lab (4 )Immunity

andinflammation

the capability of the body to resist harmful microbes from entering to the body

Immunity

Inflammationis the immune response of tissue injury type of tissue injury BurnChemical irritation Toxin Infection of pathogens( e.g viral. Bacterial ) Physical injury and troumaImmune reaction (hyper sensitivity)Foreign body

INFELAMMATION

Type of inflammation Acute inflammation chronic inflammation

Inflammation

Is initiated by WBC already present in all tissue (macrophage , dendritic cell and mast cell) this cell undergo activation and release inflammatory mediator (chemotaxis e.g cytokine,) responsible for clinical signs of inflammation and cell activation phathophysiology

Acute inflammation

clinical signs of inflammation (Rubor ): redness (calor) heat : caused by vasodilatation and

increase blood flow Edema; caused by increase the permeability of

blood vessels results the in exudation of plasma protein and fluid in to the tissue .

Pain (dolor) due to stimulation of pin receptors *Acute inflammation it take Short duration

; minutes hours ,few days

Acute infelammation

Infected ingrown toenail showing the characteristic redness and swelling associated with acute inflammation

Resolution• complete healing • fibrosis and scarring• abscess formation: cavity containing

buss(liquid containing dead WBC and bacteria with debris from destroyed cells

• chronic inflammation.

Acute infelammation

Acute inflammation

Chronic inflammation Longer duration than acute phase presence of Lymphocytes and macrophage Proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis and

presence of necrosis

Chronic inflammation

In Chronic inflammation ,the inflammatory response is out of proportion to the threat, or it is directed against inappropriate target

Result; allergies and auto immune disease

Chronic inflammation

Allergies Autoimmune Diseases Immune Complex Diseases Immunodeficiency Diseases Cancers of the Immune System

Disorders of the immune system

primary immune deficiency disease are those caused by inherited genetic

mutations Secondary or acquired immune

deficiencies are caused by something outside the body such as a virus or immune suppressing drugs.

Immunodeficiency Diseases

is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

The illness interferes with the immune system making people with AIDS much more likely to get infections, including opportunistic ,tumors, and skin rash

Transmitted by fluid exchange :blood ,semen , and vaginal fluid

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection like

low grad Fevers, swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a tumor caused by human herpes virus

Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune complication of streptococcal infections. Rheumatic fever is expressed as arthritis ,or inflammation of the heart.

It cause fever Heart (cardiac) problems, shortness of

breath and chest pain Joint pain and swelling, arthritis(mainly in

the knees, elbows, ankles, and wrists) Skin nodules , and skin rash

 Rheumatic fever

Rheumatic fever

Skin nodules Skin rash

Glomerulonephritis,: is a renal disease (usually of both kidneys) characterized by inflammation of the of glomeruli

(AB against glomeruli basement membrane. It may present with isolated hematuria

and/or proteinuria or as a nephritic syndrome, renal failure, or chronic renal failure.

Glomerulonephritis

Normal glomeruliGlomerulonephritis

Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune

neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigability . This autoimmune response produces antibodies that block the muscle cells from receiving messages (neurotransmitters -acetylcholine receptor -)from the nerve cell.

Myasthenia gravis

 Myasthenia gravis

Lupus erythematosus autoimmune disease Symptoms of these diseases can affect many different body systems, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs

Lupus erythematosus

SLE butterfly rash

31 years old male came to emergency clinic suffering of sever diarrhea, coughing and chills.

He has history of blood transfusion 2 years ago

Physical examination show: Low grade fever Left hand skin rash Lymph nodes swollen blood analysis confirmd presence of HIV AB +

CASE STUDY

1) What is the probably diagnosis? Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Questions:

2) What is the etology of AIDS? a. Human pabiloma viral infection b. Hiv viral infection c. Cryptococcal meningitis

3) Any of the immune system cells may be infected with HIV virus?

a)CD8 T toxic lymphocyteB) lymphocytec) CD4 T helper lymphocyte

Questions

4) How the HIV virus transmeted? Transmitted by fluid

exchange :blood ,semen , vaginal fluid …ets

Thank you