LAT notesPart AThings to notice: Word order is variable, so subject and object will be probably be marked through verb inflectionNo distinction between definite and indefinite article in the language Nouns:The suffix -t is used to mark an object Verbs:-ar is the third person present declarative ending -ehar is the third person present interrogative ending So: Tomu sekehar tashut Does the/a footman seduce the/a diplomat?Pantet tikar koche The cook rebukes the scullery maid (Note the placement of subject/object is the reverse of English here - must look carefully at the noun endings)Does the daughter consult the dowager? Maget sudehar dusePart BPossessives: = suffix -l + the same vowel at the end of the possessed noun e.g. claru = the earl The earl's nephew = clarulu(t) ronu(t)The possessive ending must agree in case and number (though at this stage we are just dealing with single nouns) However, remember that you must add -t for objects (as seen with clarulut farut - second sentence)Verbs:The suffix -omar signals negationNouns: Nouns ending in -a seem to be invariable (no -t is added when it is the object e.g. kita)Tinela tapa retehar negu Does the brother steal the maid's typewriter? Because tapa is invariable, one only knows it is the object because negu lacks the -t. Sudomar turut magele koche The dowager's cook does not consult the visitorDoes the chauffeur read the chorus girl's book? Faru susela kita pereharPart CIntroduces the perfect tense All verbs in the perfect tense have the prefix ro-The ending varies depending on type of sentence:For a declarative sentence (third person singular) the ending is -adu For an interrogative the suffix is -ehadu For a negative sentence the suffix is -omadu For a negative interrogative sentence the suffix is - omehadu You can work this out by finding a perfect tense sentence with a verb you already know and compare it with the present tense form. E.g. retar = [someone] steals) vs roretadu = [someone] has stolen So we see that ro- is a prefix and adu is the ending Once you have established that ro- is a prefix - find examples where the ending is not -adu and using the evidence work our what the different endings meanRotikadu bichu pantelut negut The butler the scullery maid's brotherRokalehadu cola ronulu betsu Has the nephew's valet bought the necklace?Has the cousin not summoned the secretary? Rorokomehadu kushu bakstut (rokar = [someone] summons]Part DNouns:Plurals:Add -k + same vowel that preceded k (remember to add -t for objects!) Tomu(t) = footman; tomuku(t) = footmenPlural possessives:Possessives agree in number with the possessed noun Use the endings -leke(t) or -luku(t) depending on the last vowel of the noun stemInfinitives: Prefix -la Suffix -aner (plural); -ar (singular) (this can be seen in sentences 1 and 3 of part D: lanemaner vs lanemar)Negatives:-omaner = negative ending for 3rd person plural present (vs. omar for singular) Can be gleaned by noting that in sentence 2 ronitadu = has tried, so stem for try is "nit", which is seen again in sentence 5 as "nitomaner", meaning [they] do not try Plural perfect tense (third person) suffix = -anu We know this from the last sentence "The visitors have tried" - ronitanuRoniksomadu masu laperar bakstula kita The gardener has not refused to read the secretary's book Masu = gardener, nominative singular (compare with masuku - 2nd sentence from bottom) niks = verb stem of refuse, with past tense prefix and suffix (the latter of which also indicated negation) Laperar = infinitive (singular) of to readHave the diplomats threatened to injure the earl's chauffeurs? Tashuku rominehanu lamaraner clarukulut farakut Diplomat (nominative) = tashu, so diplomats (nominative) = tashuku We have established that -anu is the suffix for plural perfect, but what about plural perfect interrogative? Note that the relationship between the singular perfect declarative and the singular perfect interrogative is the addition of "eh" before "adu" (so -adu vs. -ehadu") It therefore follows that we go from "-anu" to "-ehanu" for the plural perfect interrogative form. Thus we get: rominehanu To injure - lamaraner (plual) Chauffeurs (object) = farukut So "Earl's" must agree = "clarulukut"