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1 CONTRACT CORE READING LIST Notes The attached reading list is the product of a comparison of reading lists of members of the group. It is intended for guidance, not as a replacement of tutors’ lists. References in bold type appear in virtually all the lists seen (although note that text-book references have not been reproduced). They should be treated as the core of the core. Examiners are entitled to assume that all candidates know this material. References in standard type generally appear in most lists, but tutors may wish to omit, vary or add to them, subject to the overall faculty rule that the subject should not require more than 8 times 30 hours work. Subject to that rule, decisions as to the boundaries of each week’s work, and additional instructions (asterisks, essay titles, problems, points of guidance, etc.), are a matter for tutors. Recommended textbooks Anson’s Law of Contract (29 th edn, 2010, eds Beatson, Burrows, Cartwright) Chen-Wishart, Contract Law (4 th edn, 2012) McKendrick, Contract Law (10 th edn, 2013), although it may not have enough detail to serve as the only text McKendrick, Contract Law: Text Cases and Materials (5 th edn, 2012), a combined text and casebook, Treitel, The Law of Contract (13 th edn, 2011 ed Peel) Recommended casebooks Beale, Bishop and Furmston, Contract: Cases and Materials (5 th edn, 2007) Burrows, A Casebook on Contract (4th ed 2013). Lectures on Contract are given in Trinity and Michaelmas terms, on the assumption that tutorial teaching of the subject is usually given then. Outline of Topics 1. Offer and acceptance, Certainty & Intention 2. Consideration and Promissory Estoppel 3. Breach & Remedies for Breach 4. Privity 5. Contents including exclusion clauses 6. Misrepresentation 7. Mistake & Frustration 8. Duress, Undue Influence, Unconscionability 1 OFFER & ACCEPTANCE, CERTAINTY & INTENTION 1. Offer & Acceptance (i) Offer & Invitation to Treat Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 PSGB v Boots [1952] 2 QB 795 Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204 Gibson v Manchester CC [1979] 1 WLR 294 Harvela Investments v Royal Trust Co of Canada [1986] AC 207

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Page 1: Contract Reading List

1

CONTRACT CORE READING LIST

Notes

The attached reading list is the product of a comparison of reading lists of members of the

group. It is intended for guidance, not as a replacement of tutors’ lists. References in bold

type appear in virtually all the lists seen (although note that text-book references have not

been reproduced). They should be treated as the core of the core. Examiners are entitled to

assume that all candidates know this material. References in standard type generally appear

in most lists, but tutors may wish to omit, vary or add to them, subject to the overall faculty

rule that the subject should not require more than 8 times 30 hours work. Subject to that rule,

decisions as to the boundaries of each week’s work, and additional instructions (asterisks,

essay titles, problems, points of guidance, etc.), are a matter for tutors.

Recommended textbooks

Anson’s Law of Contract (29th

edn, 2010, eds Beatson, Burrows, Cartwright)

Chen-Wishart, Contract Law (4th

edn, 2012)

McKendrick, Contract Law (10th

edn, 2013), although it may not have enough detail to serve

as the only text

McKendrick, Contract Law: Text Cases and Materials (5th

edn, 2012), a combined text and

casebook,

Treitel, The Law of Contract (13th

edn, 2011 ed Peel)

Recommended casebooks

Beale, Bishop and Furmston, Contract: Cases and Materials (5th

edn, 2007)

Burrows, A Casebook on Contract (4th ed 2013).

Lectures on Contract are given in Trinity and Michaelmas terms, on the assumption that

tutorial teaching of the subject is usually given then.

Outline of Topics

1. Offer and acceptance, Certainty & Intention

2. Consideration and Promissory Estoppel

3. Breach & Remedies for Breach

4. Privity

5. Contents including exclusion clauses

6. Misrepresentation

7. Mistake & Frustration

8. Duress, Undue Influence, Unconscionability

1 OFFER & ACCEPTANCE, CERTAINTY & INTENTION

1. Offer & Acceptance

(i) Offer & Invitation to Treat

Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256

PSGB v Boots [1952] 2 QB 795

Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204

Gibson v Manchester CC [1979] 1 WLR 294

Harvela Investments v Royal Trust Co of Canada [1986] AC 207

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Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club Ltd v Blackpool BC [1990] 3 All ER 25

(ii) Acceptance

(a) Communication of Acceptance

Felthouse v Bindley (1862) 11 CBNS 869

Household Fire Insurance v Grant (1879) 4 Ex D 216

Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) 5 CPD 344

Henthorn v Fraser [1892] 2 Ch 27

Entores v Miles Far East Corp [1955] 2 QB 327

Holwell Securities v Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155

The Brinkibon case [1983] 2 AC 34

(b) Acceptance by Conduct

Brogden v Metropolitan Railway (1877) 2 App Cas 666

(c) Acceptance in a prescribed way

Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Comm. & Gen. Investments

[1970] 1 WLR 242

(d) Acceptance in ignorance of offer

Gibbons v Proctor (1891) 4 LT 594

(e) Acceptance in unilateral contracts

Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co – see above

Errington v Errington [1952] 1 KB 290

Daulia v Four Millbank Nominees Ltd [1978] Ch 231, 239

(f) “Battle of the forms”

Butler Machines v Ex-Cello Corp [1979] 1 WLR 401

(iii) Termination of an Offer

Hyde v Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334

Stevenson v McLean (1880) 5 QBD 346

Dickinson v Dodds (1876) 2 Ch D 463

Byrne v Van Tienhoven – see above

(iv) Bargain, but Difficulty in Offer and Acceptance Analysis

Butler v Ex-Cello – see above (Lord Denning only)

Gibson v Manchester CC – see above

2. Certainty

Hillas v Arcos (1932) 147 LT 503

May & Butcher Ltd v R [1934] 2 KB 17

British Steel Corp v Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Co Ltd [1984] 1 All ER 504

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Walford v Miles [1992] 2 AC 128

3. Intention to Create Legal Relations

Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571

Jones v Padavatton [1969] 1 WLR 328

Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, s 179

Esso Petroleum v Customs & Excise [1976] 1 WLR 1

Kleinwort Benson Ltd v Malaysia Mining Corp [1989] 1 All ER 785

RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v Molkerei Alois Muller GMBH (2010) UKSC 14

Radmacher v Granatino [2010] UKSC 42

Articles and Case Notes

Hudson, “Retractation of Letters of Acceptance” (1966) 82 LQR 169

Hudson, “Gibbons v Proctor Revisited” (1968) 84 LQR 503

Miller, “Felthouse v Bindley Revisited” (1972) 35 MLR 489

Hepple, “Intention to Create Legal Relations” [1970] CLJ 122, 127-137

Hedley, “Keeping Contract in its Place – Balfour v Balfour and the Enforceability of Informal

Agreements” (1985) 5 OJLS 391

Peel "The Status of Agreements to Negotiate in Good Faith” in Burrows and Peel Contract

Formation and Parties (OUP 2010) Nolan "Offer and Acceptance in the Electronic Age" in Burrows and Peel Contract

Formation and Parties (OUP 2010)

2 CONSIDERATION & PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL

1. Consideration

(i) Something of value

Chappell v Nestlé [1960] AC 87

(ii) Past consideration

Lamplegh v Braithwait (1615) Hob 105, 80 ER 255

Eastwood v Kenyon (1840) 11 Ad & El 438, 113 ER 482

PaO On v Lau Yiu [1980] AC 614

(iii) Pre-existing Duty

Glasbrook Bros v Glamorgan CC [1925] AC 270

Ward v Byham [1956] 1 WLR 496

Williams v Williams [1957] 1 WLR 148

Shadwell v Shadwell (1860) 9 CB (NS) 748, 142 ER 62

New Zealand Shipping v Satterthwaite, The Eurymedon [1975] AC 154

PaO On v Lau Yiu [1980] AC 614

Stilk v Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317

Williams v Roffey [1990] 1 All ER 512

(iv) Part Payment of a Debt

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Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605

Re Selectmove [1995] 2 All ER 531

2. Promissory Estoppel

Hughes v Metropolitan Rly (1877) 2 App Cas 439

Central London Property v High Trees House [1947] KB 130

Combe v Combe [1951] 2 KB 215

Tool Metal v Tungsten Electric [1955] 1 WLR 761 (H.L.)

Ajayi v Briscoe [1964] 1 WLR 1326

D and C Builders v Rees [1965] 3 All ER 837

Woodhouse AC Ltd v Nigerian Produce Ltd [1972] AC 741

Alan v El Nasr [1972] 2 All ER 127

Societe Italo-Belge v Palm Oils, The Post Chaser [1982] 1 All ER 19

Amalgamated Investment v Texas Commerce Int. Bank [1981] 3 All ER 577

Baird Textile Holdings Ltd v Marks and Spencer Plc [2002] 1 All ER (Comm) 737

Collier v Wright Holdings [2007] EWCA civ 1329, [2008] 1 WLR 643

Crabb v Arun D.C. [1976] Ch 179

Walton Stores v Maher (1988) 62 ALJR 110, (1988) 164 CLR 387

Commonwealth of Australia v Verwayen (1990) 64 ALJR 540, (1990) 170 CLR 394

Articles and Case-notes etc

Atiyah, “Consideration in Contracts: A Fundamental Restatement” (1971) pp. 27-34,

reprinted (with slight revision) as Essay 8, Essays on Contract (1986) pp. 206-

214.

Treitel, “Consideration: A Critical Analysis of Professor Atiyah’s Fundamental

Restatement” (1976) 50 ALJ 439

Atiyah, “When is an Enforceable Agreement not a Contract? Answer: When it is an

Equity” (1976) 92 LQR 174

Millett, “Crabb v Arun DC – A Riposte” (1976) 92 LQR 342

Burrows, “Contract, Tort & Restitution – A Satisfactory Division or Not?” (1983) 99 LQR

217, 239-244

Peel, “Part Payment of a Debt is no Consideration” (1994) 100 LQR 353

Chen-Wishart, “Consideration: Practical Benefit and the Emperor’s New Clothes” in Beatson

& Friedmann, Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law (1995), 123

Chen-Wishart, “A Bird in the Hand: Consideration and Promissory Estoppel” in A

Burrows and E Peel (eds) Contract Formation and Parties (OUP 2010) 89-113

Chen-Wishart, “In Defence of Consideration” (2013) 13 OUCJL 209

O’Sullivan, “In Defence of Foakes v Beer” [1996] CLJ 219

Cooke, “Estoppel and the Protection of Expectations” (1997) 17 Legal Studies 258

3 BREACH AND REMEDIES FOR BREACH

1. Termination

(i) Condition, warranties, and innominate terms

Sale of Goods Act 1979, ss 12-15A

Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki [1962] 2 QB 26

The Mihalis Angelos [1971] 1 QB 164

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Schuler v Wickman [1974] AC 235

Cehave v Bremer, The Hansa Nord [1976] QB 44

Bunge Corp v Tradax [1981] 1 WLR 711

(ii) The Meaning of Termination/Discharge/Rescission for Breach

Johnson v Agnew [1980] AC 367

Photo Production v Securicor [1980] 1 All ER 556, 562-563, 566-568 and see week

4

Geys v Société Générale London Branch [2012] UKSC 63

(iii) Anticipatory Breach

Hochster v De La Tour (1853) 2 E & B 678

2. Damages

(i) The General Principle

Robinson v Harman (1848) 1 Exch 850, 855

Radford v de Froberville [1977] 1 WLR 1262

Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth [1996] AC 344

Chaplin v Hicks [1911] 2 KB 786

The Golden Victory [2007] UKHL 12, [2007] 2 WLR 691

(ii) Restrictions on the General Principle

(a) Remoteness

Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch 341

Victoria Laundry v Newman Industries [1949] 2 KB 528

The Heron II [1969] 1 AC 350

Parsons v Uttley Ingham [1978] QB 791

Brown v KMR Services Ltd [1995] 4 All ER 598

Jackson v Royal Bank of Scotland [2005] 1 WLR 377

The Achilleas [2008] UKHL 48, [2008] 3 WLR 345

Supershield Ltd v Siemens Building Technologies FE Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 7

John Grimes Partnership Limited v Gubbins [2013] EWCA Civ 37 [17]- [24]

(b) Mitigation

British Westinghouse Electric v Underground Electric Railways [1912] AC 673

(c) Contributory Negligence

Vesta v Butcher [1988] 2 All ER 43, CA (affd on a different point by HL)

Barclays Bank Ltd v Fairclough Building Ltd [1994] 3 WLR 1057

(d) Mental Distress; Loss of Reputation

Addis v Gramophone Co [1909] AC 488

Jarvis v Swan’s Tours [1973] QB 233

Watts v Morrow [1991] 1 All ER 937

Ruxley v Forsyth [1996] AC 344 – see above

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Mahmud v BCCI [1998] AC 20

Johnson v Gore Wood [2001] 1 All ER 481, 504-506, 515-517

Johnson v Unisys Ltd [2003] 1 AC 518

Farley v Skinner [2001] 3 WLR 899

Hamilton Jones v David & Snape [2004] 1 All ER 657

(iii) Reliance Damages

Anglia TV v Reed [1972] 1 QB 60 C&P Haulage v Middleton [1983] 3 All ER 94

Omak Maritime Ltd v Mamola Challenger Shipping Co [2010] EWHC 2026

(Comm)

(iv) Restitutionary Damages

Attorney-General v Blake [2001] 1 AC 268

Experience Hendrix LLC v PPX Enterprises Inc [2003] 1 All ER (Comm) 830

Vercoe v. Rutland Fund Management [2010] EWHC 424 (Ch) [290]-[292],

[340]-[343].

(v) Agreed Damages – Liquidated Damages and Penalties

Dunlop v New Garage [1915] AC 79

4. Action for the Agreed Sum

White & Carter v McGregor [1962] AC 413

Clea Shipping v Bulk Oil International [1984] 1 All ER 129

(On entire obligations, see Hoenig v Isaacs [1952] 1 TLR 1360)

5. Specific Performance

Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58 Sky Petroleum v VIP Petroleum [1974] 1 WLR 576

Co-operative Insurance Soc Ltd v Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd [1998] AC 1

Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, s 236

Sections 48A-48F, Sale of Goods Act 1979, introduced by Sale and Supply of

Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002 (SI 3045/2002), Reg 5.

6. Injunctions

Lumley v Wagner (1852) De GM & G 604 Warner Bros v Nelson [1937] 1 KB 209

Warren v Mendy [1989] 1 WLR 853

LauritzenCool AB v Lady Navigation Inc [2005] 1 WLR 3686

[7. Restitution after Termination

Once a contract has been terminated for breach, the parties may be entitled to standard

restitutionary remedies (e.g. the recovery of money paid for a total failure of

consideration or a quantum meruit for services rendered).

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Articles etc

Fuller and Perdue, “The Reliance Interest in Contract Damages” (1936) 46 Yale LJ 52, 373

Ogus, Harris and Phillips, “Contract Remedies and the Consumer Surplus” (1979) 95

LQR 581

Friedmann, “The Performance Interest in Contract Damages” (1995) 111 LQR 628

Coote, “Contract Damages, Ruxley and the Performance Interest” [1997] CLJ 537

Burrows, “Limitations on Compensation” in Commercial Remedies (eds Burrows and Peel,

2003) pp 27-43

McKendrick, “Breach of Contract, Restitution for Wrongs and Punishment” in Commercial

Remedies (eds Burrows and Peel, 2003) pp 93-123

Cunnington, “Should Punitive Damages be Part of the Judicial Arsenal in Contract Cases?”

(2006) 26 Legal Studies 369

Kramer, “An Agreement-Centred Approach to Remoteness and Contract Damages” in Cohen

and McKendrick (eds) Comparative Remedies for Breach of Contract (2004) 249

Robertson “The Basis of the Remoteness Rule in Contract” (2008) 28 Legal Studies 172.

Wee, 'Contractual Interpretation and Remoteness' [2010] LMCLQ 150

Hoffmann "The Achilleas: custom and practice or foreseeability?" (2010) Edin LR 47

4 PRIVITY OF CONTRACT

1. Passing a Benefit to a Third Party

(i) The Privity Doctrine

Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 1 B&S 393

Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge [1915] AC 847

Smith & Snipes Hall Farm Ltd v River Douglas Catchment Bd [1949] 2 KB 500

(Lord Denning only)

Scruttons v Midland Silicones [1962] AC 446

Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58

(ii) The Promisee’s Remedies in a Contract for the Benefit of a Third Party

Gore v Van der Lann [1967] 2 QB 31

Snelling v Snelling [1973] QB 87

Beswick v Beswick – see above

Jackson v Horizon Holidays [1975] 1 WLR 1468

Woodar Investment Development Ltd v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd

[1980] 1 WLR 277

Linden Gardens BC v Lenesta Sludge Disposals [1994] 1 AC 85

Darlington BC v Wiltshier Northern Ltd [1995] 1 WLR 68

Alfred McAlpine Construction Ltd v Panatown Ltd [2001] 1 AC 518

(iii) Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999

Law Commission Report No 242

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999

Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves & Co Ltd [2004] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 38 (section 1

point only)

The Laemthong Glory (No 2) [2005] EWCA Civ 519, [2005] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 688

Dolphin Maritime & Aviation Services Ltd v Sveriges Angfartygs Assurans

Forening [2009] EWHC 716 (Comm) [2009] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 123

(iv) Other Exceptions

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(a) Agency

(b) Assignment

(c) Trust of the Promise

Les Affreteurs Societe Anonyme v Leopold Walford (London) Ltd

[1919] AC 801

(d) General statutory exceptions

(e) Covenants concerning land

(f) Tort of Negligence

White v Jones [1995] 2 AC 207 (g) Enforcement by Third Parties of Exclusion Clauses

Scruttons v Midland Silicones – see above

New Zealand Shipping Co Ltd v Satterthwaite, The Eurymedon

[1975] AC 154

The New York Star [1981] 1 WLR 138

Norwich CC v Harvey [1989] 1 All ER 1180

London Drugs Ltd v Kuehne & Nagel International (1993) 97 DLR

(4th

) 261

The Mahkutai [1996] 3 WLR 1

The Starsin [2003] 2 WLR 711, paras 93, 149-153, 196-197

2. The Imposition of Burdens on Third Parties

(i) Agency

(ii) Restrictive Covenants Concerning Land

(iii) Statutory Exceptions

(iv) Bailment

Morris v Martin [1965] 2 All ER 725

The Pioneer Container [1994] 2 All ER 250

(v) Burden Running with Goods/Tortious Interference with Contract

The Strathcona [1926] AC 108

Port Line v Ben Line [1958] 2 QB 146

Swiss Bank Corp v Lloyds Bank [1979] 3 WLR 201, 221-227

Law Debenture Corp v Ural Caspian Oil [1994] 3 WLR 1221

Articles

B Coote, “Consideration and the Joint Promisee” [1978] CLJ 301

R Flannigan, “Privity – The End of an Era (Error)” (1987) 103 LQR 564

S Smith, “Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties: in Defence of the Third Party Rule”

(1997) 17 OJLS 643

C MacMillan, “A Birthday Present for Lord Denning: The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties)

Act 1999” (2000) 63 MLR 721

A Burrows, “Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 and its implications for

Commercial Contracts” [2000] LMCLQ 540

A Burrows, "No Damages for a Third Party's Loss" (2001) Ox Univ Commonwealth LJ 107

B Coote, “The Performance Interest, Panatown and the Problem of Loss” (2001) 117 LQR 81

R Stevens, “The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999” (2004) 120 LQR 292

Beale "A Review of the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999" in Burrows and Peel

Contract Formation and Parties (OUP 2010)

5 CONTENTS INCLUDING EXCLUSION CLAUSES

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1. Interpretation/Construction

Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1

WLR 896, 912-913

Charterbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd [2009] UKHL 38

Oceanbulk Shipping and Trading SA v TMT Asia Ltd [2010] UKSC 44

Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank [2011] UKSC 50

2. Implied Terms

The Moorcock (1889) 14 PD 64

Liverpool CC v Irwin [1977] AC 239

Scally v Southern Health & Social Services Bd [1991] 4 All ER 563

Sale of Goods Act 1979, ss 12-15A (s 14 as amended by Sale and Supply of Goods to

Consumers Regulations 2002, SI 3045/2002, Reg 3)

Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd [2009] UKPC 10 [16]-[27]

Yam Seng Pte Ltd (A company registered in Singapore) v International Trade Corp

Ltd [2013] EWHC 111 (QB) NB [123]- [153] on implied term of good faith, [186-

[192] on reliance damages. Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust v Compass Group UK and Ireland Ltd (t/a Medirest)

[2013] EWCA Civ 200 [77]-[92]

Mediterranean Salvage & Towage Ltd v Seamar Trading & Commerce Inc [2009]

EWCA Civ 531

3. Exclusion Clauses

(i) Incorporation

(a) Signature

L’ Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394

Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805

(b) Notice

Parker v South East Railway Co (1877) 2 CPD 416

Chapelton v Barry UDC [1940] 1 KB 532

Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd [1949] 1 KB 532

Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 QB 163

Interfoto Picture Library v Stiletto Visual Programmes [1988] 1 All ER 348

(c) Course of dealing

McCutcheon v MacBrayne [1964] 1 All ER 430

Hollier v Rambler Motors [1972] 2 QB 71

British Crane Hire v Ipswich Plant Hire [1975] QB 303

(ii) Construction

Alderslade v Hendon Laundry [1945] KB 189

Canada Steamships Lines Ltd v R [1952] AC 192

Mir Steel UK Limited v Christopher Morris and ors [2012]

EWCA Civ 1397

Suisse Atlantique v Rotterdamsche Kolen [1967] 1 AC 361

Hollier v Rambler Motors – see above

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Photo Productions v Securicor [1980] 1 All ER 556

Ailsa Craig Fishing v Malvern Fishing [1983] 1 WLR 964

George Mitchell v Finney Lock Seeds [1983] 2 All ER 737

(iii) Statutory Control

Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 ss 1-14, Schs 1&2 (s12 as amended by Sale

and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002, SI 3045/2002,

Reg 14)

Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 (SI 2083/99)

E C Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts (93/13/EEC of 5

April 1993, OJ L95/29) (N.B. In contrast to UCTA 1977 the Unfair

Terms Regulations 1999 are not confined to exclusion, limitation

and indemnity clauses but extend to all unfair terms.)

Phillips Products v Hyland [1987] 2 All ER 620

Thompson v Lohan (Plant Hire) Ltd [1987] 2 All ER 631

R & B Customs Brokers v UDT [1988] 1 All ER 847

Smith v Eric Bush [1989] 2 All ER 514

Stewart Gill v Horatio Myer [1992] 2 QB 600

St Albans DC v International Computers [1995] FSR 686; [1996] 4 All ER

481

Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc [2002] 1 All ER 97

Watford Electronics Ltd v Sanderson CFL Ltd [2001] All ER (Comm) 696

The Office of Fair Trading v Abbey National Plc and 7 Others [2009] UKSC

6, [2009] 3 WLR 1215 (see (2010) 126 LQR 157)

Unfair Terms in Contracts, Law Commission Report No 166 (2005), Part 2

(overview of recommendations).

Law Commission's Issues Paper: Unfair terms in consumer contracts: a new

approach? 25 July 2012

Articles & Case-notes

Adams and Brownsword, “The Unfair Contract Terms Act: A Decade of Discretion” (1988)

104 LQR 94

Bright, “Winning the Battle Against Unfair Terms” (2000) 20 LS 331

Peden, “Policy Concerns Behind Implication of Terms in Law” (2001) 117 LQR 459

Lord Nicholls, “My Kingdom for a Horse: The Meaning of Words” (2005) 121 LQR 577

Peel, “Whither Contra Proferentem?” in Contract Terms (eds Burrows and Peel, 2007) 53

Bright, “Unfairness and the Consumer Contract Regulations” in Contract Terms (eds Burrows

and Peel, 2007) 173

Beale, “Exclusion and Limitation Clauses in Business Contracts: Transparancy” in Contract

Terms (eds Burrows and Peel, 2007) 191

6 MISREPRESENTATION

1. Requirements of Misrepresentation

Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1

Smith v Land and House Property Corp (1884) 28 Ch D 7

Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459

Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177

With v O’Flanagan [1936] Ch 575

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Banque Keyser v Skandia [1989] 3 WLR 25

2. Rescission for Misrepresentation

Whittington v Seale-Hayne (1900) 82 LT 49

Leaf v International Galleries [1950] 2 KB 86

Car and Universal Finance v Caldwell [1965] 1 QB 525

Misrepresentation Act 1967, s 1

3. Damages for Misrepresentation

(i) Fraudulent

Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337 Doyle v Olby [1969] 2 QB 158

Smith New Court v Scrimgeour Vickers [1997] AC 254

East v Maurer [1991] 1 WLR 461

Clef Aquitaine v Laporte Materials (Barrow) Ltd [2000] 2 All ER 493

(ii) Negligent

Hedley Byrne v Heller [1964] AC 465

Esso Petroleum v Mardon [1976] QB 801

(iii) Misrepresentation Act 1967

Misrepresentation Act 1967, s 2 (1)

Howard Marine v Ogden [1978] QB 574

Royscot v Rogerson [1991] 3 All ER 294

Misrepresentation Act 1967, s 2 (2)

Sindall plc v Cambridgeshire CC [1994] 3 All ER 932

Govt of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd [2000] 1 WLR

2333

4. Exclusion of Liability for Misrepresentation

Misrepresentation Act 1967, s 3 (as substituted by Unfair Contract Terms Act

1977, s 8)

Walker v Boyle [1982] 1 All ER 634 JP Morgan v Springwell [2010] EWCA Civ 121, paras, 127-187.

AXA Sun Life Services v Campbell Martin [2011] EWCA Civ 133

5. “Representation” as a Contractual Term (or a Collateral Warranty)

Heilbut Symons v Buckleton [1913] AC 30

Oscar Chess v Williams [1957] 1 WLR 370

Dick Bentley v Harold Smith [1965] 1 WLR 623

Articles

Atiyah and Treitel, “Misrepresentation Act 1967” (1967) 30 MLR 369

Taylor, “Expectation, reliance and misrepresentation” (1982) 45 MLR 139

Brown & Chandler, “Deceit, damages and the Misrepresentation Act 1967, s 2(1)” [1992]

LMCLQ 40

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Beale, “Damages in Lieu of Rescission for Misrepresentation” (1995) 111 LQR 60

Cartwright, “Excluding Liability for Misrepresentation” in Contract Terms (eds Burrows and

Peel, 2007) 213

7 MISTAKE & FRUSTRATION

1. Mistake at Common Law

(1) Unilateral Mistake

(i.e. mistake of one party only, but note that some commentators subdivide according to

whether the mistake is known about or not by the other party)

Raffles v Wichelhaus (1864) 2 H&C 906

Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597

Cundy v Lindsay (1878) 3 App Cas 459

Scriven v Hindley [1913] 3 KB 564 Phillips v Brooks [1919] 2 KB 243

Hartog v Colin & Shields [1939] 3 All ER 566

Ingram v Little [1961] 1 QB 31

Lewis v Averay [1972] 1 QB 198

Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson [2003] UKHL 62, [2004] 1 AC 919

(2) Common Mistake

(i.e. both parties make the same mistake)

Couturier v Hastie (1856) 5 HLC 672

Bell v Lever Bros [1932] AC 161

McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission (1951) 84 CLR 377

Associated Japanese Bank v Credit du Nord [1988] 3 All ER 902

William Sindall v Cambridgeshire CC [1994] 1 WLR 1016, 1034, 1035, 1042

Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd [2002] 3 WLR

1617

Brennan v Bolt Burdon [2004] EWCA Civ 1017, [2005] QB 303.

(3) Non est Factum

Saunders v Anglia Building Soc (sub nom Gallie v Lee) [1971] AC 1004

2. Mistake in Equity

Solle v Butcher [1950] 1 KB 671

Rose v Pim [1953] 2 QB 450

Bates v Wyndhams [1981] 1 All ER 1077

Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd, above, noted by

Reynolds (2003) 119 LQR 177

Statoil ASA v Louis Dreyfus Energy Services LP [2008] EWHC 2257 (Comm)

3. Frustration

(1) The principle of absolute liability

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Paradine v Jane (1647) Aleyn 26, 82 ER 897

(2) What kind of events amount to frustration (subject to 3)?

Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B & S 826

Jackson v Union Marine Insurance (1879) LR 10 CP 125

Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740

Herne Bay Steamboat v Hutton [1903] 2 KB 683

Metropolitan Water Bd v Dick Kerr [1918] AC 119

Davis Contractors v Fareham UDC [1956] AC 696

The Eugenia [1964] 2 QB 226

National Carriers v Panalpina [1981] 1 All ER 161

(3) Factors excluding frustration

(i) Express Provision (and foresight?)

Metropolitan Water Bd. v Dick Kerr – see above

The Eugenia – see above

(ii) Self-induced frustration

Maritime National Fish v Ocean Trawlers [1935] AC 524

The Super Servant Two [1990] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 1

(4) Link between frustration and common mistake

Amalgamated Investment v John Walker [1976] 3 All ER 509

(5) Juristic basis

National Carriers v Panalpina [1981] 1 All ER 161, 165-166, 170, 176, 177, 188

Pioneer Shipping v BTP Tioxide [1981] 2 All ER 1030, 1040-1041, 1046

(6) Effects of frustration

Fibrosa v Fairbairn [1943] AC 32

Appleby v Myers (1867) 3 B&S 826

Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943

B.P. Exploration v Hunt (No. 2) [1982] 1 All ER 925 (Robert Goff J)

Gamerco SA v ICM [1995] 1 WLR 1226

Articles and Case Notes etc

Slade, “The Myth of Mistake in the English Law of Contract” (1954) 70 LQR 385

Atiyah and Bennion, “Mistake in the Construction of Contracts” (1961) 24 MLR 421

Stone, “The Limits of Non est Factum After Gaillie v Lee” (1972) 88 LQR 190

Atiyah, “Judicial Techniques and Contract Law” in his Essays on Contract (1986), 244

Cartwright, “Solle v Butcher and the Doctrine of Mistake in Contract” (1987) 103 LQR

594

McKendrick, “Frustration, Restitution and Loss Apportionment” in Burrows, Essays on the

Law of Restitution (1991) 147

Smith, “Contract, Mistake, Frustration and Implied Terms” (1994) 110 LQR 400

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Stevens, “Objectivity, Mistake and the Parol Evidence Rule” in Contract Terms (eds Burrows

and Peel, 2007) 101

Burrows, “Construction and Rectification” in Contract Terms (eds Burrows and Peel, 2007)

77

McLauchlan, “The ‘Drastic’ Remedy of Rectification for Unilateral Mistake” (2008) 124

LQR 608

Chen-Wishart, “Objectivity and Mistake: the Oxymoron of Smith v Hughes” in Exploring

Contract Law, eds J Neyers, R Bronough, SGA Pitel (Hart, 2009), 341

Andrew Tettenborn, “Agreements, Common Mistake and the Purpose of Contract” (2011) 27

Jo Contract Law 91

8 DURESS, UNDUE INFLUENCE, UNCONSCIONABILITY

1. Duress

Barton v Armstrong [1976] AC 104

Pao On v Lau Yiu [1980] AC 614 – and see week 2

Universe Tankships of Monravia v International Transport Workers’ Federation,

The Universe Sentinel [1983] 1 AC 366

Atlas Express Ltd v Kafco [1989] QB 833

Williams v Roffey Bros [1991] 1 QB 1 – and see week 2

Dimskal Shipping Co SA v International Transport Workers’ Federation, The Evia

Luck [1991] 3 WLR 875, 883

CTN Cash and Carry v Gallaher [1994] 4 All ER 714

Huyton v Peter Cremer [1999] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 620, 635-639

R v Attorney-General of England and Wales [2003] UKPC 22

Akai Holdings Ltd (Liquidators) v Ting [2010] UKPC 21

2. Undue Influence

Williams v Bayley (1866) LR 1 HL 200

Allcard v Skinner (1887) 36 Ch 145

Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien [1994] 1 AC 180

CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt [1994] AC 200 Cheese v Thomas [1994] 1 All ER 35

Credit Lyonnais v Burch [1997] 1 All ER 144

Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2001] 4 All ER 449

R v Attorney-General of England and Wales – see above

3. Advantage Taken of Mental or Financial Weakness

Aylesford v Morris (1873) LR 8 Ch App 484

Fry v Lane (1888) 40 Ch 312

Cresswell v Potter [1978] 1 WLR 255

Alec Lobb (Garages) v Total Oil (Great Britain) Ltd [1985] 1 All ER 303

Hart v O’Connor [1985] AC 1000

Boustany v Pigott (1995) 69 P & CR 298

Portman Building Society v Dusangh [2000] 2 All ER (Comm) 221

4. Rejection of a Principle of ‘Inequality of Bargaining Power’

Lloyds Bank v Bundy [1975] QB 326

National Westminster Bank v Morgan [1985] AC 686

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5. Statutory Protection of Consumers Against Unfair Contract Terms

Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 – see week 5

Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 – see week 5 Consumer Credit Act 1974, ss 140A-D, inserted by Consumer Credit Act 2006, ss 19-

21

6. Unfair Terms Dealing with the Consequences of Breach

(i) Penalty clauses – see week 3

(ii) Relief against forfeiture

Scandinavian Trading Tanker v Flota Petroleum, The Scaptrade [1983] 2 All ER

763

Articles etc

Atiyah, “Economic Duress and the Overborne Will” (1982) 98 LQR 197

Tiplady, “Concepts of Duress” (1983) 99 LQR 188

Thal, “The Inequality of Bargaining Power Doctrine: The Problem of Defining

Contractual Unfairness” (1988) 8 OJLS 17

Birks & Chin, “On the Nature of Undue Influence”, ch 3 in Good Faith and Fault in Contract

Law (eds Beatson & Friedmann, 1995)

Capper, “Undue influence and Unconscionability: a Rationalisation” (1998) 114 LQR

479

Chen-Wishart, ‘The O’Brien Principle and Substantive Unfairness’ (1997) 56 CLJ 60;

‘Undue Influence: Beyond Impaired Consent and Wrongdoing towards a Relational Analysis’

in Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (eds Burrows and Rodger, 2006) 201-

222; ‘Undue Influence: Vindicating Relationships of influence’ [2006] Current Legal

Problems 231.