11

Launch of the INCB

Annual Reports 2015

Werner Werner Werner Werner SippSippSippSipp, INCB President, INCB President, INCB President, INCB President

2 2 2 2 March 2016March 2016March 2016March 2016

22

The 3 Reports

33

Mandate of INCB

Promote and monitor compliance with the 3 international drug control conventions

by:– Annual Reports + Publications– Missions to countries– Ongoing dialogue with Governments

44

UNGASS 2016

Goal of the special session 2016:

• Assessment of the achievements and challenges

• Review of the progress in the implementation of the 2009 Political Declaration

55

UNGASS 2016

Role of INCB:• not primarily to propose "new approaches",

• but to clarify the approaches and principles of the existingsystem,

• to identify shortcomings in drug policies and

• to make recommendations within the existing conventions

66

INCB Annual Report 2015

4 Chapters:

I. Health and welfare of mankind

II. Functioning of the international

drug control system

III. Analysis of the world situation

IV. Recommendations

77

Chapter I: Health and welfare of mankind

• Health and welfare is the ultimate goal of the

3 drug control conventions

• Balanced and humane approach:

� Ensuring availabilityavailabilityavailabilityavailability for medical and scientific purposes

� Limiting the use of drugs exclusively to medicalmedicalmedicalmedical and scientific

purposes

� Reducing demandReducing demandReducing demandReducing demand, through prevention, treatment, rehabilitation,

reduction of the adverse consequences of drug abuse and

reintegration

� Reducing illicit supplysupplysupplysupply of drugs

88

Health and welfare for society

• Promoting social health and welfare:

prevention and reduction of social harms associated

with the abuse of drugs

• Proportionality: alternative to conviction or punishment

• Respect for human rights: consistency of drug control

action with international human rights standards

• Take into account socio-economic factors

99

Health and welfare of mankind

• PreventionPreventionPreventionPrevention of drug abuse is main objective in promoting health and welfare

• Policies and practices should be grounded in:

• evidence and scientific knowledge

• respect for human rights

• the principle of proportionality

• Reducing the adverse health and social consequences of drug abuse is a complementary element of a comprehensive drug demand reduction strategy

Conclusions & RecommendationsConclusions & RecommendationsConclusions & RecommendationsConclusions & Recommendations

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Health and welfare of mankind

• UNGASS 2016 should reaffirm the fundamental principles of

the conventions and the Political Declarations

• Policies and practice should strive for a better

implementation of these principles

• The conventions do not call for a “war on drugswar on drugswar on drugswar on drugs”:

“War on drugs”, militarized law enforcement,

over-incarceration, policies that disregard human rights, denial of medically appropriate treatment,

are not in accordance with the principles of the conventions.are not in accordance with the principles of the conventions.are not in accordance with the principles of the conventions.are not in accordance with the principles of the conventions.

Conclusions & RecommendationsConclusions & RecommendationsConclusions & RecommendationsConclusions & Recommendations

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Chapter II: Functioning of the drug control system

Control of the licit trade • Estimates & assessment

• Import & Export authorization

• Prevention of diversion

Treaty compliance - Countries in focus:• Ecuador

• France

• Jamaica

• Morocco

• Philippines

Special topics:• Use of benzodiazepines among older people

• New psychoactive substances (NPS)

• New developments in precursors control

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Use se se se of benzodiazepines among older of benzodiazepines among older of benzodiazepines among older of benzodiazepines among older peoplepeoplepeoplepeople

• Risks of unwarranted prescribing and overuse

• Targeted marketing by industry

• Risk of dependence and developing dementia

• Sound prescribing practices for benzodiazepines

• Need for caregivers to be aware of risks of overuse

• Guidelines for clinical care and training for health-care

providers

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New New New New psychoactive psychoactive psychoactive psychoactive substances (NPS)substances (NPS)substances (NPS)substances (NPS)

• A growing public health challenge

• Over 600 new substances reported from 2014 till October

2015 : > 55 % increase

• 10 NPS scheduled by Commission on Narcotics Drugs in 2015

• INCB calls on Governments to devise solutions to protect the

public from harms posed by NPS

• INCB Project ION Incident Communication System (IONICS):-

over 500 NPS incidents reported in 2015

14

Chapter III: World drug situation

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AFRICA

• West Africa: key transit region for drug trafficking,

particularly: cocaine into Europe

• North Africa: primary source of drugs entering Europe

• East Africa: trafficking hub for Afghan heroin to Europe

• Increasing drug abuse, especially among young people

• Southern African and sub-Saharan countries:

Unsafe injecting practices lead to rise of HIV

• Abuse of ketamine and tramadol

16

AMERICAS

• Central America and the Caribbean

– Increasing drug abuse

– Drug-related criminality and violence

• North America

– Highest rate of drug-related deaths worldwide

– Expanding prescription drugs

– Cannabis: more potent and growing abuse

• South America

– Coca bush cultivation in Bolivia and Peru fell in 2014

– Cocaine abuse on the rise in Brazil

– Cannabis: legislative and regulatory changes

17

ASIA

• East and South-East Asia

– Proliferation of NPS and non scheduled precursors

– Largest number of people who inject drugs

• South Asia

– Heroin from Afghanistan remains great challenge

– Lack of regular national drug use surveys, poor data reliability

• West Asia

– Instability and insecurity undermining drug control

– Armed conflict and refugee crisis: increased demand for emergency

supplies of controlled substances for medical purposes

– In Afghanistan, illicit opium poppy cultivation decreased

1818

EUROPE

• Major market for drugs - locally produced and smuggled

• Western and Central Europe: rise in NPS

• Internet and social media are tools in illicit drug market:

more than 600 websites selling NPS

• Highest prevalence rate of persons who inject drugs and who

live with HIV in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe

• Drugs with the greatest annual prevalence :

Cannabis: 19.3 million

Cocaine: 3.4 million

“Ecstasy”: 2.1 million

Amphetamine: 1.6 million

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OCEANIA

• Strong demand for methamphetamine

• Increase in abuse of NPS

• Australia adopted new legislation to respond to NPS

• A hub for the transhipment of cocaine

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Chapter IV: Recommendations

• Health and welfare: main treaty objectives

• Demand reduction

• Proportionality

• Adequate access to controlled substances

• Treaty compliance

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Report on Precursors 2015

Overview and analysis of the

Precursor control situation

– Licit trade

– Trends in precursor trafficking

– Actions and achievements

– Observations and

recommendations

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Heroin precursors– Acetic anhydride: declining seizures in Afghanistan

low seizures around Afghanistan

Cocaine precursors– Diversion from domestic distribution channels

– Illicit manufacture from pre-precursors

Synthetic drug precursors – Fewer attempts to divert from licit international trade

– Diversification of chemicals in recent years: “designer” precursors

Precursors trafficking trends

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Areas for action on precursors

• Increase cooperation Governments-industry through public-private partnerships

• Intensify national efforts to prevent domestic diversion

• Enhance international cooperation by timely sharing of information via:

– International precursor trade monitoring (PEN Online)

– PICS: Precursor Incident Communication System

– Project Prism (on chemicals for amphetamine-type manufacture)

– Project Cohesion (on chemicals for illicit cocaine and heroin manufacture)

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Report on Availability 2015

2525

Opioid analgesics:

Average annual use in 2011-2013

2626

Anti-anxiety medicines:

Average annual use in 2011-2013

2727

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1995 2010 2015

Lack

training/awareness

for professionals

Fear of addiction

Limited financial

resources

Problems in sourcing

Onerous regulations

%

Impediments to the availability of narcotic drugs

(in 1995, in 2010, and in 2015)

2828

1

8

18

17

22

23

28

29

29

33

0 10 20 30 40

Action by the Board

Onerous regulatory framework

Fear of prosecution/sanction

Control measures applicable to international trade

Cultural/social attitudes

Fear of diversion

Limited resources

Fear of addiction

Problems in sourcing

Lack of awareness/training

Number of answers by States

Impediments to the availability of psychotropic substances (2015)

2929

Recommendations to improve availability

• Review legislation and regulatory systems

• Develop appropriate and well-resourced health infrastructure

• Ensuring affordable opioid analgesics

• Provide training to health-care professionals

• Disseminate information for educational and awareness-raising

• Improve estimates, assessments and reporting

• Establish benchmarks for consumption of psychoactive substances

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Questions & Answers

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