'lmePaence f4 .tlOJlMGl.tpeat io .irltematlond

polltlos La the moat tomaRQble dewl~t ot tho post ...

SeoOild tfo~ld ~)U" \IOdd. ~o .Pr1m.lplo of tore1QO pollo)l

til the seco.n4 half: o.f the tl10nt:Leth ~UFJ bas bad a g~e:ate.l'

Smpaot on rele:tlons bet~ smell countries end. Kg Powers I 1

~an neft•al1gmaent'*• the C)(!. o£ World \i'ar 11 inaugumtf/!4

a lWft1 pat,tem ot ;mletlonaMp 1n worl4 :POlitics em~1saains

tho dt:v-tstcm o6 ~rld l.nto two powar l>looe each beaded b'1

. the Soviet UnlOft and the Unt.:ted States ol America. fhe period

als.o em~J.saa,-ed tbo process ot deo0lo~trt1m leadtng mtmy

COW"ltrie& in A.sle. and ~ to iftdepen&nce. Both tbe SUper

Powers anbalimd <h a mtssJ.cm to w:bt tbe ae?f4y 1M.ePen.dent

states to tbeJ.r respective .foldS. ibis intra-super Powr r1~ trisacu~d ·'thO :tmna1nat4on. o£ ce~ain states •

· ttotentbloti not to loin either bloc Wld, prooor90 tm ~dent

Pf>l.lc.y fA their ~lations witb other countries. 1hla approndb

... ..-.nmrw1.·sn lliUMJ.)fF_l .-->--'•

' .

wan slven var1 .. expreso10l'la 11.ke 'nm-ccmm1tmedt'•

•ao•J.nvol~~· • •neutl'alltr• or •neutrausm•.

J~r-1&1 Nebru b credited witb fP.VlntJ expression 2

t.o J'lQ!l~tpent 1n 1916• · Heb:m etabo~ted tbis ccmeept tty

sa~ tha 0 t10 ~e as .tar as posslble, to keep amw ti'CJO

tho pot1&J-·- pol.S.t.&ea ot sroups1 alignt14 eaa.lntrt one MOthor

whlcb bave led. a tbe past to world wars anti \1b1ob may again

' lead to d.I.SeBte:rs oo a GVG» ·•aster scalet~ • The emerscnce

o:f lndla as an lodllpondent sovoreign countl'J An 194?, env'Ueged.

tbe O&wgi.mWls ot the entt•colon&a1 reYOlu"1on in tbe JN>•• ar ~4 an4 alsl marked. the eer~ o~ non-aJ;.tpent at

tbe wor.td ~rt.rP·•"

!btJ oonoept o£ ,~tarwent 414 not evolw SUd4enl.J•

lt.a. amt1th has been tho ns\1.\t o£ a;perieme ol n.ewl.y 1n44ltflfm•

dent states with tbo passage ot tlnH.h Following the M4 ot tbe

.r, thr -" a t'ow ne\itrol o'r neutraUst but. no aor.t.-alisne4

states. i'ho struot~ of 'acn·alJ.~ei'l# baa l>eeri bl£1t, dur'!inc

' 4

'

last 'b"o <ieoadeS, 10:4 p~ClGG So d:'dck the protesslcma

and pmotlces ol the Mn-a!1po4 states e4 tbe ata~~b

cetnl\meeo In= Belgrade to Ba~, thr~ collective,

aiUQUlatiOA ot ttl~ J.<leas ,, L~s of the mo~. baw

played. a algna.£aoa.tm role. t~

!ba ~olution of noa-e~lp(t%$ •s cot ttte resUlt

Gt q' pJteeonoelw4 ldQa or prtor ~tatloftB ~~~ $beso .

c.Olllltdes but it \aS ldill.tated owJas to oectaitl c~

experlmoes, ldtala mu.1 Gsp1~tiona -wb1oh tbese COWltl'f.es

Sham 1ft vaeyt:.n.g cSe,srees. ~ldent Soekamo's a&ireas 1lo

tbe Bel~ ,Cutere\Ce Ill 1961. aptlJ &\ailed up U.lct

!be n~i~ oaUntJi;ee tad tbe o~· spcteace of ha'dng: t»eea .aw oolooi41 yoke· tor oenturJ.eo... Tho ·nsounes

ot tbele ooloG~al oouat:t.u •re ~loitod. ttF tno -~

6

'

po•m .for turtttor..lng their Stdluence. Af'tor· at~~

the &rlctepentteme. tbeee couat1"les bad ftt'tllae4 the pedle

ot t.esaa party to IG.oo PoUtks• lt •s tJU.u mtorest that

~4 tb.em to lteog -ar .from iUoc Poli't&cs. fbese

~nee pu~4 the poUoJ· ot ~lpent &n ~ to as.w fuller tllear&lrls an4 con'ko\ to tbo&r newly utt~

poUtlonl h4Gpcmdeftoe• fbo to#lGI' PrAlle Rl.ftiator of lemof.ca• ·

tU.cbael Rantor. ~lalbg tilt~. tan. •• -~ "tile aon-GU&ne4 movement 84 be&ia c-1Y· lleonuoo tlleft. \1ftro

btoos. lt op,posed bloo PGWJt oora£t.gunttonc • •• ~

t.•re t~SM lrlwl~ U.-''1lfma SapoSGd bJ1 1ihe 'tforld polttiool

~am ape :fftedaa,.o

The · tem •NOI,I.J\l.lpat t tMS· ttm'tily UBe4 1J1 v.,tt •. I g

ttr.ld'lna Meaa at. the Vlll.t$4 lilt 10M In l5J-i4• aetwooa

194?•Stt1, tb~ ~. ·~rall:tyt ·waa m£fPlbs· suprmo to, dea-ote

tbo 1:dlavlour ol fl~iflft04 countrlee• arc neutmUt;y tUtd

noa-altpont GI"C). no-c ~u.a- ~ tllo e&rl.J' po~-.aP

v••• the term 1fion-nl~M was· idcmt1t1e4 vttll neut~l&ty •• - L

g Jf ~ ~ '1 It 1.1 '_- Ltiil t • 1. 'tl ili:lll • ' ....

e

'

different te•s• ft",oq~v both the tema we..e t~Se4 ·~Jl tbJJ

P'lnt kitoldl~a'bl)t., ••nlliF qr n.-rau.em Slaou14 be

used ~o aea~ the ~ft'al b.i~Jtcr*l lb~eD01l. t4

W'lelm2d:tt.e4 ccti.OQa ir4 the wend ~B~c dfAf.raate4 by' W•tero

~. 1Mt£Gre Wor14 .tJat· u. ·n RcutJSUtv hts tw• ~· !Q, thtt ttr~ ,Pl_e, n#Aralit7 4'-t»stl.~a &l ~-nl part

of the law oZ .-.-c*' file Baa~ Ccn~~lOrJ$ ot 1Snf' prorit!O

1~ ll-1sia ~~ .t·t-. ·ae~ Converttbil& e:.t3UA •• a nelt~

state to ''"a• .a. tald.nl! part ill aa eme4 oonAl:at. U4

.also ~ ,. ftmieP ... ~•teinnoo to any ot ~ Pl1'UtUJ to tbe ccmll:lol•

fbtt seftnd ~ :at ".-~a~ ._, as tbat f)f fWJ~

l'lelltl'Bl ~~,._ otUttt1e .., Aostrta •. ftln~. swl:btS1&t.a.S

nat swe:&m. fh·~ c~•e h~ Mh$a$r.;J)d. etat;u.,g ol

neutnlt'fj:V ~a tbe tfaf' and t.ber ~ ~ulna their torolsO pOUc;y SO tNOb a ~· Wbicb \10144 belp tban »emam Mlltml .

... - 0\'ell\-lit; of ••. m t!ie ~~

m~Ugamerm u net neutnutr o1 a ~lUge~

oatte ~ a (lmenl .,.., it ta Ot'4 *D~N~NU.t)"' ol tae

St4~Je ~ tbe Austdrm- ~4t ~teed. _. otlltr aatione bF tftltr• the «m~ of ~~ 41« Nt- ~ate

.CI'OQ .-ratttJ or neut•ts13~ eeat ,ot 'the w~ soholnrs

b~ enclea'IO\&S\Qd ~· prove lt .•

SCm$ o1 tt.e •t;tftp ~ ~ *•ion on Ute

ftlatlQtlSMp ~-~dJ.~ent u4 po•~IH111t!4s. m-. aU~«~• bae-J:Ieen ta~lled •ii t1 »d.l\\Y ~~an ~l'F

aa<l ~'••- on tbe •••tt•~ ~·- • tt,u~ ~~ tl baa ~­•-'lae4 as all QXef'Of.M~ 1ft ~ ~Ut~•~

PoWer polit&os ts· ~-4 the -. of ou ~o• etut~r•· Sowew~J to .. ekt- dkt.Se~ c.t.,. bt~t~ ~...,

ats.pm au MWr potltA~•• tt acma su.ttlote'l te ~~

C.~ Sd.maftW»lw.._r, ~ 41~ ~.~~ J;Olf.~ u

~.t#a 0 ot£ .,. ol &'\$ltttl$CS beltlt~ ~tU Ia. 'Abio.l\;

pa"teema o• ~~ -. ;Jnt•QdgJ~~ ~-~. Mol~IODic,.

p~ 41Plomacy, pouor ec:~le, re&1onal or Uid.wmat

.. &mperlaltom1 &111~1 l),alaaco d pOWGJ' au4 ~···~•' Po\fer poUttos say 1)o ttetine4 u G GJRcm of into~~ relatlol)s

15 to ~<* ~ ocrr.ald.er themselves to • Ultimate cm48. 0

AocoraDa teo ~~- •~•·· f.Us.a,, N.-a1ipd ~"3~• tb.t.s

ftrl~ ct poUtt.oo antl attempt". 'Co~ ~11Pt • orwmt•· liak

be~D ~e ~tuell'P ot tbe J.ntem~ic•.at ~tr·•••

· It ~3G($s Gt~t on~ -~ pol't~ bllt Qs~ tae ~~ beltl bJ

. Rena MD•.-tfr end at•• tba SJ.l pc;t.J.t1as Is •• tM.,.-ugJlO

, tor. ~l'* .• · fhue aott-altpen!; f.,$ devoid <~f au.· ~~~ ' am~ttea ~- 10 t'Qt~1;a suJJat.t.t•e ~or powar POJ.t.tlt:s 111

lfttomat&oal ~at~··· , . . i "DospAte: 'Cbe· fa~ thm; . tbo lfoJl-A11Ped _.. not

-ncutml stat• 4tl4 ere 110t ~ble 'to the Small states· .az· the 19tb oemu...,,. I'IIA'ft'V vrJtbe:tS bave ~m&oted in malbta4 l0'»1 ""A

. ' -.#r·~ r- . --~

tha aon-a~ta-.ea" t.s $Ciel:y e ~ to:v· aeotftllSm• ". Pet.- 1VOn mairltaAQS a m~nor· <au~co lft tile »c»tml atdes ct the past vbi4b ~ ·--4 bJ an ac~e4 set ot 1oanl riMW~o_• . . s am1 ol'4•""~ions \1lteroa.s oQ!ltl"imno~v ~~at' . f:jl'•• . . ~w . . .,._.,... • ·19 . --.stlltt!S are aot ~Oft&fie4 sn .i.tltt:mlaUortal law. J:¥ou'o

't'IUL rn .. i,U812 t 11 f I_ .. f f? ·n 1 . t. I it

1& SUe~. a. It P• 204. ~ 17 lblct.

18 UiUetto, a. 11 p.- lf•

19 Pet_ ~£. ~--. OJS1 IGIWlla (Leloeater Ull1:wn&l;y, l96J), P• .,...,..,. . .

41

nftalS'Git! is· !Mdeq.Qate u !t aslta 0!117 ~· ·ot· ~

d$ttemneea ~,..n ~:tr 4n4 ~..e:u.a-e.n.c~ ~

aqorlt.Y o£ esaa)'S m Ran~•e bk• !mJlmlJ.!i.!!li.!mt: 20

Allpeat1 orrvtl6~. • ditlc~oe ))et.e,a tbeoo two ooncept.a~· sa~ bas olase:ldett zwutnUGm .... o t•r ~~ (a) :posniw

(o) positiw ~ftUmm~ DA4 (d)· messiaau.c aaa~t.am, and

uttlmatel)' lle QJAo ·Coni~. the issue bY use.Clns that tboso

a-. rtot 4t.~4nct oategol"1ea GtJ4 tilt$. tmv cel»J.Mtla o1 tho

tOl)r Qpproaqhes (~ tw pacaive GUll mos~<O CGJ be tnUie4

'bt the s.~e state at one .Point a \tiae. Sayedi•e QQ'teamoa• tle Cit$$ aot ~· raatral'ty ~- ,._..,.,~ ••·

nPNetmts ~be ~ w~s ·.o£· the o14. ~oaon ot aoatl'allV• ~t It la en established tact that tho CO!'lCept

of n~Blqect Is atteront ... . ~ntlltv. $td.Q decia.lm

~es olearQr a ebe --•edin8 ~s.• Ill

0

,,..,. ..... ~ ... ~ st..· ~· :&& .... • . . . \.~ u . .i . . ,'\it· ' . . . . - . ·• . . 0

• ~ . ·-" . -4-.;:0Mil!oli-a . . - ~-~- _. __ _

tne 11em ·~tllltflea• ls .Ia wave s~ttoe ~, 195tJD and t.~ ~.~ IDO'Rlmtiit.$ bas 1UWfli' ~. to detlnQ

n\da.ritllt1Y$11t; c~ftbemd.Yd7 aD4 PNt.liAly thG ebrtcept of

-.oa-aUgrJtneat O'ftOD aftQ· sov• sll$dta and QU!lleJ"'\U\ otber·

.• _JJHil. ·ws_ •• ,..,_~i ... ·J;(u W

22 inter-Oove,mnental conterencoa tar the last: tt10 <bladGih

No ettort bas ever· l»ceb Gafe 'to tletJ.nc 1~1&mettt' • . . .

E<WD the ~' eoate~oe b$14 • aolf.V84e lD 1.961 dl4 n~

~ ~.\$ -~-· fte tou~ SWlal .. Cc;n.fe~. bel4 in

JtlgSer& In 197J 414 pre~* • '*'asAiorl '*-a f4bcf4lft I

~1 ralsoct tho issue 1ol! a ne1 &JtWtloa as stricter

tnte~etlon ot tbe c~pt ot mm-altem&•• 7tao lack ot

:~nstaa 1e4 tQ ·tbe esQl:ue'tm of thla 1sst.~e .tr. tb9 aaonda

ot ee con.tor~th

'-'he ft~llgaed &amtt btU a'b Havana tll Septemb-er

1979 witnessed tho ~mese «ele&Qt.-.on Wltktns a J)l'Oposal t:<nt dlasolutJ.on of tb.O • .,.,~ arHJ. 09tabl1sb a ~tt.tee to,

23 ®:line the movement'$ prlbo1ples. auma. 8 ~oposal went

wmeeded. Besides• vart.otas end$a~ have been made $0

def'J.ne ~lt,pent wtVAm and wltbout tbo IJOil.-aligned

oentennces. M no ~bor..1tst.1w statement ot the PCtll<;J

-ore; e•u:ttioa .ot the CGDcept llff the oollect1ve wU·dO!:n ot 24:

the G'&Ovene.ot itee113 bats emeraeG ao ;tv.,

ate piOnee:rs of tho mowmmt -.. fllio1 Nehru an4 Nassar.,

made -var:lcua statements on DOn-al lament • most of wbteb

-····- . li!II·"'M,. _1 t _ fi _i: I $11Xt• ....

cerstte4 round. «111 Ol'l partS.~•• or t!'mslel'C el~~o

or QS:fi(IO'ts c,r the poltcy re:tlectL"16 tho$if' NspeeUve e-t:anct-·

po-. .,, Even a sUP/Oy ot the ~aratlo:as and ,Joltlt eont--L·

ques Issued bJ' tbe· s~lts .&Q4 MtatateKal Center&~ d

tbo MoVanel\\ t'nm Belaraa (1961) te New Delbl (1983) f1oos,

GOt p:rc\114.e any •hertt1ot o~~ift en4 self-conta1De4

<teanttton d ~'P-·

-~ f!Gclamtion uaue4 Q.t!tep tb" fl~t ~~-f

(Btllttra4o, 1961) «id no~ t.t7 to de.ti.nti Mn~Up.ent •

envlaaae& that the ~~•~moe ff&J tlQt. w.i.sb to t~ a cow bloo . e: an4 cannot 1>0· a bloc;,*' ·file deela~ttou .tsa\led aftar the·

secon4 SUmmit Coalereqo · ~(eauo. 1964) ws d~o silent on '* and GW"~ed 'that the . JC'$u.• ol ~be polloJ ol a#ttw

. ~ 26 pcsa~ eoeaiatencen vas esaonthl ill. the l!ieke ot "the.

~tenoe o~ in:i.l.ttary bloou, ~Power- alliaae• anti ~:\:lets .. · 37 af!sltli tbe.~~~ lle& .~\lG.te4 ~ cold wa,~u. Dw

:eubsequer.rC eummlt conf"e~ces ~ ~t ~m ed4ing t!W'

appendages wit~t a.nn~ th c«1copt of ~o•mtt. !he

JU . .mnen Stlmalit amrJMrttH04 a tlcb~ ol t'#.tnte~t~ u-. 18 ~.

t.Jeeur1tJ .. • ·

lbJA•, P• 19•

Ibidt if Jt.: 29•

191t.h t P• 91•

Tbe o~q\m ·ot tbe p~muy.meetlftg (t•

tbe ~b Conteren~) ot: nen..ali&QG4 stQes i6eae4 6t

Daz-es-salaam ia Api'U 1970·, re.at.t1l'tlis the w1U ·<'4 tbe

~~~4 cogntrle# to aal'lG~ to tb$ •p~&nctplc on:d

cJthJ'la Ot Jltm-all~ent GS ~ars at tbe ~~lgfte4

CoASenuce of ilelsra- and <:aua·tt., . Evcm tbe ~alfn

C:OJderence (S6'gtemlm' 197t)) Mte4 that ~what !s aee4ed is

nat a rotlellft1tten ot ~~t~t M a ft(tadiention bY ' ' ' ' ~

aU n=•allpe4 nations to its cen'tftl aims and. sit~~ecttv:ean •.

lbe Alsi~rtJ s~t; (1971) Nte~a tG ~Y ~1e4 c..t.ets•

.P~iplos and pr.aQt~s ct ~1gnJJfJnt. lJle ~u ~f

t!ut Colomu Stl81.d't (AususlJ. lr14) \'laS on --~~ina tuoreaelng

V'iglleDoo by ita rll ... JG ~o pN$erve ill 'tact tbe osaent 1al

wa~tor' of llon-al~ent, •. mal.a&n UUSWQJ'VJ.."lg A«ell-~1' to ' Jl ' ' ' 32

!tal ~inoif;.l(ts ~ policies •" •• Havana daolamtt.lon (1919) ·

a~ eoboeti tho Pftntioas th~l leavlng the· delird.t.f.cm

pa~t untouots.eca.

aun, it :bocooea ~tmnda.ctly clear that tbe Hon•

t4!gned Mc'Waltent boa tailed to ~- ~- an aw:bent.k"

CfJGPrehetlSi.ft ttetintti«l• tbe Q'baenoe ot wblt;h hac l)accmo

~ o~ og ooncept\ld a~J well as .bmt.1tut1tmal ueatmess

29

30

Jl )2

XM4.• p. J?'t lblft!!i• P• 4'• .lb14to, P6- 17i1•

Fu~ the text .. o& Mavene.(Deolant10& eeo •. ~· ·~~ ~\t.U!Dl~llka hlura4e·;; ;;g Soptem

an4 m a~or cause oZ tbo .S.d.O pp between theory of

o~snment aitd tho z,ra.ctlce o~ no~Asne4 states. . 'JJ

tndlvldoolly &W.\ oo31ectivelv. Ho~, teo Matee bas.

~e«e4 the. 'ri.rtuo ot mm-ausnmat to,. not going 1ft £or

o dnale 0\lthorlaed. ®1Wt1cm of ~ipeat. Ro

h.oid.sl

lt ts not ~O:onable t;o say that theN arc ~::my dotinlt1ons o£ na-altpent as thoro aN· ~lpatl cO\ml:deo and G'l1eD poGa.:tbly lllOtt'lt,. '* • In G oe:rtct.n sensa lt oan be· eat<t th• tbO p>lloy ot non-altpeat b!ls p(?mall~·l7 been W'l~r,oJ.na. deflrl1t~~~~ ~ &~tlcm tm4 4ft.ttclem tdd.le ~~ ublt.~ cuBe$$••"• ••"' All this ts under&tantSa.-.lfJ sm<;o tbe mov.ent ot tbe · ~o:n.atlgned co.untnes ls s•f1ttWtg new m . :tntoraat~ t'elationa DO'tf orily because 4f tbe l'o:'\n of oooft$l"'Ation ~8 e large num'be!' ot gtmeml.lf t\lstd.mU•r oOUtttrioa. 34

'lbe.o ~oa14 bfl etlQess argument ow~ tile~-~ ot . "

51

.n~lpem or vbat 4et!ne$ a a.on-al.S.aao4 o~r,r. Bo~~.

the c~ 'ot ~liptJ""· camtot be had fran ·~l<te~ wo

bl'WO to coeft 1t ID. t"ne ttuos ~o!ntlr neaotiate4 and ~&4

a the wrl-e ft()DIItall1Jle4 confe.renoes. fo~ th¢1 ~e ot tbe pres- s·tucS¥1 w oan. rely or:. .Peter W13.1-"a ot:mervati.Orm

"-*- J.~; -: ~-- _ _ .£_;;a; J I 'Wf B J'

~Mt n~ 22, P·· ~

~~.:::: ·· •. wfll!a¥:8"'~~A.\ .E9A&K ,,

tbat Q NM•Al1f3Bed. oouutrt *'ia eo tht* has aomet M

lnternat1onel orsanisat1on: wtth, otbor countries t~ cal.1 Jti

~eamlllws ll~l£8tled.• o

. !be ~S.Q1ietl mov.ent wiob ado 1ta hoat~nt ln

ielantte fA 1961 with 'ut tvontJ-tlw raaaber countriea b~s

DOtf ~ &nto a tU11•1led&e4 movesncmt vlth a «a<=b~p of

·101 oourt'trles_.·

Ncm-al~eat ceqe4 as a torce to m~kon with

ill ifttEtm«tA.oftal~ relatloaa wttb 1;be· bol<l&B& o~ Bel~fle . ~

CQ1t,terenoe in 1961-• ft1)0ts ·ot the mo~nt -. <boP!Y f'OOtetl

tr:t tbo pedo4 ~diat;elJ iitfter the· ec4 oz :SeoQOd.Worltl t1arw

Hlstortoallr f.lPt!a&3t Asion Relattons ConteTGflC-e bel4 in

1941 t1aa the tlftt; laa<ba..:C towU'da ~~pent,.

the Aoia Rol.atlons Conference held In fte\1 Delbl

~ e Mtirdl to .a AprJ.l 1941 .. 8ft b&storio lan<lmnrk tbet­

emti,sas.e4 ~be apo ol Aslao1~ tor ney,er again .S· tbe:r-e

to 'bo s&lQb e?"'sbi:Qa ot.tt.flo\1 of the Asian s:pl~lt• :p\.iM an4 ' . ~tAl eO. 0 fbA.e CkJnte:ronoo ·was att-eniHid tf' ~ept;q an4

obse~ra .frG!ll 2S ceunt~ea belu41QG Al&htmtstftn • ., tho

.36. Ibidt.

S1 Jansen, n. 2, P• . Jl•·

pu.-,ose ot tbo ccmteremoe uas to Pl'(Dote tbe tct~Aslan:

oo-operati.Cfl and. tbd "Asia ab<N14 vo.rit -Col' the 1ar~

ideal o~ •one wor1.4' en4 n()t to .. GnY _...Pin.& uhloh OQDes

,,

in the w:ay oz -~· lerpr world: SJ"OQP•,••• aut to o1'del- to

ba¥0 I OM VOJ'14f ._ ~ alCO .in Aala tttirdl ,ot fbe COtm:trieS - .

ot Aeta co-e:peJ!atlng t:o~ber ttJr the 1a.ger 14eal0 •

ftle· ma3ol" ·wR of tbe conterenee ~s can.te4

tc~4 tw varioWJ' ~ttena *$(;' n~ -.,m ~®sly

udQptft4 b'1 tlie plca="f Q.Gn.f~~n~. Mo~.tt;; n&.gn1tS.OQft't ~

tbesa "POrts aa tbG NPO.ft on "Naf;i.orJ:d, BnedotlJ Movemettt

SA Asiee l!fhlob ~404 tmlt all AL~ian count:'l<its sboul4

talte ettectlve ~s to see tba' aperlftl.S.$1: ~tlOD· ow.-· '~ '

tbetl me GPf'edill' .. temmato4. the ~port. ospresset\ aa.Ut~Atton

tor tbe etrugle ot Itl~r:rkl llln4 VA-et~ to ~e tbemsel:~,

tb~ the lnd!Aa de!lcsatQ btt4 $.!clare4 that .in ~·· aot to

tiideD the- area o;t cOrdUct, WJ tloml &~port; tor ttbe&e

count.ti.oo ~Ul4 be Ciften4.

J!b.e eonelu4ln8 GeSt;;lott Qt the ~ite294Ce OS'.t 14)1"U 8t

194?, pa.s$e4 a re9clut£oza reoQa~ng tbe tl9tabli.sbment ·ct

ll pemnuetlt Am:ltll:l lktletlcfts o~ea.nt.aatlon tS1th tbec tol.1ow$.as

o})3eat1ves a

. ; i PI•-• .-ij·£,-.1 ,rt•o•••-,.ew

(a) to. PJ'GUote the Bt\l07 m4. urukt~ of AslGA prottl.oms rut4 mat!me .ln t:b~~ ·Asian and world aapectGJ.

(b) to foster fl'lendlr relatlou and co-opamtloa ••• tllo •·· ea ot As.i:i,. alld: ~$el'i tbrta 11114 ftrS't. . . ,.,..ldf

Co) t:o .fU!U\$%1' . the.. .: · ppq~. , . as andPW11•botn& ot tlla ~GPle ot Asia. 40

fbe C:OUe~Wtee ,aa hel4 • a. tJao ~a ewn %ndla

htat\ fl..Qt ~rtta.f.:!N f!t~lcte ~1l.~el•~~~ Ju.st ocae ~

~fo~ ~ ht1l.din8 ~ ttl!$ e®ftiJ'e~G. N$bl\t .bad GtUJDOiQ'tGd

l'DU.'s tOi'elgn ~ttllq o:r k:e~pi:&s attar .~om ~~ blooa;. ' .

Mot&bl¥ a~:laaf.ns ~re ttllbr"*-'· e $V"cb fit tb.;t,,a Con;t~~~ ws

va-r mt~re:noct to ~l~e$ . ...., tlll tha more ~•kl:tblo

~use· oarlJ An Septflm• 19ff6 ho mGdO ·Ol.ear tbat t:reeb

g,.aa cmtnna:tins bloOG ~~ to bo ct pri\tlolpal $l~ to. tree 41

lfl"JJA*~ to~IJ'i»li~ •. i! Bo •• JX9r'baps of tho vl~ that

lt ~ t$0 .ea:r:l.y tO: ¥Press up«! th8' indepeu<.tent eomt~1oa

of J..$1a to pu.mue ~ a 1'01.\CJ•· tiee4 ot tbe hour w&;· til~

mrdmcttf!fotc~ Gi ~ty ~on& tne "''-!an ~tttlorus..

trhe ,nfA't at.a~ In tne ~b ot. ~•.l1p4 mcve~utn~

was the Cole'm'bo ~ostitl~ b(!tl,<i bet·wHn 28 t.p,.£1 to 2 Mav l9f4.

l:t ·~ Jl\t't'tnt!ed tv ~• f~lme M!n!Gte~ ol lb4\tt• ~,

sg La.a, Xri40ftenia on4 Pttti&ttul• ibis meetsna was ~G4 bf tbo need: .ot tho nGWl)' lrldepeuc.tut SOuth-Bast

~. c~&'4es tor· GO-opttMI.OC in. poll.tlcQJ., ec:eom1o

~4 St>olal tiel®" ftle oonvenq ot thto meotlns oo1noldod

vith the O«m~ ~e .. ce tfhlch af&letl d e eoluttfll of the

1._,4o-Qliaa questloth !he meetlDG SuaBeate4 ~ oeaotla•

t.ions bOtween tbe parties oon•J'J'le4•· utW•ins tbO soo4 oztlcoa o.r the Vlll'k44 Nt\t&ou arut. hoped. that the Geneva

Ccmterenoe ~d ~.a~ a •ettr tcmntnntte ot tho

.U.s:pute,.

fho meetiin$ ~"ldomlikt cOl.S.attsm t.elnc "'dldlw

o: tun~..tel )Nmaft Mf#lt$ ana apresaed ~he~,. ~tby f·or

tbe t'Qleat.icie:ra A.~il N:tuao~s ~ ttttd.,.. deeln lor~ and

eal'lY aG~ttlemeat of Palatinls.n JWOblcm, ~~ Ulh ttteetmg

thft lndoneelan Pr .. ~n•e .. ~ed tor con~ Q.

ooafo~ .in Se~l1t-.:Nit' ~ oce~ber 1954 uhei"'~rl tb$· 4s.Unl•·

Al•'icttn SJ'ltlf4P at. tllUJ V~it•4 »at~ would he invited. i'hle

was aa· GXpA!S1l1on of the dete:n'.lination os Aate count:d.ec to

l!o• urdtJ &ad ·~n~.tcm.

D.u'-lns tbl.$ pet-1t!41. enons be« been mat» to tor:go

mllitaf'¥ alltancee .a AsJ.a. r.e.-ly &n 19'3 ~ ~ate4

tbet t>aldstan en4 INfl ebculd be ~ into a Jfld«le l:i)l~

De.tence GrganlsatlOtl e4 1Gtft" rears saw 'tbe Gme~J'!C(f ot the··

~ ~· and. ~:t® ant$ SEAte. on ble wsp to ColombO

COJ'lt~neca1 au•tnese Prime Uinl'Stel"• U Ru.tt to14 a Prom!~

ccn~e tbat aboUt a year earlier atrma bad turned . : ~

. d~ art Amer.lcan oUU' of mutu!ll ~l.tY armnsez»Gilt•

a till$ ev.tclent tn.mJ tbla tbat i:be spirit -~ non-al.t.p:ent

was pr-evall&ea in sotne ooutl,li.es t1hea the. mllJ;tUf all-lances

wen emer~.

The Qolombo eoetlng bad sown the Geects ct Jaantktrig

Ccmterenoe,: and. p"'ol' 'k Sm'l&mg the Pr•c Mlr4atets ot :Sri IAAka;t lndla1 lndonosJ.e• auma and Pald.staa met at Bogor

on •2) DocembOr lHlt to e%"rQge tho San4tUl4 Cooterenco.

Pdol" to tbalt &a May 1954 Pakistan hit4 made Gtl'wts to cut•

mMOC\Ift'O %n41a by -~~ the th.'fee· otfter OO~Jt1es (!ey.lon.

Btatme e4 lndonGnla Into sou:tb•E.ast Aslaft «llltu'.l'Oe ~ was . 4J

thon J.n . .PJ'\O'Cf>SS d .to~tl.oth &at these cOQiltrie$ 414 no~

t~, a pre, to Pattlstan•s tnQJ'lOewres an4 de~de4 to co:Dtinue

lbo pursuit ot their iftde.pen$m't .torolp polloy wt~out

allsolftg w1tb any tnUltU'J alllanoG•

Sir John Kotlewala., Pritle •nlster ot Sr:l. ~

waa andoos to ho14 a sneet.trJa et the Prime tlinJ.Stem iarued,ia"telr

after tbe ·Colon .. CGD.tel"Gooe. lawabad.al Nebnt, tbe bd.l.M

~e Minister, opiQetl that any meet.t.ng of tile rtw (Ia~,

Sa :l.mika, Jil~ia, Duma and Paklotan) at that tblO: mlsll'

~- ·r .· .... _ •-' _, _ 4ttws,m•.~M~ 41.1 ·w

42 I!!.~ (~itadras),, a A.pd.l 1954.

'be ccnst~4 as a r'Gtb!ftldA& ot vle:ws eltJ):rezrd Gt:

Colcmbo u4 m1ght lead to mlatmlt$rs'tan<t!ftai,. · ·. Probabl.y

tb.e ·~ nte.leter' ot Sri J.actm, 1ft a.e'k:ins tor suett a

meetq ao soon after tbe Colebo eonterenco •. tntende4 to

fo.Ne NebN. t.o arttculete aa altemaUve sec-uri"" schano

57

·45 ,..,., tor 'tbe "POllt. . S~ IC'Iul ltOtlewala. ewea tOld ld.S COQrltr)''.s

parltataent &a. ~· 19Jlt ·tl'lst Nebnl a:g glwn St'me

.tJtt.Jtnnt£• o.f a Gtemettve te -~. · Nehru on 26 Ausu-st

191ft ret~e« this 4;ta:taen~ wh~Qb be oa14 \1~ etven due to a

mtsundo~tand£aa• thiS shor/4 that tbe Aeiml count,..iea,

wl'tb the ~eptlon ·ol a Zew. ~ cbte113.bled. ll;o keep Bt1G,f

t'n:e the llli11t~ Blltan.ces.

lrl 1954, ~. Abtiel NaneJt took over as Preslient

· ot ~· turin& the s.e ye&l'· AlSQ:~ launotted tbe.&r lon&

st~.e tor ~eaom. lbese ~ eacou~ma dtW'elopment.s

:tor the stron~ ~ lft4epeadmlt natlone ot A$ia ®4

Atr:.kith

B& iotlGr' Conte~ deo.&~d thafi uta.n-Atr1can

Ctm.«b~oe should be held tn o.ODmtttatte mt~ all the

c.v,mob~eli mom bet'S vlth a.' 111ev to ~te pdtd.l.l ·aa\4.

o~tlon •tms the n~t.t~ o£ .Qkt llnd 4~, to ~on

44 ,@l!.lii&. Cf.ta<ld»). 10 Aqwt 1954. 45 Jansen.. a. 21. P• 1.691:

48 '*• 47 D! .. ~&m!P-9.~-lndJa. !? AU)Just; 1954·

an<S advance thel.r mtJtWll as we.ll as QomlilQt'l k.tterests an4J..

turthe.v nel&hbotarlf n:tlat£one to tackle tb.e problems ot meta11sm and colonla11o and contrtl'Rltion these oountrJ..ea

o0\11¢ make to prcmo-c. worl4 peace end c~peratlon.

fhe Bogor ~:r&nQe took the bold declsion ot

in11itt.ng Cblna to the Pft'>POSCH1 lanctung Conference. !he

"4ecta1on to J.nvtte eblna was the most 1ml')Orttt..nt one taken ... . 46 . . . . -at iOgor,•

·lnUa alo11g wl'tb ethel' tour COPDtrJ.es played a ltqy

.role· in WOJ:-kf.Ds ow th• ~ow; oC'Illrse ot aot1Qll. at the

Bogor coateren~e, IndJ.a to~detl a pP!nclple to»- membership

that those oountri.es ot Atdoa and. Asia having irtdependent

scvel'tlf.!ltm'be were to rt~e a<bttte« with a•e 'bor4er line oases.

7~lG · sQgestton •s ~nsmw.ely aeceptea..- 1b:e~ was almost

~ous ag..-eenent en inV'itins Nqpal, Tu:-ker, Japan and. t.cur

Jn~ina stat'GS• · as also -. t.l'l& bQnterline oases of Sudan 4'9': . . an4 Ool4 -Coaet. ~-~

ft:oft' was a ~ontronJ:~Q' over Javittcs China and

lsNel... 11le issue ot C~Urta,. aa a.cr-1'be4 earllett• was ,solved.

ftjen -wae a peat opposition to Israel -188 .illv1te4-• It vas

tlMUf dec!.de<l not to tnvi:te lam.el!ii 'The lo;;or- Confe:rel'lee

n t •• u__-,_ _ s T ·_r .··a-

48 Ja•e~:, n. 2; p~"176.

49 Itli<4, P• l?lfi

4eolt with. tllobal s.ttuat&t.m ~ the ma3or po"'iOD ot lts del~ratlou li'GG dedlccte4 to ·t;hf.t aanbot'alliP lsw.e, lbe

suc~stul conolus{(m ot tbo Dogor eontenace ha4 bft.sbt~

the hopes t"o.r &~ Cfmte1"CMM~

ae So&OJ" ~e~-e bmd. done ·tft8 p~~ won: lc~ thO a..-. Ct~fe~ w~b wa& !tdq b. Apf'U~Wt- 195'•

ftd..s •• toP tbo I£M 'fi.lmtl lD tbe ~uu bistwP.V ~·

npns~ntvee ·o£ 8 Atro-A$left ••tou, klcludUJs U~tan, l'CJ)NG~i.r~ ·t.ha'G~U1* ot fte worM POPU!o.:tlha

GS$83bletl d .~all~ (~bet!la)-.

file dewl.-• Pl"'o.•~MDa the aut&ma CotJtere•e hs4 tr,ue.att c;ertain e~e et suap1ote and a})l)~~lcft

amcms va,.1cws ~ian o~t"ies~ ·a.· !mAIO ·aner~ m ~~ 19Slk !be stae•£-ns dUfe:ran•s betwetm fdwaa am~.

t•tak.\1,84 Glina ba4 come to t.be toe tQyol~iatl the Vnttetl

sta'"~ the .lm.;mdf." ot Astsm Qmle"~-$ Wft ~~ <to tlJQ&e

1;he s#uat1oll• .1ft Fo~ 19!)!$ c~ ~$ tr.4~e the

lb .. datl P:aot ~· a~4 ~lt:Cclr OPPonltfom .t:'~ .colonel

Naao• of &SJPt end. ottuw~ ~b ~rt.a. SQ'Pft bm4 .1tJ tha

~a4 "tseJ.i· •• n~lattno•• Naaee• .saw· a ~~lel ~ Ja&js tt~Uitr towardS SEAIO 8M bla .m obtJ.ecttcms

to \tbat 11e OE41<l4 Ute •c.-.y' ~dad Paot ~ at: bol.atSDg

4cd 4tuntpt£D~J ~·Arab· t..ea.-.o

1 ·1 (i I, .JIIIJJ ftrt ~..-__ lif

2hla "l'iotl brou#lbt ladl.a · ~ EQ'P't oloser. Bebm

"Wl$i'te4 CaUct .. U\ l!ebl'UIU7 19SJ and 4ft Aprl.l the saata vee• both· 'tile countries. eJ.gAed · u ~.gyptim\ Mo~

~·

60

ae '<tea ot &and\1aa COD.feNMe was su,worte« tJ.r tbe SoViet Untoa. t.Jbin3's response to tile Bant'Wng coaroreace

·~ ~· $lC0~4 an4 1\ltl'l wl<tbift a fflV ~a o:f -~ 8c&OJ'

meeti.nSt· the Oh.iJAesO pr$S bat! ~ #ot W8 a moJ~rr step by

·tb• 4bo-As.&c.m nat#.oa& ~owarM pt~!l"CG• Ho~!'t: AmeriOQn

~se to tht. ~· dt~rasas•

1be .iia~ Contereneo provldal e ftft O(Dasi-. le

t~ ~ian eowt~ri~a -to. a.~~taG **'~" a ~ ple1;tom ..•

It ~~ttt~tetl a ~ .bi~ptdQt t1ot oulv Ill t11o ~JQJ.

A~ IT#$~tJCt'Jc tut al" ot 6Q04 J'G114Uo.JlS· bftwen the AsS.

~11#~ cCAmtriea aDd 1me coaSf.f.IDlat bloc.

Dtt ~-~ o1 tho bte:raoe i;t)ucbei ~oua

is_.e balllt1! --'14~&~41' coa~a. in the pollttcal tltmdn,

thtf ccn,t""aoe ~-e4 ·Qtl tho ~la ot humQO rJab,te,

at1lt"'totem~tcn. pr$•s ot w $Pttnd• ~ta\~ t.Uld tho

q~£ct;l ·f'Jt ~1 dtso~otlon. l'll tb&a reanru. the

C~e ~t#etl a~ ft)l'!!' the ~'lab's el - Paloat"'lana., ~· problea of l'ac:id ~·~tlofi 1D Soutti I,J:fl,oa .a aupp~ the r~attMSllst caue~m tn ~ah1 PJ.~Jt$ttt, ftot'GCCo,

\1eflf: lrltm ail\\ A4en. ·

file At...,.~ covn,,..tea. also ~s:oed their·

~ •omJ.net1on to o.mat ooltm&allstn sad to see~(

ttlf! t.Mtaa of &toot• ma:pcme aact the Umi:t;attcm ot· amam•s

ttt~ et-leot£ve an.ton'udlomtl ooatm.

Vf.tb n~JU'4 to tatemat101lQ'l peace ect. ~ton.,

.... Qort-terenee u-e4 .. adml.sai.oa of an So·~ ~J!'I,es to! tbt ·vm.,-.4 ~l.as. ae CorlfeNnOO awted tMt:

"tie p$bls 01. peaoe .te CJONletlw t11th tbe .ProblEm of

~tometlfJI1a1 sec.Sf:J"•· m tftl& ~eoeton. ell etat.ee sb~

~"tS.oftt, apeckllJ' tb.-~ tb,e Ua1te4 ltl~lOU$1 In

~r..s alJOut tbe ft4\¥)t[Mm - r··· &!4 •. tile eUQltmUea o1 JtUOled" wea.porlth Jt

,.,_ CW:e~ was' $UCOf.f&aml. tft flavioa a <lt8G\)$Ol.on

·®· aa agaa49 ol seva, i~l eo~ ~e~t&Gr~ peaooftG

· ·~$ of Gt014.o •wgy, outtW"tll <i~at&Oilf Pf"#$blet\S ot · ~em= f*QP'lG&t II~ M~a qt~. stiif~etoJDlfiatioD• tbe

Jl:-aa!$l<Ui ot ~)4 peqe .aof.i oo~1'4tloa, contl"til ow• ueapcma ct maoa 4Deti'UOtlol11 and urd:towaltty ot UD1te4

&.-itma'»m-~

81U))dlJng 9Mfoi'G~ we»t a l.e.ftg tta? la 16J'£na the

t~~1a.!! of ftt\ .. Ugntntmt; -lob eer1q4 &a title t;09t

ft~JJ~J)l.o 4eve1~ m· Aftte~ioaal mlatt.Gall dllrlrlg tbo

PQst.W.orld Watt ll ~- m~. aw ~ Cont~e aa e

ma3tr e~t to blst017• •Ban~ Pf'(MllaiDe« tbe pol1ttoaa

QI~Oft 1ft wtrl4 attalrs ·ot avor halt tbe.· wott4~'a pOpulo.,.

tkD •·• • 1t WOUld be a a.AanatUDa ot bloto17 to N,ard

IJQmlta.l8 as thouib 1t ~ a 1s01~e4 tcOtt~e end nat pan of • ~J~Nia't mo~ent of MQ'torJ• ;g; ·

Als,bdktaa bas tm41tl0Ml17 .._a .aor.t-altgped

OC\Intrt• mo~ • 19JO~. •n tbe: ~. ~£san•' ha4

not ~4 tad»QWlt.o ~,.,,. At£11m tond.p poUcy bad &Jeea

term.et as poilcy ~ ~\Wli.tv• In pu:-a~ of her ae1$ftQ. '

~,.. AC'~eten ba4 avoitlG4 ~;g~~ ~ttb t.\c •as Powtan:•. . . ~-

'

aoqta Algbtmietan ba4 boea ~- to Anst~altm

d\tatt7 lD tbe IBS'tt bUt· tbe r.\&lGJ'S tll Af~GtaQ J)UftUG4 Q

ce~ »oltoy., !be ~oJJ pltlftll of Atstum toreiga pOtlor t.uad

baea t>Q sec~ a1d ~;~& .~ ~OD11 i.rukii\1MO~e. Eva

~las Uta Sscou4 Worl4 u:~, ~ tbe .AlliO¢ ~~a ~lad

OCCtt»1~<l ~· ·tbtt G:Oi'lllgiiOUS ad~~ of At~ntst~ Lt tta1J

ttblo to rllttki1fG!ft its ~~·ftl. status .. Atabrml~'= ato-_.~a""fft 16~~~•- aui!ult::u!LJI :r_.,&+~ .-.t4"1~~#;i:;,~~~- .~ .. "~-- .a.t.· w"'-:'••u;~~ v""'Q~VJii ~;p~<;;;>,. ~'ll;lQ.U"!!'~- ... ~,.....,~o Oli,~ww!llll4i:f!i ~ue

art~ ~ ,... tbO· ltl4.lerA ~=t1uDt 1n 194? tbat

~t•4 $It tiM ~1U•"\ ot the e~ontinont tate tvo

.~· an4 aowreip o~rJ.es ..., ~d!A -~ Patlstafl •.

t'btlss 4a¥elopneuta helped ih Ql&mlrmtins the •waert status ot Afghaustal'h !be part.itloa envJ.sa;e4 a . ..,_.

a..a.co;ttou, ~ot the baWldartea ~ Pakl~~• and At&b.miston.

UhUe the noa~la•tons .tor 4t'ma,~Cdioft ot boUt14ar1ea betwoen

A:tabaatstnn aml ~- ware ~111 1ft proaress. Ulo D.lnnd

Lillo uas envUage4 as a t~Hmtlel" b&t\1een the two eOW'ltrlen;t

Faor to partition• D\ti'Md. Line ttaG 4'18 Sntemat1a91 ~lett

bet-. -lt.lsh JatU.a act Ats,bant.sten.

f)U* tl.#at .m<mtton. ot tbe Jlunnd Line u a •k~~•'

vas ea40 ttl the linalo-Affl,t$D WNtmV at lt1'5J•- ·!a the

~equ11ttt negot1~»S m-~& btl~- tt•ated.tQt.$,1

Af~ ~sente4 to the Dr&~ f.IGve~t mc.~·entltt.v&

·. · t11e Pabt.\m Ubabl.ted. ~a b Br1U.tdl lrul!a to lJe lftolwtod

:tnto AtpOftlstQn, . \be Bnt:loh covemnu.t tteoldod to •1•

1'0*"»41D a the !lo,...-t"Jest Prcltier Pr~ taa4 -()tber

~ ~ae -to smble the pGOPte to b-ave a ohoioe ~ber to 4oln latUa OP Paklstmb Atah~ oleSmed tta ~8 tftlfJ'fl

taeee aJ'Qa. tm4 w~atml. tb&ll' lllclU$lOil •1ft At I

. . . . _.., ODG Of the ch(tloea in tbct ~804 n.tel'im-.

Slue~. ·tbl~ \1aG ~ $""Aspta!lle. tc thO it"lt1eb•

. A~tm Gti.U't$4 srina tbtt *-tmd for' en ~Itt ~at~ ot Puabtml~-·-· ':.hia WftsOlved. ~at PasbfJUblstan

W\iil-.,_ 8WJ.n _: ___ :in it·-_··- q_tt · 1tlft ·ar-· ,, ~-· '4t47 194?.

.. ~~..l\'tl:AZ

s~qwntl:r ttcoome a bono ot cOtJtentt.oa ~

At~ttm aa4 Pald&tan.. wit&® t*Ul pGl'Biets .•

ae cAd ol worl4 \1a.P u ._JOduoGd manr ~a -.n tho la'hmntloaal seaar.to, the moat ~able ot wb1ob ~

tile G'JlOI'iOttQe ot the om .. 0$ .~IP-* &ft ·the watte

·ot oo14 ••• At•anist® ba4 ia the put punue4 a. PQlt07

ot AIAJt;~1tr and Jn tu peat~"~14 .,. li pei'!Otl At(!baustar.t ' .

·ccttn• ita Old pa\t,tcy \d\t.. Ctl:u txt· •~erS.b9t ~S ;ftoll•

~-~ 1950& ~ tho· term. (Jl1rlet! llOP'48r ~, •

•

Co14 ww 18 •fkletl as "a .flta$0. of •ou~ bet•• oouatl'le$ ill ~. ·oacb, Slde ~s llOllctca 4Ge~ te at.rtmatbWl 'tat11 04 Wak~n the otbi'IJ!t awe. bti1: ttdlf.~w '" ., ~ @JC Of aotual Jtot ... ~- . DlG ·CSGl.UBlo!i Of Wt'ftd 1.1#.1!1" Jl

b~~ ~-~~titM tbtt lJ~J,~l• of G~;1.4 ~ d!Y'l~ t~$ wOd-4

!.llto Wt· POV~' bloos btcd$4 t.tv tttt SovftG't Ualou m";,~t1. 'ishe

Vrtlt&i stJil't$ti!f; Ul)l9JU.~fe Jtl'rs\\tt ot tt~ftl.l polt.q iG

tlHf p~tat avol&.a oo:nt~ot:s w~h 'thft 11& Powo~ ... s:~a put

to test in thf1 ~""'-Ti' pt<riod. Atibmtlstua ~~"' ot hu

~~~ l.coatf~on ba« to bf;. W¥7 ca-tr;uth ~1'7 stand bJ ' .

At~etan •• •c~r vat.cb" and fJtltm the sliglttut abUt '

e~d b$ tatmn M on !n~cat:lon of ett1twte ~·. •

''

' part.loulltr J.e&oloQ ontt th\U! ~G the t~tld.lttonal

nt~ $ttmec ot Af&brm1&taa. ·

Alc#lanlstan mppcme« to sb!tre a l0JJ4 t~or&ll' ~th

~be So~. Unta ~d it could *' atfOI\l to lpoft'l •~ 1Qth-r

bJ ~ ~est. ~ i)hG &ome tao Atabfift1d$D ma~ntatnott

'he dld~a 1na ~· &oVlg VD&oo. Ia t'Ce l9re1p PQ114J ~\meeatetltG~

Atak$datail \1138 fl1ae eqaaea. in ttte taQtt ot GCOJ!talo

:dQWlO,IDtmt ud aat.1otlal rtmt.m&tf\Otton.

a, 1950., the Atgbtm CGWftl!ent b~ ca~4 • tbG

m&es1'1rot maldag ;peopl.o; attaN ('f tbe!.r role· 4$ a ~flt\];1:-tc

~Jtate. · ·ao. ouoro:s ot ,-co.ocmic ~lopment 4Di1 n,.;t.~!

~tl\letioll wal't'Uto4 tore.t.an asdstaace ·~ sta~g~

fto'\dils .as oa~t.r no ta 1~ !tbe Vnttetl statos atarto<! '

&$~ a$.4 to Alab~aa tf# ttKt 8~4 YaJ.l•Y Pro~.

anti aatmeque•lr u.srvlet Un£011 also stepped in. ~ t1lH-.

able quantt.a ·Of Ol4a ._. 1.950 to 19ft• M~-~

niMJ.'Wll CS?O ebal.on aa total loans. am\ 0100 mUlltm aa ~o~Ja:

~s .trora 'thO sovtot UnlOil• ~ the .same ~.oa, the

Vbitd states atao save tiftal •oau of ••I mUUe. ma4

f .... Jf:l.t .t J I_ PL I !11M '1 ' ttL tall •• J 11-f

56. l1Nl$t *'• Sift P• ~· C8. ·.. ~ 'fti-tP, •• ,. . ~ ~--1 'thrift···· Jill ~--.~All-.• ~ .. ·- ~ ...... " ·;,~"

59 tutd 88tms ~in,. to lle4i!l mll1:Loft. 'to Alf!b•staa~

Deatdes,• Afgtt~' also ~1~e4 tore.~.sa ansiGtanoe tr1»

u,tt .• , ~f'.WCGt ~. hc't QQ·~ft. Japatlt ~. eat! otb•

<~~dea~

AfpQDiJJtao. moeJ.90d toWlati aU !Na all ctuatrle$

in keeplrls wltb her pottcy d llem-aliSQfleilt• I

~!'ll 1~55, dlol1 'the c&J.d 1f3.t' was Q ito pak, Pald.stnn lo~led 'the· ~ttb~4 Pact ~ ftt:l latetj ~~4 as tmml• Pnkl~ifa ~Jveiat&oau wJ.tb .Afpaalsten ba<l •beQa

e~ltled ~~n the ia-. ol i'~~steJt. Patd.~ ~ed.

ncoi~ mas~iv.s ~ ai4 t~. t'liO Uui~ S't4!lt;.e$• ~sta11t·s I

~.~ tbo mnttarr G1l~es ~r bftagbt. tbe c~ld war at A.fQt1~QQ· s <100r Sf,jE:tp&. 8\IC. Ugfleatsttta W3!'lJ aeJ.tbe.r

P~ .. nor ~te4 to ~~ any sueb a&lltuy nl1lMOG or

·pact• Sh$. l"dher pu.,u.e4 a po:lioy of lltm~iSDDQfie •

peaoat.\4 O·~•~· lf1 ea.~~s. oofdlal m1at&mta wlth

aU ~Jd.os, esp&el.ttllJ" ia itS~ •tsh~od•

t~Afgba!l .ford{$ policy 1e a pdio.7 ot n:Mrallty:, I

· tratU:tltmal :leutra:litf• Af--~ ~Gtfl te taaw

m:tattau t:itb tho .-lotut ct: tile· ~4 • 'thG: tnda ol tho

K ,1 I __ ·i 4 I - I_ F ~- 0 • .' l - ·_ -~· - . I ·w

fO Uftlt.$4 !fr!ticns ·Chuter and ~he p~1:ples of c.~~-·.,

lt ~s t~ tra&t1t.ma1 neutftli't7 · .. · medcl At&bel$tan

ffpemaJ$ thm ~ c.f tbo ~~·· ·

· Patt.Ute•s ~~ tu rD.UI.tet:7 au'~"'oQs 4\4 not ~ Ul!)l~~en L't"em her tn4Uional pf44GJ .,dltllb bl4 ttitlt•

,stood tbe teat ot ti!le• Pa!Ust~ 1\'Mli:Mt\ the .icpoltB1'1CG oz

.a~~tmt £a 1910s -~ ebe vlt~ t«a. ~sa ~Sl.ieary· all~s.

J:t ~- ~ ~(;lJ ~id: tb4t ~~~cm'*e ap~&ott

tm<l 4a1Pof'ta11.co tor ~al~t Ill ltator J'~ was gretatlv

il211ueu~e4 1J1 the ~le ot AC&tl~an*

l&o tG~m ·~lpenb' satnd 4~7 in 1950s ..

4ftJtwstm bu lee.n goU.:ow~ tillS lh'llor sAMe cent.urlQa, tmd l\ -~ termed oo ttie. policr ot rt.mmlit7• ~tl.fv~aa

pe•ps \138 ~he ZJ.nl'C ae~t:ra11~ owatJW !n ot~r tlmm1t t<r

tile ~~ .. u poslt&on ~ich 8Ae tot~q sbaros, t4trt. mq

N:Jicf2en4 llC'icae ooumn~.es. :uu ~-c~·4 ty bel'· senemttcns likSO•··~ ;

tA:.=:r~ ~1!:nl5o~l~AA1ib,...S~i-·11a!-Pe-···---· ._ ... ...,. ... (~tad.)t Vol. 4,. fto,. J61. ~ 16 .. • .t~nstm.;r n •. a, »• ·1$,

62' J:J:C~ i'auaow .. #Afp$ Neuti01J.s0 .m ~sMm..JtorJ4 \~dOG)• YOI• n, .. :lQ~ 1.1, neoom11er am; p;u;

· ··.. . Upal4stu•a6~u.t ·poUq ttad. ~ ~ ae •a~'C. Pdtur• Wi At-- lea•·n repeate&J ••• lt. clear tbat. *wr -~J'411~:V ls act t1 I'$SS1VO· ·11m. fa .UW

ou aad we ftteewe a,.me4Ca 41 ~..,. la au qi$StSOJJ$

· of wd.4 iaPOI'l4Me•" .t«.-. Prirle ~~·~:d further

da~Ul.t .Af~ a•mt&a on 2lf -.." 19Dt "A,._ -~'lilioiio>"'" ~t.-. .. "'A ·~1"'l>1f\l!lll\ ia;.-. iil . .....,;.,.~-i~f'l""A .:'!i4!iil <~~1 dabc A:? .:i-··""'¥lit5 .... a.a~~~~. ;~~ . .,. -· 1!0' ~ ..,._.~ .... ;~"'~ .• ·.~~ ~ "-"""""~ ~ ~~'*'""'~•,.;

.For .v.-a ~· w •• • n•rat nect In tbe a.uor•~ ot r-" 1 ) '

v~ws qd ett!l!f!IJI8 .... t•s •~·~ w c-.ot ~ al~ ¥4n4 $lltteN9o4 .-~ . '. 65 '

.u the ;J~aa t~iti<* au~ ~t1 a' 1._* ~ ·

At#lard&iiitA •• ... , 'Ute ~ twl~ atatcm

.,.. oompdae& a aoJt ot &ac~ Am~As.lea ~~Is:

wa· la~t._e.al &a BO~bfmlag .-. pres••· ntm.US'l04

·~•· fbem was. M 4U'IeNfte.e !b ~ml.ttv antt r.aon• . '

al~~ ~ tile cue ot AtsllMd.atan. Neutmlt, ~~ to

~· perioti whea; -·· ,,. f;f'-.~11~'1 hQ4 ~ &dae4 '*~eDO.U: .. ..-.. ' ....

M'Shan F~- ~stn,.!t ~e 444tt•81QS s P.reos

C~aoa ,on .:tf· S\w~ lffO., M14 that •#'"''f~~attJt~"\·$

. po~J o.t nG\lt'mUiJ' ••• baa a lone bl•cl'f~ t'M tdla •••

·45 .-~. n.. '~ P·~ Ill• 64 , At~ Fe~ ~~RGr S\i~ if~4 f'.aim,,

a~.t.a. s..a ~&•aiDs• ~ Pt: u.

to to o.-oate and euppon bcttel' untlemtmAtcs ~dl

tbe ~"-loa u4 :I'J:ations ot .thO •rt4 tm4 to settle ~--.. l!r"•IY' 66 . .. aatt.oaul 4lsputoa by pen.oofUl. meau, t:t -

.At~etM'o pQn)f4t of tM »>Uop of AOn-oli.,._

mont ba.c mt been tbat ot elttSas OA tile feAQe, ae ~we·

most task tor At&bant•ttm htlfl ~ tG keep peaoa tor bOPso11

and \101t: tO'? ~d. peaa ~4 df!\~lo.J.Qelt4• lt~e W'GS triG . I .

pOJJA*? conoem tcr Al~latac as a f=Rt:tel~ .m\""ld ~tG. aot

t.te e.mtlaa&oA u tho tu1tt o1 b~U u~ below po~

l~t A#:~an1GtaD 'tlaat.4 P«lM to Nl$-D ·tbo ll~ Ghitdcr4 '

ol flefl people• lt. ttaS _.to tho pollcv ot noa-alln,nmd

~t At~llle~an ..., a'ble to pnoum d4 Ire the USA ao

waU tls tbo t;r£L. $Af ... DGUtflaUe bas ~. pl'eerw4 . .,. . .

obanpd $~ a ~1~1 ~lw )')QS1tt;Q13 to $. ~-,

:t~da41 ;poaltivo pol.-"f,cal •·~~,. A!ld tutaa4 d '

1eo1a'~ lt1· bo• ~-"t ~ao4 ·t/-t. ba~ iume4 At~~t~ton ~

·one of the 1ew spots on enrtll 'dbel'O tbe:Ui ~·ve

ener(&les ~f" to deftlop, and .to bo £1'1MG.J' $h tbl• · ..., .............. ~ n ~"'!1.

~ 'the ~ Vaioa aod the· Ul'llte« natee. un~.o

·upon. a •mm&cw c=petiUOft ot Sric~a their lnnutmo$ 1ft

66

&?

.Atsh~sta ·~ ~tttpu Oet'.temm• ~P=J· thG'4 rigi41y Jn 6e

ob!C.k•• A:f~an rscetve« etQDt'81C ass~Mee fl'tre tbe·

SO'd.et Unioa ~t it st~ ·to ~lt4l:L.~ :ncu:tNl tci."'J.grt

poi'- an« ttat1t$al 1nto¢ty., •

As Al&banisten tmdJ.tl«lally 6o11owe4 tba pmm ot

Mslt1ft nout~1n', it was SJrd.i.0\14 to, play a ooruu:ructive '

1'010 1ft fVtbU'~ i!WJ:Y Such .Erft'O~ ae '#ft(f mtemat;i,~ 1~o1t

Die A~tan ~=v~tlM& C&n~ereuow (oW) provl~ ~- GD

.,.~~fc A.f~~~:ts ttct.i:vo ~io~pattti.tm in. tbe

Asia ltelatiOM U:onte~e bela .Ia Rtaw Delhi &!l· \1913. se ift I • . - . • '

the EU..~~ ~~me walt a ttt~ t;o her ~t-.w mel'.t@'Sib.i.lt

t4 ~ali~Q, M~•· I

Atgtt~ ~1: u act;lve par-td.o1pati«! tlt tllo

As~ i!el!!i't.ta~w ~~~~ VI.~ o£ Uf&hai\\attat wre at~t17 ewmd \1.P t1J ~. ~ r.t~.;t4 Iium, &e4 oz ttl.-. ~elQpti,~ o ·the .i\s~ Relt:t~~ c~~J\Y,Eh! Re ~ .•

ia to be. sOWIJlt n- tbn;l~Sb t~ etrtf~s an« hatreds ·&,at fttber the prcmctl(m ot lwc~crbood amana ~aoh other an4 b.V tbe£1" 1rl.(mQv o~rat1on J.Q, tbe ~ ol ·B . epirlt ot tr!m4Sb1p tlnd mutual conUdencch, 69

!be AfibaD. 4elesate appreciate4 the task ot ARC tor tb$

~14 poaoo alld prvsportty of tba· people of' tbeb" oount-J.i.e~;h

Ro tal.ke-4 abOllt Jn4o-A.t1Jba outt:qral tto• and bl:~Xtor~

linllage mlQft pl-J'C4 ciQ. -ortant rol• iG the olv&ltaattoa

of mankJ.li~· !ie as~t:i the con~ce tbut ~-~

WOUld ~o-o;~erate wttb A.aitm. and other •t.t.on& ot the worl4•

St.tOh ~ration ~4 ·• m'*ch ~loW tor ~. peace

and «:lo:nomlc prosrosa 01 Aeiall ~nes. j

!boqb UgbODlst~n waa nfJt an lmllte& to tho lo(!Of'·

an4 Colombo eonte~es, but its c~att011 arad. eppnolntlon

were always nth tbo nattoaa 110ftt1.ca tor tneecr; .14eal.a.

Durin& the amd~ Conference to wbicb · Af&h:mistm

ns alae an .inVitee~ 1't pla,.e4 Q lau&:1ble lm1e.. s~

lidtatnmad Nn:Lm, thO Head o£ thO 4tpn 1)ele;gatf.on at B'mdq '

Empbastai.ag tbQ need .tor mut~ c~o~J$Ntl<mt tbe

Atgha delegate ~her saldl

fo OOM~ soot~, QOOJ)«!Jl.o _,4 OUl·~ protaemo ot oooial fntoreat to! Afl.if.m· an4. Alman peopl.tm .• to viett· the pos.ttioa ot Aula an4 ~a and. to t.b!M or makini •ontft.'*'lcm t.o t·h .. e pre. oil. on.··. of. war.. It· d.· • pen .. ··• ;I. are ... ·. . q~. • .. s.t1en~ tba't OtllJt.ll~ l)e aolved1. -.c . ·· b1 beiuS <~Qlte trank \11th ~ ectber"' • •• 11

I

AA-lenn ocnmtnee ba4 aobleve4 the.lr pUU.t1cal .. ltu1e»~o:e·

'but 1;heN were stU1 r.ultes ot peqpte that •re uruteF tho

colonial rottv. ne Q~ · ot libet't7 tm(\ .cqual1t1 for 411 amt

GBPJ'eSSGd. that 1t _,\Ill be ~$llf unfortunat:e .U SQnft '

co~es \'lbion attaiftCd their ~etlom _, ~~eat saorUioea

tbot.lsbt ot~Sni t#be#iS an4 l'lepJ!I;f..vlos them ot t~ lt.bertleo•

Alsb~ real.,_d tb.e Smport-.co ot .no~l-ttr$ as tts !Jt!~ up~ tms the l)eet: sate t•• 11;8 tutw-e

PtJl,lo1aa-. lt ttas .U:r tbla splr'lt tha Atgtutnistan kfttml?

part;1eJ.pz.te4 ill thO Asian: Jtelatlons Certte~mo and tbo. Bmdu.Qg

C~erence. !he me of .Uattanl.atM Aft $\lbseqw.• ncrt•allane4

otmtoreno-es tre D'!l&,mdt1 to Ha~ and i~s aontri'bl.ltton to

the »~U-grwent moveatmt t.e tU.sc~ss~d · iD Cbaptor.s l'f am! v.

71 %1)14tt· PP•r ~'' 72 ibid.