Perhaps unusually, it is not a simple presentation of dataand concepts but also an exploration of the issuesunderlying the development of tourism. Above all else itclearly demonstrates that tourists are individuals and wemodel their behavior at our peril. What might seemobvious is more complex, and despite the availability of

increasing sophisticated analytical techniques, tourismstudies are yet far from constituting a science.

Carson L.JenkinsAl Ain Economic Development and Tourism Promotion

Authority, P.O. Box 59333 Al Ain United Arab Emirates

doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.06.004

L. Lumsdon, S.J. Page (Eds.), Tourism and Transport:

Issues and Agenda for the New Millennium, Elsevier,

Oxford, ISBN 0-08-044172-6, 2004 180pp.

Tourism and Transport is an area of study attractingmore widespread attention amongst researchers fromboth academic areas, as illustrated by the Association ofEuropean Transport’s attempt to establish a programmestream in tourism at their annual conference and theJournal of Sustainable Tourism’s planned special editionin transport. Lumsdon and Page have produced a timelyand very valuable addition to the literature in this field.As the authors point out in the Preface, the principalacademic journals in transport and those in tourismhave largely remained compartmentalised and there arevery few articles in the transport journals that makespecific reference to tourism and likewise there are fewreferences to transport in the tourism journals. Thebook therefore sets itself an ambitious objective to re-evaluate some of the key issues which face the tourism-transport interface and to promote interdisciplinaryapproaches to further research in this field.This edited text consists of 12 chapters from a wide

range of contributors (15 in total). The opening chapter,written by the two editors, sets out to review theprogress to date of research into the transport andtourism interface and suggest a future research agenda.The authors argue that tourism trips are sufficientlydistinctive from transport trips for other purposes towarrant independent study. However it would be usefulfor the authors to define ‘tourism transport’ or discuss arange of definitions in more detail as in subsequentchapters contributing authors adopt differing criteria.Some chapters imply that tourism transport is limited totransport for holiday or leisure purposes whilst othersinclude the more widely accepted definitions of tourismincorporating travel for all purposes including businesstravel.The opening chapter does establish a framework

for analysis. It distinguishes between—‘transport fortourism’ and ‘transport as tourism’. The former looksat the role of transport as a derived demand, an essen-tial component of the tourism product to movetourists from origin to destination zones whereas thelatter explores where transport itself becomes theattraction. Whilst this framework is valuable, it is only

really utilised by one of the following chapters, that byLes Lumsdon & Rodney Tolley which incorporates acase study of cycle tourism, although clearly the chapteron cruise ships by Robert Wood is a study of transportas tourism.There is scope for this opening chapter to develop

additional frameworks. A number of chapters focuson the role of transport in carrying tourist fromoriginating to destination zones, the main functionof transport in the tourism product, whilst othersconsider the need for tourists to use transport formobility in the destination area itself. A distinctionbetween these two functions of tourism transport wouldhave been valuable.The subsequent chapters also include analysis of all

elements of the transport system. The majority focus onthe role of the transport vehicle in the provision ofservices for the tourist, but issues concerning theprovision of ‘the way’, the physical route over whichthe vehicle operates and ‘the terminal’ where the touristaccesses transport are covered. A review of the transporttourism interface comparing the differing influences oneach of these elements may have added context for thesubsequent chapters.The opening chapter highlights a number of key

themes, issues and trends including:

� Constraints on tourist travel (terrorism and politicalfactors).

� The rise of low cost carriers in the airline sector.� The need for interdisciplinary research with aparticular focus on ‘health and travel’.

� Role of Service Quality and Security in attractingmore travellers to Public Transport.

� Challenges for the future—a range of issues are brieflydiscussed ranging from horizontal and verticalintegration, deregulation, global alliances and vulner-ability to economic factors.

� The role of transport in sustainable development.

However the link between this opening chapter andthe subsequent contributions is not entirely clear. Whilstsome of the identified themes such as low cost carriersand sustainability emerge strongly others are notdeveloped. On balance the reviewer did not fullyappreciate the structure of the volume or the logic

ARTICLE IN PRESSBook reviews / Tourism Management 26 (2005) 807–813808

behind the sequence of the following chapters whichcould have explained this more fully in the openingchapter. It may have been helpful to have divided thebook into thematic sections.The content of the subsequent chapters incorporates

an appropriately wide range of material and ap-proaches. Some chapters are mode specific. Forexample, there are three chapters devoted to aviation.They each adopt a significantly different approach.Brian Turton’s case study of aviation services to/fromZimbabwe offers a valuable insight to the role of airservices in the development of tourism in a developingcountry. In addition to highlighting the problems asmall carrier has competing with larger airlines on longhaul routes, it also explores the wide ranging impact ofinadequate terminal facilities at Harare on the tourismindustry and identifies the lack of infrastructure in theform of regional airports as a major barrier to openingup new areas such as the Nyanga National Park in theeastern highlands. In contrast, Paul Freathy’s chapterfocuses on the terminal by examining the changingenvironment for successful airport operation. DavidBrigg’s chapter explores the relationship betweenairlines and tourism development. It does seemillogical however for these chapters not to be groupedtogether.The other modal specific chapter is Robert Wood’s

review of the fast growing cruise industry. Wood reviewsthe size and structure of the industry but goes on tofocus on the global nature of the market and how theuse of Flags of Convenience underpin the economics ofthe industry by reducing costs and diluting the regula-tion and control of the market—a process he calls‘deterritorialized’. He also focuses on the trend forvessels to get larger which has changed the nature of theproduct. It has influenced the degree to which con-sumers perceive the vessel as opposed to the ports of callas the destination.Another group of three chapters focus on the

transport requirements of tourists in the destinationarea. Aylin Orbasli and Steve Shaw examine thetransport issues in historic cities with a review ofexisting studies, although perhaps surprisingly thechapter only makes brief reference to the use of ‘parkand ride’ policies which have been widely tried in thisenvironment. Les Lumsden and Rodney Tolley high-light the merits of non-motorised transport for thedestination area and include a wide ranging review ofthe potential of cycling by the tourist. The final chapteron this theme is a case study of the Green Key Initiativein the Snowdonia National Park. This interesting casestudy demonstrates the huge difficulties of introducingmeasures that limit or restrain car use with the supportof different groups of stakeholders.The important themes of sustainable transport and

sustainable tourism are discussed in separate chapters by

Derek Hall and William Black. Derek Hall’s chapterexplores the guest/host relationship and the potentialareas of conflict. It includes an interesting discussionover the equity of some transport infrastructure projectswhich may highlight guest-host inequalities or excludesome areas from tourist visits. William Black on theother hand looks at the potential conflicts of sustain-ability and mobility, indicating that as economies growand transport facilities improve and increase mobilitythey will also increase the use of scarce resources. Heseeks to identify good practice by developing a system ofmeasuring ‘sustainable mobility’. Sustainability emergesas an important consideration in several other chaptersincluding the impacts of cruising, airlines and airportson the environment as well as in all three chapters ontourist mobility in the destination area.The Chapter by Bruce Prideaux explores the interface

between Transport and Destination Development. Thiscontribution shows the importance of transport infra-structure on tourism development with a detailedcase study of North Queensland. He discusses inturn the impact of the arrival of a rail link in the1920s, the construction of an all weather highway in thelate 1940s and the development of an internationalairport in the 1980s and tracks the development of theregion from a local tourist destination to a regionalcentre, a national centre and finally an internationaltourist destination.Given the wide range of subject matter it is in my view

surprising that the editors did not take the opportunityto write a concluding chapter, to draw together some ofthe key findings and major themes that have emerged.This would in my view have added to the overallstructure and cohesion of the volume.Inevitably, given the breadth of the subject area and

the ambitious objectives of the book there are some gapsin the topic coverage. There is relatively little on theimpact of specialist transport services developed solelyfor tourists except of course the chapter on cruising. Thetourism-transport interface at an operational levelexploring their inter-dependence is another broad areaworthy of more coverage. The management actions oftourist organisations such as accommodation providerswill change patterns of transport demand.Nevertheless a major benefit from the book is the

wealth of case study material it provides from a widerange of international examples (Queensland to Zim-babwe). Virtually, all the chapters include very compre-hensive bibliographies which are themselves a valuableresource. The book is appropriate for undergraduateand postgraduate students and active researchers and isa must read for students undertaking a transport unitwithin the framework of their tourism degrees, agrowing phenomena. It will also inform tourismplanners and transport operators to understand moreclearly their inter dependence. The editors are to be

ARTICLE IN PRESSBook reviews / Tourism Management 26 (2005) 807–813 809

congratulated on a thoughtful volume which makes avaluable contribution in stimulating further research inthis field and I hope it is the first in a series of suchcontributions. It will be on my list of essential readingfor students.

Derek RobbinsSchool of Services Management,

Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow,

Poole, Dorset. BH9 3EE

E-mail address: drobbins@bournemouth.ac.uk.

doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.06.003

Nick Hanley, W. Douglass Shaw, Robert E. Wright

(Eds.), The new economics of outdoor recreation, Edward

Elgar, Cheltenham, 2003 331pp., £ 69.95, ISBN 1-84064-

985-2.

The publisher of this book describes the target audienceas ‘‘yeconomists, governments, and NGOs who areinterested in the environment, development and tourism’’,and also ‘‘policy makers concerned with land use andnatural resource management, and students of environ-mental and resource economics’’ (promotional flyer). Thisis perhaps ambitious in regard to the policy makers mostof whom do not have the econometric background tounderstand this work. However, for economists, students,and quantitatively oriented managers in both the privateand public sectors, this is a gold mine representing some ofthe best applications of economic analysis to the naturalenvironment. The text is a collection of papers by expertsin this emerging field. Several papers were previouslypublished in academic journals, including the Journal of

Environmental Economics and Management, the Journal of

Environmental Management, the Canadian Journal of

Forest Research, Environmental and Resource Economics,

and Land Use Policy.The three editors are co-authors of four of the 14

topical papers. Their collaborative introduction is a veryconcise piece that serves three functions. First, theyprovide a clear rational for economic analysis of outdoorrecreation. Second, they produce a concise history of therefinements in methodology. Third, they lay out the planof the volume, which is divided into three parts,consisting of papers modeling mountain activities, forestmanagement, and recreation relating to rivers and seas.Part I contains six papers related to mountain

activities. The first study, Chapter 2, gets right to thecrux of the policy implications of these methods, as itexamines proposed policies to charge fees or restrictaccess to climbing areas within Hueco Tanks State Park(Texas, USA). The authors use survey-based contingentvaluation (CV) and Tobit models to analyze theproposed policies. With four distinct climbing areaswithin the park, the authors were able to conduct scopetests on the CV results. Chapters 3 and 4 utilize datacollected via focus group from 267 climbers in Scotland.First, travel cost method (TCM) models, specifically,repeated nested multinomial logit models, were used to

analyze different management policies to preserve theenvironment through restricting access. These unpopularbut necessary measures include charging parking fees andcreating a ‘‘long walk in’’ by closing parking lots,restricting mountain bike access, and using other methodsto reduce access. A common theme in applied economicanalysis, described clearly in this study is that, while onecannot address the ‘‘optimal’’ situation due to thornytheoretical constraints, one can compare alternatives in anattempt to increase constituent welfare (p. 55).Chapter 4 uses the same data but a different stated

preference technique, Choice Modeling. The authorsspecify a multinomial logit model, controlling forpersonal characteristics, but do not report thoseparameter estimates, as they have no policy implications(p. 65). The authors demonstrate techniques to test forviolations of model assumptions. The recast model (anested logit model), though, produced little change inthe parameter estimates. Chapter 5 carries the intriguingtitle ‘‘Are climbers fools? Modeling risky recreation.’’The premise of this piece is that the TCM models usedto study climbing, a risky sport, do not endogenouslyincorporate risk. The authors lay out a theoreticalapproach merging ideas from some popular risk studies(prospect theory, regret theory, and prospective refer-ence theory). Unlike most of the chapters in the volume,this study does not empirically examine the hypotheses,nor does it directly address a policy issue. As such, it ismore in the realm of pure theory.Chapter 6 returns to an empirical framework,

examining day trip behavior to the Eastern Alps. Datawere gathered from members of the Italian Alpine Club(N=904), comprising 10,391 day trips. A potentialweakness of this study (acknowledged by the authors)was the exclusion of the cost of travel time from thetravel cost function. The rationale was stated: ‘‘Usuallyin Italy, there is no cost attributed to travel time, mainlybecause the opportunity of producing extra incomeusing spare time is very limited, and so the opportunitycost of time is assumed to be zero’’ (p. 108). Thisselection suffers from poor graphics (figures on pages115 and 116 must be turned upside down to read thetext) and a lack of clarity in reporting of the results. Thelast chapter of Part I presents a study of skiers inScotland. It presents an interesting contrast to Chapter4, as the techniques and models are identical but thetarget groups (climbers and skiers) are quite distinct.

ARTICLE IN PRESSBook reviews / Tourism Management 26 (2005) 807–813810