ANTH3020 SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF LANDSCAPE 2011Lecturer: Chris Tilley (c.tilley@ucl.ac.uk)

COURSE OUTLINE AND READING LIST

Landscapes are never inert: people engage with them, re-work them, appropriate and contest them. They form a fundamental way in which identities are created and disputed. Criss-crossing between history and politics, social relations and cultural perceptions, landscape is a concept of ‘high tension’. It is also an area of study that blows apart the conventional boundaries between the disciplines. Landscapes form a subject of study for anthropologists, archaeologists, human geographers, art historians and historians and sociologists amongst others.

COURSE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Transcending traditional disciplinary boundaries the aim of this course is to try and understand and analyse both the ways in which people experience and engage with their material world in different times, different places, different contexts and the different theoretical approaches to such experiences. The course will introduce you to a broad range of empirical studies of landscapes providing the basis for a wide comparative understanding. It will relate an understanding of landscape to broader questions of anthropological theory and practice from the specific perspective of material culture studies. It will help to develop a critical awareness of the literature and research practices.

TEACHING METHODS

(1) There will be a lecture lasting for between one and two hours each week. This will normally be divided into two parts, the first part discussing theoretical perspectives and conceptual issues, the second introducing particular examples and case studies. This will take place on Tuesdays 2-4pm. (2) There will be a one hour seminar every week. This will take place in the Material Culture Room in the basement of the Anthropology Department on Wednesdsay 9-10, 10-11, 11-12 and 21-1. Sign-up forms for this will be given out at the first lecture. This seminar will focus on the ESSENTIAL readings listed below. Note these begin the 2nd week of term. The discussion will be led each week by at least four students. Attendance at these seminars is compulsory and the essential readings need to have been read by all students to form a basis for group discussion. You are expected to spend at least five hours reading for this course each week of the term. Attendance at these seminars will be monitored and students who fail to come on a regular basis will have failed the course. Reasons for absence must be emailed to me in advance.

ASSESSMENTBy Thursday 11th February (just before Reading Week) each student should hand in a draft proposal for their coursework essay on ONE side of A4 paper. This should include the proposed title, an outline of what will be discussed and readings to be done. I will check this over to see if it is OK and discuss it with you individually if I do not think it is

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viable. This should be a hard copy and NOT an email and should be left in my pigeonhole. The course is assessed by ONE 5,000 word essay (excluding references). The topic may be taken from (I) the list of essay titles at the end of this course outline directly relating to the seminars and lectures OR (2) Relate to the other topics on this reading list not covered in classes OR (3) you may choose your own topic.ESSAY SUBMISSION AND PLAGIARISMThe deadline for handing in these essays is Tuesday May 4h (12 noon). TWO hard copies should be handed in to the Departmental Office with the appropriate cover sheets. In addition to two hard copies of your essay an electronic version of your essay needs to be submitted using the UCL Moodle system. Once you are enrolled on this course within the Dept of Anthropology you will automatically be enrolled on its corresponding module on AnthroMoodle, which can be accessed via the internet at UCL or from home. The course code and name are the same as the ones on top of this reading list. Go to http://moodle.ucl.ac.uk and use your user-id and password to access the course. On the course page simply follow the link for electronic submission to submit your work. The deadline for submission is the same for both the printed copies and the electronic copies. If you have any problems using moodle please contact anthmoodle-admin@ucl.ac.uk The electronic version will be scanned for evidence of plagiarism. Do not include photos or illustrations in the electronic copy. If students are found to have failed to submit an electronic version they will receive no marks and will fail the course. Failure to submit paper copies will incur late submission penalties until a hard copy is handed in.

ESSAYS: WHAT IS EXPECTEDSince this course is assessed entirely on the basis of one long essay more will obviously be required of you than for a normal or shorter coursework essay in a course that is also assessed on the basis of a written examination. Essential readings relating to a number of the individual course themes will be relevant to anything that you write and should be creatively used to structure your arguments. The essays should include reference to a wide range of literature going beyond the essential readings related to any one particular topic. At this stage, using references in the literature, you ought to be able to find and use a wide range of materials both from the course reading list and beyond it. The essays could be simply literature reviews or involve a bit of personal research or project work as well e.g. describing and analyzing a landscape or place known to you. This is your chance to be creative. Use it! Here are a few topics students have written essays on during the last couple of yearsKew Gardens: A Phenomenological PerspectiveSensory Dimensions of Brick LaneWaterloo Railway Station as a PlaceCamden MarketHampstead HeathWalking the South BankUtopia and landscapeThe Angel of the NorthLondon Parks and GardensLiterary representations of PlaceThe experience of train travel in England

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Highgate CemeteryPortobello RoadShopping in SelfridgesThe Berlin WallWalking footpathsWordsworth countryDwelling on a houseboat

READINGS AND On-LINE READING LISTAll the ESSENTIAL readings for this course (with a few exceptions because of copyright restrictions) are included in the on-line reading list set up for this course. Go to: http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/ to access the on-line reading list. The readings should all be listed for this module (ANTH3020). If not check out ANTHC75 (the old course number) or ANTHC25. Other readings are not available on-line. A week before each seminar I may also provide individual students presenting at the seminar with a hard copy of the reading they will be introducing and collect these back in after the seminar.LIBRARIESIn addition to the DMS Watson Science library books and journals relevant to all or some of the course themes are available fromThe Institute of Archaeology library, Gordon Sq. (5th floor)The Senate House Library, Malet StreetThe Bartlett School of Architecture LibraryThe Anthropology Library at the British MuseumThe UCL Main LibrarySOAS libraryDeveloping research skills is in part about learning how to use library resources and in London we are fortunate enough to have many.

COURSE REQUIREMENTSStudents taking this course should normally have completed the second year theory course ANTH2006 Introduction to Theoretical Perspectives in Anthropology and Material Culture

FIELD TRIP

A one day optional fieldtrip is planned to look at the Stonehenge landscape in Wiltshire on Saturday 12th March. The intention is to visit Stonehenge and other contemporary and later monuments in its vicinity and walk through this landscape. A coach will be leaving Gordon Square at 9am and should arrive at Stonehenge around 11am. Because of restrictions imposed by English Heritage it will not be possible to actually enter the stone circle but the main point of the trip anyway is to appreciate it in terms of its landscape setting. The itinerary will be as follows:Winterbourne Stoke barrow Bronze Age barrow cemetery and Neolithic long barrow (lunch)Woodhenge and Durrington Walls henge monuments

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The CursusWalk the path of the Avenue leading to StonehengeWalk the perimeter of StonehengeReturn to London (arriving in London around 5pm)The total cost of this trip (which pays for the coach hire and driver) will be £12. Payment should be given to the Undergraduate Administrator in the Departmental Office no later than Wednesday 3 March. Places on the coach are limited to ensure one book early. The fee is non-refundable if you don’t turn up and the coach will not wait for anyone who is late. You will need to wear suitable shoes/boots for wet and muddy conditions and bring suitable rain clothes. You will also need to bring your own packed lunch and drink.

COURSE SYLLABUS AND READING LIST

GENERAL READINGSThe following books will be useful for most of the topics considered in this courseBender, B. (ed.) (1993) Landscape: Politics and Perspectives, Oxford: BergBender, B. and Winer, M. (eds.) (2001) Contested Landscapes. Movement, Exile and

Place, Oxford: BergTilley, C. (1994) A Phenomenology of Landscape, Oxford: BergFeld, S. and Basso, K. (eds.) (1996) Senses of Place, Santa Fe: School of American

Research PressHirsch, E. and O’Hanlon, M. (eds,) (1995) The Anthropology of Landscape, Oxford:

Oxford University PressMeinig, D. (ed.) (1979) The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes, Oxford: Oxford

University PressIngold, T. (2000) The Perception of the Environment, London: RoutledgeGroth, P. and Bressi, T. (eds.) Understanding Ordinary Landscapes, New Haven: Yale

University PressTilley, C. (2006) (ed.) Landscape, Heritage and Identity, Special Double Issue of the

Journal of Material Culture (Vol 11:1/2).Massey, D. (2005) For Space, London: RoutledgeDavid, B. and Thomas, J. (eds.) (2008) Handbook of Landscape Archaeology, California:

Left Coast PressTilley, C. (2010) Interpreting Landscapes, Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press

WEEK ONE: LANDSCAPE, BIOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Landscapes are often related in a profound way to the personal biographies of individuals and groups. We will discuss this in relation to the manner in which novelists and journalists, literary theorists, human geographers and anthropologists have expressed this in various ways. We will examine how this might be related to more abstract and distanciated accounts provided in the social and historical sciences. In the lecture the example of Blackmore’s novel Lorna Doone will be examined in some detail and its impact on the representation of the Exmoor National Park in south-west England.

ESSENTIAL READINGS:

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1) Novelists/JournalistsThese are brief extracts and enjoyable! Choose ONE of the following three readings:Naipaul, V. (1987) The Enigma of Arrival, Penguin: 11-25Kincaid Jamaica (1989) ‘Mariah’ New Yorker 26 June: 32-8Coster, G. (1991) ‘Another country’, Guardian June 2: 4-62) Literary CriticismHillis Miller, J. (1995) ‘ Philosophy, literature, topography: Heidegger and Hardy’ in J.

Hillis Miller Topographies, Stanford: University of California Press, pp. 9-563) AnthropologyAuge, M. (2002) In the Metro, Minneapolis: University of Minessoya PressChapter 14) Human GeographyMatless, D. (1988) ‘Ordering England’ in D. Matless Landscape and Englishness,London: Reaktion Books

BACKGROUND READINGS

Trezise, S. (2000) The West Country as a Literary Invention: Putting Fiction in its Place, Exeter: University of Exeter Press

Snell, K. (ed.) (1998) The Regional Novel in Britain and Ireland, 1800-1990, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Denzin, N. (1997) ‘Visual truth and the ethnographic project’ in N. Denzin Intepretive Ethnography, London: Sage

Tevor Rowley (2006) ‘More of the age than the islands’, British Arcghaeology (November/Decemember 91: 10-15

Weldon, Fay (1984) ‘Letter to Laura’ in R. Mabey (ed.) Second Nature, London:Jonathan Cape: 67-73.Holmes, R. (1984) ‘In Stevenson’s Footsteps’, Granta 10: 130-51Sebald, W. (2001) Austerlitz: 181-198Bender, B. (1993) ‘Introduction: landscape- meaning and action’ in B. Bender (ed.)

Landscape: Politics and Perspectives, Oxford: Berg

WEEK TWO: 'NATURE' AND 'CULTURE'

A distinction between 'nature' and 'culture' has been one of the key distinctions in modern thought. Thinking about nature has provided a primary means of defining what culture and society are. In various ways this distinction has always been central to anthropological thought. In cultural ecological approaches nature has been regarded as shaping, or determining, human action demanding an adaptive response. Alternatively, in symbolic and structuralist and post-structuralist approaches nature is often regarded as a kind of blank environmental slate on which people, more or less arbitrarily, impose their own cognized realities. The roots of culture may be regarded as residing in nature, or alternatively nature is referred to as a cultural construction. These lectures discuss ways

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in which recent thinking has challenged and attempted to overcome this binary opposition and address the question of what nature now means in our own culture.

ESSENTIAL READINGS:

Descola, P. (1996) 'Constructing natures: symbolic ecology and social practice' in P. Descola and G. Palsson (eds.) Nature and Society, London: Routledge pp. 82-102

Milton, K. (2002) 'Protecting nature: science and the sacred' in K. Milton Loving Nature, London: Routledge pp. 129-146

Gregory, D. (2001) '(Post)Colonialism and the production of nature' in N. Castree and B. Braun (eds.) Social Nature: Theory, Practice and Politics, Oxford: Blackwell pp. 84-111

Meinig, D. (1979) ‘The beholding eye. Ten versions of the same scene’ in D. Meinig (ed.) The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes, Oxford: Oxford University Press

BACKGROUND READINGS:

Strang, V. (1997) 'In the eye of the beholder: readings of the country' in V. Strang Uncommon Ground: Cultural Landscapes and Environmental Values, Oxford: Berg pp. 199-215

Ingold, T. (2000) The Perception of the Environment, London: RoutledgeDarrier, E. (ed.) (1999) Discourses of the Environment, Oxford: BlackwellMacNaughton, P. and Urry, J. (1998) Contested Natures, London: SageEllen, R. and Fukui, K. (eds.) (1996) Redefining Nature, Oxford: BergMacCormack, C. and M. Strathern (eds.) (1980) Nature, Culture and Gender, Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press

WEEK THREE: PLACE AND SOCIAL IDENTITYWho are we? What binds us together and what makes us different from others? What is our past and where is our future? How do make a place for ourselves in the world? What are our traditions and how do we react to the new? How do we represent ourselves and what is important to us? These are all classic questions of social identity. Such issues have come to the fore in social theory during the past two decades. This week we will consider what social identity is and the manner in which places, things and representations serve to materialize or objectify identities in various ways. The first two Essential readings for this week and all the Background readings are theoretical. The second two readings consider two specific examples: identity in relation to an experience of being on the global periphery and in relation to the construction of ethnicity.

ESSENTIAL READINGS:

Appadurai, A. (1996) 'The production of locality' in A. Appadurai Modernity at Large, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press

Augé, M. (1995) Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity: pp 1-6; 75-115

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Guss, D. (2000) "Indianness" and the construction of ethnicity in the day of the monkey' in D. Guss The Festive State, Berkeley: University of California Press pp. 60-89

Della Dora, V. (2009) ‘Domesticating high places: Mount Athos, botanical garden of the virgin’ in D. Cosgrove and V. della Dora (eds.) (2009) High Places, London: I. B. Tauris, pp. 105-25

BACKGROUND READINGS:

Karlsson, B. (1998) 'Identity and reflexivity on the periphery' in A. Hornborg and M. Kurkiala (eds.) Voices of the Land, Lund: Lund University Press

Palmer, C. (1998) 'From theory to practice: experiencing the nation in everyday life', Journal of Material Culture 3: 175-200

Urry, J. (1995) Consuming Places, London: RoutledgeMassey, D. and Jess, P. (1995) A Place in the World? Oxford: Open University PressLovell, N. (ed.) (1998) Locality and Belonging, London: Routledge Cresswell, T. (2004) Place. A Short Introduction, Oxford: BlackwellMassey, D. (2005) For Space, London: SageJenkins, R. (1996) Social Identity, London: RoutledgeWoodward, K (ed.) (1997) Identity and Difference, London: SageFriedman, J. (1994) Cultural Identity and Global Process, London: SageGiddens, A. (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity, Cambridge: PolityHall, S. and du Gay, P. (eds.) Questions of Cultural Identity, London: SageAndersen, B. (1991) Imagined Communities, London: VersoBillig, M. (1995) Banal Nationalism, London: Sage

WEEK FOUR: PHENOMENOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES TO LANDSCAPE

This week we will look at the manner in which a consideration of landscape can inform an understanding of social identity and its construction from a phenomenological perspective. Landscapes are not just backdrops to human action. People both make them, and are made by them. Landscapes articulate people, places, movement, histories and traditions, moral values and politics.

ESSENTIAL READINGS:

Harrison, S. (2004) ‘Memorious and forgetful landscapes’ Social Anthropology 12 (2): 135-51

Tilley, C. (1994) A Phenomenology of Landscape, Oxford: Berg. Chapter 1Casey, E. (1996) 'How to get from space to place in a fairly short stretch of time:

phenomenological prolegomena' in S. Feld and K. Basso (eds.) Senses of Place, School of American Research, New Mexico

Basso, K. (1984) 'Stalking with stories: names, places and moral narratives among the western Apache" in E. Bruner (ed.) Text, Play and Story, Prospect Heights: Waveland Press

Gooch, P. (2008) ‘Feet following hooves’ in T. Ingold and J. Vergunst (eds.) Ways of Walking, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing

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BACKGROUND READINGS:Ingold, T. (2000) 'Building, dwelling, living: how animals and peoples make themselves

at home in the world’ in T. Ingold The Perception of the Environment, London: Routledge

Mather, C. (2003) ‘Shrines and the domestication of landscape’, Journal of Anthropological Research 59: 23-45

Richardson, M. (2003) ‘Being- in- the- market versus being-in-the-plaza: material culture and the construction of social reality in Spanish America’ In S. Low and D. Lawrence-Zuniga The Anthropology of Space and Place, Oxford: Blackwell

Tilley, C. (2004) The Materiality of Stone: Explorations in Landscape Phenomenology I, Oxford: Berg Chapter 1

Tilley, C. (2008) Body and Image: Explorations in Landscape Phenomenology II, California: Left Coast Press (Chapter 1 and conclusions)

Morphy, H. (1995) 'Landscape and the reproduction of the ancestral past' in E. Hirsch and M. O'Hanlon (eds.) The Anthropology of Landscape, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Ingold, T. (2000) 'The temporality of the landscape' in T. Ingold The Perception of the Environment, London: Routledge

Salmond, A. (1982) 'Theoretical landscapes. On cross-cultural conceptions of knowledge' in D. Parkin (ed.) Semantic Anthropology, London: Academic Press

Tilley, C. (1999) 'The beach in the sky' in C. Tilley Metaphor and Material Culture, Oxford: Blackwell

Bender, B. (ed.) (1993) Landscape: Politics and Perspectives, Oxford: BergKelley. K. and Francis, H. (1994) Navajo Sacred Places, Bloomington: Indiana Univ.

PressWeiner, J, (1991) Tree Leaf Talk, Oxford: Berg. Part I

WEEK FIVE: CONTESTED LANDSCAPES AND THE LANDSCAPES OF STONEHENGE

Landscapes are nearly always contested: they mean different things to different people and are bound up with ideological struggles.

ESSENTIAL READINGS

The first two readings specifically concern the contemporary politics of Stonehenge. The other readings consider other cases of landscapes in contestation.

Bender, B. (1998) Stonehenge: Making Space, Oxford: Berg: Chapter 4, pp. 97-131Blain, J. and Wallis, R. (2004) ‘Sacred sites, contested rites/rights’, Journal of Material

Culture 9(3):237-61Carrier, G. (2003) ‘Biography, ecology, political economy: seascape and conflict in

Jamaica’ in P. Stewart and A. Strathern (eds.) Landscape, Memory and History: Anthroplogical Perspectives, London: Pluto Press

Garner, A. (2001) ‘Whose New Forest? Making place on the urban/rural fringe’ in B. Bender and M. Winer (eds.) Contested Landscapes, Oxford: Berg

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Morphy, H. (1993) ‘Colonialism, history and the construction of place: the politics of landscape in northern Australia’ in B. Bender (ed.) Landscape: Politics and Perspectives, Oxford: Berg

BACKGROUND READINGSSelwyn, T. (2001) ‘Landscapes of separation: relections on the symbolism of by-pass

roads in Palestine’ in B. Bender and M. Winer (eds.) Contested Landscapes: Movement, Exile and Place, Oxford: Berg

Jarman, N. (1993) ‘Intersecting Belfast’ in B. Bender (ed,) Landscape: Politics and Perspectives, Oxford: Berg

Heatherington, K. (2000) New Age Travellers, Chapter 3: 70-90Gelder, K. and Jacobs, J. (1995) ‘Uncanny Australia’, Eucmene 2 (2): 171-83Byrne, D. (2004) ‘Archaeology in reverse. The flow of Aboriginal people and their

remains through the space of New South Wales’ in N. Merriman (ed.) Public Archaeology, London: Routledge

Walker, P. and Fortmann, L. (2003) ‘Whose landscape? A political ecology of the ‘exurban’ Sierra’, Cultural Geographies 10: 469-91

Pratt, K. ‘They never ask the people”. Native views about the Ninivak wilderness’ in E. Burch and L. Ellana (eds.) Key Issues in Hunter-Gatherer Research, pp. 333-36

WEEK SIX: GARDENS AND GARDENING

For millions of people gardens constitute their most significant everyday landscapes. They lie between 'culture' and 'nature' a theme discussed earlier in the course. They are material objectifications of ideas and values in which people present themselves to themselves and others. They may represent in a material form both personal biographies and social relations. However, gardens do not necessarily passively reflect either personal values or relationships between people. They may form a part in actively constructing and creating these relationships. In other words they are as much about process and event as form and content. Through gardens and the material practices of gardening gender, familial and community relationships may be reproduced or negotiated and transformed. In the garden we may see concentrated an entire cluster of ideas and aspirations about the environment and a desirable way of living, some conscious and declared others unconscious and unintended manifesting themselves as part of a practical logic of cultivation in which there may be as often as not a significant gap between what people say and do. The garden as a means to order and control nature has provided some of the root metaphors for western culture. This week we look at the meaning of gardens and gardening with a case study from Sweden based on my ongoing fieldwork, and in relation to the English tradition of landscape gardening.

ESSENTIAL READINGS:

Casey, E. (1993) 'Building sites and cultivating places' in E. Casey Getting Back into Place, Bloomington: Indiana Univ Press

Daniels, S. (1993) ‘Humphrey Repton and the improvement of the estate’ in S. Daniels Fields of Vision, Oxford: Blackwell

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Bhatti, M. and Church, A. (2001) 'Cultivating natures: homes and gardens in late modernity", Sociology 35 (2): 365-348

Francis, M. and Hester, M. (1995) ‘The garden as idea, place and action’ in M. Francis and R. Hester (eds,.) The Meanings of Gardens, Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press

BACKGROUND READINGS

Hitchings, R. (2006) ‘Expertise and inability: cultured materials and the reasons for some retreating lawns in London’, Journal of Material Culture 11 (3): 364-381.

Tilley, C. (2006) ‘The sensory dimensions of gardening’, The Senses and Society Vol 1 (3): 311-330.

Tilley, C. (2008) ‘From the English cottage garden to the Swedish allotment: banal nationalism and the concept of the garden’, Home Cultures 5 (2): 219-49

Tilley, C. (2009) ‘What gardens mean’ in P. Vannini (ed.) Material Culture and Technology in Everyday Life, New York: Peter Lang, pp. 171-92

Ross, S. (1998) What Gardens Mean, Chicago: University of Chicago PressBrown, J. (1999) The Pursuit of Paradise: A Social History of Gardens and Gardening,

London: Harper ColllinsCoinan, M. (ed.) (2007) Sacred Gardens and Landscapes: Ritual and Agency, Dumbarton

Oaks: Spacemaker PressCrouch, D. and Ward, C. (1988) The Allotment: Its Landscape and Culture, London:

Faber and FaberHobhouse, P. (2004) A History of Gardening, London: Dorling KindersleyChevalier (1998) 'From woollen carpet to grass carpet: bridging house and garden in an

English suburb' in D. Miller (ed.) Material Cultures, London: UCL Press Grampp, C. (1985) 'Gardens for Californian living', Landscape 28 (3): 40-47Gundaker, G. (1998) ‘What goes around comes around: temporal cyc;es and recycling in

Africa-American yard work’ in C. Cerny and S. Seriff (eds.) Recycled Re-Seen: Folk Art from the Global Scrap Heap, New York: Harry N. AbramsCrouch, D. and Ward, C. (1988) The Allotment: Its Landscape and Culture, London: Faber and Faber

Francis , M. and Hester, R. (eds.) (1990) The Meanings of Gardens, Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press

Hendry, J. (1997) 'Pine, ponds and pebbles: gardens and visual culture' in M. Banks and H. Morphy (eds.) Visual Anthropology, New Haven: Yale University Press

Grampp, C. (1990) 'Social Meanings of residential gardens' in M. Francis and R. Hester (eds.) The Meaning of Gardens, Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press

Hoyles, M. (1991) The Story of Gardening, London: Journeyman PressKaplan, R. (1973) 'Some psychological benefits of gardens', Environment and Behaviour

5: 145-62Teyssot, G. (1999) (ed.) The American Lawn, New York: Princeton Architectural PressWilhelm, G. (1975) 'Dooryard gardens and gardening in the Black community of

Brushy, Texas', Geographical Review 65: 73-92For those who are interested other articles can be found in a new journal Studies in the

History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes and in the journal Landscape Research

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WEEK SEVEN: LANDSCAPES OF MODERNITY: THE URBAN LANDSCAPE

This week we concentrate on urban landscapes and the manner in which they are lived and experienced. The essential readings are concerned with the character of urban experiences and the manner in which can conceptualize these. There are three particular themes (i) the notion that we can talk about a post-modern urban landscape that is distinctively different; (ii) walking in the city and the phenomenological unmderstanding of urban spaces; (iii) the effects of globalization; diasporas and migrations of people.

ESSENTIAL READINGS

Soja, E. (1996) Thirdspace, Oxford: Blackwell: Chapters 2 & 8 Davis, M. (1990) City of Quartz, New York: Vintage Books. Chapter 4: Fortress L.A.De Certeau, M. (1984) ‘Walking in the city’ in M. De Certeau The Practice of Everyday Life, Berkeley: University of California PressLefebvre, H. and C. Régulier (2004) ‘Attempt at the rhythmanalysis of Mediterranean

cities’ in H. Lefebvre Rythmanalysis: Space, Time and Everyday Life, London: Adams, P. (2002) ‘Peripatetic imagery and peripatetic sense of place’ in P. Adams, S.Hoelscher and K. Till (eds.) Textures of Place, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota press

BACKGROUND READINGSGandy, M. 2005 ‘Learning from Lagos’, New Left Review 33:37-52Herzfeldt, M. 2006 ‘Spatial cleansing: monumental vacuity and the idea of the west’,

Journal of Material Culture 11: 127-49Davis, M. (2006) Planet of Slums, London: VersoAmin, A. and Thrift, N. (2002) Cities: Reimagining the Urban, Cambridge: PolityJameson, F. (1991) Postmodernism Or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, London:

Verso: Chapter 1Harvey, D. (1989) The Urban Experience, Oxford:Blackell: Chapter 7Gottdiener, M. (1995) Postmodern Semiotics, Oxford: BlackwellDe Certeau, M., Giard, L. and Mayol, P. (1998) The Practice of Everyday Life. Vol II:

Living and Cooking, Minneapolis: Univ of Minnesota Press: Chaps 3 and 4Low, S. (ed.) (date?) Theorizing the City. The New Urban Annthropology Reader, New

Brunswick: Rutgers University PressWolin, R. (1989) ‘Experience and materialism in Benjamin’s Passagenwerk’ in G. Smith

(ed.) Benjamin: Philosophy, Aesthetics, History Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Savage, M. (2000) ‘Walter Benjamin’s urban thought’ in M. Crang and N. Thrift (eds.) Thinking Space, London: Routledge

Niles, M., Hall, T. and Borden, I. (eds.) (2000) The City Cultures Reader, London: Routledge

Harvey, D, (2001) Spaces of Capital, Edinburh: University of Edinburgh Press

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Buck Morss, S. (1989) The Dialectics of Seeing. Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project, Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press

WEEK EIGHT: DIASPORIC LANDSCAPES OF MOVEMENT, HERITAGE AND TOURISMWe will consider how place and landscape relate to a globalized world involving diasporas and flows of people across the globe connected with migration and displacement, tourism and the heritage industries. What do landscapes mean in exile? How do you make yourself at home in a place? What kinds of visions of landscapes and places are created by the interlinked tourism and heritage industries? How do peoples materialize history and tradition in the establishment of social identities through things? Is there a fundamental difference between ideas about history and the past between industrialized and small-scale societies?

ESSENTIAL READINGS

Giddens. A. (1994) 'Living in a post-traditional society' in U. Beck, A. Giddens and S. Lash Reflexive Modernization, Cambridge: Polity

Herzfeld. M. (2003) ‘A place in history: social and monumental time in a Cretan town’ in S. Low and D. Lawrence-Zuniga (eds.) The Anthropology of Space and Place, Oxford: Blackwell

Urry. J. (1990) ‘Gazing on history’ in J. Urry The Tourist Gaze, London: SageBasu, P. (2001) ‘Hunting down home: reflections on homeland and the search for identity

in the Scottish diaspora’ in B. Bender and M. Winer (eds.) Contested Landscapes of Movement, Exile and Place, Oxford: Berg

Ingold, T. (2007) ‘Up, across and along’ in T. Ingold Lines: A Brief History, pp. 72-103

BACKGROUND READINGS1) TourismTilley, C. (1999) ‘Performing culture in the global village' in C. Tilley Metaphor and

Material Culture, Oxford: Blackwell Basu, P. (2004) ‘Route mertaphors of ‘roots-tourism’ in the Scottish Highland diaspora’

in S. Coleman and J. Eade (eds.) Reframing Pilgrimage. London: RoutledgeBasu, P. (2005) ‘Macpherson country: genealogical identities, spatial histories and the

Scottish diasporic clanscape’, Cultural Geographies 12: 123-50Selwyn, T. (1996) ‘Introduction’ in T. Selwyn (ed.) The Tourist Image: Myth and Myth-

Making in Tourism, London: John WileyAbram, S,. Waldren, J. and Macleod, D. (1997) Tourists and Tourism, Oxford: BergSmith, V. (ed.) (1989) Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, Philadelphia:

Univ of Pennsylvania PressMacCannell, D. (1992) Empty Meeting Grounds: The Tourist Papers, London: RoutledgeBoissevain, J. (ed.) (1996) Coping with Tourists. European Reactions to Mass Tourism,

Oxford: BerghahnAbink, J. (2000) ‘Tourism and its discontents, Suri-tourist encounters in southern

Ethiopia’, Social Anthropology 8: 1-27Rojeck, C. and Urry, J. (eds.) (2006) Touring Cultures, London: Routledge

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2) Heritage and the pastBasu, P. (2007) Highland Homecomings, London: RoutledgeHall, M. (2001) ‘Cape Town’s District six and the archaeology of memory’ in R. Layton,

P. Stone and J. Thomas (eds.) Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property pp. 298-311

Smith, L. (2004) ‘The ‘death of archaeology’. Contesting archaeological governance in Australia’ in L. Smith Archaeological Theory and the Politics of Cultural Heritage, London: Routledge, pp. 174-94

Bender, B. (2001) ‘The politics of the past: Emain Macha (Navan), Northern Ireland’ in R. Layton, P. Stone and J. Thomas (eds.) Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property pp. 199-211

3) ‘Natural’ Parks

Olwig, K. (1979) ‘Underdevelopment and the development of the ‘natural’ park ideology’ Antipode 11: 16-25

Newmann, R. (1995) ‘Ways of seeing Africa: Colonial recasting of African society andlandscape in the Serengeti National Park, Ecumene 2 (2): 149-69Hughes, D. (2005) ‘Third nature: making space and time in the Great Limpopo

conservation area’, Cultural Anthropology 20 (2): 157-8

4)Movement and exile

Parkin, D. (1999) ‘Momentos, reality and human displacement’, Journal of Material Culture 4(3): 303-20

Cohen, R. (1997) Global Diasporas: An Introduction, London: UCl PressFeuchtwang, S. (2003) ‘Loss: transmissions, recognitions, authorisations” in K. Hodgkin

and S. Radstone (eds.) Regimes of Memory, London: RoutledgeClifford, J. (1999) Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century,

Cambridge: Harvard University PressOlwig, K. and Hastrup, K. (eds.) (1997) Siting Culture, London: RoutledgeClifford, J. (1997 Routes, Cambridge: Harvard Univ Press Rappoport, N. and Dawson, A. (eds.) (1998) Migrants of Identity: Perceptions of Home

in a World of Movement, Oxford: Berg

TOPICS

The following is a list of topics and references to themes related to the conceptualization of place and landscape not covered in the lectures or seminars which would also make suitable essay topics.

Trees and Woodland:

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De Boeck, F. (1998) ‘The rootedness of trees: Place as cultural and natural texture in rural southwest Congo” in N. Lovell (ed.) Locality and Belonging, London: Routledge

Schama, S. (1996) Landscape and Memory, New York: Alfred Knopf: Part OneGarner, A. (2004) ‘Living history: trees and metaphors of identity in an English forest’,

Journal of Material Culture 9 (1): 87-100Jones, O. and Cloke. P. (2002) Tree Cultures, Oxford: BergRackham, O. (1986) The History of the Countryside, London: Phoenix Press. Chapters 5-

7Rival, L. (1998) The Social Life of Trees, Oxford: BergDaniels, S. (1988) ‘The political iconography of woodland in later Georgian England’ in

D. Cosgrove and S, Daniels (eds.) The Iconography of Landscape, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

There are a number of popular works about ‘heritage’ trees. See below and references in this book

Stokes, J. and Rodger, D. (2004) The Heritage Trees of Britain and Northern Ireland, London; Constable

Landscape and landscape art1) On landscape painting:

Cosgrove, D. and Daniels, S. (eds.) (1988) The Iconography of Landscape, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Mitchell, W. (ed.) (1994) Landscape and Power, Chicago: University of Chicago PressHalle, D. (1993) ‘Empty terrain: the vision of landscape in the residences of

contemporary Americans’ in D. Halle Inside Culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press

2) On Landscape Art:Tilley, C., Hamilton, S. and B. Bender (2000) ‘Art and the re-presentation of the past’,

Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 6(1): 35-62 Ross, S. (1993) 'Gardens, earthworks and environmental art' in S. Kemal and I. Gaskell

(eds.) Landscape, Natural Beauty and the Arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Matless, D. and Revill, G. (1995) ‘A solo ecology: the erratic art of Andy Goldsworthy’, Ecumene 2 (4): 423-448

Fagone, V. (ed.) (1996) Art in NatureTiberghen, G. (1995) Land Art, London: Art DataGoldsworthy, A, (1994) Stone, London: VikingRoss., S. (1998) What Gardens Mean, Chicago: Univ of Chicago PressBeardsley, J. (2003) Gardens of Revelation. Environments by Visionary Artistsa, New

York: Abbeville pressWrede, S. and Adams, W. (eds.) (1991) Denatured Visions. Landscape and Culture in the

Twentieth Century, New York: Museum of Modern Art

Readings about the archaeology of the Stonehenge landscape:

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Parker-Pearson, M.. et al. (2006) ‘Materializing Stonehenge’ Journal of Material Culture 11 (1/2): 227-61

Thomas, J. (1999) ‘Regional sequences: the Stonehenge area’ in J. Thomas Understanding the Neolithic, London: Routledge

Barrett, J. (1994) Fragments from Antiquity, Oxford: Blackwell. Chapters 1 and 2Bradley, R. (1998) The Significance of Monuments, London: Routledge: Chapter 6Cunliffe, B. and Renfrew, C. (eds.) (1997) Science and Stonehenge, London: British

AcademyRichards, J. (1990) Stonehenge, London: BatsfordCleal, R., Walker, K. and Montague, R. (1995) Stonehenge in its Landscape, London:

English Heritage

Walking in the City

De Certeau, M. (1998) The Practice of Everyday Life. Vol 2: Living and Cooking, See Chap. 4.

Harvey, D. (2001) ‘A view from Federal Hill’ in D. Harvey Spaces of Capital, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press

Borchert, J. (1997) ‘Visual landscapes of a streetcar suburb’ in P. Groth and T. Bressi (eds.) Understanding Ordinary Landscapes, New Haven: Yale University Press

Pred. A. (1990) Lost Words and Lost Worlds: Modernity and the Language of Everyday Life in Late Nineteenth Century Stockholm, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. See Chapter 4 ‘Footing about the city’

Clark, N. (2000) ‘Botanizing on the asphalt? The complex life of cosmopolitan bodies’, Body and Society 6; 12-33

Buck-Morss, S. (1989) The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Baudelaire, C. (1964) The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays, London: PhaidonTester, K. (ed.) (1994) The Flaneur, London: RoutledegeLee, J. and Ingold, T. (2006) ‘Fieldwork on foot’ in S. Coleman and P. Collins (eds.)

Locating the Field, Oxford: BergIngold, T. And Vergunst, J. (eds.) (2008) Ways of Walking, London: Ashgate (Chapters

8,10,11)Land, tradition and identity in Melanesia

Jolly, M. (1992) 'Custom and the way of the land: past and present in Vanuatu and Fiji', Oceania 62 (4): 330-354.

Foster, R. (2002) Materializing the Nation, Bloomington: Indiana University Press: Chapters 4 and 5

Thomas, N. (1997) 'The inversion of tradition' in N. Thomas In Oceania, Durham: Duke University Press

LiPuma, E. (2001) Encompassing Others: The Magic of Modernity in Melanesia,AnnArbor: Michigan University Press

Rodman, M. (1984) 'Masters of tradition: customary land tenure and new forms of socialinequality in a Vanuatu peasantry', American Ethnologist 11: 61-80

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Otto. T. and Thomas, N. (eds.) (1997) Narratives of Nation in the South Pacific, London: Harwood Academic Press

Carrier, J. (ed.) (1992) History and Tradition in Melanesian Anthropology, Berkeley: University of California Press

Tonkinson, R. (1982) 'National identity and the problem of kastom in Vanuatu', Mankind 13 (4): 306-12

Norton, R. (1993) 'Culture and identity in the south pacific: a comparative analysis', Man 28 (4): 741-59

Keesing, R. (1994) 'Colonial and counter-colonial discourse in Melanesia', Critique of Anthropology 14 (1): 41-58

Borosky, R. (1987) Making Histories, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressTonkin, E. (ed.) (1989) History and Ethnicity, London: Routledge

Sensuous landscapes

These readings link in closely with phenomenological approaches to landscapeFeld, S. (2005) ‘Places sensed, senses placed: towards a sensuous epistemology of

environments’ in D. Howes (ed..) Empire of the Senses, Oxford:BergGoldhahn, J. (1992) “Roaring rocks: an audio-visual perspective on hunter-gatherer

engravings in northern Sweden and Scandinavia’, Norwegian Archaeological Review 35 (1): 29-61

Law, L. (2005) ‘Home cooking: Filipino women and geographies of the senses in Hong Kong’ in D. Howes (ed.) Empire of the Senses, Oxford: Berg

Howes, D. (2005) ‘Skinscapes, embodiment, culture and the environment’ in C. Classen (ed.) The Book of Touch, Oxford: Berg

Tuan, Y-F. (2005) ‘The pleasures of touch’ in C. Classen (ed.) The Book of Touch, Oxford: Berg

Classen, C. (1990) ‘Sweet colours, fragrant songs: sensory models of the Andes and the Amazon, American Ethnologist 17(4): 722-35

Stoller, P. (1989) The Taste of Ethnographic Things, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press

Harrison, S. (2001) ‘Smoke rising from the villages of the dead: seasonal patterns of mood in a Papua New Guinea society’ Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 7: 257-74

Gell, A. (1995) ‘The language of the forest: landscape and phonological iconism in Umeda’ in E. Hirsch and M. O’Hanlon (eds.) The Anthropology of Landscape, Oxford: Oxford University Press

Bull, M. and Black, L. (eds.) (2003) The Auditory Culture Reader, Oxford: Berg

Maps and mapping

Harley, J. (1992) ‘Deconstructing the map’ in T. Barnes and J. Duncan (eds.) Writing Worlds. Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape, pp. 231-247

Gell, A. (1985) ‘How to read a map: remarks on the practical logic of navigation’, Man 20 (2): 271-86

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Worsley, P. (1997) ‘Finding the way: nabigating the Pacific’ in P. Worsley Knowledges, London: Profile Books

Jacobs, J. (1993) ‘Shake im this country’: the mapping of the aboriginal sacred in Australia. The case of Coronation Hill’ in P. Jackson and J. Penrose (eds.) Constructions of Race, Place and Nation, pp. 100-118

Wood, D. (1993) The Power of Maps, London: RoutledgeOrlove, B. (1991) ‘Mapping reeds and reading maps: the politics of representation in

Lake Titikaka’, American Ethnologist 18: 3-38Morphy, H. (1991) Ancestral Connections Chapter 10.Bender, B. (1999) ‘Subverting the Western gaze: mapping alternative worlds’ in P. Ucko

and R, Layton (eds.) The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape, London: Routledge

Larmour, P. (1979) ‘Customary maps’ in P. Larmour (ed.) Land in the Solomon Islands, pp. 28-40

Gow, P. (1995) ‘Land, people and paper in western Amazon’ in E, Hirsch and M.O’Hanlon (eds.) The Anthropology of Landscape, Oxford: Oxford University Press

ESSAY TITLES:

(A)Relating to the topics discussed in the lectures and seminars:

1. Discuss the relationship between landscape, place and personal identity2. Analyze the manner in which landscape and place are emplotted in two novels of

your own choice3. ‘Nature’ and culture are contested concepts. Discuss4. How is place related to the construction of identities?5. What kind of research does a phenomenological approach to landscape inspire?6. Discuss the relationship between politics and place and landscape using specific

examples7. Compare and contrast landscape gardens with vernacular gardens8. To what extent is the ‘post-modern’ city a cultural reality/ Discuss with examples.9. How do heritage and tourism construct visions of landscapes? Discuss with reference

to examples10. What effect does human displacement have on the manner in which people construct

a sense of identity in relation to landscape and place?

(B) Relating to the topics not discussed in the lectures and seminars

1. Discuss the social and political significance of trees and woodland2. How does landscape art differ from gallery art?3. Discuss the prehistory and material culture of the Stonehenge landscape4. How does land relate to social identity in Melanesia?5. Discuss landscapes from a sensuous point of view6. Analyze the powers of different kinds of maps 7. Discuss the lived experience of walking in the city

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(C) Make up your own question (see top of course outline)

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