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describes the aspects of landscape in ancient Greece and Rome
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LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IN ANCIENT GREECE
GREEK GARDENS
OWN CIVILIZATION HAS PRODUCED
NOTHING ABOUTGREEK GARDEN
CULTURE
OTHER ARTS WERE RAPIDLY ADVANCING
TO THEIR HIGHEST POINT OF DEVELOPMENT
NO SPACE EVEN AT THE TIME OF
GREATEST EXPANSION FOR THE
CULTIVATION OF PRIVATE GARDENS
GREEK ART WAS MOST SPECIFIED
TO THE DESIGN AND
LAYOUT OF THE CITIES
GREECE MAINLAND – FOTRESSES,
DENSELY PACKED HOUSES, CASTLES
LESS ROOM FOR GARDENS.
INDICATIONS OF GARDENING ARE DUBIOUS
INTERNAL INFLUENCES
INFLUENCES ON GREEK LANDSCAPING
MAGNIFICENT PARKS OF EASTERN RULERS ORIENTAL AND EGYPTIAN GARDENS
Political System
Philosophy
Climate
Geology
Religion
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
GEOLOGY
Mountains cover 70 to 80 percent of Greece, divide land into regions
Rugged landscape, lack of large rivers made transportation hard• made it difficult to unite Greece under single
government
Rocky land; only 20 to 30 percent good for farming; mostly in valleys• but over half of Greeks were farmers, herders
•Mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers
•about 50 degrees Fahrenheit in winter, about 80 degrees in summer
•Climate encouraged outdoor activities, like athletic competitions
MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE
•Greece lacked natural resources and metals—had to be found elsewhere
•Had stone for building and plenty of good harbor sites
RESOURCES
CLIMATE
GREEK LANDSCAPE UNITS
ACROPOLIS AGORA
AMPHITHEATRE SACRED GROVE
PEDESTRIAN ZONES
• Central to every Greek city and town was the agora, a marketplace and meeting place. • Busy and bustling, the agora was a vital area for a community.
AGORA(market place)
Public fountains in agoras
•A sacred grove is a grove of trees of special religious importance to a particular culture.•Sacred groves were important features of the mythological landscape and cult practice in ancient greece.
SACRED GROVES
• SOUND PRINCIPLES GUIDED THE DESIGN OF GREEK AMPHITHEATRES.
• GREEK THEATRES WERE BUILT OUTDOORS AND INTO HILL SIDES FOR SEATING.
• ROMANS RAISED THE STAGE WALLED IT AT THE BACK AND MADE SEATS HIGHLY TIRED
AMPHI THEATRE
• AROUND 1500BC- RECTANGULAR ARENAS OF STONE SEATING AT SAME LEVEL.
• 500BC- SEMI CIRCULAR AMPHI THEATRE WITH CONCENTRIC ROWS OF MARBLE SEATS OFTEN RAISED ON A LOWSLOPE.
THEATRE OF EPIDARUS-LAYOUT
ROMAN GARDENS
500 B.C.Kitchen Gardens
100 B.C.Ornamental gardens
27 B.C.Fall of Roman Republic
80 A.D.Widespread imperial
and aristocratic gardens
150 A.D.Increase in private
Gardens
324 A.D.Shift of capital to Constantinople
350 A.D.Roman Garden
techniques wane
490 A.D.Western Empire
collapses
DEVELOPMENT OF ROMAN GARDENS
• Narrow water canals/rills graced many ancient Rome gardens. The best known example is in the garden of Lorieus Tiburtinus in Pompeii.
PERSIAN
• Principal Greek influence was on exterior architecture.
• The art of ornamental garden was also imported from Greece. Romans used a lot of Greek inspired statuary.
GREEK
• A symmetrical layout with water features
• Brightly painted pavilions
• Terraces• Avenues of trees• internal courtyards
EGYPTIAN
INFL
UEN
CES
PLEASURE• Cultural activities, dining and relaxation took
place in pavilions.• Pavilions square/circular in shape.
HEALTH & EXERCISE• Gymnasiums for walking • Stadiums for horse riding• Private baths
FOOD PRODUCTION• Fallowing and crop rotation practiced.• Grafting and cross pollination were also
popular.
FUN
CTION
S
OPEN
• Formal• Informal• Terrace• Portico
ENCLOSED • Pe r i st y l e
TYPES
ROMAN GARDEN-
ELEMENTS
FENCING/BALUSTRADES
GARDEN WALLS
WATER FEATURES
PLANTING
DRIVEWAY/PAVING
BUILDINGSBELVEDERE
PERGOLA/ARBORS
GROTTO
SHRINES
Formal gardens of Pliny, the Younger
GROTTO
BOWLFOUNTAIN
SYMMETRICAL LAWNS REMINISCENT OF EGYPTIAN GARDENS
Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Spain, Granada, features a colonnade and fountain, reminiscent of the peristyles of Roman gardens.
INFLUENCE ON ISLAMIC GARDENS
Villa d’Este, TivoliTall cypresses and evergreen hedging flank the central walk of this Renaissance garden, which leads to a grotto like fountain niches similar to those found in Roman gardens
INFLUENCE ON RENAISSANCE GARDENS
Stourhead Garden, Wiltshire, England (18th c.)Inspired by the painting of Roman Campagna by Claude Lorrain. The design of the domed temple of Apollo was derived from the Temple of Venus at Baalbek.
Temple of Venus, BaalbekTemple of Apollo, England
INFLUENCE ON ENGLISH GARDENS