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L6: Forest and temperature
(climate)
Jeroen Engelhart
MI0533: Forest Ecology
M.Sc. course plan: fall semester 2016
Summary:
• 8 lecture days – 14 lectures – 10 exercises
• ‘Forest Ecology’ course assessment: written exam
• Website: emuforestecology.weebly.com
• Books:
- Forest Ecology
J.P. Kimmins
- Forest Ecosystems (2nd Edition)
David A. Perry - Ram Oren - Stephen C. Hart
MI0533: Forest Ecology
M.Sc. course plan: fall semester 2016
05.09.2016
Lecture 1: Introduction to forest ecology (Jeroen Engelhart: JE)
Lecture 2: Forest ecosystem: structure (Kalev Jõgiste: KJ)
Exercise 1: Forest ecosystem: structure (KJ)
12.09.2016
Lecture 3: Forest ecosystem productivity (KJ)
Lecture 4: : Forest hydrology (Floor Vodde: FV)
Exercise 2: Forest ecosystem and irradiance (light demanding trees) (JE)
19.09.2016
Lecture 5: Forest soil and carbon (KJ)
Exercise 3: Forest ecosystem and irradiance (KJ)
Exercise 4: Forest soil (soil temperature) (KJ)
September
MI0533: Forest Ecology
25.09.2015
o 10:15-12:00 Lecture 6: Forest and temperature (climate) –
Jeroen Engelhart
o 12:15-14:00 Lecture 7: Forest Genetics– Tiit Maaten
o 14:15-15:00 Exercise 5: Forest and temperature (climate,
microclimate) – Jeroen Engelhart
Wikimedia commons
‘Cedrus libani’
Olivier Bezes - 2005
Cèdre du Liban, Barouk
Al Shouf Cedar Nature
Reserve on the slopes of
Barouk mountain
Cedrus libani
Range: Lebanon,
Palestine, Israel,
northwest
Jordan, western
Syria, south west
and central
Turkey
40m
6,8 m
Garip Village,
Egirdir, Isparta,
Turkey
Planted in ±1388
>> 628 years
altitude 1,000-2,000 m
Ceder Forest Remnants The largest stands are in southern Turkey in the Taurus Mountains where there are extensive forests occurring from Boz
Mountain (Acipayam) in the west and Ahir and Nur (Amanos) mountains in the east. Its distribution continues towards
the southern boundary of Inner Anatolia (Atalay and Recep 2010). Approximately one third of these forests are in a
degraded state (Boydak 1996). In Lebanon the subpopulation is in the form of 15 fragmented stands, more than half of
which have an area of occupancy of less than 1 km2 and are in a state of severe degradation (Talhouk 2001). In Syria the
species forms isolated pockets on the crest of Djebel Ansarieh (Rolley n.s.). There are five separate stands in Cyprus, the
largest at Triplyos comprises about 16,000 mature individuals (Eliades 2008).
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Lecture 6:
Forest and temperature (climate)
Jeroen Engelhart
1. Temperature on planet earth
2. Occurrence of climatic zones
3. Climatic influence on vegetation
4. Temperature effect on trees
5. Forest effect on climate
1. Temperature on planet earth
Temperature
“A measure of intensity or concentration of heat energy in an
object.” Kimmins 1987
Temperature = amount of heat energy + the heat capacity of the
object
All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits
thermal radiation.
The higher the t°C, the shorter is
the wavelength of radiation
emitted
Different materials have different thermal
capacities. Wood has a lower thermal capacity
when compared to iron.
Question 1. What object (wood or iron of the
same size) has a higher temperature when
both contain the same amount of heat energy?
Question 2. What object contains more energy
when they have the same temperature ?
Temperature test
Temperature Scales
Absolute zero
All gases → change to liquid → then to solid → −273.15°
At temperatures near 0 K, nearly all molecular motion
ceases
Start of big bang,
100 billion Kelvin
Universe Today
T=2.735 degrees above absolute zero
Robert Boyle 1627-1691
Temperature extremes
Surface of sun
5505 ° C
Inside of sun
16 million° C
Temperature of the sun
Water = liquid
→
Life
Earth’s habitable zone
• Earth’s Core 5000° C
• Core-Mantle boundary
3000° C
• Mantle 500-900° C
• Lava 700-1200° C
• Average air temperature
14,6° C
Temperatures on Earth
Some high temperature records:
• 56,7° C, 10 July 2013,
Furnace Creek Ranch, Death
Valley, California
• 58,0° C, 13 Sept. 1922, El
Azizia, Lybia
• 70,7° C, 2005, Lut desert,
Iran (NASA satellite record)
Temperature records (hot)
Some low temperature records:
• -89,2° C, 21 July 1983,
Soviet Vostok Station.
Antarctica (1300 km from the
geographic South Pole.
Located 3488 m above sea
level)
• -67,8° C, 13 January 1885,
Verkhoyansk, Siberia
Temperatures records (cold)
Variation of temperatures
Tropics:
• Only a few degrees
Continential regions biggest daily variation
• In winter; -49 to 6,5° C, Montana
• In summer; 2 to 50° C, some deserts
Continential regions biggest season variation
• Winter –summer; 107° C (-70 to 37° C),
Siberia
2. Occurrence of climatic zones
Cause: radiation
Surface temperature:
• Mainly driven by
solar radiation (not
earth’s inner core)
Effect of latitude
Insolation = the solar irradiance integrated over time
Seasonality
Seasonality
Global circulation
• Wind directions between
zones
• Rotation of earth causes
askew wind directions
between zones
Global circulation
• Wind directions between
zones
• Rotation of earth causes
askew wind directions
between zones
“The reflecting power of a surface”
Effect of albedo
“The reflecting power of a surface”
Surface Typical
albedo
Conifer
forest
(Summer)
0.08, 0.09 to 0.15
Deciduous
trees 0.15 to 0.18
Bare soil 0.17
Green grass 0.25
Desert sand 0.40
Ocean ice 0.5–0.7
Fresh snow 0.80–0.90
Effect of albedo
Effect of oceans
• Large bodies of water act as heat sinks, they store heat in
warm periods and release it in cold periods.
• Thermal capacity of water >> to increase temperature of
water it takes five times more thermal energy than an equal
amound of dry mineral soil
• Different parts of the ocean have different parts of surface
temperature currents
Effect of oceans
• Large bodies of water act as heat sinks, they store heat in
warm periods and release it in cold periods.
• Thermal capacity of water >> to increase temperature of
water it takes five times more thermal energy than an equal
amound of dry mineral soil
• Different parts of the ocean have different parts of surface
temperature currents
Effect of oceans
• Large bodies of water act as heat sinks, they store heat in
warm periods and release it in cold periods.
• Thermal capacity of water >> to increase temperature of
water it takes five times more thermal energy than an equal
amound of dry mineral soil
• Different parts of the ocean have different parts of surface
temperature currents
Effect of altitude
Troposphere:
• per 1000 m in
altitude
• 4° C temperature
decrease
• Altitudinal
Zonation System
in Latin America
Effect of altitude
Troposphere:
• per 1000 m in
altitude
• 4° C temperature
decrease
• Altitudinal
Zonation System
in Latin America
Global topography
Global topography
Global topography
• Latitude
• Seasonality
• Global circulation
• Oceans (currents)
• Albedo
• Altitude (topography)
Causes for climatic zones
Climatic zones
Quiz!
• Berlin, Germany
• In Salah, Algeria
• Manaus, Brazil
• Tomsk, Russia
• Vancouver,
Canada