LANCE HOWELL - Crater High Schoolbisstudents.cratercomets.com/student_portfolios/class_of...to the Gobi Desert. With this Mongolia has a shortage in food production which is not something

Lance Howell Mongolia

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C R AT E R S C H O O L O F B U S I N E S S

C S B

I N T E R N AT I O N A L M A R K E T I N G

P L A N

L A N C E H O W E L L


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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 ISSUE 4 NON-PROFIT 5 GEOGRAPHICAL AREA ANALYSIS 6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS PART I 9 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS PART II 12 POLITICAL SYSTEM 15 TRADE LAWS AND LEGAL ANALYSIS 18 POPULATION 19 DIET AND NUTRITION 23 HOUSING 25 TRANSPORTATION 27 LABOR 31 EDUCATION 32 CLOTHING 35 RECREATION AND LEISURE 36

LANGUAGE 39 RELIGION 40 BIBLIOGRAPHY 42 APPENDIX

NON-PROFIT PRINT AD 47 ISSUE BROCHURE 48 ETIQUETTE INFORMATION 50


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COUNTRY SELECTION LETTER 51

Introduction:

The International Marketing Project is designed for students to understand what it takes to

market a business or product within another country. Each project goes into detail on the

country as well as the ins and outs of what makes the country work. Each project also goes into

detail about what makes for a successful business or product in that country. Seeing what the

people of that country support is also extremely important.

Beginning with researching economic, social, and political issues we were able to look into

some of the largest issues in various countries. Many problems would take a large amount of

time, but there are also those that with a little time and effort on the part of a non-profit

organization could be fixed or majorly improved. When looking into issues there isn’t any

countries without things to work on or improve upon which gives the IMP a wide range of

country options.

When looking into a country for a non-profit organization there is many aspects of a country

that must be researched. In order to see if the idea is even feasible the IMP goes into the

Geographic analysis of the country to see if the business as the transportation needed to make

it work as well as looking at the population, housing, diet and nutrition, transportation, labor,

education, clothing, recreation and leisure, as well as language and religion in order to gain an

expert understanding of the demographics of our countries. From there, we take Economic

Analysis’s in two parts and look into the trade laws and legal analysis in order to understand the

economic structure of our country. We also look in to the political system in order to see if our

non-profit would be successful in that type of political standing. For example, you don’t want to

go into a communist country like North Korea and start a non-profit trying to gain freedom of

speech which North Korea doesn’t have.

For my IMP, I choose the country of Mongolia. This country was the one I choose because of

their shortage of access to food and their necessity to import food because of it. With a

shortage of water the country of Mongolia could greatly benefit from the increased use of

Aquaponics which would increase food production while decreasing the amount of water used

since the supply is limited in Mongolia. Mongolia will support this idea because the vegetable

balance in Mongolia is so poor that they are forced to import much of their produce and

vegetables which is a staple of the Mongolia diet and they are willing to pay high prices for it as

well which just shows once again how much that would support having the vegetables grown

locally and therefore they would have a greater supply of vegetables and produce at a lower

cost.


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Issues:

When considering a country that only has .4% of its land arable there seems to be an issue with

farmable land. Mongolia is under that category having an extreme shortage of farmable land

with what seems like 40% of the country barren or sparsely vegetated mainly in the south due

to the Gobi Desert. With this Mongolia has a shortage in food production which is not

something that is good as it leads to a higher need to import products that you should produce

yourself. Aquaponics within the country of Mongolia would help reduce the effects of their

minimal amount of arable land.

The issue of the minimal amount of arable land is something that can be seen through the

percentage of arable land being at a measly .4%. When only 24,168 mi² of land is being farmed

in a country and your country has almost 2.9 million people that is never a good sign. In

comparison, the United States farms 16.6% of its land for a total of 631,796 mi² for almost 319

million people which is more surface area in farming than the entire country of Mongolia.

Mongolia’s small amount of arable land is definitely an issue.

The main reason that a small amount of farmable land effects Mongolian’s is the small amount

of food production. For example, Mongolia diets contain a large amount of vegetables and yet

they must import a large amount of vegetables in order to fill the demand (Food Demand). This

means if Mongolia was able to produce more food within its own country that would be

extremely beneficial for the Mongolian’s.

While the issue is mainly in Mongolia, this issue is something that Americans should be

concerned about too as the U.S. imports food as well. The United States mainly imports for

food diversity as that increases in the U.S. as the produciton of food in the U.S. is increasing, but

with new technology there is always the desire to increase food produciton as population in

countries is increasing. Also, for Mongolian’s vegetable import quality is an issue and so

growing more of their own food would be a major benefit just like for the U.S. growing our own

food will always be better than importing it (Food Demand).


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Mongolia is currently dealing with a food shortage and this is something that can be fixed

through a greater food produciton. Many countries would benefit from an increase in food

production and would stand to benefit from an increase in food prouduction. With only .4% of

arable land there is a definite shortage of food production. Aquaponics in Mongolia would be a

big benefit to both its people and their economy.

Non-profit:

Name: Farming to Fight Hunger

Mission Statement: Farming to Fight Hunger exists for the purpose of creating an increase in

food production in order to help countries with little arable (farmable) land and water

shortages using aquaponics.

What We Do: When countries like Mongolia have only .4% of their total country suitable for

farming you have to find alternative methods of getting food. Many countries import it from

other countries, but that is expensive and with taxes can hurt a countries economy. Some may

try to focus on farming crops that have high yield rates and forget about other crops that create

a balanced diet. With Ulaanbaatar also having water shortages this creates a very tough

situation to simply increase farming production with in Mongolia.

One way that can help eliminate low food production while working around low amounts of

arable land and water shortages is aquaponics. This is where Farming to Fight Hunger comes in.

Using donations and money created from the non-profit to create hydroponic farms in

Mongolia will be extremely beneficial both for its people who have a much higher vegetable

consumption amount than Mongolia produces and for its economy which is brought down by

the necessity to import so many food products to satisfy its people’s needs.

Aquaponics uses fish and a circulating water system to farm and harvest produce and crops

which will greatly benefit the country of Mongolia. Not only that but when the fish are no

longer producing sufficient waste for the system they can be consumed as well and that will

also create additional food production which is good considering fish isn’t a major part of the

Mongolian diet this would be a small production of fish to supply its people with the smaller

amount of fish they want. Aquaponics will be extremely efficient and will allow Mongolia to

increase food production without having to grow plants in the ground.


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Ways You Can Help:

Buy a aquaponics system for your own home and that will go to fund a larger scale

aquaponics farm in Mongolia

Volunteer to create/build a aquaponics farm in your community

Volunteer to raise awareness in your community and through social media

Donate money on our website www.FarmtoFightHunger.com

Buy any of them 7.4 million ( in US $) (Mongolian Forestry Sector) in Mongolian wood

products exports and a portion of the proceeds will go to building of wooden structures

for small in house aquaponics systems for those living in crowded Mongolian cities

without places to build community hydroponic farms close by.

Partnerships:

Nelson and Pade: This is who we will use to offer the ability to buy a small aquaponics

system for your home through in order to help our non-profit. We will partner with

them to get their name out in the aquaponics world by getting their name out as a

partner we use to help manufacture the large commercial hydroponic systems we will

put in Mongolia by offering to offer a percentage of sales to the use of manufacturing

aquaponics systems in Mongolia.

Mongolian Government: We will have the Mongolia government use some of the

money that they normally use for traditional farming and use it for aquaponics in order

to preserve water for their water shortage and to increase food production.

Twitter: We will use this social media platform and use some of the donation money to

raise awareness of aquaponics in the US and have them purchase home systems or

donate at our website through the promoted sections of Twitter.

Geographical Area Analysis:

From the Gobi Desert to the mountains in the west Mongolia has a varying landscape. Mongolia

in its many different aspects of landscape and geography present many business opportunities

within its borders. Mongolia presents a true entrepreneur with many avenues of success and

that is true with the idea of creating a non-profit organization in the business realm of

Mongolia. When considering a successful business venture one must analysis the geographical

area of the country. When analyzing a countries geographical area it’s important to looking into

the location, topography, and climate of the country.


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Mongolia is located in the northern region of Asia and is conveniently located between Russia

and China with China having the largest economy in Asia which is good for Mongolia as it

exports around 3.6 billion dollars with of products to China (OEC). Mongolia does not have a

high number of ships that are in the merchant marine category which are commercial ships in a

nation are only 77 (World Factbook). For a comparison, China has a total of 2,030 ships under

the merchant marine category as it has over 100,000 km of waterways (World Factbook). Due

to Mongolia’s location it imports over 1 billion dollars’ worth of product from Russia and China.

Mongolia has a large amount of unusable land that is barren or sparsely vegetated as well

forests that create a problem when trying to transport. Mongolia does have 44 airports, only 15

of which are paved, which allows for easier transport from Mongolia as well as almost 2,000 km

of railways, for the Ulaanbaatar Railway, and over 49,000 km of roadways which are the main

modes of transporting products in the landlocked country.

Mongolia’s climate is largely affected by its location as a landlocked country because the

weather is continental and experiences large daily and seasonal temperature changes and has a

large range of temperature. Mongolia has a desert climate and therefore the capital of

Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, only gets around 378 mm, or 14.9 inches, or rain a year with January

and February being almost entirely without rain. The Gobi Desert, in the south-central region of

Mongolia has temperatures that range from 104° F to -40 °F while the capital of Mongolia has a

less severe climate being in the northern region at a range from -2°F to 62°F. The average

temperature in the summer is 65°F, fall is down to 48°F, winter averages -13°F, and spring

averages -2°F.

Mongolia has an average altitude of 1500m above sea level and situated around high mountain

chains that prevent and block wet winds (Weather and Climate).This makes travel more

difficult, but this transportation of cargo is still used as is sea transportation even though the

country is landlocked. Sea cargo is the most inexpensive means of cargo shipping across the

globe in Mongolia (Shipping line). Mongolia is located on a good number of mineral deposits of

coal, gold, and copper. In 2012, Mongolia had trade relations with 146 nations in mineral

trading (Wacaster). According to data found by the UK Trade and Investment group, more than

89% of Mongolia’s exports are minerals and that could rise to 95% which leads the economy to

become reliant on the world commodity prices. While the altitude of Mongolia may be

detrimental to trucking, Mongolia’s use of railways allows the country to survive the harsh

winters at high altitudes and allows Mongolia to not be debilitated by its topography.


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Overall, Mongolia is a country that is beneficial for business as it does not impose export taxes

and is a gateway to various surrounding markets (Doing Business). Mongolia is also expected to

be one of the faster growing economies in the next few decades and in 2014 the economic

growth percentage was 7.8% and in 2013 it was an astounding 11.6% (Doing Business).

According to Mongolian import and export data, over 90% of Mongolia’s imports and exports

are traded to and from China which causes the Mongolian economy to be largely determined

by the Chinese economy. When considering location, climate, and topography, Mongolia has

some benefits that businesses can take advantage of.

Benefits:

Close proximity to Russia and China to major importers

Mongolia is considered a gateway to various surrounding markets

Mongolia is experiencing major economic growth

Large amount of railway which increases cargo transport opportunities (especially

during harsh winter months)

Mongolia has many airports that enable Mongolia to use air transportation as well

Little rain throughout the country


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Economic Analysis l:

Classification: Capitalism (Free Market)

Description: Previously Mongolia partook in a communist economy, but through the Mongolia

Revolution of 1990 Mongolia worked to become a capitalist economy. Starting in 1990

Mongolia passed a law legalizing privatization with a plan that the government would release

the government of control, but during 1990 around 95% of the country remained under state

and cooperative control. It wasn’t until 1997 that Mongolia started to see the benefits of

privatization after it went through the “year of the food” and other hardships early on. “Under

the program, it was proposed that the government give up ownership of 100% of its equity in

small enterprises, and, 80% of all State assets by September of 1993,” (Simpson). That did not

happen, but now Mongolia has started becoming a more modern country in terms of their

economy.

Economics Statistics and Analysis: While Mongolia had a strongly increasing economy from

2010 to 2013 increasing by more than 10% each year that has started to go down (only a 1.3%

increase in 2015) and now the economy is a big priority to get it turned around again.

Resources:

Non-Renewable:

Forests – The land cover of forests in Mongolia in 1990 was 7.3% and that met the goal of 7%

because that was the target in order to maintain the sustainability of the forest but in 2005 that

value had decreased to 6.5% which is a 10.96% decrease in forest land cover which is not good

for a non-renewable resource (Land Area).

Coal – Mongolia has 7 coal-powered power plants, but more importantly coal is the largest

exported mineral from Mongolia which is the main part of Mongolia’s economy. 40-45% of

Mongolia’s exports are coal and that shows how much Mongolia is mining (Vorutnikov). By

2025 coal production in Mongolia will be expected to be doubled which just shows how much

the county is mining even with its huge amount of coal reserves.

Copper – Mongolia has the 12th largest copper reserves in the world and has two of the largest

copper mines as well. It is said that the Oyu Tolgoi mine makes up more than 30% of Mongolia’s

GDP when in production and is projected to produce 450,000 tonnes of copper in the next 50

years. Combining all of the copper production of Mongolia in 2004 alone produced 130,000

metric tons all of which was exported (Abazov).


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Renewable:

Fish- Fish are a great renewable resource for Mongolia as Fish is not a large part of the

Mongolian diet and therefore is not used in large quantities allowing the fish to reproduce in

large enough quantities to make the fish a renewable resource for the Mongolians (Mongolia –

Natural Resources).

Wind- Wind is a great resource for Mongolia as it has 160,915 km² of “class 3-7 Wind at 50m,”

(Mongolia: Energy Resources). In the South Gobi area there is estimated to be 300 MW of high

quality wind energy available on top of the 50 MW wind farm in Salkhit, which was Mongolia’s

first (Mongolia (2014)).

Hydro – Mongolia which has 3,800 streams and rivers has approximately 6.4 GW of potential

hydro electric power, (Mongolia (2014)). Currently, Mongolia has 12 MW of hydroelectric

power and 12 MW more is currently in construction.

Industries:

Construction – Due to Mongolia’s large and rapid increase in their economy there has been a

large spark in the construction industry. Much of the increase in construction took place in the

residential segment with the growth of the real estate sector being attributed from a state

mortgage system as well as increasing wages for the middle class and urbanization in the

country as well both of which are a result of the growing economy (Construction). The

construction industry in Mongolia contributed 168 million to the GDP. MCS Property LCC, MCS

International LCC, Nomin Construction LCC, Orchlon Construction, and Khasumergabat LLC

make up the top 5 in the construction industry in Mongolia.

Coal – Mongolia currently has one of the largest reserves of coking coal around the world and is

conveniently located near China which is a country that is the largest producer of steel in the

world. Coking coal is needed to produce steel and so much of Mongolia’s coal in exported to

China. There is a plan to build a railway to Russia that would allow Mongolian coal to be

shipped to Far East ports and be exported to Japan, Taiwan, and Korea (World Development).

Mongolyn Alt and Erdenes MGL, which is the largest coking coal company operating in

Mongolia, are the two largest companies in this industry.

Oil – Mongolia’s oil reserves have been divided into 22 fields, 12 of which are on a production

sharing agreement with investors from Canada, the US, Australia, and China. In 2001, the

Exploration Institute of the Chinese National Oil Corporation looked into the Tamsag basin one

of the larger basins of oil in the country and determined there was around 1.5 billion barrels

worth of oil in the reserve (Oil). Wolf Petroleum and Petro Matad are two of the largest oil

companies in Mongolia.

Cashmere – World’s second largest producer of cashmere. The cashmere company in Mongolia,

Gobi Cashmere, accounts for 21% of the entire world’s production of the product on its own

which further demonstrates how big this industry is in Mongolia.


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GNP/GDP: The GNP of Mongolia is listed as 20.43 billion dollars while the GDP official exchange

rate of Mongolia is 10.09 billion dollars.

GDP – Per Capita (PPP):

This graph is important to potential businesses because it shows the growth that Mongolia has

made. While Mongolia still is not considered to be in the top 100 countries for GDP – Per Capita

(PPP) that can be explained by 50% of those that work with animals in the fields of Mongolia

being under the poverty line which causes the per capita to seem a lot lower. Mongolia’s

economy continues to grow just as the GDP increases as well.

GDP Real Growth Rate:

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Mongolia Macedonia Paraguay

GDP - Per Capita (PPP) (in US $)

3.5

3.2

3

MONGOLIA MACEDONIA PARAGUAY

Real Growth Rate (in %)


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According to the World Factbook, Mongolia has the highest Real Growth Rate of these three

countries which means that Mongolia’s GDP is increasing by more per year than that of similar

countries. This data demonstrates the success of the country in building upon Mongolia’s

economy in the last few years.

Gross National Income Per Capita:

In comparison to similar countries Mongolia stacks up well against them, but when compared

to a country with one of the largest economies in the world in the United States, Mongolia is at

an extreme disadvantage. 27% of those that live in the more densely populated areas, like

major cities, are under the poverty line. Combine that with the 50% of those living outside of

these populated areas and in the surrounding pastures are below the poverty line you can see

why Mongolia has a way lower GNI than countries like the US.

Economic Analysis ll:

International Trade Statistics:

The international trade statistics listed below will allow the economy of Mongolia to become

more evident and for all to see what the strengths and weakness of the business aspect of

Mongolia is.

Major Exports:

Coal Briquettes ($1.16 B)

Copper Ore ($952 M)

Iron Ore ($637 M)

Crude Petroleum ($464 M)

Gold ($301 M)

11,120 13,170 8,470

55,900

M O N G O L I A M A C E D O N I A P A R A G U A Y U N I T E D S T A T E S

GROSS NATIONAL INCOME PER CAPITA (IN US$)


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Description of Exports:

Mongolia sits on some of the larger mineral reserves especially coal and copper which shows

why they are far and away the largest exports in Mongolia. The other three top exports are also

from the mining industry furthering its status as the top industry in the country.

Dollar Value of Exports:

The total of all three of the top exports in Mongolia equals 3.514 billion dollars with Coal

Briquettes making up 1.16 billion, copper ore 952 million, Iron Ore 37 million, Crude Petroleum

464 million, and gold produces 301 million dollars for Mongolia.

Export Partners:

Problems of Scarcity:

The two main scarcities in Mongolia consists of two things: water and food production due to a

lack of arable land. The main problem with the scarcity of water is that “as a result of climate

change and increased water subtraction, the streamflow of the Tuul river, which feeds the

aquifer that supplies most of the water for Ulaanbaatar, is shrinking,” (Theunissen). When

around 40% of your population lives in one area and there is a scarcity of water that is never a

good thing. The lack of water in Mongolia has then caused the country to have to undergo a

shortage in commonly consumed foods in Mongolia. For example, 98.2% of potato

consumption is produced in Mongolia, but in terms of vegetable demand only 47.2% is met and

only 25% of flour demand is met.

Balance of Payments:

Mongolia has a current account balance of -1,404,951,238 (in US $) which accounts for sum of

net goods and services, net primary income, and net secondary income.

89%

5%

3% 2% 1%

Mongolian Trade Partners (in %)

China

United Kingdom

Canada

Russia

Italy


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Trade Balance:

Mongolia recorded a trade surplus of 131.2 million (US $) in February of 2016 which is a pretty

good number for Mongolia. The average from 1997 to 2016 was -28.44 Million with a high of

229.2 Million in November of 2014 and a low of -369.7 million in July of 2012. Since Mongolia’s

economy has begun to improve the country has seen a trade surplus and has had a favorable

trade balance. That has not always been the case of course as Mongolia, as recently as

September 2015, had a -16 million trade balance for the month. Mongolia’s trade balance

directly shows the improvement of its economy.

Exchange Rates:

Exchange rates are extremely important when considering business ventures that are involved

in multiple economies. If you are trading in the US and then in Mongolia and the US dollar is

worth more so while if you had American money in Mongolia you’d be well off trading a US

product in Mongolia would lead it to be overpriced and you’d have lower profit margins. The

products would have to be sold at a lower dollar amount of Mongolia which is not all that good.

Name of Currency:

The name of Mongolia’s currency is the Mongolian Tugrik.

Exchange Rate:

1 Mongolian Tugrik equals .0005 US dollars so that means that 2,000 Tugriks equal 1 US dollars.

Inflation Rate:

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Mongolia Macedonia Paraguay United States

INFLATION RATE (IN %)


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Mongolia has an extremely high inflation rate, but it is actually getting lower. For example, the

inflation rate in 2014 was at 13% in Mongolia showing a decrease in inflation percentage of

almost 5 percent which is huge. Similar countries like Macedonia and Paraguay have -.1 and 3.4

percent inflation rates respectively.

Unemployment Rate:

While Mongolia’s economy is improving the unemployment rate of Mongolia is still fairly high

at almost 8%. With that Paraguay and the United States both are in the 5% range which is much

better. Mongolia’s unemployment rate did rise over the last year from 4.9% which is not good,

but with the improving economy the hope is it will lower again soon. Macedonia with a 26.9%

rate is extremely bad with over a quarter of their country left without work.

Political System:

Flag:

7.7

26

.9

5.5

5.2

M O N G O L I A M A C E D O N I A P A R A G U A Y U N I T E D S T A T E S

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 2015 (IN %)


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The three main bands of colors stand for two things, the first is the blue middle section

meaning the eternal sky while the two red side strips mean Mongolia’s ability to thrive in its

harsh environment and the progress of the country. The soyombo (national emblem) in the left

red section of the flag represents the fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol.

(Mongolia Flag)

Introduction:

Mongolia is a representative democratic republic with a multi-party system that allows its

public to for its leaders. This system is not the same as the United States uses for Congress as

28 seats for the State Great Hural (Mongolia’s parliament) are decided proportionally based on

votes cast for political parties and the remaining 48 are chosen individually based on single-

member districts that have been nominated by their parties to be up for election. Mongolia

also has passed a law in 2011 allowing overseas citizens to vote if they do so in a Mongolia

embassy as well. Mongolia has started using electronic voting system as it has had fraud

problems with manual vote counting. The system of voting that now promotes proportional

representation has been able to give parties that used to have no representation a chance to

earn representation in parliament.

Government Type/Political Structure:

Mongolia has the framework of a representative democratic republic that involves a multi-party

system where there is representation from multiple parties within its country.

Branches of Government:

There is 3 major parts of the Mongolian government and it starts with the legislative branch,

the president, and then the executive branch. As mentioned before, the 76 seat parliament

plays a big part in the government and that is part of the legislative branch. The parliament

much like that of the U.S. congress is able to draft and create laws to put before the president

and confirms the appointment of the Prime Minster and the Cabinet Ministers. The president is

the head of the state and also controls the armed forces in Mongolia as well just like the U.S.

president does. In Mongolia candidates are only chosen by being chosen as a candidate by a

party with at least one seat in parliament. Presidents are chosen by absolute majority and serve

4 years as is the parliament, but the president can only have 2 terms. The Prime Minister is the

head of the Executive branch for Mongolia. The Prime Minister and the deputy prime ministers

are nominated by a party and then confirmed by the president and the prime minister is able to

choose the cabinet pending parliament’s approval and so this is Mongolia’s sense of checks and

balances. All three branches play a pivotal part in the countries governmental success.

(Government)


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Political Parties:

Democratic Party (Mongolian National Democratic Party) – A center-right political party that

currently holds majority in the parliament and the presidency as well with the parties’ political

viewpoints are liberalism and Mongolian nationalism.

Mongolian People’s Party – The longest standing party and actually played a major part of the

revolution creating a one-party governing state. Created the first coalition governments with

other parties till in 2012 it became the opposition party of the parliament. This party believes in

social democracy and democratic socialism while it used to be for communism and is a center-

left political party.

Justice Coalition (MPRP and MNDP) – A coalition formed between the MPRP and the MNDP

after the 2012 parliamentary elections in which they fought together to get seats. The coalition

entered as a minority partner, but is now in a coalition government formed by the Democratic

Party after their victory in the election.

Leadership:

President - Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj

Prime Minster - Chimediin Saikhanbileg

Deputy Ministers

Cabinet

Parliament is given their own category here and not listed under cabinet because they are

able to able to help choose the cabinet with the ministers’ help.

Stability:

While Mongolia doesn’t have the stability of a country like Germany or the United States it is

becoming stable. The country is creating a democracy and has seen the government start to

become stable in its ability to hold electronic voting and to see the fraud in elections become

non-existent and to see parties be able to work together in a cabinet and those are things that

will all help create that stability. Some signs that show stability in a government are multiple

well established parties as well as free press and the repeated peaceful changes in government

which Mongolia’s has seen through the change in controlling parties and presidents. (Dierkes)

Legal System:

There are three beginning levels of courts in Mongolia with the three being: Soum, Inter-soum

and District, Aimag. Airmag courts are located in providence and are the largest of the three.

There is a supreme court in Mongolia that handles all rules over $8,000 (US Dollars). Each court

higher up has more precedent and can take appeals from lower courts. (Overview)


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Suffrage:

The age to be able to vote in Mongolia is 18 and is universal meaning there is no restrictions for

example all genders can vote.

Trade Laws:

Introduction:

Just like any other country Mongolia follows a number of trade rules and regulations in order to

maintain control over the trading of goods within the borders and outside of it as well with the

restrictions of certain imports and exports. Mongolia also has tariffs and import taxes that help

maintain the local economy and support countries that the export to with free trade

agreements with a few countries that Mongolia trades with. There is also a variety of business

sectors that require licensing in order to perform business within the country. Overall, three of

the most important trade laws in Mongolia involve licensing, trade agreements, and

import/export restrictions.

Tariffs:

Mongolia currently has an average tariff on imports of 17.5 % for a simple average final bound,

but that average goes down to 5% average for MFN (most favored nations) applied countries.

For example, Mongolia is a MFN in the United States as is the United States in Mongolia and

both receive a lower tariff rate in each other’s countries as a result (Pregelj). For example, dairy

products imported in Mongolia from a MFN country is 5% while it’s 15.2% for a non-MFN

country. Wood/paper products are also at a 5% rate for MFN countries while there is a 19.1%

tariff for other countries. From this it is easy to see how important strong economic

relationships with your major export and import nations in order to improve your economy

through lower tariffs (World Tariff).

Trade Laws:

Licensing:

Licenses are required for business activates under any of the following business types: banking,

securities, justice/home affairs, environment, education/culture/science, fuel/energy, social

protection/employment, industry/trade, food/agriculture, health, construction,

road/transport/tourism, mass media/communication/technology, and

standardization/measurement (Enebish).


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Trade Agreements:

Mongolia has a free-trade agreement with japan calling for no tariff tax on imports from each

other within the next 10 years and Mongolia is trying to work out the same thing with South

Korea. Mongolia has also improved trade relations with China and has China’s support to make

them a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and China is also willing to help

Mongolia in getting more involved in regional cooperation between Northeast Asian countries.

In 2012, Mongolia and China had their strongest relations up to that point and maintained

frequent high-level exchanges between the countries. Mongolia also has a free trade

agreement with Japan allowing for an improvement of its trading with other Asian countries.

Import/Export Restrictions:

Mongolia has a strict set of importation regulation standards. Uranium ores or concentrates are

restricted in the framework of importation. There are importation and exportation restrictions

on the poisonous chemicals, human body parts/donor blood, and firearms/weapons/military

equipment. For historical reasoning, items with unique historical and cultural value are under

temporary exportation restrictions in order to maintain historical pieces within Mongolia.

Mongolia also restricts the exportation of pedigree cattle (livestock), hunting games (hunted

animals), and animal sperms/culture of micro-organisms (Prohibited and Restricted Goods).

Population:

Introduction:

Three statistics that are important when looking at the population of a country in terms are

growth rates, life expectancy, and distribution of population. It is important when looking to

start a business that involves another country to see that the population there is right for your

good or service. If it’s a product for male and the distribution favors females it wouldn’t be the

right country. Life expectancy and growth rate are what show how long the population should

live and also if the population is growing or if it is decreasing over a period of time both of

which can be useful information for a start-up business.

Total Population:

As of July 2015, the total population of Mongolia is a reported 2.992 million people.


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Growth Rates:

While 1.31% seems really high in this chart it is interesting that Mongolia ranks 92nd overall in

this category. Also with only 3 million people a 1% raise in population last year isn’t as drastic as

it would be in other countries for example the US.

Birth Rates:

Due to Mongolia’s low infant mortality rate, they have a have a fairly high birth rate (Mortality).

Also, having a population that is on average 27.1 years old (Mongolia Median). This creates a

country that is younger and therefore will lead to a higher birth rate within a country.

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Mongolia Armenia Albania

Growth Rate (in %)

0

5

10

15

20

25

M O N G O L I A A R M E N I A A L B A N I A

BIRTH RATES (PER 1,000 IN POP.)


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Life Expectancy Rates:

The main reason that Mongolia has such a low life expectancy is due to the fact that they have

poor dieting. Low consumption of vegetables, fruits, and fish lead to a diet that is higher in fat

than other oriental countries (Results). Mongolia with its low amount of vegetable production

does not lead to the healthy lifestyle that would lead to a higher life expectancy.

Distribution of Population:

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

Mongolia Armenia Albania

LIFE EXPECTANCY (IN YRS.)

26.8

18.7

44.5

5.9 4.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0-14 15-24 25-54 55-64 65+

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY AGE (IN %)


22 | P a g e

The age group of 25-54 is a good group for a country to have most of because those are the

ones that are concerned about the world around them and making it a better place. Also,

having an equal portion male and female shows that you can target both genders and be able

to have a business that suits the community as a whole and not a particular gender.

Most Populated Cities:

Population Distribution by Gender (in %)

Male Female

1,0

89

,35

8

18

0,3

79

74

,73

8

38

,53

7

35

,78

9

U L A A N B A A T A R D A R K H A N E R D E N E T C H O I L B A L S A N M O R O N

TOP 5 CITIES IN MONGOLIA (BASED ON POP.)


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Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia’s capital, with over a million in population houses over 40% of the total

population of the capital in the north central of the country. The city lies 4,300 ft. above sea

level and also is the center of the Mongolia road network and is also connected by rail to both

Chinese and Russian railways. Darkhan, located in the north of Mongolia, was interestingly

enough a city build with extensive economic assistance from the Soviet Union in 1961. This city

is mainly an industrial region and around 1 in 9 live in residential apartments. Erdenet is the

third largest city in Mongolia and is located in north of the country as well as the south in

mainly desert. Erdenet lies in a valley between the Selenge and Orkhon rivers. The city is

located approximately 150 miles northwest of Ulaanbaatar. This city was one of the last cities

that were settled into in Mongolia as it was founded in 1974 as large deposits of copper were

discovered there in the 50’s.

Diet and Nutrition:

Typical Meals:

Two of the most common foods that Mongolian are milk products and meat. Milk products

Mongolians consume on a normal basis are butter, curds, whey, or koumiss. Koumiss is

fermented mare’s milk and is drank within the central portion of Asia by the nomadic people.

Tea and milk are two of the larger consumption of food products all year round to go with

mutton which is the fondest type of meat in Mongolia. Mutton when consumed in the autumn

is said to be the best as it is when the sheep fatten and for Mongolian taste that fat is preferred

(Czapp).

Meat Consumption per Capita:

(Current Worldwide Annual Meat Consumption per Capita)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Mongolia Vietnam Macedonia Paraguay

Meat Consumption per Capita


24 | P a g e

This shows how high Mongolia is in meat consumption as the country consumes 20.2kg per

capita above average. Mongolia has a low consumption of fish which increases their

consumption of meat.

Percent of Children Underweight:

(Children Under The Age Of 5 Years Underweight)

Mongolia has the second lowest of these three countries showing the development that

Mongolia is making in improving the lifestyle for their citizens. The U.S. is at .5% though which

is somewhere Mongolia is in the future hopefully.

Daily Calorie Intake per Capita:

(Daily Calorie Intake Per Capita)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Mongolia Vietnam Macedonia Paraguay

CHILDREN >5 YEARS OLD UNDERWEIGHT (%)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

MONGOLIA VIETNAM MACEDONIA PARAGUAY

Daily Calorie Intake per Capita


25 | P a g e

The daily recommended average for males is 2,500 and females is 2,000 and all four countries

are above 2,000 but Mongolia is the only country that is below the 2,500 total but of course not

all of the population is male and so Mongolia is right around the recommended value average.

Also, this shows that compared to similar countries Mongolia is lacking further demonstrating

the fact that there is a need for greater food production.

Housing and Communication:

Introduction:

The main form of living in Mongolia is a ger which is a tent-like structure without plumbing that

is a wooden framed structure that is covered in woolen felt. This is the main form of living as

this is the housing structure for many Mongolians that don’t live in Ulaanbaatar, which houses

40% of the population and majority of the apartment and permanent structure housing. For

those that don’t live in the cities some Mongolians are considered nomadic and move about

twice a year and can have their gers and belongs ready to move in an hour in case of storms or

need to move suddenly (Mongolian Housing). The average apartment size is 915 sq ft in

Mongolia (mainly Ulaanbaatar) while the average sq ft in the US is 982 for an apartment

(Surprising New Trend). While this is not a significant difference utilities is much less in

Mongolia than it is in the United States as a comparison where Ulaanbaatar has a utilities cost

that is almost 45% less than in New York, NY USA (Cost of Living Comparison).

Typical Housing Structures:

The most typical housing structure in Mongolia is the ger which is a wooden lace structure that

is covered to create housing. According to a 2000 study, 51% of Mongolian’s live in gers, while

25% live in permanent structure homes, and 22% live in apartment buildings (Mongolia –

Housing). Large apartment buildings are being made lately in allow for an increase in apartment

opportunities for those living in larger cities like Ulaanbaatar.


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Housing Stats:

(NationMaster)

(NationMaster)

Mongolia Canada Morocco United States

313,343 131,750 330,272

75,986,074

Owner Occupier Households

Owner Occupier Households

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Mongolia Morocco Canada United States

Urbanization (in increasing %)


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Communications:

The three main portions of communications in a country are telephone, internet, and television

and radio. Telephone has recently improved in Mongolia as there has been a recent addition of

fiber-optic network in the larger cities in Mongolia. Broadband and telephone communication

services between major urban centers have gotten better with multiple companies now

offering the phone service which has improved the quality and availability of the service.

Internet is something that while on the rise in the large cities Mongolia remains far behind

other counties. Mongolia provides 20,084 internet hosts and 527,100 total internet users. That

being said that calculates to only 17.9% of the Mongolian population being able to use that

mode of communication. With Mongolia’s turn to a capitalistic country Mongolia has turned

from a country with state-run radio and TV provider and converted to a public service provider.

There is 99 television broadcast stations as well as 115 radio stations with 7 being AM and 108

being FM (FM includes 20 national radio broadcaster repeaters) (World Factbook).

Transportation:

Overview: The main means of transportation in Mongolia is through roadways or air transportation for its citizens. That being said in terms of Mongolia’s international trade, most of it is transported through the railways many of which have main lines connecting Mongolia to Russia. Most of the minerals and mining ores are transported through railway which is the most common export for Mongolia. While air transportation isn’t the main form of transportation it is extremely important especially during the harsh stages of winter as many roadways are not very developed within Mongolia with surfaces either eroding or it is simply an earth surface. There are also inland waterways on Khuvsugul Lake with three barges and over 30 motorboats, but of course this is a very minimal mean of transportation and there are no ports as Mongolia is land locked. Road conditions for the most part are poor and most are unpaved and earth or very poorly paved both of which are displayed in photos below.

(http://www.mongolia-travel-guide.com)


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(http://www.ottsworld.com) Transport Analysis: Roadways:

You really get a picture of how under developed the roadways in Mongolia are when you think almost 90% are unpaved which creates a hard time for travel in the winter months. Only 4,800 km of 41,449 km are paved which further demonstrates why rail is so important for trading and why air transportation is important for tourism and for its citizen especially in winter. In 2013, there was a paved roadway from Ulaanbaatar to the Chinese border that did increase the usage of roadways in transporting goods as well.

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

Paved Unpaved

Roadways


29 | P a g e

Railways:

Railways are a huge part of international trade for Mongolia which is why all of Mongolia’s railways lead to two of their biggest export nations in Russia and China. Having Railways that allow exporting mining ores to Russia leads to Mongolia being able to continue their rise as a mining country because of the money that mining produces for them and their economy is helped a lot by the railways that transport the top 5 exports in Mongolia all of which involve mining. Air Transportation:

61% 13%

26%

Railways

Main Line from Russia to China

Eastern Mongolian Network with its own link to Russia

Branches off Main Lines

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Over 3,047 2,438 to 3,047 1,524 to 2,437 Under 914

Runway Length (in meters)


30 | P a g e

With minimal large airports or a low amount of paved runways air transportation in Mongolia doesn’t see the same types of planes that the United States does. That being said, in Mongolia air transport is extremely important with the harsh winters that Mongolia can experience many unpaved and earth roads can be hard to travel during the winter months creating a need for another form of transportation which air transportation provides for Mongolia. Air transportation is mainly used for citizen transportation and most domestic aviation goes through Genghis Khan International Airport even though with its location it frequently experiences closures do to sand/snow storms, high winds, and low visibility due to excessive air pollution.

34%

66%

Air Transportation

Paved Runway

Unpaved Runways


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Labor:

Job Market and availability:

Just like the United States, being a free market country, or on their way to becoming one,

Mongolia holds job interviews in order to obtain positions (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Interview).

Mongolia just like the U.S. allows minors that are 16 or 17 to work and find employment and

even allows 15 year olds to work if they are able to obtain a work permit. Under the Labor Law

of the Mongolian People’s Republic, workplaces have been strictly monitored with the

framework of governing working conditions, wages, and benefits as well. While employee’s in

Mongolia have the right to unionize and strike foreigners, government workers, and those that

provide essential services are not equaling available to strike. For example, a union leader was

fired for leading a strike in 2010. Collective bargaining is something that is more widely

accepted that strikes which isn’t too surprising. Minimum wage is extremely low at $0.61 (US

Dollars) and some don’t receive that wage as the minimum age of 15 isn’t strictly enforced

causing kids younger to be forced into construction and mine work. Funds, full pay, reduced

work days, and leaves of absences have all been benefits that employees have received in order

to get study and training courses to raise the level of technical and professional qualifications in

the country. Mongolian employees also get the benefit of eight hour work days with eight

public holidays and fifteen days’ paid vacation.

Labor Force Gender Distribution (In %)

Male

Female


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Industries:

The major industries/sectors that offer majority of the jobs in Mongolia are the construction

and mining industries (Mongolia Construction Sector Overview). Mining is the leading industry

in Mongolia as the top 5 exports in Mongolia all deal with the mining industry and ores.

Mongolia being a capitalist country just like the U.S. has similar jobs, but of course many of the

Mongolian industries are smaller than their comparison industries in the U.S. except for mining

which has a bigger industry in Mongolia then the United States. Oil production and cashmere

wool are also larger sectors of the Mongolian economy that have employment opportunities.

Workday:

In Mongolia, the average amount of hours in the workplace is 40 which in the United States is

termed full-time (Lee). For business attire, it is a very conservative dress with males wearing a

conservative suit with subtle colors, and then a shirt and tie with women wearing a casual dress

with conservative, subtle, and neutral colors (Country Reports). Business cards are a sign of

respect and all cards are treating respectfully, read and then placed on the table in front of

them to show respect for their business (Country Report). Business cards are also received with

two hands to show respectfulness. Mongolia observes New Year Holiday, Genghis Khan’s

Birthday, Independence Day, Mothers; and Children’s day, as well as International Woman’s

Day, but Naadam is the biggest public holiday (Mongolia’s Public Holiday). Naadam means

game and is a holiday where Mongolia celebrates there three major pastimes of wrestling,

horse racing, and wrestling.

Education:

General Description:

Mongolia operates under a formal 5-4-2 education structure with 5 years of primary schooling

with an official entry age of 6. After completing primary school there is an examination that

allows students to receive their Primary Education Certificate after grade 5. From there lower

secondary school is for 4 years till the end of grade 9 where students take another exam to get

their Certificate of Basic Education. Upper secondary then follows for grades 10 and 11 where

students take one more exam at the end of year 11 to get their School Leaving Certificate. Each

sector of schooling increases one week in length beginning with a 34 week school year in

Primary school with all three sectors beginning in September. There is a grade 12 as Mongolia is

trying to put a 12 year (6-3-3) system in place, but currently very few enroll in the 12th year as

the 11 year (5-4-2) system is effective currently. Lower and secondary school are free in

Mongolia and primary and lower secondary school are both required in Mongolia as well

(Mongolia Education).


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Enrollment Rates:

Mongolia is somewhat comparable when it comes to secondary school enrollment which is a

good sign, but with less tertiary opportunities Mongolia is far behind in tertiary enrollment

rates.

Literary Rates:

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Enrollment Rates

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

Mongolia United States China Germany

Literary Rates


34 | P a g e

Mongolia has the highest literary rate of all 4 countries (99.1%) with the U.S. and Germany both

at 99% and China at 91.6%.

Secondary Education Teachers per Capita (per 1,000 people):

This shows that Mongolia puts an emphasis on its education system by having a high amount of

teachers per capita. Having higher rates than the U.S. and China both of which have good

education systems is a good sign for Mongolia.

Evaluation:

Mongolia compares favorably to the United States in primary and secondary education, but

falls short when getting into the college and post-secondary school phase. With less

opportunities within Mongolia’s borders and few opportunities in other countries only a third

of Mongolian youth attend a university or college and further their education. The 11 year

education system has been effective for Mongolian youth and will continue to do so.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Mongolia United States Germany China

Secondary Education Teachers per Capita (per 1,000 people):


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Clothing:

Business Attire:

Business attire is different from traditional Mongolian attire as business men and woman wear

many of the same clothing types that business men

and women in the United States wear. Just like in the

United States not all men that are in business attire

are wearing ties but there are men that are. Too high of

heels and sleeves that are super short sleeved are not

encouraged to be worn. It is also said that if a woman

displays too much while wearing business attire it is

offensive to Mongolian businessmen (Country Reports –

Mongolia). Mongolia just like in traditional clothing

dressing appropriately is very important to the Mongolian people. According to

Dragonicum.com, unless one wants to attract attention within the business community in

Mongolia one should dress conservatively.

Image via: (Business Internships Abroad | Business Volunteering | Projects Abroad)

Native Attire:

The most cultural significant and native clothing is the Del. A Del is a “loose calf-length tunic

made of one piece of material. It has long sleeves, a high collar and

buttons on the right shoulder,” (Mongolian Traditional Clothes). The

reasoning behind these tunics being called a Del is because of the

Del buttons that are on the right shoulder of the tunic. Interestingly

enough, each ethic group living in Mongolia has its own individual

Del and they are identified by the Del that they are wearing just like

livestock breeders wearing yellow Dels with a cape thrown over

them. The difference in Dels come from color, cut, and the actual

trimming of the Del itself. With Dels and other traditional clothing is

the hat. Traditional Mongolian hats are colorful and are original items of Mongolian national

dress. There are 400 different styles and the hats normally have stitching symbolizing the

previous 32 Mongolian tribes.

Image via: (Tomedes)


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Expected Visitor’s Attire (tourists):

In a country full of specific cultural necessities and demeanors that need to be followed tourist

attire is not among those. There really is not

a dress code for tourists although it is

advised that revealing clothes are not worn

in the countryside even in the summertime

(Information for Travelers). In the city many

tourists wear Western style clothing and so

while in the city areas of Mongolia, mainly

Ulaanbaatar it is common to feel free to

dress as one wishes. While there is 250 days of sun in Mongolia it is still advised that one brings

clothing that is warmer for the times where the weather isn’t warm even if there is no rain.

Mongolian evenings are also said to be chilly. Long sleeves may also be needed or simply useful

to prevent the harm done by both the sun and bugs during the visit to Mongolia.

Image via: Wikitravel

Recreation and Leisure:

Introduction:

In Mongolia, there is a big sense of traditionalism in the recreational activities that many

citizens enjoy. Most activities within the country of Mongolia show the history that Mongolia

has and where the country came from whether it’s the Buddhist roots or any other thing that

Mongolia has seen in the past. There has been an urbanization within some of the cities which

has lead to a more western appearance and activities within the cities, but there are many

cultural activities that are enjoyed in Mongolia.

The Anklebone Shooting Game:

This activity or recreational game is something

of a traditional game in Mongolia and could be

compared to the traditional game of marbles

in the United States in terms of the amount of

people that used to play the game. This game

is played with sheep, goat, horse and camel

ankle bones and they are used in that order

except sometimes the game is played using

only sheep and goat bones. It is a tradition

that the youngest player goes first and from


37 | P a g e

there that player will toss all the bones into the air and onto a flat surface. Using one finger the

goal is to get a bone to touch a bone that is of the same variety without touching a third bone

or one of a different type. If you manage to hit one other bone of the same type you pick up

either one of the bones with the other hand, which will be empty, and takes another turn. If he

picks it up with this shooting hand or if he already has a bone in his hand he forfeits his turn.

Once one player’s turn is over then the next player will re-toss the bones and then when just

two to four bones are left, all being of different varieties, players take turns tossing them until

two have fallen into similar positions from which the player will try to knock them and this

continues until the last two are knocked out successful there by ending the round and gaining

two bones extra from each player. Ending a round without a bone eliminates a player and

rounds are continued until one player obtains possession of all the bones.

Restaurants:

In Mongolia, most cultural dining involves what Americans consider fine dining. Some

restaurants in Mongolia serve to those that

prefer the modern and more stylish

surrounding while some prefer the more

cultural surroundings within a restaurant. With

a staple of the Mongolian diet consisting of

vegetables there are many vegetarian options

available at the restaurants in Mongolia in

order to cater to the Mongolian citizens that

prefer vegetables to meat. Mongolia is said to

have some of the top quality meal options

within Central Asia with culturally accurate dishes that represent Mongolian food to its highest.

Khuushurr which is a pan-fried dumpling that is traditionally filled with minced meat that is a

Mongolian tradition to serve within the country. Tsuivan which is a traditional dish in Mongolia

and consists noodles, vegetables, and meat and is a stew that is eaten in Mongolia. There is a

steamed dumpling dish buzz which is also a traditional dish in Mongolia. With the cultural

structure of Mongolia the country has many cultural dining options that all have a different

style whether it’s fine dining and modern or if it’s more traditional and older inside the

restaurant.

Image via: (The Culture Trip)


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Popular Tourist Attractions:

According to USA Today, there are four main

attractions. The four main attractions are the

Erdene Zuu Monastery, the Flaming Cliffs, the

Orkhon Khurkhree, and the National Museum

of Mongolian History. The National Museum

of Mongolian History is located in Ulaanbaatar

and houses more than 40,000 pieces in its

collections. This museum also houses some of

the oldest collections of artifacts and

archeological finds in the country. The Orkhon

Khurkhree is a waterfall where the water cascades over 80 ft down into a stand pool of water

where many visitors come and see the waterfall. Some visitors find the water necessary to

swim within the cold water that accumulates at the bottom of the falls but many natives don’t

swim in it and say that the pool below the falls does not have a bottom. The flaming cliffs are

neat because as the sun rises or sets the light causes the cliff face to change colors and one can

see a bright red color in the rocks that looks like burning coals. The Erdene Zuu Monastery

(pictured above) is the oldest monastery, an area that houses a community of monks living

under religious vows, in Mongolia. The building was constructed in 1586 on the site of the

former city of Karakorum. There are three temples in this area and while all have been

destroyed at some point all have been refurbished and contain some of the nation’s most

prized Buddhist treasures. Tourists can listen to minks pray and locals receive blessings at

Iavriin Sum which is a Tibetan-style temple here.

Image Via: (tripadvisor.com)

Entry/Exit Requirements:

You must have a passport valid at least six months past arrival date

Visa not required if stay is under 90 days

Must register with the Citizenship and Migration General Authority of Mongolia in

Ulaanbaatar within seven working days of arriving in Mongolia and obtain a residency

permit card if stay is over 30 days or you must pay fine before leaving

For stays over 90 days one must visit the Citizenship and Migration General Authority of

Mongolia in order to register their departure at least ten days before traveling

For those that plan to work/study one should apply for a visa


39 | P a g e

Language

Introduction: The languages that are spoken in Mongolia are of course greatly influenced by

the countries that reside around Mongolia. Mongol is the official language of Mongolia and

according to statistics 90% of the country can speak the language. There is also a high number

of Russian and Mandarin Chinese speakers as well as they’re the two closest countries in

proximity as they surround the landlocked country of Mongolia.

National or Official Language:

The official language of Mongolia is Khalkha (Hlah) Mongol with 90% of the population speaking

this language.

Dialects or Minor Languages:

Russian: With Mongolia being located to the South it makes sense that Russian would be

a minor language. Also, a good portion of Mongolian mineral exports are transported to

Russia making the language used in various parts of the country.

Mandarin Chinese: Mongolia is located to the north of China and so Chinese has its use

in different parts of the country where there is a high amount of Chinese people living

there. It is reported by Ethnologue, that 35,000 Mongolians speak Mandarin Chinese

which is a fairly good number of students.

World Languages:

Top 10 Languages:

Data Via: (Infoplease.com)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Top 10 Spoken Languages (In Millions)


40 | P a g e

World’s Most Influential Languages:

1. English – There is almost 500 million speakers that have the language as their first

language, but there is over 2 billion people that converse in English regularly with

majority of those that are not native speakers but converse in English living in China.

2. French – French is said to have lost ground on English over the last century, but has

official language status in 25 countries and is used by various worldwide organizations

and groups.

3. Spanish – It has reached 400 million native speakers and currently is growing on the

French language and as Latin America continues to develop on the national and world

scale Spanish is increasing in influence within the world.

4. Arabic – It is said that besides French and English this is the most international language

as it is used as the language in the religion Islam. Hundreds of millions of people use this

as a second language but it is very different from the original dialects of those that

Arabic is their first language.

5. Mandarin Chinese

6. Russian

7. Portuguese

8. German

9. Japanese

10. Hindi

Religion:

General Description:

Buddhism goes way back in terms of the Mongolian background and that is why Buddhism is

the most common religion in Mongolia by a large amount. Buddhism in Mongolia goes back to

1578 when Altan Khan, a Mongol military leader, created an alliance with the head of the rising

Yellow Sect of Tibetan Buddhism starting the Buddhist religion with the country of Mongolia.

Now, with the freedom of religion there has been a movement of Mongolians to practice no

religion. Mongolia also has an extremely young population that with the new free government

that Mongolia is implementing there seems to be a loss of the generational importance of the

Buddhism religion in Mongolia. For example, 70% of the Mongolian population is under the age

of 70 years old and an astounding 30% is under the age of 14 years old further demonstrating

how young the Mongolia population really is (Mongolia Country Profile). With that information,

53% of the Mongolian population is Buddhist and 38.6% does not practice any religion which

still shows how important Buddhism is in Mongolia now even with the movement towards the

practice of no religion (World Factbook).


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Types of Religions:

Info Via: (World Factbook)

Effects of Religion:

Buddhism had a large effect on the Mongolian society although that seems to be decreasing

with the increase of those affiliated with no church. In the beginning of the twentieth century,

there was 583 monasteries and temple complexes which actually controlled and effected

around an estimated 20% of the country’s wealth (Mongolia Buddhism). There were also

around 110,000 male monks, either children or adults, which made up about a third of the male

population at this time which shows the amount of power and control that Buddhism had

during the earlier ages in Mongolia. For those that choose not to practice a religion the

Constitution of Mongolia provides the freedom of religion and the government normally

respects that although there has been some prosecution for those that have actively tried to

convert others in the country of other religions to practice their religion as well and leave their

old religion behind.

Religion (By %)

Buddhist

Muslim

Christian

Shamanist

Other

None


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Appendix:


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Non-Profit – Print Ad:

Issue Brochure:


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Etiquette Information:

Greeting Someone:

All greetings in Mongolia are formal and the oldest person is always greeted first and before the

younger.

Meeting Other People in Mongolia:

Handshakes are common form of meeting foreigners, but with many Mongolians they will look

towards the ground when meeting/greeting someone. In Mongolia, it is also important to

remember ones’ name if it is given to you in a conversation.

Being Introduced To Someone:

It is important to roll down your sleeves before you are introduced to an older person or before

you receive or pass anything to someone as well.

Addressing Those You Meet:

Address all people by their formal title using their surnames. It is important to realize that if

they want it to be personal and to use their first name they will advise you to do so.

Business Meetings:

Business meetings/negotiations are to be held by the most important member of the group as

Mongolians value status and rank. Decision-making in meetings are slow and require careful

review and consideration for all decisions.

Confronting Others:

Mongolians are non-confrontational people and so it is important that one never raises their

voice, loses their temper, or uses high-pressure tactics when confronting another person. If you

confront someone wrong you may find yourself out maneuvered and it will damage your

relationship with said person and possibly your reputation as well.

All info via: (Country Reports)


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Country Selection Letter:

CSB Inc.

Memo To: Jeremy Sinks

From: Lance Howell

cc: Mike Rogan

Date: [Date]

Re: Country Study & Non-Profit

I would like to discuss the choice of my country with the upcoming IMP Presentation. I have

begun planning and thinking of ideas to help solve issues in various countries through the

CSBeast and other issue related research and would like to be considered for these countries.

Mongolia – According to World Bank data Mongolia less than 5% of its land is arable

Only .4% of Mongolia is arable or farmable by the over 2.8 million citizens which in many

categories including wheat, vegetables, and meat consume more that then produce. With the

introduction of more aquaponics to the country of Mongolia with the scarcity of water there

would be an increase in the production of food in a country that could benefit from an increase

in food production and the decreased use of water.

Qatar – According to The World Factbook Qatar currently has many foreign workers that

perform semi-skilled low paid jobs or have been under forced labor.

Qatar’s issue of unpaid and low paying jobs to foreign workplace immigrants are being

mistreated and most of the world is completely unaware. With a non-profit organization there

could be an increased focus on creating well-paying and unforced labor for foreign workplace

immigrants and for their citizens as well.

Greece – Water Pollution is a major concern according to Countries Conquest 50% of Greece’s

industrial site wastes go into the Gulf of Saronikos.


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This waste ends up going into the Gulf of Saronikos and the worst part is that the waste goes

untreated. Untreated waste going directly into a gulf of water means that we are allowing

Greece to pollute their waters. Having a non-profit that would allow the waste from industrial

sites would be greatly beneficial.

Based on the research conducted in finding a country I have concluded that I would like to be

able to study the country of Mongolia. I could also study Qatar or Greece all of which would

allow CSB to become more aware of the issues that plague countries around the world that we

know very little about.

Documents

LANCE HOWELL - Crater High Schoolbisstudents.cratercomets.com/student_portfolios/class_of...to the Gobi Desert. With this Mongolia has a shortage in food production which is not something