LA_04 Josheph Allen stein.pdf

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this is not a pen,its a weapon to set a child free.

CRY | CHILD RELIEF & YOU

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> E D I T O R I A L> E D I T O R I A L> E D I T O R I A L> E D I T O R I A L> E D I T O R I A L

oseph Allen Stein passed

away in October 2001 in

North Carolina, USA.

His significant contribu-

tion to the post indepen-

dence Indian architecture stands apart. A

distinguished architect and an inspiring pro-

fessional, he shall always be remembered

for his strong environmental concerns. In

this issue, we pay our tribute to this great

architect. In the special feature on him, Shri

A. P. Kanvinde, his contemporary, shares

some thoughts regarding his association

with him. Prof. Ravindra Bhan, eminent

landscape architect remembers him as a

very sensitive person. Anuraag Chowfla, who

was associated with Stein for the last twenty

five years, talks about aspects of Stein’s life

- both professional and personal.

INNER COURT, INDIA INTERNATIONAL CENTRE (IIC), NEW DELHI. ARCHITECT: JOSEPH ALLEN STEIN

features case

study of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New

Delhi where water harvesting techniques have

been successfully adopted to ameliorate the

scarcity of water in a rocky terrain.

briefly introduces various param-

eters such as location, shape, finishes etc. to

be considered while designing pools. In the

horticulture section, Dr. Saroj Tuli lists a few

tips for making hanging baskets and better

flower arrangements.

With this issue, the journal completes its first

year. It certainly has been a hard and strug-

gling year, but positive response and encour-

agement from all has inspired us to keep go-

ing... No words can express our sincere thanks

and gratitude to our advisory panel, who has

guided us at all times, especially in these ini-

tial stages. We would also like to thank our

readers and subscribers, and professionals,

students, institutions, people from building

industry and many others for their constant

support.

Wishing you all a very happy and peaceful

year ahead.

COVER: STEPPED ENTRANCE TO THE GLASSHOUSE AT LODI GARDEN, NEW DELHI. ARCHITECT: JOSEPH ALLEN STEIN 3

J

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4th water asia 2002INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION ON ASIAN WATER INDUSTRY

30TH JANUARY – 1ST FEBRUARY, 2002 | PRAGATI MAIDAN, NEW DELHI

WHILE EVERY EFFORT WAS MADE TO TRACE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND OBTAIN PERMISSION WHERE REQUIRED, IT HAS NOT BEEN POSSIBLE IN ALL THE CASES. ANY CLARIFICATIONWHILE EVERY EFFORT WAS MADE TO TRACE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND OBTAIN PERMISSION WHERE REQUIRED, IT HAS NOT BEEN POSSIBLE IN ALL THE CASES. ANY CLARIFICATIONWHILE EVERY EFFORT WAS MADE TO TRACE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND OBTAIN PERMISSION WHERE REQUIRED, IT HAS NOT BEEN POSSIBLE IN ALL THE CASES. ANY CLARIFICATIONWHILE EVERY EFFORT WAS MADE TO TRACE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND OBTAIN PERMISSION WHERE REQUIRED, IT HAS NOT BEEN POSSIBLE IN ALL THE CASES. ANY CLARIFICATIONWHILE EVERY EFFORT WAS MADE TO TRACE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND OBTAIN PERMISSION WHERE REQUIRED, IT HAS NOT BEEN POSSIBLE IN ALL THE CASES. ANY CLARIFICATIONIN IN IN IN IN THIS REGARD THIS REGARD THIS REGARD THIS REGARD THIS REGARD WWWWWOULD BE REMEDIED IN FUTURE ISSUESOULD BE REMEDIED IN FUTURE ISSUESOULD BE REMEDIED IN FUTURE ISSUESOULD BE REMEDIED IN FUTURE ISSUESOULD BE REMEDIED IN FUTURE ISSUES..... VIEWS EXPRESSED IN VIEWS EXPRESSED IN VIEWS EXPRESSED IN VIEWS EXPRESSED IN VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THE JOURNTHE JOURNTHE JOURNTHE JOURNTHE JOURNAL AL AL AL AL ARE ARE ARE ARE ARE THATHATHATHATHAT OF T OF T OF T OF T OF THE THE THE THE THE AAAAAUTHORS UTHORS UTHORS UTHORS UTHORS AND DO NOAND DO NOAND DO NOAND DO NOAND DO NOT NECESSARILT NECESSARILT NECESSARILT NECESSARILT NECESSARILY REFLECT Y REFLECT Y REFLECT Y REFLECT Y REFLECT THOSE OF THOSE OF THOSE OF THOSE OF THOSE OF THE EDITTHE EDITTHE EDITTHE EDITTHE EDITOROROROROROR OR OR OR OR THE PUBLISHER.THE PUBLISHER.THE PUBLISHER.THE PUBLISHER.THE PUBLISHER. THE EDITTHE EDITTHE EDITTHE EDITTHE EDITORS DO ORS DO ORS DO ORS DO ORS DO THEIR UTMOST THEIR UTMOST THEIR UTMOST THEIR UTMOST THEIR UTMOST TTTTTO O O O O VERIFY INFORMAVERIFY INFORMAVERIFY INFORMAVERIFY INFORMAVERIFY INFORMATION PUBLISHEDTION PUBLISHEDTION PUBLISHEDTION PUBLISHEDTION PUBLISHED,,,,, B B B B BUT UT UT UT UT THEY DO NOTHEY DO NOTHEY DO NOTHEY DO NOTHEY DO NOT T T T T AAAAACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR ITS CCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR ITS CCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR ITS CCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR ITS CCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR ITS ABSOLABSOLABSOLABSOLABSOLUTE UTE UTE UTE UTE AAAAACCURACCURACCURACCURACCURACYCYCYCYCY..... NO P NO P NO P NO P NO PARARARARART OFT OFT OFT OFT OFTHE JOURNTHE JOURNTHE JOURNTHE JOURNTHE JOURNAL MAAL MAAL MAAL MAAL MAY BE REPRY BE REPRY BE REPRY BE REPRY BE REPRODUCED OR UTILIZED IN ODUCED OR UTILIZED IN ODUCED OR UTILIZED IN ODUCED OR UTILIZED IN ODUCED OR UTILIZED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY FORM OR BY ANY FORM OR BY ANY FORM OR BY ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANSANY MEANSANY MEANSANY MEANSANY MEANS,,,,, ELECTR ELECTR ELECTR ELECTR ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL OR BY ONIC OR MECHANICAL OR BY ONIC OR MECHANICAL OR BY ONIC OR MECHANICAL OR BY ONIC OR MECHANICAL OR BY ANY INFORMAANY INFORMAANY INFORMAANY INFORMAANY INFORMATION STTION STTION STTION STTION STORAORAORAORAORAGE OR RETRIEVGE OR RETRIEVGE OR RETRIEVGE OR RETRIEVGE OR RETRIEVAL SYAL SYAL SYAL SYAL SYSTEM,STEM,STEM,STEM,STEM, WITHOUTWITHOUTWITHOUTWITHOUTWITHOUTWRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE EDITOR.WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE EDITOR.WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE EDITOR.WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE EDITOR.WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE EDITOR.

Editor : Brijender S. DuaAssociate Editor : Geeta Wahi DuaAdvisory Panel : Savita Punde, Landscape Architect

Manoj Mathur, ArchitectAdit Pal, Landscape ArchitectNimret Handa, Nature Writer

Overseas Correspondent : Runit Chhaya, New YorkDesign : Grafiniti

V O L U M E I / I S S U E 4 / W I N T E R 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2

REGISTRATION NUMBER : DELENG/2000/2943 // Duration of Print : Quarterly, 4 issues per year.Editorial and Subscription Office : C-589, Vikas Puri, New Delhi 110 018Phone : 550 7652, 552 7652 (Telefax) E-mail : [email protected], Printed & Published by Brijender S. Dua, C-589, Vikas Puri, New Delhi 110 018Printed at Kaveri Printers, 4634/19-A, Daryaganj, Delhi 110 002

32 S T U D E N T S ’ S E C T I O NRIVER YAMUNA: PRESENT STATUS & AVISION FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

PRIYANKA BATRA

34 T E C H N O L O G YAUTODESK VIZ 4

36 W E B S I T E Swww.topos.de

37 K N O W Y O U R P L A N T SBAUHINIA PURPUREA

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06 N E W S

07 L E T T E R S

09 A N N O U N C E M E N TGENDER AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

SYMPOSIUM

T R I B U T E : J O S E P H A L L E N S T E I N11 JOSEPH STEIN IN INDIA

A. P. KANVINDE

13 A DEEP PERSONAL LOSS...PROF. RAVINDRA BHAN

14 NATURE IN THE CITYADIT PAL

16 A GLOBAL MAN IN A TRUE SENSE...CONVERSATION WITH ANURAAG CHOWFLA

20 L A N D S C A P E D E S I G NRAINWATER HARVESTING: PART 2

CASE STUDY - JNU, NEW DELHI

26 SWIMMING POOLSSAMIR MATHUR

H O R T I C U L T U R E30 HANGING BASKETS

BETTER FLOWER ARRANGEMENTDR. SAROJ TULI

> C O N T E N T S> C O N T E N T S> C O N T E N T S> C O N T E N T S> C O N T E N T S

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> N E W S> N E W S> N E W S> N E W S> N E W S

All India Winter Rose Show wasorganized by the Rose Society ofIndia and the Indian Rose Federa-tion. This show was held for twodays (22 - 23 December, 2001) inNational Rose Garden, NewDelhi. This annual show, cover-ing an area of almost 6 acres, ex-hibited more than 100 varieties ofroses. Exhibits were invited from

all over India under various classes like fragrant roses grown undernatural conditions, under green house conditions, polyantha vari-ety, miniature variety and climbing roses variety among others.

For further information:The Rose Society of India,Dr Bharat Ram,President,C/o Shri Ram Rayons, 4th Floor,Akash Deep , Barakhamba Road,New Delhi 110 001

ALL INDIA WINTER ROSE SHOW

The Zonal Plan for walled city (Old Delhi, Shahjahanabad) has iden-tified certain areas of importance, which require to be conserved orelse, need to be maintained, while dealing with the buildings of thiszone. These are areas of conservation, different control zones, andidentified buildings of urban heritage as well as the monuments of his-torical importance, as listed by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

Over the last decade, the walled city has witnessed tremendous growthin terms of new built up structures and settlement colonies. While themonuments protected by the ASI have been identified and listed in theZonal Plans, no exercise has been carried out for other buildings ofhistorical significance. These structures have been altered and new por-tions are constructed without any planning norms and guidelines. Thishas resulted in severe distortion of the character of the old city.

The Indian Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), a non gov-ernment national organization has compiled a list of buildings all overDelhi, which need to be conserved. However, no development normsare given along the list. In order to distinguish between the heritagebuildings with reference to:

Total prohibition of any construction, in respect of specifiedheritage buildings;

Permitting renovation / repairs / reconstruction of other heritagebuildings, retaining the outer envelope / facade;

and to regulate uncontrolled developments in these historically impor-tant buildings in future, a committee has been constituted under thechairmanship of Chief Town Planner, Municipal Corporation of Delhi.Other members of the Committee include representatives (includingarchitects and town planners) from INTACH, Delhi Development Au-thority (DDA), New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), Delhi UrbanArts Commission (DUAC) and ASI.

Scope of the work of the Committee shall aim at formulating develop-mental controls and construction guidelines for carrying out any modi-fications / alteration in respect of these unprotected heritage buildingsand sites in the walled city and notifications of the list of these areasunder DDA Act along with the amendments in the Master Plan ofDelhi. The work shall also include examining proposals of alterationsof these areas, given by private bodies, govt. organizations or individu-als and giving necessary clearance for carrying out the work. Anyoneseeking to have a particular entry deleted from the list of these heritagebuildings on the ground that it has no heritage value, or to add an entryto the list that it has heritage value can apply for the purpose to theCommittee. It has been further decided that no heritage building shall bedemolished, altered, repaired, modified, reconstructed or changed in itsfacade without seeking permission from the Committee.

For further information:Committee for Heritage Buildings,Office of Chief Town Planner,Municipal Corporation of Delhi,Nigam Bhavan, Kashmere Gate, Delhi 110 006Tel: 91-11-396 6788

OUR BUILT HERITAGE IS OUR IDENTITY,LETS PRESERVE IT...

MOSQUE AT KASHMERE GATE, OLD DELHI

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> N E W S> N E W S> N E W S> N E W S> N E W S > L E T T E R S> L E T T E R S> L E T T E R S> L E T T E R S> L E T T E R S

It was interesting to read the interview with landscape architectMichael Van Valkenburgh (‘Intuition interests me...’, Issue 3, Mon-soon 2001). He comes across as a simple and straight forwardpersonality who has no qualms admitting that he feels uncomfort-able working in a foreign culture or that at times he does rely onhis intuitive senses for his design concerns. In an age of showman-ship and, at times, forced concepts in almost every field includingthat of architecture, a lot of our own professionals here would dowell to learn a few things from him.

I would certainly like to see more of Michael’s projects in yourfuture issues.

A. Siddharth, Bangalore

Refer ‘Rainwater Harvesting’(Issue 3, Monsoon 2001), it isreally unfortunate that almostalways we tend to act quite latein the day. Mindless urbaniza-tion has resulted in India facinga plethora of problems includ-ing scarcity of water. Respon-sible use and tapping of naturalresources like rainwater is theonly way we can probably ex-pect to survive in future. Mandatory application of rainwatertechniques in all building projects in some states like MadhyaPradesh, is a right step in this direction. It should be definitelyenforced in all other states as well.

Raj K. Rathod, Bhopal

It was good to see you introducing the concept of Cultural Land-scapes (‘Cultural Landscapes’, Issue 3, Monsoon 2001). I wasparticularly interested in its Indian context, which I found almostmissing in the article. It certainly is a new issue as far as India isconcerned. Along with its public awareness, stringent regulationsneed to be formulated for conservation of our heritage zones.

Anant Varma, Ahmedabad

I certainly enjoyed the article on Lodi Gardens as I walk thereevery evening.

Patwant Singh, New Delhi

Come winters and you have one of the most popular flowers -Chrysanthemum, for pots, baskets, beds and any other flowerarrangement. The flower has a list of amazing varieties in differ-ent colors, sizes and shapes. Its bloom lasts over a period of acouple of months and continues to look attractive in a semi drycondition.

All India Chrysanthemum Show 2001 was organized on 1st - 2ndDecember, 2001 at DDA Park, Purana Quila, New Delhi. Orga-nized by the Chrysanthemum Society of India and Delhi Tourismand Transportation Development Corporation (DTTDC), thisannual show is exclusively for showcasing various varieties ofChrysanthemums. This year, there were around 7000 exhibits.Prizes were given to various categories of the flower show includ-ing best chrysanthemum garden, small flowering in bush form,hanging baskets and islands of chrysanthemum.

For further information:Chrysanthemum Society of India,A-1/24, Safdarjung Enclave,New Delhi 110 029

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW

3JOURNAL OF L ANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

I S S U E 3

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Water refreshes thirsty roots and allows landscapes to flourish. It is essential thatwater is delivered in the right amount and where and when the same is needed.

RAIN BIRD, world’s number one manufacturer of Irrigation Hardware Systems and apremier water resource management organization provides the industry with the mostand effective water management products, systems and services.

RAIN BIRD INTERNATIONAL, (USA), is represented in India by HARVEL IRRIGATIONPRIVATE LIMITED - an irrigation engineering company whose core is built around theprinciple of cost effective excellence. HARVEL, as distributors of RAIN BIRD, offers anextensive range of irrigation systems and solutions for every irrigation requirement.

HARVEL IRRIGATIONS PRIVATE LIMITED,304, Meghdoot, 94, Nehru Place, New Delhi 110 019

Tel: 6413370, 6424802, 6485365 | Fax: 91-11-6464819E-mail : [email protected] | Website: www.harvelindia.com

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> A N N O U N C E M E N T> A N N O U N C E M E N T> A N N O U N C E M E N T> A N N O U N C E M E N T> A N N O U N C E M E N T

Thematic Concerns

Appropriation of space is a political act and therefore, access tospace is fundamentally related to status and power. Spatial arrange-ments in a society reflect and reinforce the nature of gender, race,caste and class relations. At various levels, from the city to thedwelling, the ideals and reality of the relationship between men andwomen is expressed in built form. Cultural rules govern the use ofspace and codes regulate behavior between genders. Over the years,increased attention has been focused on gender issues in fields suchas the social sciences, politics, management and cultural studies.However, in the disciplines connected with the built environment,ideas and theories continue to remain male dominated. Today, womenare better represented in urban planning as well as in housing policygroups. Systems in the building industry and urban planning policyare needed that are more gender sensitive. For example, new build-ing byelaws being introduced for fire or earthquake safety could alsoinclude provision for wheel chair / baby carriage access in all publicbuildings. If fundamental change is to occur, it becomes imperativeto theorize a gender perspective into the discipline that trains pro-fessionals. The symposium will focus on India and South Asia. Theproceedings of the symposium would be later published.

Gender and the Built Environment

For further information:Madhavi Desai, Convener

CEPT, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009 INDIAFax: 91-79-6302075 | E-mail: [email protected]

Organizing Committee

Madhavi Desai Architect and Faculty, CEPT, AhmedabadManu Agrawal Student, CEPT, AhmedabadMalini Doshi Architect, AhmedabadDr Darshini Mahadevia Arch-Plan, CEPT, AhmedabadIsmet Khambatta Arch-Urban Designer, HCPDPM, AhmedabadNivedita D’Lima Urban Designer, EPC, AhmedabadGita Shah Arch-Plan, GIDC, GandhinagarParul Jhaveri Architect, Abhikram, Ahmedabad

Themes for the Sessions

Building byelaws and planning policies.Gender and the public realm.Gender and the appropriation of private spaceGender and the building industryTheorizing gender into the built environmentCurriculum and pedagogyEducation and faculty developmentRelationship with other theoretical perspectivesand academic disciplines.

Follow up Activities

The findings of the symposium should be of value to academicians, theo-rists, practitioners, government policy makers and NGOs. The Centrefor Environmental Planning and Technology includes Schools of Archi-tecture, Planning and Building technology. It could take lead in developinga theoretical angle relating to gender and the built environment to beincorporated in design education in the country. The aim of WomenArchitects’ Forum is to work towards the empowerment of women profes-sionals to make a positive and consistent contribution to the field in termsof practice, research and education. The symposium will help generateawareness on gender issues in government and private spheres and create aprofessional network at the South Asia level for an ongoing sustaineddialogue. The document published at the end of the symposium will dis-seminate its findings to the broader academic and professional world inSouth Asia.

Women’s movements across the world throughout the 20th century have generated changes in social patterns, roles andlifestyles, in short, transformed identities. In India, since the past one decade, there is now 33% reservation for women inlocal governments. Departments of women’s studies flourish in many universities and women have begun to occupypositions in the bureaucracy and in political life. Specifically, in the field of architectural education, 50% of the studentsare now girls and there are more women on the faculty and more women planners in the field than ever before. Asymposium is being organized at Ahmedabad with the aim of exploring the gender perspective in architecture, urbandesign and planning and to examine the role of women as both consumers and creators of the built environment,particularly in the South Asian context. This symposium hopes to generate a debate on how women’s needs may be betteraddressed and their capacities tapped in shaping the built environment.

A SYMPOSIUM ORGANIZED BY WOMEN ARCHITECTS’ FORUM IN ASSOCIATION WITHCENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING & TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING COLLABORATIVE,

AHMEDABAD, FEBRUARY 7TH AND 8TH, 2002

gender and the built environment

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s it the setting of thebuilding, its relationshipwith natural elements orinformal layout of the

open and built forms or its easy scalewith its sheer simplicity? What is itthat makes the experience of enter-ing a Stein’s building so serene and sopeaceful? There will always be a mys-tery... Joseph Allen Stein was a manvery close to nature. Whether it isthe urban setting of the India HabitatCentre at New Delhi or the pictur-esque setting of hills for Kashmir Con-ference Centre, his imminence to na-ture and environmental concerns are very effectively interpretedin his design vocabulary. His architectural designs were visualizedas a combination of indoor and outdoor spaces, both merging tocreate a perfectly harmonious setting. As a result his architecturalbuilding blocks were never gigantic or over imposing but of a scalethat is easy to relate with both man and nature. His buildings,along with their settings, are not only to be looked at. They are tobe experienced...

His influences of working with people like Richard Neutra, a dis-ciple of Frank Llyod Wright and San Francisco Bay Area land-

scape architects is very much ap-parent in his works in India, espe-cially the experiences gained dur-ing his association with ‘Telesis’ (inGreek, means progress intelligentlyplanned), a seminal voluntary as-sociation of Bay area architects,landscape architects and planners,during 1940s, in San Francisco.

Throughout his professional career,apart from architectural projects,he was also involved in many en-vironmental development pro-grams. Some of these include the

development of Master Plan of Lodi Garden with landscapearchitect Garrett Eckbo, Conservation of regional environ-ment of the Himalayan mountain range including Master Planfor Dal Lake area and Gulmarg-Tanmarg area in the Kash-mir Valley and Environmental Development Planning forBhutan.

After spending nearly five decades of his distinguished and suc-cessful career in India, Padma Shree Joseph Allen Stein passedaway on 6th October, 2001. He was 89.

The entire earth, or at least its fertile portions, could be a garden of paradise, with intensive agricul-ture in the irrigated lowlands, protected wilderness in the highlands and well engineered, pleasantnew towns sheltering both industrial and agricultural workers on the less fertile lower slopes. In thecase of India, much of the country has an ideal geological structure for realizing such a pattern oftotal landscape, in which there would be room for all, including the creatures of wildness.

Joseph Allen Stein

> T R I B U T E> T R I B U T E> T R I B U T E> T R I B U T E> T R I B U T E

- from ‘Building in the Garden’ by Stephen White. Reprinted with kind permission of Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

JOSEPH ALLEN STEIN1912-2001

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- from ‘Building in the Garden’ by Stephen White. Reprinted with kind permission of Oxford UniversityPress, New Delhi.

Architectural profession in India lost a fatherlyfigure with the passing away of Joseph Stein overtwo months back. Stein had been in teaching andpractice for the last about forty five years. Start-ing at Calcutta, where he was associated with theBengal Engineering College and also with the hous-

ing of Durgapur Township, he subsequently shifted to Delhi. His initialwork was in the Aligarh University. Amongst his significant projects inDelhi was the India International Centre in early sixties. This was aboutthe time that we used to meet very often and exchanged thoughts. Icould appreciate his concern for values associated with building envi-ronment. The India International Centre was planned and completedaround nineteen sixty one. So also was the American School in Delhi.These projects had a big impact on the architectural profession in thecountry.

Joe initially studied architecture at University of Illinois, USA. Hethen joined the Beaux Art School in Paris. He subsequently joinedthe School of Architecture at the Cranbrook Academy of Fine Arts.At that time, the Academy was headed by Eliel Saarinen who wasa highly respected architect from Finland. Stein had a great re-spect and fascination about Frank Llyod Wright and his work,which also equally influenced him. Association with architects Ri-chard Neutra and Antonin Raymond left a great impression on

J O S E P H S T E I N I N I N D I AACHYUT P. KANVINDE

FRANK LLYOD WRIGHT

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...environment and building are one. Planting the ground aroundthe building on the site as well as adorning the building take onnew importance as they become features harmonious with thespace-to-be-lived-in. Site, structure, furnishing... all these becomeas one in organic architecture. Therefore, all are elements of thissynthesis of features of habitation... and [are] harmonious withthe environment. This is what posterity will call ‘modern archi-tecture’.

Stein. Both, Neutra as well as Raymond, were onetime disciples ofWright. Joe actually was working with Richard Neutra at Los An-geles and Neutra one time was keen to have him as a partner in hisoffice. Association of Raymond is seen in the India InternationalCentre, particularly with the introduction of concrete shells similarto Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry.

Among Stein’s other important projects are the Conference Centreat Srinagar, Industrial Complexes for the Escorts organization, Ce-ment Research Institute at Faridabad, American School in Delhiand the last one and most important, in my opinion, is the HabitatCentre, Delhi. The greatest quality about his projects has been thetransparency and mobility of spaces in association to landscapeand also heritage buildings. This is actually in a way a continuityassociated with New Delhi plan which is very significant and which,I feel, is in a way getting lost in the present daytime.

We often met and exchanged thoughts on the professional sce-nario. During one of our meetings at the India International Centre,after his return to Delhi, when Mrs. Stein was no more, and his ownhealth was not particularly in good condition, he mentioned to methat he would like to walk together with me on the plaza of HabitatCentre and also around the National Science Centre, Delhi. How-ever, with his failing health such a thing was not to happen.

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STEPPED OUTDOOR THEATRE AT TRIVENI KALA SANGAM, NEW DELHI

THE MEMORIAL PLAZA WITH INDIA INTERNATIONAL CENTRE (IIC) COMPLEX AT THE BACKGROUND

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Eminent architect Achyut P. Kanvinde needs no introduction. Recepient of the Padma Shree in 1975 and one of the most respectedarchitects in India today, Kanvinde is truly considered as one of the pioneers of Modern Movement in Indian architecture. Throughout his

long and distinguished career, he has designed a variety of projects including instituitions, industrial and housing complexes.

Stein’s contribution to modern Indian architecture, after Lutyens about seventy yearsback, is extremely significant and will remain as a great source of inspiration to the futuregeneration of architects in India. One rarely comes across with someone like him, who iscompletely devoted to architecture. Architectural profession was fortunate with his asso-ciation and participation in India. His association will always remain alive.

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Joseph Allen Stein’s passing away has been a greatloss to society and a deep personal loss. I knewJoe Stein very closely since early seventies andadmired him for work that showed great environ-mental concern and sensitivity in creating ap-propriate simplicity of built form, organization

of open spaces, use of natural building materials and meticulous detail-ing of building components.

His deep concern for environment could perhaps be traced back to hisacademic environment and the people with whom he got associatedduring his formative years. His association at Cranbrook (Detroit, Michi-gan - USA), where he completed part of his formal education under

architect Eliel Saarinen, had left a positive mark on his design philoso-phy of later years. The building complex designed by Saarinen atCranbrook is a superb example of sensitively organized buildings andspaces with consistent use of natural building materials, unfailing con-trol of scale, the play of water and the integration of Carl Millessculptures. His later association with Richard Neutra, a disciple of FrankLlyod Wright, for whom Joe also worked for few years before startinghis own practice in California, and also his association with landscapearchitects Garret Eckbo and Robert Royston, must have strengthenedhis bond with environmental concerns.


Professor Ravindra Bhan - Architect,Landscape Architect and Ecological Planner is one of the foremost practising landscape architectstoday. He is also a recepient of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture & Landscape for the MughalSheraton, Agra.

A D E E P P E R S O N A L L O S S . . .PROF. RAVINDRA BHAN

Although I did not have the privilege of working professionally as alandscape architect with Joe, but nonetheless we did interact and discusswith each other on a number of issues that concerned his projects. Iwould always treasure these discussions we had together. What made JoeStein the architect, distinctively different from his contemporaries washis keen perception of understanding the building site. He was one ofthe few architects who knew well that shaping of land for human useshould be based on the understanding of the natural processes whichform it. This ecological viewpoint was Joe’s greatest strength, which ledhim to a holistic approach in visualizing a built form appropriate to itssurroundings. He has been one of the very few architects in our countrywhose buildings have been successful in creating a union between manand nature.

He was a great believer thatregional identity can onlygrow out of an environmen-tal context. He also believedthat without coherentlanduse solution, one cannothave a coherent urbanismand thus one cannot have acoherent architecture. Hiscontribution to architecturein India has been very sig-nificant and he has left be-hind some of the finest ar-chitectural creations. One ofhis outstanding complexes

built between 1959 - 62, India International Centre in New Delhi, willremain his memorable creation.

As a person, he was a wonderful human being, caring, modest, decisive,soft spoken and a great teacher whose warm personality made one feelcomfortable in his presence. He was a won-derful conservationist and above all a trustedfriend who will be long remembered.

RICHARD NEUTRA, 1970

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It was a few years ago in a short encounter withthe ever sharp Joseph Allen Stein that he leanedacross his worktable and in a soft voice asked meif I knew what his favorite place was in New Delhi.Images of India International Centre and TriveniKala Sangam drifted through my mind but I de-cided not to put my foot in my mouth and con-

fessed ignorance. The answer initially surprised me for it was Prakriti -the little nature shop located in the setback area to the south side ofTriveni. Hidden away behind the main building, the impromptu natureof its bamboo and cane construction comes as a delightful surprise. Inretrospect however, there is nothing surprising about Stein’s preferenceat all - with earthy pots and lush green plants set among the sound oftrickling water, the intimate little shop must have struck a chord deepdown in the heart of this simple man.

The ambience of Prakriti also epitomizes the essence of Stein’s rela-tionship with nature and his attitude to open spaces - he wanted peopleto feel good in and around his buildings and gardens, he wanted his placesand spaces to elevate the spirit. Using the elements that are integral tohuman existence - earth, sky and water, he proportioned these beauti-fully in his work so that the right balance was struck and you simply feltgood being there. At one level, the architecture of Stein is best describedas tranquil and composed - his projects were to be an oasis of respitefrom the urban world around. The notion of proportioning the skymay seem odd at first glance but - if you think about it - in his projects,the amount of sky brought down to earth by the manipulation of scaleand built form fits beautifully with the sense of place that he tried tocreate. The courtyard at Triveni, which surely must have been one ofhis favorite projects, is so oriented and scaled that it simply draws themorning sunlight down on to its garden terraces.

Joseph Allen Stein was a liberal from all accounts and his open attitudetowards life seems to manifest itself in the clean plans and lines of hisbuildings - they are essentially welcoming, not exclusionary. His back-ground as a modernist architect in the spectacular natural surrounds ofthe San Francisco Bay-Area was replete with associations with the likesof the great modernist Richard Neutra. These influences resulted in anopenness of plan that I would term modernist-Californian, apart from

the ‘International Style’ as it is more commonly referred to. Theapproach can be analyzed at one level in terms of architectural tecton-ics, but it also expresses an important attitude towards nature and thegreat outdoors, embodied in what Stephen White refers to in his bookBuilding in the Garden, as the concept of “collaborative environmen-tal design”.1 The transparency of the plan and the façade makes for aseamless visual integration between the room and nature. In the ex-treme climate of north India, home to the courtyard, Stein blended thisapproach with a more protective one in order to make his buildingshabitable - resulting in the incorporation of semi-enclosed courtyardspaces and semi-covered building spaces protected by screens (jaalis).However, he strived to maintain the essential connection between thebuilding and the garden, both in plan and in detail. The orientation andmassing of the India International Centre and the Ford Foundation aresuch that the connection to Lodi Gardens (to the rear) is given its dueimportance. In Stein’s buildings, the view out to nature was all-impor-tant and the outside appears to flow inside. The complementary side ofthis approach was that his buildings never feel aloof from the land-scape, an aspect reinforced by his sensitive use of natural materials.

The vertical garden is characteristic of Stein’s projects, symbolic ofwhat White refers to as “a means towards transforming the urbanenvironment”.2 In keeping with this approach, window planters andterrace gardens have long been a trademark of Stein’s buildings, bringingthe garden in, and adding a delicate touch to complement the earthytextures of the façade(s). Whether these have been successful or nothas depended on the quality of horticultural maintenance - since in thehot north Indian climate, planters and terrace gardens are essentiallyhigh maintenance devices. The availability of cheap labor has meantthat when there is a will, maintenance is effective. However, experi-ence has shown that should the institution using the office space beuncooperative in letting gardeners tramp over their carpets - as couldbe in the case of a multi-tenant office building - these planters becomeessentially unviable to maintain in the long run.

The attention to architectural detail in the works of Mr. Stein is wellknown - it stands as an example to students and practitioners of archi-tecture anywhere in the world. And while his and Margaret Stein’sconcern for nature and love of plants manifested themselves in vi-


N A T U R E I N T H E C I T YJ O S E P H A L L E N S T E I N

ADIT PAL

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brancy in the herbaceous borders of the garden spaces, their somewhatcolonial attitude to horticulture did not result in the same critical ap-proach to planting design in the manner of the great landscape design-ers of the art-and-crafts movement - Beatrix Farrand and GertrudeJekyll. One could also argue that his gardens are essentially passive inthe sense that there are no normative ideas of cultural landscape, ecol-ogy, native planting or even exotic planting built into them. However,one has to keep in mind that when some of these gardens were concep-tualized in the late 1960s and early 1970s, landscape architecture as adiscipline was in its infancy in India. Secondly, this sort of criticism ofSteins’ gardens might be hard to sustain, since a critical look at thelandscape architecture profession in India today will show that mostpractitioners still deal with landscapes as gardenesque adjuncts of build-ings, not spaces in their own right - and planting selection is usually ona limited botanical, not intellectual basis.


Adit Pal did his masters in landscape architecture from the University of Pennsylvania. Practising landscape architect in New Delhi, he is also a visiting facultymember at Departments of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi.

>e-mail: [email protected]

GLASSHOUSE AT LODI GARDENS, NEW DELHI

Among Stein’s projects, the one that most interests me is the Glass-house at Lodi Gardens. Though not as finely crafted as the nearbyInternational Centre, it is a beautifully proportioned set of modeststructures in stone, steel and glass in which one can see the influence ofthe works of Frank Lloyd Wright on Stein. Along with the - unfortu-nately now demolished - Summerhouse at the India International Cen-tre, the neglected Glasshouse must have been amongst Stein’s favoriteplaces; these structures were about gardens and nothing else and broughtnature to the forefront more than any of his other works did.

End Notes1 White, Stephen, Building in the Garden, Oxford University Press, 1993.2 Ibid. p.116.

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Anuraag Chowfla did his graduation in architecture from MS University, Baroda. He joined the office of Joseph Allen Stein in New Delhiin December 1977. He did Masters in Urban Design from Rice University, USA in 1982. The partnership of Stein Mani Chowfla was formedin 1993.

In 1952, when Stein arrived in India, a newly independent countrymust have offered him tremendous possibilities and freedom in terms ofstarting a new design vocabulary without any prejudice and presump-tions – would you comment on this notion?

It certainly did. But, one also has to look at his background first. Joe hadset up his office in San Francisco. He was extremely captivated by thenatural setting of the Bay Area. But, he had to leave the US - he was sortof hounded out of the place, because of his liberal left views. One of theissues was that he was working on the design of a community project,which was one of the first designed mixed race housings of that time.The federal system banned housing loans for such projects and Joe wasfinding it extremely difficult to work there.

When he arrived at Calcutta in 1952, in his own words, ‘the spirit ofGandhi and Tagore was fresh and bright’. The overall atmosphere waspositive. The promise and hope of a better future was there. He wasextremely enthused and excited. He was certainly very happy and con-sidered himself fortunate to have students at Bengal Engineering Col-lege, who, according to him, possessed a strong sense of the arts andcrafts and a great sincerity towards learning. The overall academicstandards were quite high. Some of them, he used to remember, drewbeautifully.

So, yes, he did find this a very fresh place - receptive to new ideas, andarchitecture which was inclusive of a greater social purpose.

Do you think Stein’s experience with Richard Neutra and the SanFrancisco Bay landscape architects Garrett Eckbo and Robert Roystoninfluenced his later works, especially in context of India?

Joe had worked in Richard Neutra’s office before setting up his own

practice in San Francisco. I can’t speak with great authority regardingNeutra - if he had any literal influence on Joe’s works here in India. But,Joe was certainly very deeply influenced by the geography of the Cali-fornia Bay Area landscape. He often said that it was a perfect meetingof land and water. The experience was always there in his mind. Aftercoming to India, he collaborated with quite a few architects as well aslandscape architects from the Bay Area, for his projects in India. Iknow for sure that he was in touch with Garrett Eckbo. Eckbo actuallyworked with him for redevelopment plan of Lodi Gardens and otherprojects for the Ford Foundation in the 1960s.

I think he also collaborated with Royston for some international works.Unfortunately, none of it was realized.

During your interactions with him, did he express an opinion about theworks of masters such as Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier, espe-cially with context to the way they dealt with open spaces and naturei.e. light, air and water?

Well, he was admirer of both. But perhaps, he was more in tune withWright’s philosophy of architecture. While he was growing up, thelegacy of Wright was very much alive and strong in the US. He appre-ciated Wright’s ideals of organic architecture and his response to naturein his projects. The apparent simplicity of his works and his thoroughattention to smallest details was particularly admired by Joe. When itcame to the relationship of the built forms to the natural, Joe felt thatWright’s buildings - especially some of his residential buildings and theprairie houses, were perfect examples - the courtyards, the walkways,and the extended arms of the buildings effortlessly flowing into theoutside spaces... He was certainly deeply influenced by Wright’s ap-proach to the crafts, and that was one thing that struck him most. InJoe’s own words, Wright ‘crafted his buildings’.

I N C O N V E R S A T I O N W I T H A N U R A A G C H O W F L A

A global man> T R I B U T E> T R I B U T E> T R I B U T E> T R I B U T E> T R I B U T E

Anuraag about Stein - the professional and the person...

in the true sense...

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Joe certainly thought very highly of Corbusier. But, I feel that he was alittle cold towards Corb’s notion of space. He felt Corb’s work was tooclassic, too sculpturesque and perhaps too monumental a scale. Joe wasalways interested in breaking down the scale to the human measure.This was something Joe had always been trying to achieve, successfully,in his own projects. But I don’t think he found this in Corbusier’s worksespecially bigger projects like Chandigarh. This was something he wasnot comfortable with. Although he did admire Corb’s smaller scaleprojects. I know he liked the Sarabhai house in Ahmedabad. Also, whenit came to Corbusier’s innovations like the pilotis and the idea of theroof garden, Joe was certainly influenced by these. The notion of sim-plicity in design and form, without any pretensions - which was one ofthe fundamental tenets of the modern movement, was particularly takenup by Joe.

What about his intellectual interactions with Indian contemporariessuch as Balakrishna V. Doshi and Achyut P. Kanvinde - did thoseinfluence him to any extent in his thinking about Indian notions ofspace?

He was great friends with both and a partner with Doshi. With Doshi,the relationship was complex. He actually collaborated with Doshi onmany projects including the Master Plans for Dal Lake in Srinagar andfor Gulmarg - Tanmarg area, both in the Kashmir Valley in 1970s. Ofcourse, due to change in the political scenario in Kashmir, none of theschemes were realized. The collaboration had been formed for specificprojects. But sadly, Stein and Doshi never actually got to work togetherfully for a collaborative design. And, I think both of them were upsetwith this.

Stein certainly respected Doshi and Kanvinde and their respective works.He felt that each one was sincerely trying to define a modern Indianvocabulary. Though at times, he did not necessarily agree with theirapproach.

We see a major role played by his wife Margaret Stein in giving inputsin terms of interiors and exteriors or in landscape design of some of hisbuildings - could you shed some light on this?

This is a classic example of a life long relationship. Though Margaretwas never formally trained in architecture or interior design, she had,over the years, acquired a fine-grained understanding of design prin-ciples and a fine sense of aesthetics. She frequently gave her inputs andactually collaborated in landscape and interior design schemes for Joe’sworks starting right from the various residences designed during hisCalifornia days in the 1950s to the later projects here in India. I don’tthink she was particularly interested in larger projects. She focussed oninteriors, fabrics and landscape.

How did his closeness to nature influence his approach towards ecol-ogy and environment in his projects? And during his later years ofprofession, was he was involved in any environmental conservationprojects?

Stein was extremely concerned about environmental issues. He wasvery much a global man in the true sense. In his views, everyone on thisplanet deserves a better life. He had figured out very early that unlessone takes care of the planet, it would not be a place worth living in.Putting in extra care not in glossy interiors, but into a nice lovelygarden, however small, in a house was his way of responding to thegeneral deterioration outside. This was probably a first response and adefense against the decay-ing world... his little gestureof giving back to nature.This has always been his un-derlining philosophy for allhis works irrespective ofthe scale of the project.

Few people are aware thatafter the development ofthe Master Plan for the DalLake in Srinagar, one of hisconcepts was to actually re-vive the perfume industryof Kashmir Valley. Joe hadlearned from the history ofthe state that at one pointof time, due to abundanceof scented flowers, the per-fume industry of Kashmirwas counted at par with world-renowned perfumeries in France. Heplanned planting of rows of flowers on land along the rivers and canalswith little perfumeries interspersed in between. He felt that part of theproblem of the Kashmir Valley was general unemployment. In his views,his scheme could eradicate this problem to some extent. Sadly, theproject was never realized.

Mr. Stein’s attention to architectural detail is legendary - did this sameattention extend to his notions of landscape and horticulture or wasthat an aspect he left to others to work out?

Joe was always the one seeking balance between built and the naturalenvironment. He was not formally trained as botanist, horticulturist orecologist. But over the years, with his experience and interest, hegathered knowledge about plants - their characteristics, flowering pat-terns and growth.


Putting in extra carenot in glossy interiors,but into a nice lovely

garden, however small,in a house was his way

of responding to thegeneral deterioration

outside.

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The natural landscape was an integral part of all Stein’s works which, insmaller projects, he himself took care of. For medium to large sizeprojects, often, he took the services of professional landscape archi-tects and horticulturists, though it always was a collaborative effort.The details - forms, colors and heights, planting materials used etc., gotthe same attention as the architecture. He had a lot of respect for themaalis (gardeners) in the IIC. In his opinion, they are the people whoactually take care of the complex.

You have been very closely associated with Mr. Stein over the years.Could you tell us about your association with him... what it was like towork with the man?

It has been a very rich and learning experience. Joe was a very privateperson, not easy to make friends with. He was, by nature, reserved. Ittook quite some time and work to know him. But, once he took youunder his wings, he would take great care of you - took you to his house,showed you his books, and sketches. He was extremely meticulous...days and months of work would be scrapped and started afresh if he hada better design idea. Quite often, when our working days ended on acertain design discussion, he would come up with innumerable sketchesthe very next morning. Obviously, he had been working half of theprevious night!

When I joined his office in 1977, there was no publication to showcaseIndian architecture. It was through travelling and by word of mouththat one would know about good projects and offices. I knew that hiswas a good office and I have stayed here ever since. The partnership ofStein Mani Chowfla was established in 1993. By that time he had some-what withdrawn himself partially from work. And I guess he had enoughconfidence in Meena and myself to carry his work and directions fur-ther. So he was a sort of emeritus... but he was always there as a guide. Hewas an extremely simple person, and I guess this reflects in his worksalso. I find this very inspiring.

Which of his projects in India - in your opinion - truly reflect the spiritof his design?

One of his very first projects in India - the Triveni Kala Sangam in NewDelhi was also one he loved most. He liked the idea of Triveni as a place- an open public building as a center for the arts and crafts and forpeople to meet and gather. It has a lovely scale. This was the place hefirst successfully attempted the concept of the vertical garden in theform of planting boxes interspersed with large perforated jaali panels,stepped outdoor garden theatre and overhanging pergolas. Every ele-ment played a crucial role for the overall simple design... a perfectbalance of nature and built form in an urban setting. He also enjoyedworking on the India International Centre plan.


Another project Joe really cherished was the development of the Kash-mir Conference Complex, Srinagar. For him it was the Bay Area where,according to him, land and water meet in absolute harmony, and wherethe site articulate itself so beautifully.

CLIMATE CONTROLLED COURTYARD WITH SUN SCREENS, INDIA HABITAT CENTRE(IHC), NEW DELHI

USE OF JAALI AND VERTICAL GREENS AT TRIVENI KALA SANGAM

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ANURAAG CHOWFLA

India Habitat Centre (IHC), which has over a million square feet ofusable space, Joe particularly felt, was a successful attempt at meetingmodern urban demands - a series of blocks of optimum heights builtaround semi enclosed landscaped courts. He evolved the idea of climatecontrolled courtyards with sun screens which not only filter the lightbut also give a sense of a notional ceiling - just enough enclosure,perfect for gatherings and exhibitions.

After completing his innings, would you say Stein was a satisfied man?

When he came to India in early fifties, the country was looking uppositively. There was hope for a better tomorrow. Stein had dreamt thesame. But the gradual decay in the political and social structure, whichhas suddenly accelerated over the last few decades, had left him as adisappointed man. Deteriorated condition of the urban scenario due toshortsighted planning schemes, uncontrolled urban growth and the irre-placeable loss of nature had made him quite sad in the last few years. Hefelt that India is not equipped to handle big city problems and we shouldfocus on developing a network of smaller urban centres.

LAYOUT PLAN, INDIA INTERNATIONAL CENTRE (IIC), NEW DELHI

Drwaing from ‘Building in the Garden’ by Stephen White. Reprinted with kind permission of Oxford UniversityPress, New Delhi.

LEGEND

1. ENTRANCE2. INNER COURT3. RECEPTION4. ROOMS5. AUDITORIUM6. OFFICES / SERVICES7. LODI GARDENS8. MEMORIAL PLAZA

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Joe was man of great integrity. He always possessed that child likequality - of believing that things would definitely change for the better.His sketches always had little children - playing, flying kites... Hisworks, his simplicity and his belief of giving back to nature shall alwaysremain as a source of inspiration for generation of architects to come.

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ater planning, within the context of overalllandscape planning, should not be defined onlywithin the plan’s strategy, but also via theidentification and definition of specific re-gional issues: a new approach to protection ofthe surface associated with water utilization,protection and valuation of water bodies and

related territories. It should take into account the landscape character-istics. In urban areas, dependence on ground water is high, resulting indeterioration of ground water resources, qualitatively as well as quanti-tatively. This necessitates replacement of ground water reservoirsthrough artificial recharge by rainwater harvesting, which involves col-lecting, storing and conserving local surface runoff.

Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, has initiated the pilotproject within the New Campus and its surrounding areas. The studyarea, JNU, is situated in the Southwest of Delhi metropolis, occupyinga sprawling, undulating rocky terrain of over 400 hectares. Due toimproper land use and a natural quartzite aquifer system, the quality ofgroundwater had deteriorated with lowering of the water table. The areaalso constitutes unused and some underused brick kilns (6.885sqkms),which have been in operation since many decades. In certain localisedstretches, the clay content is high. Earlier dense cover of vegetationand high moisture content in the soil of these areas have not onlyminimised the removal of fine clastics (accumulated weathered materi-als) by wind action but also have increased the clay content of the soil.But, repeated heating of these areas has resulted in change in texture ofthe topsoil, which has effectively reduced the ground water recharge ofthe area. Selective lowering of ground water level of these areas sup-ports the relationship between land-use pattern and the ground waterenvironment. In general, JNU area lacks sufficient (required for sus-taining ecosystem) surface water bodies and palaeochannels. Very thinsoil cover in this area does not support the use of dug wells. Groundwa-ter occurrence is restricted to the deep-seated fracture zones only.

DR. SAUMITRA MUKHERJEE & DR. ANITA MUKHERJEE

In continuation of the article on Rainwater Harvesting from our last issue, we hereby feature a case study where water harvestingtechniques have been successfully implemented.

OBSERVATIONSobservations

The hydrogeomorphological features of JNU shows three units:

Low residual / Structural hillsLow residual / Structural hillsLow residual / Structural hillsLow residual / Structural hillsLow residual / Structural hillslow residual / structural hills

This unit constitutes the surface runoff zone and therefore has verypoor prospects of groundwater. They are mostly barren areas, withscanty vegetation along joints and slopes.

PedimentPedimentPedimentPedimentPedimentpediment

The undulating, eroded and dissected shallow, buried planer surfacesalong the fringes and slopes of ridges form this unit. The main drainagesystems are developed in this unit. Weathering is shallow and soil thick-ness varies, the maximum being in the valleys near the streams. Thesoil is generally clayey and fine silt, and partly has grit and gravel.Drainage dissection is quite intense at places, often developing gullies.Weathering is more intense in coarse gritty. Ground water potential isgenerally low in this unit due to poor infiltration, and high runoffresulting from varying slopes and clay mantle.

Buried pedimentBuried pedimentBuried pedimentBuried pedimentBuried pedimentburied pediment

The flat terrain in the Northeastern part of the campus has a shallow tomoderately thick soil cover, which is mainly silt and clay and at places,with grit and gravel. This unit forms a moderate to good groundwaterpotential especially, along fractures and drainage. Linement is linear orcurvilinear feature of the surface whose parts align in a straight orslightly curving relationship that may be the expression of a fault orother line of weakness. Few lineaments have been identified in the areafrom satellite images. Among these, the two nearly E-W trending lin-eaments, traced in the northern part of the campus are prominent. Theless conspicuous lineament / fractures identified in the images are alongNW-SE.

WATER HARVESTING AT JNU, NEW DELHIwater harvesting at JNU, new delhi

> L A N D S C A P E D E S I G N> L A N D S C A P E D E S I G N> L A N D S C A P E D E S I G N> L A N D S C A P E D E S I G N> L A N D S C A P E D E S I G N

part 2

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TECHNIQUES & INFERENCEStechniques & inferences

Rainfall cycles were identified each year, from 1996 to 2001. Theireffects of recharging the groundwater regime were observed in sixteenpiezometers. In order to choose appropriate positions for check dams(to replenish groundwater) in the JNU campus, historical monumentsand other prominent urban features have been analysed by satelliteimagery. Rainwater harvesting wasdone in the campus by selection ofthe check dam sites with the help ofIRS-1C satellite data as well as obser-vations of Ground Truth Radiometer,resistively surveys and magnetic sur-veys. Multispectral andmultitemporal data from SPOT, IRS-1A, IRS- 1B and IRS -1C satelliteswhen integrated with land use, geo-logical, geomorphologic,hydrogeological and magnetic data,have potential for identifying suit-able areas for constructing checkdams. Interception of surface runoff

by check dams across drainage at appropriate locations is onemethod for artificial recharge.

Soil properties and land use patterns are the major contributing factorsto the hydromorphogeology of a particular area. Information on theexisting land use pattern is very essential for the formulation of poli-cies and programmes for sustainable development. People transform

land for different activities and quan-tifiable information on these domi-nating activities is necessary to de-velop future plans. Knowledge of pasthuman activities on the site may alsobe useful.

Check dam sites have been selectedin the places with low soil moisture.Locations for these have been se-lected where valley section is narrowand maximum spreading up of steam,with least bearing on the height ofthe structure is possible. Thus, 14 siteshave been selected for check dams.

JNU & SURROUNDINGS: HYDROMORPHOGEOLICAL MAP based on IRS-1C PAN Data

C 1

C 3

VCAB

C 2

SC

V A S A N T K U N J

D E L H I R I D G E

J N U C O M P L E X

2828282828 00000 32 ’ 30” 32 ’ 30” 32 ’ 30” 32 ’ 30” 32 ’ 30”

7070707070 00000 10 ’ 0” 10 ’ 0” 10 ’ 0” 10 ’ 0” 10 ’ 0”

Water

Fallow land

JNU: PHYSICAL FEATURES based on IRS-1C Data

R O C K YR A V I N E S

C 2

C 1

C 3

CHECK DAM 1 C 1CHECK DAM 2 C 2CHECK DAM 3 C 3

VICE CHANCELLOR’S RESIDENCE VCADMINISTRATION BLOCK ABSPORTS COMPLEX SC

LINEAMENT

North STATISTICSTOTAL AREA 500 HECTARESGREEN BELT 442 HECTARESCONSTRUCTED AREA 47 HECTARESDENSE FOREST 11 HECTARES(PART OF RESERVED FOREST)

AREAS BENEFITTED BYCHECK DAMS

RECHARGE AREA

DENSE VEGETATION

SURFACE RUNOFF COLLECTED AT CHECK DAM 2, JNU

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QUALITATIVE IMPROVEMENT OF GROUNDWATER AFTER ARTIFICIAL RECHARGEqualitative improvement of groundwater after artificial recharge

POSITIVE RESULTS...positive results...

After adopting water harvesting techniques like construction of checkdams, the campus area has shown very positive results as far as therecharging of ground water aquifers, vegetation cover and improve-ment in the quality and quantity of ground water is concerned.

Multidate satellite images infer changes in vegetation canopy coverfrom 1987 to 2001. There is an increase in soil moisture byartificial recharge in JNU campus.

The water level in some parts of JNU has already risen by over tenmeters in less than two years. The depth of water level in the areaprior to check dam construction was ranged from 17 to 22 metersbelow land surface. From 1996, the rise of water level was noticedbetween 5.26 and 12.50 meters. It was computed that 45,000cubic meters of water was recharged per year to the shallow anddeep aquifers.

The water discharge in bore wells in neighbouring areas of JNU hasshown remarkable improvement. The check dams are also creat-ing water bodies, which the master plan says “should be develop-ed to act as major lung spaces to attract migratory birds and forimproving the microclimate”.

After artificial recharge by check dams, the rise in water table hasattributed to increase in vegetation. Increase in soil moisture, thetotal area under dense and sparse vegetation canopy cover hasincreased. Dense vegetation has increased by 47%, vegetation hasincreased by 24%. Area without vegetation has also shown 2.14%vegetation. It is now planned to recreate the forest cover of thelarge denuded parts of the ridge through planting of new trees ofindigenous varieties. The areas where planting is proposed onpriority basis are on sides of roads, where no trees have beenplanted so far, or where already planted trees have died. Plantingis also being proposed in selected forest areas, especially aroundthe check dams to increase the percolation of water and toprevent silting through soil erosion.

The quality of water for domestic consumption is of paramount significance as the chemical and microbiological contaminationof potable waters can lead to serious health hazards/body disorders through a waterborne disease or toxic chemicals. This isevident through the following table:

Value prior to artificial recharge

Value after artificial recharge

8.5

7 694

137

460

394.

5

92 148

73.3

22.0

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Being situated on a structural hill made up of hard, massive quartzite rocks and buried pediment, the flora of this campus is unique. Anattempt was made to classify the suitable hydromorphogeological niche for new plantation. IRS-1C and SPOT data were used for thispurpose. The eco hydromorphogeology of JNU campus gives clear guidelines of suitability of plant species in this varied terrain.

GEOMORPHIC UNIT

Residual / structural hills

Pediment

Buried Pediment

LANDFORM

Rocky ridges and mounds.

Undulating, eroded and dissected,shallow buried pediment withrock exposures.Thickly vegetated with scrub.

Plain to gently sloping groundwith occasional rock outcrops

HYDROGEOLOGY

Massive compact jointedquartzite.Poor ground water.

Weathered coarse gritty orsandy quartzite with cover ofclayey and silt soil along streamcourse.Moderate to good ground waterprospects along fracture andshear zones.

Silt clayey and at places gravelysoil derived from weathering ofsandy and gritty quartzite.Good ground water prospects.

SUITABLE FLORA

Prosopis juliflora (Kabuli kikar)Azadirachta indica (Neem)Mitragyna parvixora (Phaldu)

Acacia senegal (Kumta)Wrigtia tinctoria (Dudhi)Balanites aegyptiaca (Hingota)Sterculia urens (Kullu)Boswellia serrata (Salai)

Ficus benghalensis (Bargad)Cassia fistula (Amaltas)Albizzia lebbeck (Siris)Ficus religiosa (Peepal)Ficus infectoria (Pilkhan)Terminalia arjuna (Arjun)Bauhinia variegata (Kachnar)

ECO HYDROMORPHOGEOLOGY OF JNU CAMPUSeco hydromorphogeology of JNU campus

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References:

1 . Bhattacharya, A. K. and Gupta, A., Monitoring of the quality of drinkingwater in JNU-Munirka area, Proc. Nat. Symp. On Groundwater Quality,New Delhi, India, 2000.

2 . Cantanese, A. J., Scientific Method of Urban Analysis, pp. 47-74,Univer-sity of Illinois publication, Urbana, Illinois, 1972.

3 . Kale, P., Sustainable Development: Critical Issues, 20(4):183-186, J IndianSoc Remote Sensing, 1992.

4 . Mishra, J. K., Aarthi, R., and Joshi, M.O.,Remote sensing quantificationand change detection of natural resources over Delhi, 28 (19): 3131-3137,Atmospheric Env., 1994.

5 . Mukherjee,S. and Mukherjee, A., Qualitative and quantitative improvement ingroundwater by artificial recharge: A case study in Jawaharlal Nehru University, NewDelhi. pp 35-39, Proc. 10th International Rainwater Catchmentsystem Conference, Mannheim, Germany, September 10-14,2 0 0 1 .

6 . Mukherjee, S., Change in Groundwater Environment with land-use pattern in a partof south Delhi: A remote sensing approach, 9(2):9-14, Asian-Pacific RemoteSensing and GIS Journal, 1997.

7 . Mukherjee, S., Re-evaluation of seismogenic potentiality of Delhi-Rohtak area usingremote sensing and seismological data, Unpublished DST project report,1 9 9 7 .

Glossary of TGlossary of TGlossary of TGlossary of TGlossary of Termsermsermsermsermsglossary of terms

Palaeochannels Remnants of older river course.

Multispectral More than two bands of spectrum, it is a remote sensing terminology.

Piezometer The aquifer tapped by drilling in which ground water is available under atmospheric condition.

Lineaments Linear features, it may be hidden fault line.

Hydromorphogeological Hydro means water. Morpho stands for morphology or structure and geological stands for the earth science.

Micromohos Unit of measurement of resistivity value.

8 . Mukherjee, S., Eco-conservation of a part of JNU campus by GIS Analysis,Proc.Nat.Sem.on artificial recharge of groundwater, New Delhi,India, 1998.

9 . Mukherjee, S., Das, A.K., Kumar, and Verma, Synthesis of Remotesensing, Geophysical and Chemical data to delineate Groundwater pollution in KalindiKunj area, New Delhi, Proc.Nat.Symp. on Groundwater Quality, NewDelhi, India, 2000.

1 0 . Rao, L. K. M., Remote Sensing for Landuse Planning, 16 (1): 53-60, Int JRemote Sensing , 1995.

1 1 . Sokhi, D. S., Spotting historical monuments and sites from SPOT images, 20 (1):65-71, J Indian Soc Remote Sensing, 1992.

Dr Saumitra Mukherjee is Head (Remote Sensing Applications) and Associate Professorat School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.>e-mail: [email protected]

Dr Anita Mukherjee is an Environmental Consultant.


25

WATER HARVESTING AT JAMIA HAMDARD, HAMDARD UNIVERSITYwater harvesting at jamia hamdard, hamdard university

Hamdard University is located in the South of New Delhi city. Today, most of the existing tube wells in theregion of South Delhi either have lower water levels or have dried. In Jamia Hamdard at Hamdard University(spread over an area of 100 acres), the average daily requirement is of almost 6 lakh litres of water, while theavailability is only 2.5 lakh litres per day from the existing tube wells. To ameliorate the shortage of water,Hamdard University has initiated a project on water conservation and harvesting within the campus. Theproject has already been partially implemented by achieving:

Cleaning of the existing stormwater drains and construction of check dams for capturing of rainwaterthat is being diverted to the sedimentation tanks.Digging of recharging wells near sedimentation tanks in the vicinity of the tube wells.Rainwater collected from the rooftop and water reaching from higher regions or hillocks in thecampus is being channelized to the newly constructed drains that are diverted to recharging wells.All the taps in the campus have been replaced with spring taps to prevent water wastage (by dripping),when not in use.

The strategies adopted here have taken into consideration the fact that the use of wells to develop groundwater supplies can, in some instances, be an economical alternative to dams and surface reservoir for thepurpose of flow regulation and storage. During good rainy season, excess rainwater should be stored in the soiland also underground sources using suitable soil moisture conservation measures and water harvesting struc-tures on the watershed basis.

The engineering measures adopted differ with location, slope of land, soil type, and amount and intensity ofrainfall. Depending on these parameters, the methods commonly used are contour trenching, contour stonewalls, construction of temporary and permanent check dams and gully plugging structures. Additionally,percolation ponds, silt detention tanks and irrigation tanks need to be constructed to harvest water andrecharge it to the ground for use in agriculture. Farm pond can be constructed for every 4 to 5 hectares in thewatershed to provide protective / supplemental irrigation.

The above mentioned water conservation management and water harvesting programs should be imple-mented in an integrated manner. There are some demonstrated technologies which are promising forcleaning contaminated aquifers. New technologies that are evolving include soil vapor extraction, in situbioremediation, bioventing, air sparging and in situ thermal barriers.

Prof. P. S. Srivastava is Head, Centre for Biotechnology and Dean, Faculty of Scienceat the Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi

>e-mail: [email protected]

PROF. P. S. SRIVASTAVA & SAPNA MALIK


26

TA SWIMMING POOL IN A HILL-TOP GARDEN WITH A THATCHED ROOOF SITOUT AND PALMS GIVING IT A TROPICAL FEEL

SAMIR MATHUR


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he presence of water has traditionally been a sign of plenty, as also a metaphorfor quenching of material desires. Physical contact with water has been found tobe therapeutic. The value of pools is an important link in the relationship be-tween humans and nature. Swimming pools, even for the nonuser are a source ofvisual delight, and convey a sense of association to the natural landscape. Many

questions arise relating to swimming pools, both in terms of their design and utility... What makesa pool safe and easy to use? What are the points to bear in mind while locating and building aswimming pool, especially in India? Pools are much more than just an element of visual relief inthe landscape, and require careful handling if they are to fulfill their functional requirements...

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Design of pools spans many interrelated fields such as site planning,framing a program of requirements as to its size and geometry, civil,plumbing, electrical engineering and horticulture. The reason why imagesof some pools are more appealing than others is due to a combination offactors relating to the pool location, design and construction. Safetyconsiderations play a major role in design as a whole as well as of all itscomponents. The key is to remember that pools are usually designed to beviewed as well as used and as in art, principles of light and proportion playa significant role in making them visually attractive.

SITE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONSSITE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONSSITE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONSSITE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONSSITE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONSsite planning considerations

The relationship of landscape and built form, especially with respect tothe functional requirements, needs detailed examination. A key notion inthe location of swimming pools is a semblance of privacy, especially inpools which have multiple family units using them, whether in a grouphousing or a sports complex or hotel. In residential housing clusters,swimming pools are located away from the main circulation areas, thoughproximity to central open spaces is usually desired for ease of access. Insingle-family residences, the pool may take on an additional dimension ofbeing the focus of social and party activity.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSDESIGN CONSIDERATIONSDESIGN CONSIDERATIONSDESIGN CONSIDERATIONSDESIGN CONSIDERATIONSdesign considerations

The following are components of a swimming pool which are of interestto a designer:

Shell, water proofing and tiling.Water recirculation system including inlets, outlets and pumpingsystem.Deck.Planting around the pool.Lighting inside and around the pool.

ShapeShapeShapeShapeShapeshape

Rectangular and freeform shaped pools are the most common. Of these,rectangular pools of proportion 1:2 between the sides are most widelyused.

Freeform pools with trees and planting, especially those facing the sea,enhance viewing pleasure like no other pool. Though, these pools aremost challenging to build and maintain, these are often used in residentialsituations and in resorts to contrast with stark and rigid geometry of thearchitecture. Considerations of bottom drainage, water supply and accessto center are difficult in these pools and these have been prone to struc-tural failure, possibly due to the uneven distribution of stresses.

A perfect circular form is not used often, as swimming of lengths is notpossible.

A SALT-WATER FREEFORM POOL IN PHUKET, BUILT IN THE ROCKS OVERLOOKINGTHE ANDAMAN SEA

A FREEFORM SHAPED POOL

ONE OF THE MOST COMMON SHAPED POOL- THE RECTANGULAR SHAPE

> L A N D S C A P E D E S I G N> L A N D S C A P E D E S I G N> L A N D S C A P E D E S I G N> L A N D S C A P E D E S I G N> L A N D S C A P E D E S I G NAn

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There are functional divisions in the swimming poolrelating to the depth of water. These are used to char-acterize the usability of the pools such as ‘shallow end’(for nonswimmers), ‘deep end’ and ‘clear length’ (forswimmers). Other elements such as shower, foot-washand the deck are integral to the layout and should be inphysical proximity in sequence of use when approach-ing the pool.

DESIGN OF POOL DECKSDESIGN OF POOL DECKSDESIGN OF POOL DECKSDESIGN OF POOL DECKSDESIGN OF POOL DECKSdesign of pool decks

It is assumed that at given time two thirds of the usersare not inside the pool. Thus, the deck size should be atleast the same as the surface area of water. Deck chairsabout seven feet long are placed on pool deck withappropriate space in between and enough space to walkaround them. Dimensions of the pool deck should fol-low from this. The pool deck slopes away from thepool. The edge grating is at level and handhold slopesinwards to prevent a mixing of rainwater or muddywater with the pool water. Chlorinated water from thepool is harmful for plants around, and the dimensionsof the pool deck should be wide enough for excesswater droplets falling off from the swimmer’s body.

FinishesFinishesFinishesFinishesFinishesfinishes

Pool deck material should be impervious to water orwith low water absorption. Thus, common stone likesandstone is not recommended as it get stained. Stoneon deck should be non-flaky that does not pierce thefeet, as skin is soft after swimming and more suscep-tible to damage. This is the reason timber or exposedaggregate decks are not preferred. Deck stones are usu-ally chisel dressed after lying to remove flakes. Tilesare usually found to be slippery with the deposition ofmaterials along with water. Anti-skid tiles which pro-vide a grip for children while running are best to use.These should be non corrodible.

Special heated decks in hilly areas require piping to beunderplayed the deck. The stone paving of the deckshould be such so as to allow the heat to penetratethrough.


EVERGREEN SHRUBS ARE OFTEN PLANTED ALONG THE POOL FOR SCREENING AND A SENSE OF ENCLOSURE

STEPPED DECK AROUND KIDS’ POOL ADD INTEREST TO THE OTHERWISE SIMPLE SHAPE OF THE MAIN POOL

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Samir Mathur did his Masters in Landscape Architecture from the University of Massa-chusetts, Amherst, USA. Presently, he is Assistant Professor in the Department ofLandscape Architecture in School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.>e-mail: [email protected]

References:

1 . Carpenter, Jot D. (Ed), Handbook of Landscape Architecture Construction, The LandscapeFoundation, Virginia, 1976.

2 . Hospitality and Leisure Architecture of Wimberly Allison Tong and Goo, Rockport Publishers,Massachusetts, 1997.

3 . Lumascape Product Manual 2000, Queensland, Australia, 2000.

4 . Rutherford, Don (Supervising Editor), Swimming Pools, Sunset Publishing Corporat -ion, California, 1996.

5 . Harris, Charles W. & Nicholas T. Dines (Eds), Time-Saver Standards for LandscapeArchitecture, McGraw-Hill Inc., Singapore, 1995.

6 . Warren, William, The Tropical Garden, Thames and Hudson, London,1997.

PLANT INGPLANT INGPLANT INGPLANT INGPLANT INGplanting

Planting around swimming pools play a major role inenhancement of the visual qualities of water. The prin-ciples behind planting for swimming pools serve twoconflicting requirements:

Privacy and sense of enclosure for the users.

Spaciousness and visual delight as often the poolsare located in proximity to other built up struct-ures such as change rooms, pavilions, or habitablerooms.

Planting with shrubs and ground covers is usually mostappropriate from the maintenance aspect. Plants suchas Lantana sellowiana, Chlorophytum comosum andDracaena reflexa are often used for this purpose. Largetrees are best avoided in the near vicinity for their leaflitter and also as they block sunlight. Even evergreentrees are best avoided as they shed a proportion oftheir leaves during the year.

Shrub beds fulfill the function of providing an edge andprivacy to the pool environs. Evergreen shrubs at theperiphery to provide screening and the use of bold tex-tured or flowering plants as accents are preferable.Plants such as Furcraea watsoniana, Cycas revolutaand Cycas circinalis, varieties of bamboos and yuccasare often proposed. In coastal areas, bromeliads arealso used to great effect. Bushy flowering shrubs such asHibiscus varieties, Hamelia patens, Bauhinia varieties,Tecomas and similar species are used to provide bothscreening as well as floral displays. Ornamental ever-greens such as Ficus benjamina, Ficus nuda, Durantaplumieri and Schefflera arboricola are used for screen-ing and enclosure.

Poolside lawns add value to a pool, both through in-creased use and through better visual perception. How-ever, strips of grass reaching up till the pool is notadvisable, as these are difficult to maintain due to con-stant wetting with chlorinated water.

Technical details and regulations of pool design shall be dis-cussed in our upcoming issues.


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STYLE 1 Asparagus, Philodendron, Tradescantia,Ferns, Chids and Jade.

STYLE 2 Green leafy vegetables - Coriander,Mint, Parsley and Spring Onion.

Small sized winter annuals - Nasturtium,Pansu, Allysum and Jafari.

Kalanchoe, Succulents, Orchids, Lantana,Ferns and Pilea muscosa.

With the land resources shrinking in thecosmopolitan cities, there is hardly anyor no space for gardening around thehouse. This is more evident in apartments.Thus, one has to resort to airspace forgreenery and flowers in hanging baskets.

A variety of baskets can be used for the pur-pose:

Various types of terracotta and ceramics pots with provi-sion for hanging.

Iron wire baskets (with or without covering).Painted cast iron baskets.Coconut shells or hollow bamboo pieces.Wooden baskets or boxes made of durable wood and painted inside

with charcoal powder in kerosene.

These can be hung with ropes, chains wires or macrane holders. Selec-tion of the container should be done keeping in mind:

The pores for drainage.The plant that has to be grown in it.Suitable size which is easy to handle.Long life of the material used for basket.A suitable place to place it.And above all, its visual appeal.

If the basket is with slits or holes, a layer of mossand palm leaf or coconut fibers is placed in itsinner portion. Birds have a tendency to pull outmoss. Therefore, a nylon wire mesh is fixed be-tween the moss and basket shell. Coconut fibre isideal, as it has longer life and looks natural andblends well with the green.

Two styles of baskets can be prepared:

STYLE 1. Here the plants are raised on the topsurface only. Plants that are used are trailers andcreepers with long hanging branches.

STYLE 2. In this case, seedlings areplanted on the sides from bottom to top,to give basket a round appearance.Method

Line 1/3rd of the basket at thebottom with fiber and put soil mixture in it.Take plant seedlings and insert the lower part

of the stem with roots through the holes in thebasket. Spread the roots on the soil, where seedlings have

been placed all round. Put a thin layer of soil to cover the roots. (Fig 1)Again line the remaining basket with fiber upto 2/3rd of the

basket depth and fill soil to this depth, plant another layer of seedlingsas before. (Fig 2)

After one week, cover the top sides of basket with fibers, put soiland plant seedlings on the top. The top seedlings grow faster than theones planted on the sides. (Fig 3)

Put the basket in shade for about 10 days and then transfer it tothe permanent site, depending on the need of the plant for sunlight andair. Water daily.

Pinching and pruning should be done regularly to encourage branch-ing so as to cover the entire basket surface. Remove the flower buds if

they appear early. This operation also gives a neatand clean look to the basket.

Put liquid manure in small quantities and spray‘Malathion fort’ at night.

DR SAROJ TULI

SOILMOSS

> H O R T I C U L T U R E> H O R T I C U L T U R E> H O R T I C U L T U R E> H O R T I C U L T U R E> H O R T I C U L T U R E

PLANTS THAT CAN BE GROWN IN BASKETSFIG 01

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Today more and more people are decorating their living rooms, study tables, dining tables, bathroomshelves, kitchen shelves with flower arrangement. These designs reflect one’s creativity, mood,hospitality and occassion.

Here are a few tips to keep flowers fresh for a longer time, enhancing the appearance of thearrangement.

Carry flowers from the garden or market in a head down position, so that heavy flower headsdo not cause damage to their stems. Even if such a thing happens, pass a toothpick through the centerof the flower into the stem.

Use newspaper for wrapping the flowers. Keep flowers in neck deep water for a few hours toacquire turgidity.

If any flower wilts, cut its stem by 1/2” to 1” under water and leave it in water for a few hours.

If the stem is woody, hammer at the base before putting in water. Alternately remove the barkfrom the lower 2” portion of the stem and shift this part into four longitudinal parts.

Remove all leaves, thorns or tendrils from the stem that is under water to delay decaying.

Flowers like Gerbera, Dahlias and Poppies have hollow stems and lose their sap fast. Sear thestem base on a flame.

Tie cellotape round the rose buds toprevent their openings. Put paraffin waxat the base of Chrysanthemum flowers toprevent the bottom petals from falling.

If the stem is thin, insert it in a thickerstem, ensuring that it reaches water.

Spray the flowers with water twice aday.

Do not put the flower arrangementdirectly under the fan, in front of a cooler,heater or sunlight.

Dr Saroj Tuli is Reader at Maitreyi College, New Delhi

All sketches by the author.

WOODY STEMS SHOULD BE HAMMERED AT BASEBEFORE PUTTING THEM IN WATER

> H O R T I C U L T U R E> H O R T I C U L T U R E> H O R T I C U L T U R E> H O R T I C U L T U R E> H O R T I C U L T U R E

ALWAYS CARRY FLOWERS IN HEAD-DOWNPOSITION

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PHYSICAL FEATURES OF RIVER YAMUNASource of origin - Yamunotri glacier.The river enters the Union Territory of Delhi at Palla (in North-

210 MSL) and leaves at Jaitpur (in South-198.12 MSL) after traversinga distance of about 50 kms.

Its spread varies from 1.5 km to 3.0 km.Water depth during floods is 9m and during the lean periods is 7.9

m.10 road bridges, 2 railway bridges and 3 fair weather Pontoon

bridges cross-river Yamuna.17 major drains are discharging untreated effluents into the river.The area has an assortment of authorized and unauthorized uses

like samadhis, cremation grounds, sports complexes, thermal powerstations, embankments etc.

RIVER YAMUNA: ISSUESRiver Yamuna has been subjected to pressures of fast urban and

industrial growth.At present, the physical inaccessibility to the river has resulted in

> S T U D E N T S ’ S E C T I O N> S T U D E N T S ’ S E C T I O N> S T U D E N T S ’ S E C T I O N> S T U D E N T S ’ S E C T I O N> S T U D E N T S ’ S E C T I O N

Rivers are zones of concentration for human settlements from the historic times to the present day. The soil of the river bottomland is fertile, richand valuable source that, with natural processes, replenishes itself. The ebb and the flow of the Nile have sustained one of the oldest civilizationson the earth, beyond its contribution in the food-chain. Similarly, Yangtzes in China and Ganges in India offer perennial water supply, agriculturalland, transportation as well as communication facilities. The respect given to a river can be seen in the historic examples of New Delhi’s CentralVista and Shahjahanabad’s alignment towards the river Yamuna, whereas in contrast one sees the abandoning of Fatehpur Sikri due to lack of water.

The following is an extract from a study done in the Landscape Department of School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.It was covered under the subject of Advanced Landscape Engineering. The objective of the study was to understand the role ofriver Yamuna in present context and future, including the ecological aspects relating to it. This also included the study of theproposal of channelisation for the river.

the mushrooming of squatters and its potential for social and recre-ational value lies untapped.

Lack of foresight, on the part of planners, has resulted in thelocation of thermal power stations, fly ash ponds, landfill sites andother such harmful landuses along the river.

The bathing ghats - used for bathing, cremation or public washingadds to the pollution of the river.

Monuments that are sited close to the river are in no way incor-porated in the riverfront development.

The storm water channels that originally recharged a series ofwells, baolis (step wells) and tanks on their way have now ended uppolluting these secondary sources of water supply.

PROPOSALS FOR FLOOD CONTROL IN RIVERYAMUNAThe various engineering techniques for flood control include dams,levees, dikes, embankments and channelisation or channel modifica-tion. While embankments are the currently used mode for flood pro-

PRIYANKA BATRA

RIVER YAMUNA: PRESENT STATUS & VISION FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURERIVER YAMUNA: PRESENT STATUS & VISION FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURERIVER YAMUNA: PRESENT STATUS & VISION FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURERIVER YAMUNA: PRESENT STATUS & VISION FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURERIVER YAMUNA: PRESENT STATUS & VISION FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

North

LANDUSE FOR AREAS SURROUNDING RIVER YAMUNA, DELHI

RIVERFLOOD PLAINSBUILT AREASGREENSMONUMENTS

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tection in the Yamuna, the future proposal for it is channelisation.Embankments for the river have been designed while keeping in mindthe warning & danger levels for a particular place. But these still havetheir ecological effects, as they offer false security on the flood plainsof a river.

ChannelisationThe channelisation of river Yamuna would be carried out in phases. Theproposal for channelisation has profound impacts on the riverine eco-system. Channelisation involves human engineering of a river channelin order to enlarge, straighten, embank, reduce the meandering, in-crease the slope, protect the existing channel or create new channels. Ariver is one of the biggest channels of recharging under ground watertables. With Delhi witnessing a sharp fall in the underground waterlevel, the Yamuna riverbed becomes almost sacrosanct. Whilechannelisation provides for more efficient irrigation & drainage offarmland, controls floods and provides more navigable waterways, ithas its share of disadvantages. It increases velocity of water and henceallows less infiltration. This results in higher erosional energy, anddowncutting of the channel, preventing further meandering. Increasedbank instability and erosion often results in an increased sediment loadcarried by the river in the channeled section. This may be depositeddownstream where the river velocity drops and disrupt the habitat andincrease flooding. Turbidity is often higher in channeled sections thannatural stream reaches. This can have negative impacts on the waterquality, food supply and aquatic life. Due to channelisation, the waterlevel would rise which will obstruct the flow of the surface runoff fromDelhi through the storm water drains. This may lead to flooding inDelhi. Channelisation also reduces agricultural possibilities. Cost ofchannelisation is very high. The Regional Plan - 2001 has marked theriverbed as a rural use land and green wedge / belt. The entire area underthe riverbed and its environs has been identified as a national wetland.

ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE PROPOSAL FORRIVER YAMUNADue to the above mentioned problems in channelisation, an alternateproposal was drafted, which had an ecosystem based conceptual plan.This plan aims at the maintenance of the vital ecological processes,preservation of the genetic diversity, maintenance of exploited ecosys-tems & population of plants and animals at a sustainable level to evolvethe quality of the landscape rather than just the quantity of the land-scape. It comprises of the following components:

Augmenting water recharge potential to be made possible by ex-tended storage of water in the form of retention and detention ponds.

Reducing pollution of Yamuna water through installation of STPwith detention facilities at all out fall points and effluent managementof adjoining rural areas.

Conservation of natural areas like natural swamps, marshes andspecial aggregation of flora and fauna, with proper mechanism to in-hibit misuse through protective barriers and sound management.

> S T U D E N T S ’ S E C T I O N> S T U D E N T S ’ S E C T I O N> S T U D E N T S ’ S E C T I O N> S T U D E N T S ’ S E C T I O N> S T U D E N T S ’ S E C T I O N

Bibliography:1 . ‘Floods, Floodplains & Environmental Myths’, Centre for Science &

Environment (CSE).

2 . ‘Report on the Zonal Development Plan for river Yamuna area’, Special DesignCell, Delhi Development Authority (DDA).

3 . ‘Ecological constraints for river development, Delhi’, N. G. Shastri.

4 . ‘River in the life of a city - Yamuna riverfront development: an endeavor to revive the pastto ensure a sustainable future for Delhi’, Nupur Prothi.

5 . Irrigation & Flood Department, Inter State Bus Terminus ISBT, Delhi.

Hierarchy of green areas to be developed depending on existingaccessibility and viability of development of areas with varying useintensities like remnant forests, landscaped parks, zoological and bo-tanical gardens with significant emphasis on pollution control.

Recreation to be limited to ecotourism as in development ofpassive greens and water sports facilities where environmentally viable.

Continuation and renewal of existing areas is envisaged with spe-cial emphasis on improvement of built environment. Promotion ofagriculture and allied activities like horticulture and floriculture.

Control of industrial wastes at source.Sludge from treatment can be used as manure & judicial control of

fly ash dumping.Encourage aquatic vegetation by providing suitable conditions

like soft base for plants to grow.

Priyanka Batra is pursuing her Masters in Landscape Architectureat the School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi.

UNEMBANKED RIVER

UNEMBANKED RIVERIN FLOODS

FALSE SECURITY TOHUMAN SETTLEMENT

EMBANKMANT SECTION

HIGHER FLOOD LEVELS DUE TO REDUCEDFLOOD PLAINS AND INCREASED SILTATION

REDUCED NATURAL FERTILITY.WATER LOGGING IN CASE OFOVERFLOW

RISE IN RIVER BED

34

> T E C H N O L O G Y

Autodesk VIZ 4 is the latest release in the software product line formerly known as 3D Studio VIZ, the award-winning 3Dsoftware for design exploration and visualization. Autodesk VIZ 4 builds on the powerful modeling, texturing and renderingfeatures of 3DS Max software to support you throughout the entire design development process. Now featuring a new genera-tion of global illumination rendering technology, Autodesk VIZ 4 significantly enhances value throughout the design processby more accurately simulating real-world lighting conditions.

Although Autodesk VIZ can be used in a variety of disciplines, its four primaryuses are as follows:

Exploration. At the start of a project, one can develop ideas in real time andprepare design studies for more precise development in one’s primary designapplication.

Communication. As designs evolve, one needs to continuously communicatethe design intent to colleagues, consultants, and clients.

Validation.One can test designs under development for compliance with specificperformance criteria.

Presentation. One can present finished designs or designs under developmentin a persuasive fashion using a variety of compelling multimedia techniques.

KEY FEATURES AND BENEFITS

Interactive 3D EnvironmentA key element in the rapid acceptance of Autodesk VIZ has been its ability topresent a compelling visual environment - quick work and immediate, interactivefeedback as forms and spaces are modeled. and design elements are experimentedwith. “Modeless” modeling provides a unified workspace, and surface finishesand lighting systems can be created, mapped, and manipulated on-the-fly.

Global Illumination RenderingAutodesk VIZ 4 introduces a new generation of global illumination renderingtechnology for more accurately simulating lighting effects in a scene, enhancingthe software’s value throughout the design process by:

Producing more accurate renderings of what objects or spaces would looklike in natural or artificial lighting conditions.

Automatically capturing subtle lighting effects that add depth and realismto images. These effects including indirect diffuse lighting, soft shadows from arealight sources, and color bounce between surfaces .produce images and animationsof realism for compelling presentations.

Simplifying the workflow for designers who previously used both 3DStudio VIZ and Lightscape to obtain similar results.

35

Real-World LightingIn conjunction with global illumination rendering, Autodesk VIZ 4 also intro-duces support for physically based lighting. Rather than specifying the intensityof a light using arbitrary values, one can now use more meaningful photometricunits (i.e., lumens, candelas). It also supports the industry-standard IES (Illumi-nating Engineering Society) data formats for describing the performance of manu-factured lighting fixtures.The software also comes with a ready-to-use library ofcommon lighting fixtures.

One can get realistic results simply by positioning the lights in a scene the wayone would in the real world. Autodesk VIZ 4 also supports IES daylight stan-dards and offers an enhanced daylight system for defining natural lighting condi-tions by specifying location, date, time and cloud cover conditions.

Unique, Intelligent InteroperabilityAutodesk VIZ 4 offers an enhanced DWG Linking feature that provides uniqueinteroperability with AutoCAD platform-based solutions. This feature enablesone to fully leverage the data created in your design platform (Autodesk Architec-tural Desktop, Autodesk Mechanical Desktop , Autodesk Land Desktop soft-ware). DWG Linking allows one to use the most appropriate application for thejob. Autodesk VIZ lets one append data to a design that may be too “heavy” orotherwise inappropriate for a production application.

Multimedia and Communications ToolsWith its technological roots in 3DS Max, the leading design software for digitalcontent creation, Autodesk VIZ provides state-of-the-art tools for digital creationand output. Combined with the latest global illumination rendering capabilities,these tools provide unprecedented flexibility for communicating and presentingdesigns in the representation most appropriate to the task. For example duringmodel creation, one can manipulate geometry and objects, try different materials,and set lighting in a fully interactive viewport. One can automatically createanimated shadow and lighting studies that show the effect of the sun over aspecified time. For internal reviews and collaboration, still images can be ren-dered quickly with 180-degree panoramic images, and walk-through animationsat varying levels of resolution and fidelity can be created. For presentations andcompetitions, one can create compelling rendered images and animations of thehighest professional calibre.

Feature & Benefits

A fluid 3D environment with real-time response on lighting, textures, and forms.Cuts conceptual design cycle costs and time.Reduces or eliminates need for physical prototypes.

A new generation of global illumination rendering technology for more quicklyand accurately simulating true lighting effects in a scene.

Provides a more accurate representation of what designs will look like forbetter valuation and communication.Produces richer, more realistic images and animations for truly compellingpresentations.Improves workflow for designers previously using 3D Studio VIZ 3andLightscape for similar functionality.

Physically based, photometric lighting specification for working with realworldlighting fixtures and more accurate daylight simulation.

Makes it much more intuitive to position and evaluate lighting inscenes.Supports tools for lighting analysis that enable you to both visually andquantitatively evaluate the lighting performance of a given design (bothdaylight and artificial lighting).

Unique, intelligent interoperability through DWG Linking with AutoCAD,Autodesk Architectural Desktop, Autodesk Mechanical Desktop, and AutodeskLand Desktop software.

Fully leverages work across both CAD and 3D visualization environments.

Breadth and depth of multimedia and communications tools integrated into theenvironment.

Increases collaborative design with enhanced design communica-tions.Provides greater flexibility in developing appropriate presentation graphicsfor a broad range of media.

> T E C H N O L O G Y

For further information:Chakresh Jain, CAD Studio,

K-71, Hauz Khas Enclave, New Delhi 110 016 INDIAPhones: 91-11-651 0051, 696 1592 Fax: 91-11-652 1695 E-mail: [email protected]

Image courtesy Gu i l lermo Lea l L lagunoImage courtesy Gu i l lermo Lea l L lagunoImage courtesy Gu i l lermo Lea l L lagunoImage courtesy Gu i l lermo Lea l L lagunoImage courtesy Gu i l lermo Lea l L lagunoImage courtesy MBT Arch i tectureImage courtesy MBT Arch i tectureImage courtesy MBT Arch i tectureImage courtesy MBT Arch i tectureImage courtesy MBT Arch i tecture

SUNLIGHT DAYLIGHT MOONLIGHT

36

Recently launched website of Ahmedabad based practice of

Landscape Architect and Environmental Planner Parbhakar B Bhagwat.

Website of the office of Architect Richard and Dion Neutra.

Definitely worth checking!

> W E B S I T E S

More sites worth checking...More sites worth checking...More sites worth checking...More sites worth checking...More sites worth checking...

> >> >> >> >> > www.topos.dewww.topos.dewww.topos.dewww.topos.dewww.topos.de

www.topos.dewww.topos.dewww.topos.dewww.topos.dewww.topos.de

l g onto...

>>>>>>>>>> www.landscapeindia.netwww.landscapeindia.netwww.landscapeindia.netwww.landscapeindia.netwww.landscapeindia.net

> >> >> >> >> > www.neutra.orgwww.neutra.orgwww.neutra.orgwww.neutra.orgwww.neutra.org>>>>>>>>>> www.neutra.orgwww.neutra.orgwww.neutra.orgwww.neutra.orgwww.neutra.org

> >> >> >> >> > www.landscapeindia.netwww.landscapeindia.netwww.landscapeindia.netwww.landscapeindia.netwww.landscapeindia.net

TOPOS- European Landscape Magazine is a specialized journalon design of landscape architecture. Ever since its foundation in

1992, it has become one of the most comprehensivejournals on international landscape architecture. Aninterdisciplinary approach by the journal aims at en-abling dialogue between architecture, landscape plan-ning, garden art and public design. Published quarterly,the journal has single bilingual editions in English andGerman. Every issue is design oriented featuring projectsand planning work from all over Europe. These includeexciting private gardens, parks, plazas, memorials, pub-lic areas and development works of various open spaceprojects in Europe.

The website www.topos.de is neatly organized under the cat-egories:

CURRENT ISSUE

PREVIOUS ISSUES

FINDER

Available in English and German, the website offers a completetable of contents of its current and all previous issues. It alsoincludes information regarding all articles published in them.Selected complete articles, along with images, are available online.One can search through the list by issue number, author orsubject of the article. One can also contact the editorial stafffor any clarification. The site has a very good access speed andis easily navigable. A white background with blue color combi-nation for the interface is visually appealing.

37L A , J O U R N A L O F L A N D S C A P E A R C H I T E C T U R E / W I N T E R 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2

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D E S C R I P T I O N : Kolar is a medium sized evergreen treewith conical to rounded crown. The bark is smooth, ashygrey or brown in color. Leaves are light green in color,simple and bilobed, cleft about halfway down with strongnerves radiating from the base. The leaf is split down inthe middle, giving a hoof like appearance, by which Bauhiniacan be at once recognized. Flowers are deep pink or rosypurple, large and showy and have five petals. Profuse flow-ering is followed by long, sword like green pods, lookinglike French beans along the foliage.

BAUHINIA PURPUREABAUHINIA PURPUREABAUHINIA PURPUREABAUHINIA PURPUREABAUHINIA PURPUREA

‘Bauhinia’ is named after two botanists, Jeans andGaspard Bauhin of 16th century, who were twinbrothers. ‘Purpurea’ in Latin, refers to purple color.

F A M I LY : Leguminosae.

C O M M O N I N D I A N N A M E : Kolar

D I S T R I B U T I O N : All over India, particularly alongthe foothills of the Himalayas from Indus to Assam.Also found on the hill ranges of Central and South-ern India.

F L O W E R I N G S E A S O N : September to December

G A R D E N I N G N O T E S

C L I M A T E : The tree can grow in a wide range of climaticconditions. It can grow well in semi arid climate. It is afrost hardy tree and can be grown in an altitude of 5,000feet above mean sea level.

S O I L : It can grow in any type of well drained soil butprefers moist fertile and loam soil. On the ill drainedclayey soil, the growth is stunted.

P R O P A G A T I O N : Bauhinia can be easily grown fromthe seeds, which are sown in March to April, on raisedbeds, in lines 25cms apart. The germination takes placein 7 to 10 days. The seedlings are then transplanted in therainy season. The plants start flowering at an early age.

D E S I G N F U N C T I O N S

It is mainly used for ornamental planting and due to its medium size, is well suited for smallgardens, houses and roadside. It is one of the few trees that flower in autumn season.

O T H E R U S E S : The tree bark is used for dying and tanning and sometimes for fiber. Theflowers are pickled or used as vegetable. Wood is used for agricultural implements and forbuildings.

BAUHINIA VARIEGATA (KACHNAR)Kachnar is one of the more common varieties. Mostly all the features of this variety are similarto Bauhinia purpurea except for the flowering season and color of flowers. Flowers are whiteor deep purple. These are large and generally appear from February to March when the tree isin leafless condition. This tree flowers when the purpurea variety is in fruit, which makes aneasy distinction between the two. Other varieties include Bauhinia racemosa and Bauhiniablackiana.O

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LA, JOURNAL OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTUREQ U A R T E R L Y

News stand price: Rs. 50/- Annual subscription : Rs. 150/-

Editorial and Subscription Office : C-589, Vikas Puri, New Delhi 110 018

Phone : 550 7652 Telefax : 552 7652 E-mail : [email protected]

REGISTRATION NUMBER: DELENG/2000/2943REGISTRATION NUMBER: DELENG/2000/2943REGISTRATION NUMBER: DELENG/2000/2943REGISTRATION NUMBER: DELENG/2000/2943REGISTRATION NUMBER: DELENG/2000/2943

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