Law Commission Report No. 223- Need for Ameliorating the Lot of the Have-nots - Supreme Court's Judgments

8/19/2019 Law Commission Report No. 223- Need for Ameliorating the Lot of the Have-nots - Supreme Court's Judgments

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA

Need for Ameliorating the lot of the Hae!not" #S$%reme Co$rt&" '$dgment"

Report No. 223

A%ril ())*

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LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA+RE,ORT NO- ((./

Need for Ameliorating the lot of the Hae!not" #

S$%reme Co$rt&" '$dgment"

For0arded to the 1nion Mini"ter for La0 and'$"ti2e3 Mini"tr4 of La0 and '$"ti2e3 Goernment of India 54 Dr- '$"ti2e AR- La6"hmanan3 Chairman3La0 Commi""ion of India3 on the .)th da4 of A%ril3())*-

The 78th La0 Commi""ion 0a" 2on"tit$ted for a%eriod of three 4ear" from 7"t Se%tem5er3 ())9 54Order No- A-:;)7(


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India3 Mini"tr4 of La0 and '$"ti2e3 De%artment of Legal Affair"3 Ne0 Delhi-

The La0 Commi""ion 2on"i"t" of the Chairman3 theMem5er!Se2retar43 one f$ll!time Mem5er and "een%art!time Mem5er"-

Chairman

Hon&5le Dr- '$"ti2e AR- La6"hmanan

Mem5er!Se2retar4

Dr- =rahm A- Agra0al

F$ll!time Mem5er

,rof- Dr- Tahir Mahmood

,art!time Mem5er"

Dr- +Mr"-/ Deinder >$mari Rahe?aDr- >- N- Chandra"e6haran ,illaiProf. (Mrs.) Lakshmi Jambholkar

Smt- >irti SinghShri '$"ti2e I- Ven6atanara4anaShri O-,- Sharma

Dr- +Mr"-/ Sh4amlha ,a%%$

The La0 Commi""ion i" lo2ated in ILI =$ilding3(nd Floor3 =hag0an Da" Road3Ne0 Delhi!77) ))7

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La0 Commi""ion Staff

Mem5er!Se2retar4

Dr. Brahm A. Agrawal

Re"ear2h Staff

Shri S$"hil >$mar @ 'oint Se2retar4 La0Offi2er

M"- ,a0an Sharma @ Additional La0 Offi2er hri J. !. "la#a$ Rao % A&&itio$al Law 'ffier

Shri A- >- 1%adh4a4 @ De%$t4 La0 Offi2er Dr- V- >- Singh @ A""i"tant Legal

Adi"er Dr- R- S- Shrinet @ S$%erintendent +Legal/

Admini"tratie Staff

Shri S$"hil >$mar @ 'oint Se2retar4 La0Offi2er

Shri D- Cho$dh$r4 @ 1nder Se2retar4Shri S- >- =a"$ @ Se2tion Offi2er Smt- Ra?ni Sharma @ A""i"tant Li5rar4

Information Offi2er

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The teBt of thi" Re%ort i" aaila5le on the Internetat@

htt%@


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Dr. J"stie AR. Lakshma$a$(Former Judge, Supreme Court of India),

Chairman, Law Commission of India

ILI Building(IInd Floor) BhagwandasRoad,

New Delhi – 110 001Tel. 91-11-23384475 Fax. 91-11 –23383564

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D.O. No. 6(3)1342!!"-L# (L$) 3!%& 'ril 2!!9

D*ar Dr. B&ard+a, i

$u,*/%0 N**d or '*liora%ing %&* lo% o %&* a*-no% – $ur** #our% udg*n%

I a or+arding &*r*+i%& %&* 223rd 7*or% o %&* La+#oiion o India on %&* ao* u,*/%.

&* ni%*d Na%ion #oi%%** on :/onoi/ $o/ial and#ul%ural 7ig&% d*in* o*r%; a a &uan /ondi%ion /&ara/%*rio*r%; &a **n and r*ain a/on%ru/%*d o/ial and */onoi/ r*ali%;. &* oor ar* no% oor il; */au* %&*; ar* l* &uan or */au* %&*; ar*&;iologi/all; or *n%all; in*rior %o o%&*r +&o* /ondi%ion ar**%%*r o. On %&* /on%rar; %&*ir o*r%; i o%*n a dir*/% or indir*/%/on*=u*n/* o o/i*%; ailur* %o *%ali& *=ui%; and airn* a%&* ai o i% o/ial and */onoi/ r*la%ion. :x%r** o*r%; i

d*nial o &uan rig&%.

In a larg* nu*r o /a* our $ur** #our% &a /onid*r*d%&* /o* o ar%i/l* 21 o %&* #on%i%u%ion +&i/& aur* rig&% %o li*.o a?* rig&% %o li* *aningul and **/%i* %&* $ur** #our% u%u *xani* in%*rr*%a%ion and roug&% +i%&in i% ai% a ;riad o rig&%.

@ariou la+ &a* **n *na/%*d %o *radi/a%* o*r%;0 o* o %&* dir*/%l; d*al +i%& %&* and o* o %&* indir*/%l;.

N**r%&*l* %&*ir %ard; il**n%a%ion a?* u lag *&ind in**/%i*l; d*aling +i%& %&* rol*.

In i%* o %&* /on%i%u%ional a*guard and $%a%* l*gila%i*in%*r*n%ion in aour o %&* oor and %&* n**d; %&*ir o/io-*/onoi//ondi%ion i d*%*riora%ing. $o/ial and */onoi/ *=uali%; %ill r*aina irag* or %&*.

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We are of the view that the Union and the State Governments shouldaccord top priority to implementation of the judments rendered !y our

Supreme "ourt in their letter and spirit in order that the lot of the have#nots

is ameliorated$

Ai%& +ar r*gard

our in/*r*l;

(Dr '7. La?&anan)

Dr. . 7. B&ard+a,nion Cini%*r or La+ and u%i/*o*rn*n% o India$&a%ri B&a+anN*+ D*l&i – 11! !!1.

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Nee& for Ameliorati$g the lot of the a*e+$ots ,

"preme -o"rts J"&gme$ts

Ta5le of Content"

#'>:7>': NO$.

I. :E7:C: >O@:70 D:NI'L OF C'N 7I$ 9 -

1"

II. ' >:IION ON B:'7$ C'N 7I$ 18 -2!

III. :E>'N$: OF '7I#L: 21 OF : #ON$IION 21 -3"

I@. #ON#L$ION 'ND 7:#OCC:ND'ION 38 -39

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CHA,TER I

ETREME ,OVERT@ DENIAL OF H1MAN RIGHTS

1.1 &* ni%*d Na%ion #oi%%** on :/onoi/ $o/ial and

#ul%ural 7ig&% d*in* o*r%; a a &uan /ondi%ion /&ara/%*rio*r%; &a **n and r*ain a

/on%ru/%*d o/ial and */onoi/ r*ali%;. &* oor ar* no% oor

il; */au* %&*; ar* l* &uan or */au* %&*; ar*

&;iologi/all; or *n%all; in*rior %o o%&*r +&o* /ondi%ion ar*

*%%*r o. On %&* /on%rar; %&*ir o*r%; i o%*n a dir*/% or indir*/%

/on*=u*n/* o o/i*%; ailur* %o *%ali& *=ui%; and airn* a

%&* ai o i% o/ial and */onoi/ r*la%ion.1

1.2 &* ni*ral D*/lara%ion o uan 7ig&% ro/lai2 %&a%

**r;on* i *n%i%l*d %o a %andard o liing ad*=ua%* %o roid* or %&*

&*al%& and +*ll-*ing o on**l and on* ail;. Cor*o*r in

' Voice of Justice !y (r )ustice *+$ ,a-shmanan. Universal ,aw /u!lishin "o$ /vt$ ,td$. (elhi 02116. pae '2'2 Statement to the 49th session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights

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a//ordan/* +i%& %&* ni*ral D*/lara%ion o uan 7ig&%

In%*rna%ional #o*nan% r*/ogni


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1.4 &* &uan rig&% %o li* in digni%; r** ro +an% i i%*l a

unda*n%al rig&% and i alo **n%ial %o %&* r*alio*r%; i a &uan

rig&% iola%ion. &* rig&% %o * r** ro o*r%; in/lud*0

&* &uan rig&% %o an ad*=ua%* %andard o liing

&* &uan rig&% %o +or? and r*/*i* +ag* %&a% /on%riu%* %o

an ad*=ua%* %andard o liing

&* &uan rig&% %o a &*al%&; and a* *niron*n%

&* &uan rig&% %o li* in ad*=ua%* &ouing

&* &uan rig&% %o * r** ro &ung*r

&* &uan rig&% %o a* drin?ing +a%*r

&* &uan rig&% %o riar; &*al%& /ar* and *di/al a%%*n%ion in

/a* o illn*

&* &uan rig&% %o a//* %o ai/ o/ial *ri/*&* &uan rig&% %o *du/a%ion

&* &uan rig&% %o * r** ro g*nd*r or ra/ial di/riina%ion

&* &uan rig&% %o ar%i/ia%* in &aing d*/iion +&i/& a*/%

on**l and on* /ouni%;.3

1.5 &* &uan rig&% or /&ildr*n in/lud* %&*ir d**lo*n% in an

*niron*n% aroria%* or %&*ir &;i/al *n%al iri%ual oral

and o/ial d**lo*n%.4

3 Supra note '. paes '2'#'224 !id$

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1.6 @*r; li%%l* a%%*n%ion &a **n aid %o o*r%; and %&* *x%r**

o*r%; in %&* logi/ o &uan rig&% %&* *xlana%ion or %&i i

un&ail; il*. ' oor *ron &ardl; *xi% and /an onl; la;

/lai od*%l; %o Joor rig&%. A* &a* graduall; */o*a//u%o*d %o /onid*r %&* oor *ron a &aing *x&au%*d &i

*n%i%l**n%. ' or %&* *x%r**l; oor %&*; do no% *xi% a% all a%

*% %&*; a; *n*i% ro /&ari%;. :*n %&* &*l %&*; r*/*i* i in

o% /a* an addi%ional %o?*n o *x/luion ro a o/i*%; %&a%

a?* %&* **l guil%;. &* uli/ au%&ori%i* ignor* %&*.

1." >o*r%; and *x%r** o*r%; ar* no% *ri&*ral &*no*na

/onin*d %o %&i /oun%r; alon*. &*; ar* uni*ral. >o*r%; i

in/r*aing **r;+&*r*. &* &*no*non o//ur on a or* ai*

/al* in %&* L*a% D**lo*d #oun%ri* and in /oun%ri* und*rgoing

raid %ru/%ural %ranora%ion u% i% &a *=uall; *riou

/on*=u*n/* or %&* i/%i in ri/& /oun%ri*. ' +* aid *arli*r

o*r%; i in/r*aing **r;+&*r*0 In/r*aing +*al%& i a//oani*d; in/r*aing o*r%;. >o*r%; r*nd*r all &uan rig&% ino*ra%i*.

&* iola%ion o rig&% %o a r*aonal* %andard o liing *n%ail %&*

iola%ion o all %&* o%&*r &uan rig&% in/* %&*ir o*ran/* ar*

il; ad* a%*riall; and %ru/%urall; ioil*. >o*r%;

aggraa%* di/riina%ion in/* i% ar%i/ularl; a*/% +o*n %&*

*ld*rl; and %&* dial*d. Cor*o*r %&* *r; oor ar* in o% /a*

unal* **n %o di/o*r %&*ir o+n rig&% and %&i iola%ion no% onl;

a*/% indiidual %&roug& and +i%&in %&*ir r*/ariou da;-%o-da;

*xi%*n/* u% i% *n%ra %&*ir *n%ir* o/ial +orld o*r **ral

g*n*ra%ion in a iral ro +&i/& i% i ir%uall; ioil* %o */a*.

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>o*r%; i undou%*dl; a g*n*ral &*no*non a o/ial r*la%ion

+&i/& a u/& i u,*/% %o la+ and +&o* o*rall logi/ n**d %o *

und*r%ood. >o*r%; i a i%ua%ion o un/*r%ain%; +&*r*a *x%r**

o*r%; i a iral o di*r*n% ?ind o un/*r%ain%; +i%& *a/& ?indaggraa%ing %&* **/% o %&* o%&*r in a /ir/ular ro/* %&a% &*

%&* indiidual /ol*%*l;.

1.8 Funda*n%all; a &uan rig&% aroa/& %o o*r%; i aou%

%&* *o+*r*n% o %&* oor *x%*nding %&*ir r**do o /&oi/* and

a/%ion %o %ru/%ur* %&*ir o+n li*. &* in%*rna%ional nora%i*

ra*+or? *o+*r %&* oor ; gran%ing %&* &uan rig&% and

ioing %&* l*gal oliga%ion on o%&*r. 7ig&% and oliga%ion ar*

r*=uir*d %o * uor%*d ; a ;%* o a//oun%aili%; or *l* %&*;

*/o* no or* %&an +indo+ dr*ing. '//ordingl; %&* &uan

rig&% aroa/& %o o*r%; r*du/%ion *&ai


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*ol* *n%ion %&*ir iola%ion ro inora%ion inora%ion aou% %&*

rogra* o ai%an/* %&*ir rig&% /on%a/% aou% +or? %&a%

a*/% %&*ir li* dir*/%l;.

1.9 >o*r%; i indiu%al; %&* o% o%*n% iola%ion o all &uan

rig&% and /on%i%u%* a %&r*a% %o %&* urial o %&* gr*a%*%

nu*r o %&* &uan oula%ion. ' o*r%; &a in%*nii*d in o%&

ri/& and oor na%ion ali?* %&* i*+ o o*r%; a a &uan rig&%

and o/ial ,u%i/* iu* &a gain*d in/r*a*d r*/ogni%ion. &* ni%*d

Na%ion *n*ral '*l; &a r*ol*d %&a% *x%r** o*r%; and

*x/luion ro o/i*%; /on%i%u%* a iola%ion o &uan digni%;

(*n*ral '*l; 7*olu%ion 53146 on uan 7ig&% and

:x%r** >o*r%; ado%*d D*/**r 18 1992). &* *xi%*n/* o

+id*r*ad *x%r** o*r%; in&ii% %&* ull and **/%i* *n,o;*n%

o &uan rig&% and ig&% in o* i%ua%ion /on%i%u%* a %&r*a% %o

%&* rig&% %o li*. ' &uan rig&%-a*d aroa/& %o o*r%; i*+ %&*

oor a &olding inali*nal* unda*n%al rig&% %&a% u% *r**/%*d ro%*/%*d and ulill*d.

1.1! I in,u%i/* and di/riina%ion in o/i*%; ar* %&* ain r*aon

or o*r%; %&*n a an **/%i* o*ra%ional */&ani %&* &uan

rig&%-a*d aroa/& %o d**lo*n% d*and0

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# >ar%i/ia%ion and %ranar*n/; in d*/iion-a?ing – %&i

ili* a?ing ar%i/ia%ion %&roug&ou% %&* d**lo*n%

ro/* a rig&% and %&* oliga%ion o %&* $%a%* and o%&*r

a/%or %o /r*a%* an *naling *niron*n% or ar%i/ia%ion o all %a?*&old*r

# Non-di/riina%ion – %&i ili* %&a% *=ui%; and *=uali%; /u%

a/ro all rig&% and ar* %&* ?*; ingr*di*n% or d**lo*n%

and o*r%; r*du/%ion

# :o+*r*n% – %&i ili* *o+*ring *ol* %o *x*r/i*

%&*ir &uan rig&% %&roug& %&* u* o %ool u/& a l*gal and

oli%i/al a/%ion %o a?* rogr* in or* /on*n%ional

d**lo*n% ar*a

# '//oun%aili%; o a/%or – %&i ili* a//oun%aili%; o uli/

and ria%* in%i%u%ion and a/%or %o roo%* ro%*/% and

ulill &uan rig&% and %o * &*ld a//oun%al* i %&** ar*

no% *nor/*d.

1.11 uan rig&% ar* or **r;on* a u/& or *ol* liing in

o*r%; and o/ial iola%ion a or %&* ri/& and *du/a%*d.

In%*rna%ional la+ ro&ii% di/riina%ion in %&* *n,o;*n% o &uan

rig&% on an; ground u/& a *%&ni/i%; /olour *x languag*

r*ligion oli%i/al or o%&*r oinion na%ional or o/ial origin ro*r%;

ir%& or o%&*r %a%u. &* %*r Gor o%&*r %a%uH i in%*rr*%*d %o

in/lud* *ronal /ir/u%an/* o//ua%ion li*%;l* *xual

ori*n%a%ion and &*al%& %a%u. >*ol* liing +i%& I@ and 'ID$ or

in%an/* ar* *n%i%l*d %o %&* *n,o;*n% o %&*ir unda*n%al &uan

rig&% and r**do +i%&ou% an; un,u%ii*d r*%ri/%ion.

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1.12 :=uali%; alo r*=uir* %&a% all *ron +i%&in a o/i*%; *n,o;

*=ual a//* %o %&* aailal* good and *ri/* %&a% ar* n*/*ar;

%o ulill ai/ &uan n**d. I% ro&ii% di/riina%ion in la+ or inra/%i/* in an; i*ld r*gula%*d and ro%*/%*d ; uli/ au%&ori%i*.

&u %&* rin/il* o non-di/riina%ion ali* %o all $%a%* oli/i*

and ra/%i/* in/luding %&o* /on/*rning &*al%& /ar* *du/a%ion

a//* %o *ri/* %ra*l r*gula%ion *n%r; r*=uir**n% and

iigra%ion.

1.13 'n **n%ial rin/il* o %&* in%*rna%ional &uan rig&%

ra*+or? i %&a% **r; *ron and all *ol* ar* *n%i%l*d %o

ar%i/ia%* in /on%riu%* %o and *n,o; /iil */onoi/ o/ial /ul%ural

and oli%i/al d**lo*n% in +&i/& &uan rig&% and unda*n%al

r**do /an * r*ali


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&a* %&* oliga%ion %o *nur* %&a% r**/% or &uan rig&% nor

and rin/il* i in%*gra%*d in%o all l**l o go*rnan/* and oli/;-

a?ing. &* rin/il* o a//oun%aili%; i **n%ial or */uring an

*naling *niron*n% or d**lo*n%. uan rig&% do no% il;d*in* %&* n**d o *ol* u% r*/ogni


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# In/lui* and air rul* in%i%u%ion and ra/%i/* go*rn

o/ial in%*ra/%ion

# Ao*n ar* *=ual ar%n*r +i%& *n in uli/ &*r* o li*

and d*/iion-a?ing# >*ol* ar* r** ro di/riina%ion a*d on *%&ni/i%;

g*nd*r or an; o%&*r a%%riu%*

# &* n**d o u%ur* g*n*ra%ion ar* r*l*/%*d in /urr*n%

oli/i*

# :/onoi/ and o/ial oli/i* ar* r*oni* %o *ol*

n**d and aira%ion.

1.1" &* ior%an/* o di/riina%ion in r*a/&ing %&* Cill*nniu

D**lo*n% oal – a*d on *%&ni/i%; /olour *x languag*

r*ligion oli%i/al or o%&*r oinion na%ional or o/ial origin ro*r%;

ir%& or o%&*r %a%u – /anno% * o*r%a%*d. Di/riina%ion i a or

o o/ial *x/luion and o%*n a /au* o o*r%;. In *x%r** /a*

di/riina%ion and *x/luion a; l*ad %o /onli/%. $;%*i/

di/riina%ion r*du/* %&* aili%; o indiidual %o *n*i% ro and

/on%riu%* %o &uan d**lo*n%.

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CHA,TER II

A ,ETITION ON =EGGARS& H1MAN RIGHTS

2.1 ' /iil +ri% *%i%ion (No. 11"2!!!) und*r ar%i/l* 32 o %&*

#on%i%u%ion il*d ; +a; o uli/ in%*r*% li%iga%ion /&all*nging %&*

all*g*d a/%ion o %&* nion o India o*rn*n% o N# o D*l&i and

%&* #oiion*r o >oli/* N*+ D*l&i in iola%ing %&* roiion o

%&* Boa; >r**n%ion o B*gging '/% 1959 a *x%*nd*d %o D*l&i i

*nding *or* %&* $ur** #our%. &* +ri% *%i%ion*r (C Karni?a

$a+&n*;) +&o &a*n*d %o * a la+ %ud*n% o %&* ni*ri%; o

D*l&i und*r%oo? a r**ar/& ro,*/% on %&* u,*/% o G>rol* o

*ggar in D*l&iH. $&* a+ %&* lig&% o *ggar &ou*d in B*ggar

o* +&o +*r* *ing d*ri*d o %&* ai/ **n%ial and

a*ni%i* o li* li?* ad*=ua%* ood /l*an +a%*r ro*r &*l%*r and

*ronal &;gi*n*. '//ording %o &*r %&* ina%* +*r* l*ading a

*r* anial *xi%*n/* +i%& no ro*r roiion o ad*=ua%* drin?ing

+a%*r a%&ing ani%a%ion ood /lo%&ing and /l*an *dding or

&;gi*ni/ urrounding in %&* &*l%*r. &* ina%* alo /olain*d

o *x%r**l; oor *di/al a/ili%i*.

2.2 &* +ri% *%i%ion &a oin%*d ou% %&a% %&* /on/*% o %&* rig&% %o

li* and li*li&ood i a ar% o %&* o*rall /on%i%u%ional %ru/%ur* and

i r*/ogni


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*/onoi/ o/ial and /ul%ural rig&% indi*nal* or %&* digni%; and

r** d**lo*n% o &i *ronali%;. I% i alo o ignii/an/* %o

&ig&lig&% &*r* %&a% %o /oa% %&* rol* o *ggar; a /&** or

*ggar; r**n%ion +a orula%*d and in%rodu/*d during 1992-93or %&* /ar* %r*a%*n% and r*&aili%a%ion o *ggar ; %&* nion

Cini%r; o $o/ial u%i/* and :o+*r*n%. I% i **n%ial %o ri*l;

*% ou% i% riar; o,*/%i* +&i/& ar* a ollo+0

1. >roiding a/ili%i* or %&* %*/&ni/al *du/a%ion and o/a%ional

%raining o *ggar

2. o *n/ourag* *ggar in rodu/%i* +or? o a %o a/ili%a%*

%&*ir r*in%*gra%ion in %&* o/i*%;

3. Inoling olun%ar; +*lar* organi


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2.4 &* +ri% *%i%ion alo %a%* %&a% %&*r* i an a%%i%ud* o

indi*r*n/* laxi%; and la/? o /oi%*n% %o+ard %&* aign*d

rol* aong %&* oi/ial %a%u%oril; *o+*r*d +i%& %&* du%; %o arr*%

*ggar or ro%*/%i* and /orr*/%i* /u%od;. &* un-arr*%*d*al* *ggar ar* d*ri*d o a//* %o r*&aili%a%ion +&i/& %&*

$%a%* i r*=uir*d %o *nur* %&roug& %&* */ial in%i%u%ion

*%ali&*d und*r %&* '/%. &i d*gr** o laxi%; nullii* in **/%

%&* r**n/* o %&* lauda%or; r*&aili%a%i* roiion in %&* +*lar*

l*gila%ion. ' a r*ul% +&il* %&* in%i%u%ion *xi% %&*; &ardl;

*r*/a%*r %o %&* n**d o %&* d*%i%u%* +&o /on%inu* %o *g on %&*

%r**%.

2.5 &* +ri% *%i%ion ur%&*r %a%* %&a% %&*r* i a la/? o

%ranar*n/; du* %o la* on %&* ar% o go*rn*n%al au%&ori%i* in

o*ring %a%u%or; roiion. &*r* i dir* n**d %o *%ali& or*

*ggar in%i%u%ion in D*l&i and o%&*r ig /i%i* in ord*r %o roid*

ro*r and /l*an a//ooda%ion ad*=ua%* **n%ial a/ili%i* and*aningul r*&aili%a%ion %o %&* *ggar.

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CHA,TER III

E,ANSE OF ARTICLE (7 OF THE CONSTIT1TION

3.1 'r%i/l* 21 o our #on%i%u%ion d*al +i%& ro%*/%ion o li* and

*ronal li*r%; and r*ad %&u0

GNo *ron &all * d*ri*d o &i li* or *ronal li*r%;

*x/*% a//ording %o ro/*dur* *%ali&*d ; la+.H

3.2 &i ar%i/l* dra%*d in /l*ar and il* languag* &a **n %&*

u,*/% a%%*r o *x%*ni* li%iga%ion. I% /o* &a **n *xand*d

o*r %&* la% 5! ;*ar and li* and li*r%; no+ in/lud* *du/a%ion

&*al%& and **n road in &ill; ar*a. &* ar%i/l* ro&ii%

d*ria%ion o li* or *ronal li*r%; *x/*% a//ording %o ro/*dur*

*%ali&*d ; la+. In a *n* i% /orr*ond %o %&* Fi%& andFour%**n%& '*nd*n% %o %&* ni%*d $%a%* #on%i%u%ion %&*

r*l*an% or%ion o +&i/& r*ad0

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GNor * d*ri*d o li* li*r%; or ro*r%; +i%&ou% du* ro/*

o la+H and G nor &all an; $%a%* d*ri* an; *ron o li*

li*r%; or ro*r%; +i%&ou% du* ro/* o la+.H

3.3 In A. K. Goalan !. "tate o# $adras5 %&* $ur** #our% &ad

gi*n a li%*ral and narro+ in%*rr*%a%ion %o ar%i/l* 21 and r*u*d %o

inu* %&* ro/*dur* +i%& %&* rin/il* o na%ural ,u%i/*. &r**

d*/ad* la%*r %&i i*+ +a o*rrul*d and i% +a &*ld %&a% %&*

ro/*dur* /on%*la%*d und*r ar%i/l* 21 u% an+*r %&* %*% o

r*aonal*n*.6 $u/& a ro/*dur* &ould * in /onori%; +i%& %&*

rin/il* o na%ural ,u%i/*. &i i an *xal* o %&* *xani*

in%*rr*%a%ion o %&* unda*n%al rig&%.

3.4 &u ar%i/l* 21 no% onl; ro%*/% li* and *ronal li*r%; u%

alo *niag* a air ro/*dur*.

3.5 &* ini%ial i*+ +a %&a% ar%i/l* 21 did no% in/lud* %&* rig&% %oli*li&ood. &* la%*r d*/iion &a* /a%*gori/all; &*ld %&a% %&* rig&%

%o li* in/lud* %&* rig&% %o li*li&ood. In %lga Tellis !. Bo&'a(

$)ni*ial +ororation" i% +a &*ld %&a% %&* +** o %&* rig&% %o li*

/on*rr*d ; ar%i/l* 21 i +id* and ar-r*a/&ing. I% do* no% *an

*r*l; %&a% li* /anno% * *x%ingui&*d or %a?*n a+a; a or

*xal* ; %&* ioi%ion and *x*/u%ion o %&* d*a%& *n%*n/*

*x/*% a//ording %o ro/*dur* *%ali&*d ; la+. &a% i u% on*

a*/% o %&* rig&% %o li*. 'n *=uall; ior%an% a/*% o %&a% rig&% i

%&* rig&% %o li*li&ood */au* no *ron /an li* +i%&ou% %&* *an

5 *+ '&51 S" 276 Maneka Gandhi v. Union of ndia. 0'&7% ' S"" 24%7 *+ '&%6 S" '%1

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o liing %&a% i %&* *an o li*li&ood. I %&* rig&% %o li*li&ood i

no% %r*a%*d a a ar% o %&* /on%i%u%ional rig&% %o li* %&* *ai*% +a;

o d*riing a *ron o &i rig&% %o li* +ould * %o d*ri* &i o &i

*an o li*li&ood %o %&* oin% o aroga%ion. &a% +&i/& alon*a?* i% oil* %o li* l*a* aid* +&a% a?* li* lial* u% *

d***d %o * an in%*gral /oon*n% o %&* rig&% %o li*.

3.6 &* rig&% %o r*u%a%ion i a a/*% o rig&% %o li* und*r ar%i/l* 21.

'd*r* r*ar? ; a #oiion o In=uir; aou% a *ron +i%&ou%

&*aring &i iola%* rin/il* o na%ural ,u%i/* and r*nd*r %&*

a/%ion non est a +*ll a %&* /on*=u*n/* %&*r*o.8

3." :/onoi/ *o+*r*n% %&roug& di%riu%i* ,u%i/* or %&*

oor dalits and %ri* i an in%*gral ar% o %&* rig&% %o li* *=uali%;

and o %a%u and digni%; %o %&* oor +*a?*r */%ion dalits and

%ri*. Bond*d laour*r &a* %o * id*n%ii*d and r*l*a*d and

r*&aili%a%*d in %*r o ar%i/l* 21 r*ad +i%& ar%i/l* 39 41 and 42.9

Ao*n &a* rig&% %o +or? +i%& digni%; and +i%&ou% *xual

&ara*n%. ' r*aonal* r*id*n/* i an indi*nal* n*/*i%;

or ulilling %&* /on%i%u%ional goal in %&* a%%*r o d**lo*n% o

an and &ould * %a?*n a in/lud*d in %&* rig&% %o li* und*r ar%i/l*

21.1! For r*id*n/* on &ill; ar*a a//* %o road i a//* %o li*

i%*l.11

8 "tate o# Bihar !. al Krishna Ad!ani, (2!!3) 8 $## 361 "tate o# $ahrashtra !. )'li* +on*ern#or Go!ernan*e Tr)st 2!!" (1) $#'L: "29 Bandh)a $)ti $or*ha !. /nion o# 0ndia 'I7 1984 $# 8!21! $s. "hantistar B)ilders !. ara(an Khi&alal Tota&e 'I7 199! $# 63!11 "tate o# i&a*hal radesh !. /&ed Ra& "har&a 'I7 1986 $# 84"

&

'1

''

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3.8 Na%ional uan 7ig&% #oiion (N7#) &a **n or*d

und*r %&* >ro%*/%ion o uan 7ig&% '/% 1993. &* /&** o %&i

'/% i %o ro%*/% and il**n% &uan rig&% in/luding %&o**niag*d und*r ar%i/l* 21 and in%*rna%ional la+.

3.9 &* #our% &a al+a; r*gard*d *ronal li*r%; a %&* o%

r*/iou o*ion o an?ind and r*u*d %o %ol*ra%* ill*gal

d*%*n%ion r*gardl* o %&* o/ial /o% inol*d in %&* r*l*a* o a

oil* r*n*gad*. &i i an ar*a +&*r* %&* #our% &a **n o%

%ri/% and /ruulou in *nuring o*ran/* o %&* r*=uir**n% o

%&* la+ and **n +&*r* a r*=uir**n% o %&* la+ i r*a/&*d in %&*

lig&%*% *aur* %&* #our% &a no% &*i%a%*d %o %ri?* do+n %&*

ord*r o d*%*n%ion.

3$'1 he e8pression personal li!erty in article 2' is of the widest

amplitude and it covers a variety of rihts which o to constitute the

personal li!erty of man and some of them have !een raised to the status of

distinct fundamental rihts and iven additional protection under article '&

of the "onstitution$ he said e8pression includes the riht to o a!road and

no person can !e deprived of this riht e8cept accordin to the procedure

prescri!ed !y law$'2

3.11 >*ronal li*r%; o a *ron in r**n%i* d*%*n%ion i /ur%ail*d.

B*;ond a oin% i% +ould * iola%i* o ar%i/l* 21. &* la+ d*riing

u/& li*r%; a%*r %&* ,udg*n% in $anea Gandhi 13 u% * rig&%

'2 Satwant Sin!h v. "assport #fficer . 9'&67:3 S"+ 525'3 Supra note 6

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,u% and air and no% ari%rar; an/iul or or*i*. &* #our% did

no% u&old oli%ar; /onin**n% o a rion*r *n%*n/*d %o d*a%&

und*r */%ion 3!(2) o %&* >rion '/% 1894 on %&* ground %&a%

ar%i/l* 14 19 and 21 ar* a u/& aailal* %o a rion*r in a ,ailand %&* li*r%; %o o* ix ingl* %al? and /oan; +i%& /o-

rion*r /anno% * u%an%iall; /ur%ail*d.14

3.12 &* rig&% %o a **d; %rial &a **n &*ld ; %&* $ur** #our%

%o or ar% or a on* o %&* di*nion o %&* unda*n%al rig&% %o

li* and *ronal li*r%; guaran%**d ; ar%i/l* 21.15 &i rig&% i no%

/onin*d %o an; ar%i/ular /a%*gor; o o*n/*. &* ior%an/* o a

**d; %rial &a **n r**a%*dl; *&ai


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3.14 &* rig&% %o *du/a%ion alo lo+ ro ar%i/l* 21. 'r%i/l* 21'

+a &o+**r in*r%*d in %&* #on%i%u%ion ; %&* #on%i%u%ion

(:ig&%;-ix%& '*nd*n%) '/% 2!!2 */ii/all; a?ing %&* rig&% %o*du/a%ion a a unda*n%al rig&%. o+**r %&i i no% an aolu%*

rig&%. I% /on%*n% and ara*%*r &ould * d*%*rin*d in %&* lig&% o

%&* dir*/%i* rin/il* /on%ain*d in ar%i/l* 41 o %&* #on%i%u%ion. &*

rig&% %o *du/a%ion in %&* /on%*x% o %&* aid dir*/%i* rin/il* *an0

(a):*r; /&ild &a a rig&% %o r** and /oulor; *du/a%ion

un%il %&* ag* o 14 ;*ar

() '%*r %&* ag* o 14 ;*ar &i rig&% %o *du/a%ion i

/ir/u/ri*d ; %&* lii% o %&* */onoi/ /aa/i%; o %&*

$%a%* and i% d**lo*n%.

3.15 In $ala "ingh !. "tate o# )na'2! %&* $ur** #our% &*ld

%&a% %&* rig&% %o ria/; i ili/i% in ar%i/l* 21. I% &a **n &*ld %&a%ur*illan/* i in%rui* o *rioul; *n/roa/&* on %&* ria/; o a

/i%i


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r*la%*d %o %&* girl +&o in%*nd*d %o arr; o inora%ion %&a% &*r

ian/M* &ad **n u*ring ro I@ () did no% inol* iola%ion o

ar%i/l* 21 in %&* /on%*x% o &i rig&% %o ria/;. 7ig&% %o ria/; i no%

aolu%*.22

3$'7 lleal detention and custodial torture are reconi


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!. "tate o#


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3.21 &* rig&% %o li* und*r ar%i/l* 21 &a **n in%*rr*%*d %o alo

in/lud* %&* rig&% %o &*al%& o +or?*n.3! &* &*al%& and %r*ng%& o a

+or?*r i an in%*gral a/*% o &i rig&% o li*. In $)rli ". ;eora !.

/nion o# 0ndia31

%&* $ur** #our% a%*r /onid*ring %&* &arul**/% %&a% o?ing &a on non-o?*r ga* dir*/%ion %o an

o?ing in uli/ la/* na*l; (1) audi%oriu (2) &oi%al

uilding (3) &*al%& in%i%u%ion (4) *du/a%ional in%i%u%ion (5)

lirari* (6) /our% uilding (") uli/ oi/* and (8) uli/

/on*;an/* in/luding rail+a;. &* languag* u*d gi* %&*

ir*ion %&a% %&* li% o la/* i *x&au%i*. 'iror% or *xal*

ar* no% in/lud*d al%&oug& %&*; ar* ili*dl; in/lud*d.

3.22 'n a//u*d +&o /anno% aord l*gal ai%an/* i *n%i%l*d %o

r** l*gal aid a% %&* /o% o %&* $%a%*. &i rig&% i ar% o %&* air ,u%

and r*aonal* ro/*dur* und*r ar%i/l* 21. &* /our% u% inor

%&* a//u*d o &i rig&% %o * r*r**n%*d ; a la+;*r %&roug& l*gal

aid and a% %&* *x*n* o %&* $%a%*. Failur* %o do o +ill i%ia%* &i%rial and &i /oni/%ion /an * *% aid*.32

3.23 In :oll( George =arghese !. Ban o# +o*hin333 %&* =u*%ion o

u%%ing a *ron in rion in *x*/u%ion o a on*; d*/r** +&o did

no% &a* %&* n*/*ar; *an %o a; %&* d*% +a /onid*r*d ;

%&* $ur** #our%. &* #our% +&il* d*aling +i%& %&* iu*

&aroni# +i%& %&* In%*rna%ional #o*nan% on

#iil and >oli%i/al 7ig&%. 'r%i/l* 11 o %&* #o*nan% roid* %&a% Gno

31 .2.S.. 3i&ited v. Su*hash handra $ose. 0'&&2 ' S"" 44'3' 0211' % S"" 76532 Suk Das v. Union erritor4 of %runachal "radesh. 0'&%6 2 S"" 41'33 *+ '&%1 S" 471

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on* &all * irion*d *r*l; on %&* ground o inaili%; %o ulill a

/on%ra/%ual oliga%ionH. &* #our% &*ld %&a% a il* d*aul% %o

di/&arg* %&* d*% i no% *noug& %o d*%ain a *ron in rion. &*r*

u% * o* *l**n% o ad ai%& *;ond *r* indi*r*n/* %o a;.I %&* ,udg*n%-d*%or on/* &ad %&* *an u% no+ &a no% or i &*

&a on*; no+ on +&i/& %&*r* ar* o%&*r r*ing /lai &* &ould

no% * /a% in rion a %&* a* +ould * iola%i* o %&* iri% o

ar%i/l* 11 o %&* #o*nan% a +*ll a ar%i/l* 21 o %&* #on%i%u%ion.

3.24 >uli/ in%*r*% li%iga%ion i a %ra%*gi/ ar o %&* l*gal aid

o**n% in%*nd*d %o ring ,u%i/* +i%&in %&* r*a/& o %&* oor

a* +&o all +i%&in %&* lo+-iiili%; ar*a o &uani%;. >uli/

in%*r*% li%iga%ion i roug&% *or* %&* /our% no% or %&* uro* o

*nor/ing %&* rig&% o on* indiidual again% ano%&*r a &a*n in

%&* /a* o ordinar; li%iga%ion u% i% i in%*nd*d %o roo%* and

indi/a%* uli/ in%*r*% +&i/& d*and %&a% iola%ion o

/on%i%u%ional or l*gal rig&% o larg* nu*r o *ol* +&o ar* oorignoran% or in a o/iall; or */onoi/all; diadan%ag*ou oi%ion

&ould no% go unno%i/*d and un-r*dr**d.

3.25 In Bandh)a $)ti $or*ha !. /nion o# 0ndia34, %&* $ur**

#our% &*ld %&a% %&* +ri% *%i%ion und*r ar%i/l* 32 ; +a; o uli/

in%*r*% li%iga%ion ; a uli/-iri%*d organi


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u% i% i a /&all*ng* and an oor%uni%; %o %&* go*rn*n% and i%

oi/*r %o a?* ai/ &uan rig&% *aningul %o %&* d*ri*d and

uln*ral* */%ion o %&* /ouni%; and %o aur* %&* o/ial and

*/onoi/ ,u%i/* +&i/& i %&* igna%ur* %un* o our #on%i%u%ion.#*r%ain dir*/%ion +*r* gi*n ; %&* #our% %o %&* go*rn*n% and

o%&*r au%&ori%i* +i%& a i*+ %o iro* %&* li* /ondi%ion o %&* oor

+or?*r o %&* %on* =uarri* and *nur* o/ial ,u%i/* %o %&* o

%&a% %&*; a; * al* %o r*a%&* %&* r*& air o o/ial and */onoi/

r**do.

3.26 &oug& ar%i/l* 24 o %&* #on%i%u%ion ro&ii% *lo;*n% o

/&ildr*n *lo+ %&* ag* o 14 ;*ar in an; a/%or; or in* or in an;

o%&*r &a


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and %a?* o*r %&* /lai o %&* i/%i o a dia%*r %o ro%*/% %&*ir

&uan rig&%.36

3.28 ' n*+a*r /arri*d a r*or% aou% %&* non-a;*n% o +ag*%o a larg* nu*r o *lo;** in di*r*n% uli/ und*r%a?ing. &*

r*or% alo indi/a%*d %&a% **ral *lo;** di*d du* %o %ara%ion or

/oi%%*d ui/id* o+ing %o a/u%* inan/ial /rii. ' +ri% *%i%ion +a

il*d ; a la+;*r on %&* ai o %&* aid n*+. In Kaila ingorani !.

"tate o# Bihar 3" %&* $ur** #our% in%*r*r*d +i%& %&* a%%*r in

uli/ in%*r*% and &*ld %&a% %&*r* i ailur* %o *ror %&*

/on%i%u%ional du%i* ; %&* $%a%* in /on%rolling %&* un/%ion o %&*

uli/ */%or /oani*. In u/& /ir/u%an/* %&* #our% +ould no%

&*i%a%* %o li% %&* /orora%* *il +&*n /orora%* *ronali%; i ound

%o * oo*d %o ,u%i/* /on*ni*n/* and in%*r*% o %&* r**nu* or

+or?an or again% uli/ in%*r*%.38

3.29 o &*l %&* oor li%igan% ar%i/l* 39' o %&* #on%i%u%ionroid* inter alia %&a% %&* $%a%* &all roid* r** l*gal aid %o

*nur* %&a% oor%uni%i* or */uring ,u%i/* ar* no% d*ni*d %o an;

/i%i


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%&a% *nior /oun*l ra/%iing in %&* /our% /on/*rn*d &ould

olun%**r %o d**nd u/& indig*n% a//u*d a a ar% o %&*ir

ro*ional du%;.39

3.3! >o*r%; i indiu%al; %&* o% o%*n% iola%ion o all &uan

rig&% and /on%i%u%* a %&r*a% %o %&* urial o %&* gr*a%*% nu*r

o %&* &uan oula%ion. Dr. '. >. . 'dul Kala %a%*d a% %&*

uan 7ig&% Da; un/%ion on 1!.12.2!!20

G>*ol* +&o ar* */onoi/all; or o/iall; in %&* lo+*r %ra%aar* uln*ral* %o &uan rig&% *xloi%a%ion ; %&o* +&o ar* in

%&* &ig&*r %ra%a. On* +a; %o r*du/* %&i *xloi%a%ion i %onarro+ %&i diid*. In our /oun%r; aou% 3!! illion *ol* ar**lo+ %&* o*r%; lin*. '%*r i* d*/ad* o rogr* %&*aira%ion o *ol* ar* rig&%l; oun%ing %&a% India &ould*/o* a d**lo*d /oun%r;. &i i %&* */ond iion or %&*na%ion.H

3.31 'no%&*r or*r >r*id*n% o India Cr. ail $ing& &ad

ugg*%*d %&a% no *ron in %&* /oun%r; &ould * allo+*d %o &a*

or* %&an on* &ou* a a *aur* o r*du/ing */onoi/ diari%i*

and *nuring ro*r di%riu%ion o ro*ri%;. >*ri%%ing on* &ou*

*r *ron %&* *x%ra &ou* /ould * gi*n %o %&* n**d; +&o &ould

* a/ili%a%*d %o a; or %&* in in%al*n%. :=ual ro%*/%ion o %&*

la+ i no% a oral d*/lara%ion u% a d;nai/ a/%uali


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&a %&* a* road Mlan i*+*d in %&* *nign lig&% o %&* >r*al*

+&i/& aur* %o all /i%i


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in/ar/*ra%ion alr*ad; u*r*d ; %&* +i%&ou% ,u%ii/a%ion %&*

$ur** #our% ord*r*d all o %&* %o * r*l*a*d or%&+i%& ;

roiding n*/*ar; und or **%ing *x*n* o %&*ir ,ourn*; %o

%&*ir r**/%i* na%i* la/* a alo or ain%*nan/* or a *riod o on* +**?. &* ao* /a* +a il*d ; +a; o uli/ in%*r*%

li%iga%ion ; %&* Fr** L*gal 'id #oi%%** Bi&ar ; addr*ing a

l*%%*r %o a udg* o %&* $ur** #our% dra+ing %&* #our% a%%*n%ion

%o un,u%ii*d and ill*gal d*%*n%ion o /*r%ain rion*r in %&* #*n%ral

ail a


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and nion %*rri%ori* a rul* und*r */%ion 28 o %&* '/% &ad no%

**n ra*d ; an; $%a%* and nion %*rri%ori* nor +*r* ad*

r*gula%ion und*r */%ion 29'. &* $ur** #our% dir*/%*d %&*

$%a%* and nion %*rri%ori* %o a?* rul* and r*gula%ion a +*ll a/on%i%u%* ariou #oi%%** +i%&in %+o on%&.

3.36 &* d*/iion in ")thendraraa !. "tate42 r*l*/% di*r*n/* o

oinion aong% udg* in r*gard %o %&* *n%*n/* o d*a%& a+ard*d

%o Nalini in %&* 7a,i and&i aaina%ion /a*. K. . &oa .

ar%l; di*n%*d ro %&* a,ori%; i*+ and al%*r*d &*r *n%*n/* %o

li* irion*n%. '%*r r**rring %o %&* #on%i%u%ion B*n/& ,udg*n%

in Ba*han "ingh !. "tate o# )na'43 +&i/& narro+*d do+n %&* /o*

or a+arding d*a%& *n%*n/* %o %&* *x%r**l; r*%ri/%*d radiu o

Grar*% o rar* /a*H in +&i/& %&* al%*rna%i* l**r *n%*n/* o

irion*n% or li* i un=u*%ional; or*/lo*d &* o*r*d0

JIn a /a* +&*r* a B*n/& o %&r** udg* d*li*r*d ,udg*n%in +&i/& %&* oinion o a% l*a% on* udg* i in aour o

r**rring irion*n% or li* %o d*a%& *nal%; a or an;ar%i/ular a//u*d I %&in? i% +ould * a ro*r r*i* or %&*B*n/& %o r*i*+ %&* ord*r o *n%*n/* o d*a%& in r**/% o %&a% a//u*d. $u/& an aroa/& i /oni%*n% +i%& 'r%i/l* 21 o %&* #on%i%u%ion a i% &*l aing a &uan li* ro %&*gallo+ and a% %&* a* %i* u%%ing %&* guil%; a//u*d *&ind%&* ar or li*. In ; oinion i% +ould * a ound rooi%ion%o a?* a r*/*d*n% %&a% +&*n on* o %&* %&r** udg* r*rainro a+arding d*a%& *nal%; %o an a//u*d on %a%*d r*aonin r**r*n/* %o %&* *n%*n/* o li* irion*n% %&a% a/% /an* r*gard*d ui/i*n% %o %r*a% %&* /a* a no% alling +i%&in %&*narro+*d ai% o Grar*% o rar* /a* +&*n %&* al%*rna%i*o%ion i un=u*%ional; or*/lo*dH.

42 0'&&& & S"" 32343 0'&%1 2 S"" 6%4

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I a; add a an *xlana%or; no%* %&a% %&* r*aoning i no%* und*r%ood a a ugg*%ion %&a% a inori%; oinion in %&*

,udg*n% /an u*r*d* %&* a,ori%; i*+ %&*r*in. In %&* r*alo a?ing a /&oi/* *%+**n li* irion*n% and d*a%&*nal%; %&* ao* /onid*ra%ion i g*ran* +&*n %&* /o* or a+arding d*a%& *nal%; &a no+ &run? %o %&* narro+*% /ir/l*and %&a% %oo onl; +&*n %&* al%*rna%i* a/%ion i Gun=u*%ional;or*/lo*dH.

3.3" ahira a'i')lla . "heih !. "tate o# G)arat 44 r*la%* %o %&*

/ounal rio% in u,ara% oularl; ?no+n a GB*% Ba?*r; #a*H.

In %&i /a* %&* $ur** #our% o*r*d0

G&* rin/il* o rul* o la+ and du* ro/* ar* /lo*l; lin?*d+i%& &uan rig&% ro%*/%ion. $u/& rig&% /an * ro%*/%*d**/%i*l; +&*n a /i%i*rticle 2' of the "onstitution assures riht to life$ o ma-e riht tolife meaninful and effective. this "ourt put up e8pansiveinterpretation and !rouht within its am!it riht to education. health.

44 (2!!4) 4 $## 15845 '&&5 Supp 02 S"" 54&

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speedy trial. eual waes for eual wor- as fundamental rihts$*rticles '4. '5 and '6 prohi!it discrimination and accord euality$he /ream!le to the "onstitution as a socialist repu!lic visuali


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4.2 &* #od* o #iil >ro/*dur* 19!8 &a o* roiion or %&*

oor. Ord*r EEEIII #># d*al +i%& ui% ; indig*n% *ron

d**n/* ; an indig*n% *ron a +*ll a r** l*gal *ri/* %oindig*n% *ron. '*al ; indig*n% *ron ar* d*al% +i%& und*r

Ord*r ELI@ #>#.

4.3 $*/%ion 3!4 o %&* #od* o #riinal >ro/*dur* 19"3 *nal*

l*gal aid %o a//u*d a% $%a%* *x*n* in /*r%ain /a*. #&a%*r

EEEIII #r># inter alia, roid* or r*l*a* o an indig*n% a//u*d

*ron on *x*/u%ing a *ronal ond in%*ad o %a?ing ail i &* i

unal* %o urni& ur*%;.

4.4 @ariou laour la+ in/luding %&* Ciniu Aag* '/% 1948

roiding or iniu +ag* or %&* *an o li*li&ood Aor?*n

#o*na%ion '/% 1923 Ca%*rni%; B*n*i% '/% 1961 >a;*n% o

Bonu '/% 1965 :=ual 7*un*ra%ion '/% 19"6 Bond*d Laour $;%* ('oli%ion) '/% 19"6 #&ild Laour (>ro&ii%ion and

7*gula%ion) '/% 1986 %&* Indian >*nal #od* ro&ii%ing u;ing or

dioing o an; *ron a a la* &ai%ual d*aling in la* *lling

or u;ing o inor or uro* o ro%i%u%ion or illi/i% in%*r/our*

and unla+ul /oulor; laour (*/%ion 3"! %o 3"4) ar* u% a *+

*xal* in %&* dir*/%ion o all*ia%ing %&* lo% o %&* oor. &*r* ar*

an; o%&*r. N**r%&*l* %&*ir %ard; il**n%a%ion a?* u lag

ar *&ind in **/%i*l; d*aling +i%& %&* rol*.

4'

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4.5 In i%* o %&* /on%i%u%ional a*guard and $%a%* l*gila%i*

in%*r*n%ion in aour o %&* oor and %&* n**d; %&*ir o/io-*/onoi/

/ondi%ion i d*%*riora%ing. $o/ial and */onoi/ *=uali%; %ill r*ain

a irag* or %&*.

4$6 We are of the view that the Union and the State Governments should

accord top priority to implementation of the judments rendered !y our

Supreme "ourt in their letter and spirit in order that the lot of the have#nots

is ameliorated$

4." A* r*/o*nd a//ordingl;.

(Dr u%i/* '7. La?&anan)

#&airan

(>ro. Dr a&ir Ca&ood) (Dr Bra& '. 'gra+al)

Member Member-Secretary

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Documents

Law Commission Report No. 223- Need for Ameliorating the Lot of the Have-nots - Supreme Court's Judgments