conditions necessary for a member state (7) ..................... the common currency. Price stability was measured because it (8) ..................... necessary to control inflation.

One of the first (9) ..................... of the Treaty of Amsterdam was to improve living and working (10) ...................... The free movement of people and goods (11) ..................... enhanced. In the fields of foreign and security policy new responsibilities were (12) ......................

1. a) by b) as c) like

2. a) has been b) is c) was

3. a) reformed b) replaced c) remade

4. a) have been b) did c) were

5. a) adjusted b) cancelled c) renamed

6. a) domestic b) foreign c) stranger

7. a) adopt b) adopting c) to adopt

8. a) has been b) was c) is been

9. a) decisions b) ideas c) aims

10. a) states b) conditions c) rights

11. a) was b) is c) were

12. a) made b) enforced c) established

6 Recent treaties



Now do the same with the following words:To amend - Unratified - Democracy - Tolerance

example

In my own words: when different countries start to coordinate their economic systems

Synonyms: intersection

Definition: the process of coming togetherPart of speech: noun

Antonyms: divergence

Sentence: in the EU there is a need for convergence of foreign policy

TAX COLLECTOR



The Treaty of Nice (1) ..................... in 2001 and its purpose was to amend the existing treaties in order to (2) ..................... new members from Eastern Europe.

The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE) was never (3) ...................... It was intended to promote shared European values, such as freedom, democracy and (4) ...................... The member states also started to discuss (5) __________ EU institutions.

The Lisbon Treaty (6) ..................... the place of the existing European treaties and created a kind of “constitution” (7) ..................... this is not a real constitution. It is now known as “The Treaty” and (8) ..................... the basis of the EU. The European Com-munity has not existed (9) ..................... 2009. It (10) ..................... the European Union.

There are parts of the proposed constitution in the Lisbon Treaty. The EU, for exam-ple, has full responsibility regarding the customs union and monetary (11) ......................

Article 50 is perhaps the (12) ..................... important aspect of the Lisbon Treaty today as it provides the mechanism by which a member state can leave the EU.

1. a) signed b) has been c) was signed

2. a) admit b) enter c) join

3. a) legal b) ratified c) done

4. a) toleration b) tolerance c) tolerability

5. a) creating b) abolishing c) amending

6. a) took b) taken c) has taken

7. a) even b) despite c) although

8. a) is forming b) forms c) has formed

9. a) since b) from c) in

10. a) is becoming b) become c) became

11. a) police b) politics c) policy

12. a) most b) much c) more


Complete the following text by putting sentences A, B, C or D in the gaps below.

2001 - 2007: From the Treaty of Nice to the Treaty of Lisbon A further Treaty change was agreed in Nice in 2001 and this came into effect in 2003.

1 ............................................................................................................................................................Adjustments were required to the institutional structure which had originally been

set up for six states in the 1950s as the community became larger and after the entries of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, amendments to the EU Treaties were necessary. This was achieved by the Treaty of Lisbon, which came into force in December 2009.

2 ............................................................................................................................................................It was decided to create a President of the European Council, and, an Area of Free-

dom, Security and Justice (with an opt-in provision for the UK). National parliaments were given greater powers in the EU decision-making process.

24


Treaty of NiceIn February 2003 the Treaty of Nice came into force.

3 ............................................................................................................................................................Ten countries became members of the EU in 2004: Poland, Hungary, Lithuania,

Latvia, Estonia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Malta and Cyprus to increase membership of the EU to 25 countries and 456 million people. In 2007 Bulgaria and Romania also joined, with Croatia following in 2013.

Lisbon TreatyIn 2005 the populations of the Netherlands and France voted against the Treaty

Establishing a Constitution for Europe.

4 ............................................................................................................................................................The Treaty of Lisbon came into force on 1 December 2009. The objective of this

treaty was to make the EU more democratic, more transparent and more efficient. A number of new posts were created, including President of the European Council and High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. There was the establishment of a new area of Freedom, Security and Justice with the UK government having an opt-in provision.

Put the right letter in the spaces above.

A) This treaty brought an end to the pillared structure and unified all except military aspects.

B) Following this the treaty was abandoned and another treaty was formulated which was signed in Lisbon on December 13th 2007.

C) Institutional changes allowed the EU to expand in 2004 to include 8 central and eastern European States, Cyprus and Malta.

D) The main purpose of the treaty was to facilitate the major EU enlargement which was to follow.

CONSOLIDATION eXerCisesAfter reading the whole of Section 1

Exercise 24 Timeline

Write dates for each event in chronological order and add details.

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

25



Complete the following table

Aim

Treaty of Paris

Treaties of Rome

Maastricht Treaty

Treaty of Amsterdam

Treaty of Nice

Lisbon Treaty



T F

1. Mr. Robert Schuman was a German Prime minister who made a famous speech in Berlin.

2. The Treaty of Rome established the European Coal and Steel Community.

3. There were two Treaties of Rome.

4. The four freedoms include the freedom of speech.

5. The Treaty of Brussels unified the Council and the Commission of the three Communities.

6. The Single Market and the Common Market are the same thing.

7. The EEC was renamed the EC and finally the EU.

8. The Maastricht Treaty was signed in Maastricht, which is a city in Norway.

9. The EU Constitution was established in 2004.

10. The Lisbon Treaty was also known as the Reform Treaty.


Complete the following text by putting sentences A, B, C or D in the gaps below.

In 1973, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the EU. A few years later, three European countries, previously ruled by dictatorships, had become democrat-ic and were also able to apply for membership. They were Greece, which joined in 1981, followed by Portugal and Spain in 1986. ..................................................................................... Soon after the Second World War, Europe was split into east and west by the Iron Curtain as the 40-year-long Cold War began. ......................................................................................

26


After its fall in 1989, the path was clear for the central and eastern European coun-tries that had previously been controlled by the former Soviet Union to reform their systems and apply to join the EU. In 2004, eight countries from central and Eastern Europe joined the EU: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Po-land, Slovakia and Slovenia. In the same year, the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Malta also became members. ........................................................................................................ The addition of new members to the EU has helped to maintain peace and stability in Europe and to extend the area of democracy and the single market. ....................................................................................... It must respect the principles of liberty, democracy, respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law.

(Extract from the European Union publication EU&Me available at www.publications.europa.eu)

Put the right letter in the space above.

A) The Berlin Wall was a symbol of this division.

B) Any new member must be prepared to sign up to the treaties and take on board the full body of EU law.

C) Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the European Union in 1995, bringing its membership to 15.

D) In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania joined, and Croatia became the 28th member of the EU in 2013.

Exercise 28 Multiple choice questions

Choose the correct answer a), b) or c):

1. The European Union is:

a) an organisation made up of European companies

b) a partnership of European states

c) a part of the European Parliament

2. Mr. Robert Schuman delivered his declaration in:

a) the Salon de l’Horologe at the Quai d’Orsay in Paris

b) the Salon des Fetes at the Hotel de Ville in Paris

c) the Salon du Senat at the Palais du Luxembourg in Paris

3. The United Kingdom was invited to join the European Coal and Steel Community, but it declined to:

a) impose tariffs on goods

b) maintain economic independence

c) obstruct the free movement of people, goods, services and money

4. The free movement of money ended on:

a) January 1st 2001

b) January 1st 1973

c) January 1st 1993

5. The ECU is held in a/an:

a) non-cash form

b) cash form

c) on-line form

27


6. The White Paper was a report which presented actions to be taken to:

a) amend the European Community’s institutions and decision-making process

b) adopt the single currency

c) implement the free movement of people, goods, services and capital

7. The Single Market was created by:

a) the Treaty of Paris

b) the Single European Act

c) the Treaty of Amsterdam

8. The Maastricht Treaty founded:

a) the European Union

b) the European Community

c) the Common Market

9. The convergence criteria measured:

a) the value of domestic currency

b) taxes in all Member States

c) price stability

10. The Treaty of Amsterdam

a) was not ratified

b) was not signed

c) came into force in 1999

11. The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

a) ended with the Treaty of Nice

b) ended with the Lisbon Treaty

c) was ratified by all member states

12. Article 50 is a part of:

a) the Treaty of Lisbon

b) the Treaty of Nice

c) the Treaty of Amsterdam

Exercise 29 Gap Filling

Choose the word to fill the gap.

After the Second World ....................., which lasted from 1939 to 1945 and occurred just 20 years after the ..................... of the First World War, people were determined that nothing like this should ever be allowed to happen again.

Between 1945 and 1950, a few European politicians, including Robert Schuman, Konrad Adenauer, Alcide De Gasperi and Winston Churchill, began the process of creating the European Union we know today. New structures were created in west-ern ..................... to unite European countries economically and politically in order to secure lasting ..................... and prosperity.

On 9 May 1950, Robert ..................... (the French foreign minister at the time) proposed that the production of coal and steel — the raw materials that were used to prepare for war — should be managed jointly in order to ensure that no one ..................... could

28


secretly arm itself against the others. At ..................... time, coal played the role that oil and natural ..................... do today, in being the most important energy source available. The European ..................... and Steel Community, from which today’s EU emerged, came into being in 1952. It was founded by six neighbouring countries: Belgium, France, Germany, ....................., Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

(Extract from the European Union publication EU&Me available at www.publications.europa.eu)

Europe - Coal - end - Italy - peace - country - war - Schuman - gas - that

Exercise 30 Jumbled sentences

Put the words in order:

1. in/ Maastricht / was / Netherlands / Treaty / signed/ the / 1992 / the / in / February

..............................................................................................................................................................................

2. came / 1st December / of / 2009 / into / Treaty / force / the / on / Lisbon

..............................................................................................................................................................................

3. in / towards / Treaty / political / Europe / union / in / Maastricht / big / the / step / a / was

..............................................................................................................................................................................

4. Rome / the / the / was / of / Treaty / first / established / EEC / by

..............................................................................................................................................................................

5. freedom / states / the / movement / gave / single / within / market / workers / of / member / the

..............................................................................................................................................................................

Exercise 31 Compare words and explain the expressions

Please answer the following questions:

1. Explain the difference between cooperation and partnership.

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

2. What is meant by the “tradition and culture” of a country?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

3. Explain the meaning of the words “coal and steel”.

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

4. Explain the expression “rule of law”.

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

29


5. Can you explain what “goods” are?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

6. What does the expression “EU Customs Union” mean?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

7. What does the expression “Single Market” mean?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

8. What does the expression “triggering Article 50” mean?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

30


Exercise 32 Crossword

1

2

3 4

5 6 7

8

9

10 11

12

13 14

15

16 17

18

19

20

Across3. formal pact signed by states

5. a written law enacted by Parliament

7. relating to atoms

8. pay received for work

9. actions or ideas pursued by a government

10. country limited by a well-defined border with an organised political community

13. border premises where officials check incoming goods, travellers, luggage

16. alloy of iron with carbon and other chemical elements

18. fundamental principle by which you are allowed to think, speak and act as you prefer

31


19. the place where you buy and sell goods

20. black or dark brown combustible rock consisting of carbonised plant matter

Down1. approve of a treaty

2. group of nations with common goals

4. company or business

6. money in circulation in a State

11. buying and selling of goods and services

12. the first one adopted was Magna Carta Libertatum

14. tax on imported and exported goods

15. an association or organisation formed by people with a common interest or purpose

17. to modify or change a law

Exercise 33 Reading comprehension of the text. Open questions

Please answer the following questions:

1. What is the EU?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

2. What are the main aims of the EU?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

3. Who had the idea to create the EU? Why?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

4. List the EU treaties.

..............................................................................................................................................................................

5. Which organisation was established by the Treaty of Paris? Why was it created?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

6. Who had the legislative function under the Treaty of Paris?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

7. Which organisations were established by the Treaty of Rome?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

8. Does Euratom still exist nowadays?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

9. What was created by the European Economic Community?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

10. What are the four freedoms?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

11. Has the European Economic Community evolved into other organisation/s?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

32


12. Today, how many countries are there in the EU?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

13. Which treaty unified the Council and the Commission of the three Communities?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

14. What is the main aim of the European Monetary System?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

15. What is the ECU?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

16. Which document implemented the free movement of people, goods, services and money?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

17. What was the Single European Act?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

18. Where is Maastricht?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

19. What happened on January 1st 1968?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

20. What are the “convergence criteria”?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

21. What was the purpose of the Treaty of Amsterdam?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

22. What did the Treaty of Nice change and why?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

23. Was the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE) ratified?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

24. Which Treaty is considered to be a sort of EU constitution?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

25. What did the Treaty of Lisbon replace?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

33


Exercise 34 Describe images

Describe and compare the following images:

■ Mr. R. Schuman declaration 1950 ■ Treaties of Rome 1957

.................................................................................. .................................................................................

.................................................................................. .................................................................................

.................................................................................. .................................................................................

.................................................................................. .................................................................................

■ Treaty of Maastricht 1992 ■ Treaty of Lisbon 2007

.................................................................................. .................................................................................

.................................................................................. .................................................................................

.................................................................................. .................................................................................

.................................................................................. .................................................................................

34


Exercise 35 Multiple choice questions

Please answer the following questions, giving reasons for your answers:

Look at the example below:Example:

1. When is Europe Day celebrated?

a) April 25th

b) May 9th

c) June 2nd

d) April 21st

Correct Answer: b) it is in commemoration of the 1950 Schuman Declaration; a) is wrong because it is in commemoration of Italy’s Liberation day; c) is wrong because it is Italy’s Republic day; d) is wrong because it is Queen Elisabeth II’s birthday

1. The Treaty of Paris, signed by France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and The Nether-lands in 1951 established:

a) the European Economic Community

b) the European Atomic Energy Community

c) the European Coal and Steel Community

d) the European Community

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

2. The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe is considered to be

a) the first step towards the formation of the European Union

b) the treaty which established the four freedoms

c) “The Treaty”

d) a Charter of Fundamental Rights

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

Documents

Law Courses A Clil approach - Simone