Chapter 9 Launching a New Republic

Essential Question

What political traditions and tensions first appeared in the early years of the new republic?

Important Vocab Section 1 Federal Judiciary- 1789 law passed by the

first congress that set up lower federal courts.

John Jay- First chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court

Attorney General- nation’s top legal officer, today also the head of the Department of Justice.

Cabinet- group of executive department heads that serve as the president’s chief advisers.

Inaugurate- to formally swear in or induct into office

Precedent- an example that becomes standard practice

Tariff- tax on imported goods

Washington’s Presidency

Charles Thomson- Secretary of Continental Congress

Delivered a letter to George Washington – to inform him he was elected president.

Washington accepted the honor and burden of office.

Congressional Decisions

Congress passed – Federal court system- Federal Judiciary, Act the act gave supreme court 6 members: Chief Justice or Judge and 5 associate Justices.

The number later grew to nine John Jay- 1st Chief Justice of the

Supreme Court.

Assembling a Cabinet

Congress creating departments President had powers to appoint

heads of departments: 1. state- (Thomas Jefferson) 2. War- Nation’s Defense (Henry Knox) 3. Treasury- (Alexander Hamilton)

Nation’s economy- Financial Secretary. 4. Justice 5. Postal Service

Edmund Randolph: Attorney General All heads made up Washington’s

cabinet. – Advising him on financial matters.

The Nation’s Finances Most Urgent Problem for Alexander Hamilton

(War Debts) ▪ Borrowed Money▪ France▪ Spain▪ Netherlands

In debt to private citizens, soldiers- received bonds to pay them with interest.

52 million war debt- Foreign and domestic

Needed to pay debt to gain respect with foreign nations and own citizens

Needed to be responsible with money to continue to work with other nations

Hamilton’s Political Views

Strong Central Government National Government should be

stronger than the state government Encourage business and industry

and nation’s prosperity depended on nation’s wealthy merchants and manufactures.

Owed money to these people hoped to gain them support when paid back.

Hamilton’s Prospal

Improvement of Nation’s finances1. paying off war debt2. Raising Government Revenue3. Creating a National Bank

Hamilton wanted to pay off state’s war debt but south wouldn’t agree unless place capital in Southern states on the banks of the Potomac River.

Building a Strong Government Tariffs – a way to raise revenue – Taxes

on imported goods Made foreign goods very expensive Encourage to buy American National Bank- a safe place to keep

government money Make loans to 1. business 2.

government Issue bank notes – Paper money is

called currency

Section 2 Battle of Fallen Timbers: 1794 battle between Native Americans and American Forces Treaty of Greenville- 1795 treaty in which 12 Native

America tribes ceded control of much of Ohio and Indiana to the U.S. government.

Whiskey Rebellion: 1794 protest against the government’s tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

French Revolution: revolution overthrowing the government in France that began in 1787 and ended in violence and mass executions.

Jay’s Treaty: agreement that ended the dispute with Britain over American shipping during the French Revolution.

Pinckney's Treaty: 1795 treaty with Spain allowing U.S. commercial use of the Mississippi River.

Cede: surrender or give up Northwest Territory: area bounded

by the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and the Great Lakes

Neutral: not siding with any other country in dispute.

Challenges to the New Government

Settlers moving west met resistance with Native Americans (1790-1791)

Chief Little Turtle- (Miami Tribe of Ohio) won decisive victories over U.S. Troops.

1794 – Miami faced an attack by the U.S. Forces General Ma Anthony Wayne.

Tribal Council voted for war Washington Plan was to secure the

Western Frontier.

Problems at Home

Washington supported strong National Government – Showed its strength on threatening situations

Competing Claims Territory Needed peace to prosper –Trans Atlantic

West- Land between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River.

1783 Treaty of Paris –tried to resolve the claims- Spain, Britain, and The United States, and Native Americas claimed all parts.

Strongest Resistance of Whites came from Native American is the Northwest Territory

Mad Anthony Wayne “Battle of Fallen Timbers” … Easily defeated the Native Americans.

The defeat ended the Native Americans hope of the Northwest Territory – 12 tribe signed an agreement

Treaty of Greenville- Cede much of present day land in

1. Ohio 2.Michigan 3. Indiana Numerous posts and ports U.S. Government

Trouble in the Back Country Washington still wanted to put another

army in the Midwest. Secretary of Treasury- Hamilton needed to

raise revenue so he taxed manufacture of whiskey.

Hit the small back country farmers the hardest

Major Crop- CORN Farmers started to use whiskey as money –

outrages farmers on whiskey tax- (Penn. –Georgia)

Farmers Revolt

1794 Farmers in Western Pennsylvania –staged a revolt against Whiskey Tax. Burned home of Tax collector Threatened to attack PittsburgGeneral Henry Lee and Hamilton- 13,000

US soldiers to western Penn. to put down uprising.

Problems Abroad

U.S. Independent by tied to both European nations by Treaty and Trade.

Both went to war with each other/ U.S. feared to get dragged into mix.

Trouble in France

1789- Financial Crisis led to French People rebelling against the government.

French Revolutionaries demanded 1. liberty 2. EqualityAmericans supported the French Revolution

– until it had become violent. 1793- Revolutionaries executed both the

King and Queen of France.

France and Britain at war

Washington wanted the U.S. to remain Neutral

Great Britain main trading partner Would crush the French Revolution –

Liberty Jefferson – was attacked by the

Federalist for support of France. Resigned because tired of

Washington always taking Hamilton’s side.

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Jay’s treaty –British agreed to pay for damaged vessels seized – U.S. Vessels

Thomas Pickney- Pickney’s treaty with Spain

Rights and travel freely on Mississippi River

U.S. goods could be stored in New Orleans Port free of customs duties.

Spain accepted 31st parallel as Northern boundary of Florida and southern boundary of United States.

More securely from European hostility- more moving west

Washington not running for presidency again divided the nation how to be governed.

Section 3The Federalists in Charge

John Adams: second president of the United States

XYZ Affair: 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Alien and Sedition Acts: series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants

States Right: idea that the states have certain rights that the federal government cannot overrule.

Nullification: idea that a state could cancel a federal law within the state.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: resolutions passed by Kentucky and Virginia in 1798 giving the states the right to declare act of Congress null and void.

Foreign Policy: relations with the government of other nations

Political party: group of people that tries to promote it ideas and influence government

Aliens: immigrants who are not yet citizens Sedition: stirring up a rebellion against a

government Federalists: people who supported a strong

national government and heirs to the supporters of the ratification of the Constitution.

The Federalists in Charge

Benjamin Banneker- surveyor- appointed by Washington to planning new nation’s capital.

Remembered as one outstanding Americans who helped the new republic.

(1789-1797) Washington Retires 1796- Washington decided two terms

was enough (Symbol of national unity)

Washington’s Final Concerns

Thomas Paine: failed to support French Revolution

Washington believed the political differences would weaken nation.

Foreign Policy- relations with governments of other countries.

Steer clean of permanent Alliances- Remain Nuetral

Political Differences Continue Growth of Political Parties The differences between foreign and

domestic policies led to political parties. Political Party: Group of people that tries

to promote ideas and influence a government a government.

Jefferson / Madison- Founded democratic republican party

Belief in Democracy and Republican System

Hamilton founded – federalist party – strong national government

Northern Merchant and Manufactures John Adam’s Administration

Held first election when political parties competed

Federalist – President John Adams- Electoral College (71)

Democratic / Republican – Vice President Thomas Jefferson (68)

Problems with France

Relations between France and U.S. was tense

Britain and France still at war. (France begin seizing and harassing our ships) 300 U.S. Ships looted by France

John Adams sent people to speak to the French in Paris.

The only way to speak to Prime Minister to loan 10 million dollars to France (Pay 250,000 to Prime Minister)

XYZ Affair-

The Alien and Sedition Acts Conflict with France made Adams Federalist

popular with the public. Democratic- Republic party blasted Adams over

France and conflict. Alien- Sedition Act- Aliens or immigrants who

were not citizens yet. Waiting period 5 years to was 14 years Arrest suspicious aliens or deport them during wartime Outlawed sedition or stirring up rebellion agaisnt a

government. Democratic- Republic newspaper editions were jailed

for comments towards government- This helped Federalist clamp down help silence their opposition.

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Jefferson and Madison – Looked for a way to fight Alien and Sedition Acts

They found in theory States have certain rights that federal government cant overrule.

Nullification- The idea that states could nullify or cancel an act of Congress that is considered unconstitutional.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- warned dangers that the Alien and Sedition Acts posed to a government of checks and balances as these checks and balances guaranteed by the constitution.

Whole democratic republican parties is control of Congress reversed the act or let it expire.

Finally peace with France – Adams talks with France decided sign the Convention of 1800 – to stop naval attacks.

French and Americans to fail oceans with peace

Adams not a favorite with Federalists after this decision

1st President in the new capital – Washington D.C.

Lost Presidential campaign to Thomas Jefferson (1800)