Latin Study Guide

8/8/2019 Latin Study Guide

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Basic Latin Grammar:

1. VerbsI. Principal Parts

1st Principal Part: forms infinitives

2nd Principal Part: forms present, imperfect, and future active and passive tenses

3rd Principal Part: forms perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect active tenses

4th Principal Part: forms perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive tensesII. Forming Infinitives & Participles

i. Infinitives

Active Passive

Present 2nd Principal Part Infinitive - (-re) + -ri/-i

Perfect Infinitive - (-re) + -isse 4th Principal Part + esse

Future 4th Principal Part + -ur-

i. Participles

1. Present Active - 2nd PP - (-re) + -ns/-nt

2. Perfect Passive - 4th PP

3. Future Active - 4th

PP +-ur-III. Conjugating Tenses

Present Active: translated as 'verbs' ex. laborat=he/she/it works

o mus

s tis

t nt

Present Passive: translated as 'is verbed' ex. laboratur=he/she/it is worked

or mur

ris mini

tur ntur

Imperfect Active: translated as 'verbed' ex. laborabat=he/she/it worked

bam bamus

bas batis

bat bant

Imperfect Passive: translated as 'was verbed' ex. laborabatur=he/she/it was worked

bar bamur

baris bamini

batur bantur

Future Active: translated as 'will verb' ex. laborabit=he/she/it will work

1st & 2nd

Conjugation3rd & 4th

Conjugation

bo bimus am emus

bis bitis es etis

bit bunt et ent


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Conjugating Tenses (cont.)

Future Passive: translated as 'will be being verbed' ex. laborabit=he/she/it will be being worked

1st & 2nd

Conjugation

3rd & 4th

Conjugation

bor bimur ar emur

beris bimini eris emini

bitur buntur etur entur

Perfect Active: translated as 'have/has verbed' ex. laboravit=he/she/it has worked

i imus

isti istis

it erunt

Perfect Passive: translated as 'has been verbed' ex. laboratus est=he/she/it has been worked

4th

PP+sum sumus

es estis

est sunt

Pluperfect Active: translated as 'had verbed' ex. laboraveram=he/she/it had worked

eram eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

Pluperfect Passive: translated as 'had been verbed' ex. laboratus erat=he/she/it had been worked

4th PP +

eram eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

Future Perfect Active: translated as 'will have verbed' ex. laboraverit=he/she/it will have

worked

ero erimus

eris eritis

erit erint

Future Perfect Passive: translated as 'will have been verbed' ex. laboratus erit=he/she/it will

have been worked4th PP +

ero erimus

eris eritis

erit erint


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IV. Deponent Verbs

i. deponent verbs are verbs that are passive, but you translate actively

1. conor

2. sequor

3. egredior

4. ingredior

5. etc.

V. Irregular Verbsi. irregular verbs, are verbs that are not conjugated like other verbs.

ii. They include the words:1. sum, esse, fui

2. possum, posse, potui

3. eo, ire, ivi

4. volo, velle, volui5. nolo, nolle, nolui

VI. Imperatives

i. do imperatives

1. infinitive - (-re) = singular

2. infinitive - (-re) + ite = plural

ii. don't imperatives1. noli + infinitive = singular

2. nolite + infinitive = plural

VII. Subjunctive

i. Hortatory/Jussive Subjunctive

1. to form the hortatory/jussive subjunctive you have to change the stem vowel

a) Clem - First Conjugation 'a' > 'e'

b) Steams Second Conjugation 'e' > 'ea'

c) Clams Third Conjugation '' > 'a'd) (in) Siam Fourth Conjugation 'i' > 'ia'

2. adding 'ne' in front of the present subjunctive is translated as 'don't let ____'ii. Forming

1. Present Tense (use above formation and add endings)2. Imperfect Tense infinitive+ endings

3. Perfect Tense - (-re) + -ri + endings

4. Pluperfect Tense -(-re) + isse + endings

2. Adjectives and AdverbsI. Degrees

i. positive- normal

ii. compatative- more

iii. superlative- most

II. Forming Adjectives & Adverbs

i. positive (adverbs only)translated as 'adverbly'

1. -us/a/-um > -e

ignavus > ignaveignorant > ignorantly

2. -is/-e > iter

fortis > fortiter

brave > bravely

ii. comparative translated as 'more adjective/adjectiver'1. adverb > nom. sing. of the adjective

2. adjective > drop ending, add -ior

ignavus > ignavior

ignorant > more ignorant


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iii. superlative translated as 'most adjective/adjectivest'1. adjective > add -issi- in between root and ending

2. adverb > drop the original ending off the superlative of the adjective, and add -e

III. Irregular Adjectives/Adverbs

i. bonus/melior/opitimus good/better/best

ii. malus/peior/pessimus - bad/worse/worst

iii. magnus/maior/maximus big/bigger/biggest

iv. multus/plus/plurimus much/more/most

3. NounsI. Cases

i. nominative subject/complement

ii. genetive possesion/part of

iii. dative indirect object

iv. accusative direct object/object of a preposition

prepositions that accompany the acc. case

a) ad

b) per

c) propev. ablative object of preposition1. means

2. manner

3. time

4. place where

5. seperation

6. accomplishment

vi. vocative direct address, person's name set off by comma

vii. locative location

1. genetive ending

2. for cities, towns, and islands

II. Distinguishing Declension of NounThe genetive ending of a noun will tell you what declension it is.

Case (S)* 1 (F) 2 (M) 2 (N) 3 (M) 3 (N)

Nominative a us, er, r um - -

Genitive ae i i is is

Dative ae o o i i

Accusative am um um em none set

Ablative a** o o e e

Case (P)*

Nominative ae i a es a

Genitive arum orum orum um um

Dative is is is ibus ibusAccusative as os e es a

Ablative is is is ibus ibus

4. Grammar


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I. Indirect Statement

i. formed with 'perceiving verb' + infinitive + subj. acc.

ii. Caesarputatseesse optimumPV SA Infin.

Translated as 'Caesar thought he was great.'

II. Indirect Command

i. command word + subjunctive

ii. Caesarimperavit milites ut peterentCW subjunc.

Translated as 'Caesar ordered his soldiers to attack.'

III.Purpose Clause

i. 'ut/ne' + subjunctive

ii. usually has an introduction

iii. translated as 'so that/in order to'

IV. Result Clause

i. 'ut/ut non'

ii. translated as 'So _____ that....'

V. Causal Clause

i. 'cum' + subjunctiveii. translated as 'since....'

VI. Circumstantial Cause

i. 'cum' + subjunctive

ii. translated as 'when..'VII. Ablative Absolutes

i. word in ablative case, set off by comma

ii. translated as 'Since...' 'Having done...' 'After being done...'

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Latin Study Guide