Languages of India2

7/25/2019 Languages of India2

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7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India

The Hindi languages, including

Hindi-related languages such as

Rajasthani and Bhojpuri(in dark grey

colour, also additionally labelled with

Hindi).

Official languages [edit]

Main article: Languages with official status in India

National level [edit]

Prior to Independence, in British India, English was the sole language used

for administrative purposes as well as for higher educationpurposes.[14]

In 1946, the issue of national language was a bitterly contested subject in

the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India, specifically what

should be the languagein which the Constitution of India iswritten and the

language spoken during the proceedings of Parliament and thus deserving

of the epithet "national". Members belonging to the northern parts of India

insisted that the Constitution be drafted in Hindi with the unofficial

translation in English. This was not agreed to by the drafting Committee on

the grounds that English was muchbetter to craft the nuanced prose on

constitutional subjects. The efforts to make Hindi the pre-eminent

language were bitterly resisted by the members from those parts of India

where Hindi was notspoken natively. Eventually, a compromise was

reached withHindi in Devanagariscript to be the official languageof the

union but for "fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution,

the English Language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes

of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement".[14]

Article 343 (1) of the Constitution of Indiastates "The Official Language of the Union government shall be Hindi in

Devanagari script."[47]:212[48]Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to

cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e. on 26 January 1965.[47]:212[48]

Main article: Hindi language

Main article:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu

As the date for changeover approached, however, there was much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India

especially inMaharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal, Karnataka, Puducherry andAndhra Pradesh.

Accordingly, Jawaharlal Nehruensured the enactment of the Official Languages Act, 1963,[49][50]which provided

that English "may" still be used with Hindi for official purposes, even after 1965. [14]The wording of the text proved

unfortunate in that while Nehru understood that "may" meant shall, politicians championing the cause of Hindi

thought it implied exactly the opposite.[14]

In the event, as 1965 approached, India's new Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri prepared to make Hindi

paramount with effect from 28 January 1965. When asked by C. N. Annaduraito postpone the imposition, Shastri

refused. This led to widespread agitation, riots, self-immolations and suicides in Tamil Nadu. The split of Congress

politicians from the South from their party stance, the resignation of two Union ministers from the South and the

increasing threat to the country's unity forced Shastri to concede.[14][15]

As a result, the proposal was dropped,[51][52]and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of

English would not be ended until a resolutionto that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had

not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament. [49]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Time1966-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Forrester1966-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit&section=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-OLA163Amdt-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Forrester1966-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Time1966-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Hardgrave1965-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Guha2011-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._N._Annaduraihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Guha2011-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Guha2011-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-CPOLch07-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-OLA163Amdt-49https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_Languages_Act,_1963&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Benedikter2009-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Benedikter2009-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Guha2011-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Guha2011-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit&section=14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit&section=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.png


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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India 2

The Hindi-belt, including Hindi-

related languages such as Rajasthani

and Bhojpuri.

The Constitution of Indiadoes not give any language the status of National Language.[4][5]

Hindi [edit]

Hindi, written inDevanagariscript, is the most prominent language spoken

in the country. In the 2001 census, 422 million (422,048,642) people in

India reported Hindi to be their native language.[53]This figure not only

included Hindu speakers of Hindustani, but also people who identify

as native speakersof related languages who consider their speech to be adialect of Hindi, the Hindi belt. Hindi (or Hindustani) is the native language

of most people living in Delhi, Uttar

Pradesh,Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Himachal

Pradesh,Chandigarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana,

and Rajasthan.[54]

"Modern Standard Hindi", a standardised language is the official

languageof the Union of India. In addition, it is one of only two languages

used for business in Parliament.[citation needed]

Hindustani, evolved from khari boli, a prominent tongue of Mughal times,

which itself evolved fromApabhraa, an intermediary transition stage

from Prakrit, from which the major North Indian Indo-Aryan languageshave evolved.[citation needed]

Varieties of Hindispoken in India include Braj

Bhasha, Haryanvi, Bundeli, Kannauji,Hindustani,Awadhi, Bagheli and Chhattisgarhi. By virtue of its being a lingua

franca, Hindi has also developed regional dialects such asBambaiya Hindi in Mumbai, Dakhini(also

called Hyderabadi Urdu) in parts of Telanganaand Bangalori Urdu in Bangalore, Karnataka. In addition, a trade

language,Andaman Creole Hindihas also developed in theAndaman Islands.[citation needed]

In addition, by use in popular culture such as songs and films, Hindi also serves as a lingua francaacross bothNorth and Central India[citation needed]

Hindi is widely taught both as a primary language and language of instruction, and, as a second tongue.

English [edit]

Main articles: English language and Indian English

British colonial legacy has resulted in English being a language for government, business and education. English,

along with Hindi, is one of the two languages permitted in the Constitution of India for business in Parliament.

Despite the fact that Hindi has official Government patronage and serves as a lingua franca over large parts of

India, there was considerable opposition to the use of Hindi in the southern states of India, and English hasemerged as a de facto lingua franca over much of India. [14][15]

Scheduled languages [edit]

Until theTwenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Indiain 1967, the country recognised 14 official regional

languages. The Eighth Schedule and the Seventy-First Amendment provided for the inclusion

of Sindhi, Konkani,Meiteilon and Nepali, thereby increasing the number of official regional languages of India to

18. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, as of 1 December 2007, lists 22 languages, [47]:330which are

given in the table below together with the speaking population and the regions where they are used.[53]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-CensusData2001S1-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiteilonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit&section=17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Hardgrave1965-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Guha2011-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit&section=16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore,_Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalori_Urduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telanganahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhinihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambaiya_Hindihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheli_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauji_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeli_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanvi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braj_Bhashahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Bahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-ELL2-54https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language_(Hindi_belt)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-CensusData2001S1-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit&section=15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-PTI-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-National-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindispeakers.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindispeakers.png


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Main languages of India and their

relative size according to how many

speakers each has.[55]

Language FamilySpeakers

(in millions, 2001)State(s)

Assamese (Asamiya)Indo-Aryan,

Eastern13 Assam,Arunachal Pradesh

Bengali (Bangla)Indo-Aryan,

Eastern83 West Bengal,Tripura

Bodo Sino-Tibetan 1.4 Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya

DogriIndo-Aryan,

Northwestern2.3 Jammu and Kashmir

GujaratiIndo-Aryan,

Western60

Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and

Diu, Gujarat

HindiIndo-Aryan,

Central

>260 (Native

Hindi, Bhojpuri,

Haryanvi, Pahari,

Kumaoni,

Garhwali, Angika,

Awadhi, Marwari,

Mewari,

Shekhawati,

Malwi, Bagri etc.)

Andaman and Nicobar

Islands,Bihar, Chhattisgarh,Delhi, Himachal

Pradesh,Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar

Pradesh, Haryana,Rajasthan,Uttarakhand

Kannada Dravidian 55 Karnataka, Goa,Maharashtra, TamilNadu, Kerala,Andhra Pradesh

KashmiriIndo-Aryan,

Dardic5.5 Jammu and Kashmir

KonkaniIndo-Aryan,

Southern2.5 Goa, Karnataka,Maharashtra

MaithiliIndo-Aryan,

Eastern12.2 Bihar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Havelihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripurahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indo-Aryan_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian-languages-map.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian-languages-map.jpg


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Malayalam Dravidian 33 Kerala,Lakshadweep, Tamil Nadu

Manipuri(includesMeitei) Sino-Tibetan 3 Manipur

MarathiIndo-Aryan,

Southern68

Maharashtra, Goa,Karnataka, Dadra and Nagar

Haveli,Gujrat, Daman and Diu, Madhya

Pradesh, Telangana

NepaliIndo-Aryan,

Northern

2.9 Sikkim, West Bengal,Assam

OdiaIndo-Aryan,

Eastern32 Odisha, Jharkhand,Chhattisgarh

PunjabiIndo-Aryan,

Northwestern29

Chandigarh, Delhi,Haryana, Himachal

Pradesh, Jammu,Punjab, Rajasthan,Uttarakhand

Sanskrit Indo-Aryan 0.001 Uttarakhand

Santali Munda 6.5

Santhaltribals of theChota Nagpur

Plateau(comprising the states

ofChhattisgarh,Jharkhand, Odisha)

SindhiIndo-Aryan,

Northwestern2.5

Sindh (now

inPakistan, Rajasthan,Kutch, Gujarat)

Tamil Dravidian 72Tamil Nadu,Puducherry,Andaman and Nicobar

Islands,Kerala, Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh

Telugu Dravidian 74

Andhra

Pradesh,Telangana,yanam(Puducherry),Tamil

Nadu,Karnataka, Odisha

UrduIndo-Aryan,

Central 52

Jammu and

Kashmir, Telangana,Delhi, Bihar, Uttar

Pradesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand

The individual states, the borders of most of which are or were drawn on socio-linguistic lines, can legislate their

own official languages, depending on their linguistic demographics. The official languages chosen reflect the

predominant as well as politically significant languages spoken in that state. Certain states having a linguistically

defined territory may have only the predominant language in that state as its official language, examples

beingKarnataka and Gujarat, which have Kannadaand Gujaratias their sole official language

respectively. Telangana, with a sizeable Urdu-speaking Muslim population, has two languages, Telugu and Urdu,

as its official languages.

Some states buck the trend by using minority languages as official languages. Jammu and Kashmiruses Urdu,

which is spoken by fewer than 1% of the population. Meghalayauses English spoken by 0.01% of the population.

This phenomenon has turned majority languages into "minority languages" in a functional sense. [56]

Lists of Official Languages of States and Union Territories of India

In addition to states and union territories, India has autonomous administrative regions which may be permitted to

select their own official language a case in point being the Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam which has

declared the Bodo languageas official for the region, in addition to Assamese and English already in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telanganahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telanganahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odishahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telanganahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odishahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munda_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odishahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telanganahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujrathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Havelihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweephttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language


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15th-centuryanthology of Tamil

religious poem

dedicated to

lordGanesha

use.[57] and Bengali in the Barak Valley,[58] as its official languages.

Prominent languages of India [edit]

Besides Hindi, the following languages (arranged in descending order as regards numbers of speakers) are each

spoken by more than 25 million Indians - Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam,

Odia and Punjabi.[53]

Telugu [edit]

Main article: Telugu language

Telugu is one of the prominent languages in India. It is only language in India that has official status in more than

one state, other than Hindi and Bengali. Telugu is spoken predominantly in states Andhra Pradesh,Telangana and

union territory of Yanam. It is one of the official languages of above said territories. It is also spoken by significant

minorities in the Andaman and Nicobar, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and

Puducherry, and by the Sri Lankan Gypsy people. It is one of six languages designated a classical language of

India. Telugu ranks third by the number of native speakers in India (74 million) (2001 Census), thirteenth in the

Ethnologue list of most-spoken languages worldwide and is the most widely spoken Dravidian language. It is one

of the 22 scheduled languages of India.

In loans from Sanskrit, Telugu retains some of its features that have subsequently been lost in some of its

daughter languages such as Hindi and Bengali, especially in the pronunciation of some vowels and consonants.

Tamil [edit]

Main article: Tamil language

Tamil, which is also spelt as thamizh, is aDravidian languagepredominantly spoken

in Tamil Nadu and parts of Sri Lanka. It is one of the 22scheduled languages of India and

was the first Indian language to be declared a classical languageby the Government of

India in 2004.Tamil is one of the longest survivingclassical languagesin the world.[59][60] It

has been described as "the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably

continuous with a classical past.".[61]The two earliest manuscripts from

India,[62][63]acknowledged and registered by UNESCO Memory of the World register in

1997 and 2005, are in Tamil.[64]

Bengali [edit]

Main article: Bengali language

Native to the Bengal region, comprising the nation of Bangladesh and the states of West Bengal, Tripura,Assam,

and Jharkhand, Bengali is the fifth most spoken language in the world. Bengali developed fromAbahatta, a

derivative ofApabhramsha, itself derived fromMagadhiPrakrit. The modern Bengali vocabularycontains the

vocabulary base fromMagadhi Prakrit and Pali, also borrowings& reborrowings from Sanskrit and other major

borrowings from Persian,Arabic,Austroasiatic languagesand other languages in contact with. Like most Indian

languages, Bengali has a number of dialects. Interestingly it exhibitsdiglossia, with the literary and standard form

differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language.[65]Bengali language has

developed a rich cultural base spanning art, music, literature and religion. There have been many movements in

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defense of this language and in 1999 UNESCO declared 21 Feb as theInternational Mother Language Day in

commemoration of the Bengali Language Movement in 1952.[66]

Marathi [edit]

Main article: Marathi language

Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language.It is the official language and co-official language

inMaharashtra and Goastates of Western India respectively, and is one of the official languages of India. There

were 73 million speakers in 2001, ranking 19th in the list of most spoken languages in the world. Marathi has the

fourth largest number of native speakers in India. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-

Aryan languages, dating from about 1200 AD (Mukundraj's Vivek Sindhu from the close of 12th century). The

major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. There are other related languages such as

Khandeshi, Dangi, Vadvali and Samavedi.Malvani Konkanihas been heavily influenced by Marathi

varieties.Marathi is one of several languages that descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further change led to the

Apabhraa languages like Old Marathi.

Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu

and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In Goa, Konkaniis the sole official language however, Marathi may also be used fo

all official purposes.

Over a period of many centuries the Marathi language and people came into contact with many other languages

and dialects. The primary influence of Prakrit, Maharashtri,Kannada, Apabhraa and Sanskrit is understandable

At least 50% of the words in Marathi are either taken or derived from Sanskrit. Many scholars claim that Sanskrit

has derived many words from Marathi. Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary and grammar with

languages such as Indian Dravidian languages, and foreign languages such as Persian,Arabic, English and a little

from Portuguese.

Urdu [edit]

Main article: Urdu language

After independence, Modern Standard Urdu, the Persianised register of Hindustani became the national language

of Pakistan. During British colonial times, a knowledge of Hindustani or Urdu was must for officials. Hindustani was

made the second language of British Indian Empire after English and considered as the language of

administration. The British introduced the use of Roman script for Hindustani as well as other languages. Urdu had

70 million speakers in India (as per the Census of 2001), and, along with Hindi, is one of the 22 officially

recognised regional languages of India and also an official language in the Indian states of Jammu and

Kashmir, Delhi,Uttar Pradesh, Bihar andTelanganathat have significant Muslim populations. Some dialects of

Hindi, especially those that arose in Muslim-dominated areas.

Gujarati [edit]

Main article: Gujarati language

Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the west Indian region of Gujarat. Gujarati is part of the

greater Indo-Europeanlanguage family. Gujarati is descended from Old Gujarati(c. 1100 1500 CE), the same

source as that of Rajasthani. Gujarati is the chief language in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is also an official

language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. According to the Central

Intelligence Agency(CIA), 4.5% of population of India (1.21 billion according to 2011 census) speaks Gujarati. Thi
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amounts to 54.6 million speakers in India.[67]

Kannada [edit]

Main article: Kannada language

Kannada language (also called Kanarese) is an autonomous Dravidian language which branched off from

the Proto Kannada-Tamilsub group around 500 B.C.E according to the Dravidian scholar Zvelebil.[68] According to

the Dravidian scholars Steever and Krishnamurthy, the study of Kannada language is usually divided into three

linguistic phases: Old (4501200 CE), Middle (12001700 CE) and Modern (1700present).[69][70]The earliest

written records are from the 5th century,[71]and the earliest available literature in rich manuscript (Kavirajamarga)

is from c. 850.[72][73]Kannada language has the second oldest written tradition of all vernacular languages of

India.[74][75]Current estimates of the total number of epigraphswritten in Kannada range from 25,000 by the

scholarSheldon Pollockto over 30,000 by the Sahitya Akademi,[76]making Karnataka state "one of the most

densely inscribed pieces of real estate in the world".[77]According to Garg and Shipely, more than a thousand

notable writers have contributed to the wealth of the language. [78][79]

Malayalam [edit]

Main article: Malayalam language

This section requires expansion.

(December 2014)

Malayalam is classified as a DravidianLanguage. It is the official and regional language of the southern state

of Kerala.

Odia [edit]

Main article: Odia language

Odia (formerly spelled Oriya)[80]

is an Indo-Aryanlanguage. Odia is the primary language in the Indian stateor state of Odisha. Native speakers comprise 80% of the population in Odisha.[81]Odisha is thought to have

originated from Magadhi Prakrit similar toArdha Magadhi, a language spoken in eastern India over 1,500 years

ago. The history of Odia language can be divided to Old Odia [82](7th century1200), Early Middle Odia (1200

1400), Middle Odia (14001700), Late Middle Odia (17001850) and Modern Odia (1850 till present day).

Punjabi [edit]

Main article: Punjabi language

Punjabi, written in Gurmukhi scriptin India, is one of the prominent languages of India with about 33 million

speakers. In Pakistan it is spoken by over 60 million people and written in shahmukhi script. It is mainly spoken

inPunjab, Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh,Jammu and Kashmir,Rajasthan and West Bengal.

Assamese [edit]

Main article:Assamese language

Asamiya or Assamese language is most popular in the state of Assam andBrahmaputra Valley.[83] It's an Eastern

Indo-Aryan languagehaving more that 10M speakers as per world estimates byEncarta.[84]
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Classical languages [edit]

In 2004, the Government of Indiadeclared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the

status of a "Classical Language in India".[85]Languages thus far declared to be Classical are Tamil (in

2004),[86]Sanskrit (in 2005),[87]Kannada (in 2008),Telugu (in 2008),[88]Malayalam (in 2013),[89]and Odia (in

2014).[90][91] In a 2006 press release, Minister of Tourism & Culture Ambika Soni told the Rajya Sabha the

following criteria were laid down to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered for classification as a

"Classical Language",[92]

High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 15002000 years a body of ancient

literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers the literary

tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community the classical language and

literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical

language and its later forms or its offshoots.

The Government has been criticised for not including Palias a classical language, as experts have argued it fits a

the above criteria.[93]

Benefits [edit]

As per Government of India's Resolution No. 2-16/2004-US(Akademies) dated 1 November 2004, the benefits tha

will accrue to a language declared as "Classical Language" are

1. Two major international awards for scholars of eminence in Classical Indian Languages are awarded

annually.

2. A 'Centre of Excellence for Studies in Classical Languages' is set up.

3. The University Grants Commissionbe requested to create, to start with at least in the Central Universities,

a certain number of Professional Chairs for Classical Languages for scholars of eminence in Classical

Indian Languages.[94]

Other local languages and dialects [edit]

The 2001 census identified the following native languages having more than one million speakers. Most of them

are dialects/variants grouped under Hindi.[53]

Languages No. of native speakers[53]

Bhojpuri 33,099,497Rajasthani 18,355,613

Magadh/Magahi 13,978,565

Chhattisgarhi 13,260,186

Haryanvi 7,997,192

Marwari 7,936,183

Malvi 5,565,167

Mewari 5,091,697
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewari_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanvi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magahi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-CensusData2001S1-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-CensusData2001S1-53https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit&section=32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-:0-94https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit&section=31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-BSingh2013-93https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-offshoots-92https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-91https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Hindu-Oriya-Classical-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-89https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-antiquity-88https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-87https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-bbcclassical-85https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit&section=30


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Khorth/Khotta 4,725,927

Bundeli/Bundelkhan 3,072,147

Bagheli/Baghel Khan 2,865,011

Pahari 2,832,825

Laman/Lambadi 2,707,562

Awadhi 2,529,308

Harauti 2,462,867

Garhwali 2,267,314

Nimadi 2,148,146

Sadan/Sadri 2,044,776

Kumauni 2,003,783

Dhundhari 1,871,130

Surgujia 1,458,533

Bagri Rajasthani 1,434,123Banjari 1,259,821

Nagpuria (Varhadi) 1,242,586

Surajpuri 1,217,019

Kangri 1,122,843

Tulu 1,722,768

Practical problems [edit]

India has several languages in use choosing any single language as an official language presents problems to all

those whose "mother tongue" is different. However, all the boards of educationacross India recognise the need

for training people to one common language.[95]There are complaints that in North India, non-Hindi speakers have

language trouble. Similarly, there are complaints that North Indians have to undergo difficulties on account of

language when travelling to South India. It is common to hear of incidents that result due to friction between those

who strongly believe in the chosen official language, and those who follow the thought that the chosen

language(s) do not take into account everyone's preferences.[96]Local official language commissions have been

established and various steps are being taken in a direction to reduce tensions and friction. [citation needed]

Language conflicts [edit]

Further information:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu, Pure Tamil movement, andGokak agitation

There are conflicts over linguistic rightsin India. The first major linguistic conflict, known as theAnti-Hindi

agitations of Tamil Nadu, took place in Tamil Nadu against the implementation of Hindi as the official language of

India. Political analysts consider this as a major factor in bringing DMKto power and leading to the ousting and

nearly total elimination of the Congress party in Tamil Nadu. [97]Strong cultural pride based on language is also

found in other Indian states such as Bengal, Maharashtra and in Karnataka. To express disapproval of the

imposition of Hindi on its states' people as a result of the central government, the governments of Maharashtra
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and Karnataka made the state languages mandatory in educational institutions.[98]

The Government of Indiaattempts to assuage these conflicts with various campaigns, coordinated by the Central

Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, a branch of the Department of Higher Education, Language Bureau, and

the Ministry of Human Resource Development. [clarification needed][citation needed]

Writing systems [edit]

Main articles: Indic scripts and Nasta'liq script

Most languages in India are written in Brahmi-derived scripts, such

as Devanagari, Tamil,Telugu, Kannada, Odia, Eastern Nagari - Assamese/Bengali, etc., though Urdu is written in a

script derived from Arabic, and a few minor languages such as Santaliuse independent scripts.[citation needed]

Various Indian languages have their own scripts. Hindi, Marathi andAngikaare languages written using

the Devanagariscript. Most major languages are written using a script specific to them, such asAssamese

(Asamiya)[99][100][101] withAsamiya,[102]Bengali with Bengali, Punjabi with Gurmukhi,Odia with Odia script, Gujarati

with Gujarati, etc. Urduand sometimes Kashmiri, Saraiki andSindhiare written in modified versions of thePerso-

Arabic script. With this one exception, the scripts of Indian languages are native to India. Languages like Kodava

that didn't have a script whereas Tulu which had a script adopted Kannada due to its readily available printing

settings these languages have taken up the scripts of the local official languages as their own and are written in

the Kannada script.[citation needed]

Tamil-Brahmiinscription in Jambaimalai. North Indian Brahmi found in Ashok pillar.

The Halmidi inscription, the oldest known

inscription in the Kannada script and language.

The inscription is dated to the 450 CE - 500 CE

period.

An early Telugu inscription found in the Krishna

district ofAndhra Pradesh.

See also [edit]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit&section=36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telugu_inscription_at_Srikakulam,_Krishna_District_in_Andhra_Pradesh.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmidi_inscriptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asokan_brahmi_pillar_edict.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambai_villagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-Brahmihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jambai_Tamil_Brahmi.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-101https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-100https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-99https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angika_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_writing_system#Eastern_Nagari_script_.28Assamese.2FBengali.29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasta%27liq_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indic_scriptshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit&section=35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Human_Resource_Development_(India)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Indian_Languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-98


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India portal

Languages portal

List of languages by number of native speakers in India

List of endangered languages in India

National Translation Mission

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22. Robert E. Nunley Severin M. Roberts George W. Wubrick Daniel L. Roy (1999),The Cultural Landscape anIntroduction to Human Geography , Prentice Hall, ISBN0-13-080180-1, "... Hindustani is the basis for both languages..."

23. ^ abAijazuddin Ahmad (2009). Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach . Concept PublishingCompany. pp. 123124. ISBN978-81-8069-568-1. Retrieved 17 December 2014.

24. Naheed Saba (18 Sep 2013). "2. Mulitilingualism". Linguistic heterogeneity and multilinguality in India: a linguisticassessment of Indian language policies (PDF). Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 6168.Retrieved 17 December 2014.

25. Lewis, M. Paul Simons, Gary F. Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2014). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Seventeenthedition) : India" . Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 15 December 2014.

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27. Singh, Shiv Sahay (22 July 2013)."Language survey reveals diversity" . The Hindu. Retrieved 15 December 2014.

28. Banerjee, Paula Chaudhury, Sabyasachi Basu Ray Das, Samir Kumar Bishnu Adhikari (2005). Internal Displacementin South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles . SAGE Publications. p. 145. ISBN978-0-7619-3329-8.Retrieved17 December 2014.

29. ^ abcMallikarjun, B. (5 August 2002)."Mother Tongues of India According to the 1961 Census" . Languages in India.M. S. Thirumalai. ISSN1930-2940 . Retrieved11 December 2014.

30. ^ abVijayanunni, M. (2629 August 1998)."Planning for the 2001 Census of India based on the 1991Census" (PDF). 18th Population Census Conference. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: Association of National Census andStatistics Directors of America, Asia, and the Pacific. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2008.Retrieved 17 December 2014.
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