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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0I7PCoy-nkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_l7ty_MH_Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nlw4NJdnNE
A Model of Languagehttp://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?vid=1289153507&vw=g&b=0&pos=15&p=slim+shady&fr=yfp-t-501
Y'all act like you never seen a white person beforeJaws all on the floor like Pam, like Tommy just burst in the door…I'm like a head trip to listen to, cause I'm only givin youthings you joke about with your friends inside your living roomThe only difference is I got the balls to say itin front of y'all and I don't gotta be false or sugarcoated at allI just get on the mic and spit it…
Applying the model
►Syntax: Sentence structure Parts of speech
►Morphemes Locate different types of morphemes:
►Bound, unbound►Derivational, inflectional
►Phonemes►Semantics►Context
Language SystemsElements of Language: Once over
Lightly…►Phonetics: the sounds of a language►Phonology: how sounds are put
together►Morphology:
the breaking up of sounds into words:►Ihavetogohomeearlytoday.►I have to go home early today►Rhaidimifyndadre’ngynnarheddiw►Rhaid I mi fynd adre’n gynnar heddiw
the parts of sounds that have meaning, can work together: “coffeelike”; “bookly” “incentivate”
Language Systems (continued)
►Syntax: the arrangement of sounds into grammatical sentences You up pick at o’clock will eight I will picks you up at eight o’clock I will pick you up at eight o’clock At eight o’clock, I will pick you up
►Grammaticality (is it correct?) versus semantic acceptability (does it make sense?)
Language Systems (continued)
Semantics: the meaning of utterances►Ambiguity (more than one possible
meaning) I like chocolate cakes and pies. I’ll meet you at the bank. Visiting relatives can be dreadful I saw her duck
►Semantic “equivalence”? John is an unmarried male = John is a bachelor? The car bumped the truck = The truck was
bumped by the car? Spanish: “Las llaves se me perdieron.”
Language Systems (continued)
►Pragmatics: the relation of language to context; social conventions, etc.
►How (when, to whom) would you… ask a favor? point out something potentially embarrassing? Tell a joke
►Styles of Speech: Registers, dialects►Discourse? Social ideas (ideologies)
embedded within the other elements of speech
Language Elements 2
►Phonemic: the sounds►Phonology: the relation of sounds to sounds►Morphemic: the relation of sounds to
meaning►Syntax: the relation of words to each other►Semantics: the relation of words to what
they represent►Pragmatics: the relation of utterances to
social settings►Discourse: the relation of utterances to
ideas
►An exercise… www.engrish.com
Thought questions►What does/can language do?►How is human language different from what
other animals do?
Language in a System: Communication
Sending
ReceivingInterpreting
All of These
Meaning
Pragmatic
Conceptual
TRUE LANGUAGE-BASED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS HAVE
►CONCEPTUAL FUNCTION ►INTERCHANGEABILITY ►CULTURAL TRANSMISSION ►ARBITRARINESS ►DISCRETENESS ►DISPLACEMENT ►PRODUCTIVITY
Language productivity (continued)
►EMERGENT►EVOLVES►BUT ALWAYS RULE GUIDED (set by
language and culture) Phonetic Semantic Syntactic Pragmatic
Now…in more detail: Phonetics
►What are the phonemes in the following words? “wash” “strength” “milieu” “foyer” “limber”
►Explain how you produce these sounds?►What are some phoneme types in other
languages that English does not have? What are some phonetic confusions with other languages?
(phonetics)
►http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/ ►What are some types of phonemes? (how
would you label them)? Useful terms in describing them? Consonants / vowels / semi-vowels The Phonetic Alphabet
►What are some phonemes that do not go together in English?
►Why is this information useful?
Morphology
►Morphemes in word structure Conjugation Declension Prefixes and suffixes
►Rules on prefixes and suffixes Stems with a given affix usually combine
to form the same part of speech: -able, -un, -dis
Words joined with an affix usually result in the same part of speech: -usable, disuse, abuse
Conjugation
English► I know► He/she/it
knows► You know► We know► Y’all know► They know
► [yo] conosco► [tu] conoces► [él/ella/Ud.] conoce► [nosotros]
conocemos► [vosotros] conocéis► [ellos/ellas/Uds]
conocen
English Greek► ginosko► ginoskeis► ginoskei► ginoskomen► ginoskete► ginoskousin
Declension
The boy► Subj: The
boy(s)► Poss: Of the
boy(s)/the boy’s(s’)
► IO: (to) the boy(s)
► DO: the boy(s)
► (Vocative): Oh boy!
► Subj:Der Junge/ die jungen
► Gen: Des Jungen/der jungen
► Dat: Dem Jungen/den Jungen
► Acc: Den Jungen/Die Jungen
German Greek► Nom: logos► Gen: logou► Abl: logou► Loc: logo► Inst: logo► Dat: logo► Acc: logon► Voc: loge
Morphology
Categorizing Morphemes►Bound: Needs to be attached to a
word Affixes
►Prefix►Suffix
Inflectional►Conjugation : verbs►Declension: nouns
►Free: Can exist by itself
Morphology
►Categorizing Morphemes Derivational: Change the meaning of the
word or the part of speech ►Ex: happy (ADJ) + un = unhappy (ADJ)►Ex: happy (ADJ) + ness =happiness (N)
Inflectional: Root meaning of word stays the same, as does part of speech►Conjugation: Ex: She runs; he walked►Declension: Megan’s; Megans►[A bad joke]
Syntax
Lexical Categories: clusters or groups of words according to function
►Nouns (N)►Verbs (V)►Adjectives (ADJ)►Adverbs (ADV)►Determiners (DET)►Auxiliary Verbs (AV)►Prepositions (P): (P + NP = PP!)►Pronouns (PRO)
Content and Function Words
►Content words (contentives): “Carry the principal meaning of the sentence” —”name the objects, events, and characteristics that lie at the heart of the message the sentence is meant to convey” (Clark & Clark, 1977, p. 21)
►Function words: The “glue” that holds the content words together, “to indicate what goes with what and how.”
Content or Function???
►Pronoun►Determiner (e.g., articles)►Adjectives►Prepositions►Nouns►Conjunctions►Adverbs and conjunctive adverbs►Verbs, regular, linking, and auxiliary►Relative pronouns
Syntax
Ways to Organize Sentences►Linear Order►Hierarchical Structure:
Propositions and Constituents: “Semantically coherent groups”
Ex: Most executives eat at really fancy restaurants
Ex: Enraged Cow Injures Farmer with Ax
Clark & Clark Ch. 1 exercises
►Sentence: Wellington’s fresh, young troops defeated Napoleon’s well-trained army.” Find the “propositions” (p. 10-11) Diagram the sentence (p. 12)
►Main phrases (NP & VP, or “subject” and “predicate”
►Adjectives, articles, and so on►Adjective and Adverb clauses
Different ways to say the same thing? Why is this useful!?
Give me Ambiguity, or…
►Defining Ambiguity:►Types of Ambiguity:
Structural: when constituents can be grouped in more than one way
Lexical: when a word can be a member of more than one lexical category
Semantic: when a word or phrase (or gesture) can mean more than one thing. [Also frequently called lexical!]
http://www.gally.net/leavings/01/0137.html
Examples: Ambiguity
►Larry raises miniature badgers and racoons.
►We need more intelligent leaders.►Iraq Bombs Gut Factory (headline)►Free Wales►Wet Paint►The little girl hit the child with the toy►Squad Helps Dog Bite Victim
(headline)►Teacher Strikes Idle Kids (headline)
Student Quotes
►“She said she was having problems with her job [at a school]. She said it was because of a bad principle.”
►There was a high degree of gender differentiation within her family, with her father resting on the top.
►Where I work if a person comes in by them self to eat the customers sometimes expect me to sit down and converse with them.
►The only information given about the college was that it was a liberal arts college off the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
►“Stella was flapping and fighting the currants in the river…”
►“In our findings, a variety of beauty definitions arouse.”
►Barthes felt this was the problem with mythic shits.
►The sample could have screwed our data.
Applications►Learning structure and clearer
speaking: PP = preposition + object of preposition
►“This is important for both Susan or myself”►“This is important for both Susan and I”►“This is important for both Susan and me”
VT versus VI: “It’s good to be able to critique”
Adjective or Noun?: “lots of positives,” “prejudice,” “the dominate characteristic”
Help! I need an AV: “I would of been there…”
http://www.englishforums.com/English/FunnySentences/vqlc/post.htm
Productivity: Old Words
►http://www.lssu.edu/banished/current.php►http://www.lssu.edu/banished/complete_list.
php►http://www.banbuilder.com/►http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ling215/NewWo
rds/page1.html►http://www.urbandictionary.com/