L j h j b a Z f „Lone Wolf“ · 2018. 8. 2. · 112 БЕЗБЕДНОСТ 1/2018 Тероризам „Lone Wolf“ F Z j d h D J K L B 6 F b g b k l Z j k l \ h m g m l j Z r b

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112 БЕЗБЕДНОСТ 1/2018

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: 10.5937/bezbednost1801112K

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: 10. 08. 2017. : 22. 02. 2018.

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: 10. 08. 2017. : 22. 02. 2018.

: 22. 06. 2018.

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1. Bakker, E., De Graaf, B., (2011). Preventing Lone Wolf Terrorism:

Some CT Approaches Addressed. Perspectives on Terrorism 5 (5-6): 43-50.

2. Bakker, E., Van Zuijdewijn, (2016). Lone Actor Terrorism: Definitional Workshop. London: Royal United Services Institute.

3. Berger, J. M., (2017). Extremist Construction of Identity: How Escalating Demands for Legitimacy Shape and Define In-Group and Out-Group Dynamics, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism-The Hague 8, no. 7, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19165, 1. 7. 2017.

4. Bhatia, A., (2007). The discourses of terrorism. Journal of pragmatics, 41(2): 279-289.



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1. Bakker, E., De Graaf, B., (2011). Preventing Lone Wolf Terrorism:

Some CT Approaches Addressed. Perspectives on Terrorism 5 (5-6): 43-50.

2. Bakker, E., Van Zuijdewijn, (2016). Lone Actor Terrorism: Definitional Workshop. London: Royal United Services Institute.

3. Berger, J. M., (2017). Extremist Construction of Identity: How Escalating Demands for Legitimacy Shape and Define In-Group and Out-Group Dynamics, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism-The Hague 8, no. 7, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19165, 1. 7. 2017.

4. Bhatia, A., (2007). The discourses of terrorism. Journal of pragmatics, 41(2): 279-289.

5. Brynielsson, J., Horndahl, A., Johansson, F., Kaati, L., Mårtenson, C., Svenson, P., (2013). Harvesting and Analysis of Weak Signals for Detecting Lone Wolf Terrorists. Security Informatics 2, no. 11.

6. Capellan, J., (2015). Lone Wolf Terrorist or Deranged Shooter? A Study of Ideological Active Shooter Events in the US, 1970-2014., Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 38, no. 6, . 395-413.

7. Chermak, S., Freilich, J., Simone, J., (2010). Surveying American State Police Agencies about Lone Wolves, Far-Right Criminality, and Far-Right and Islamic Jihadist Criminal Collaboration. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33(11): 1019-1041.

8. Corner, E., Gill, P., (2015). A False Dichotomy? Mental Illness and Lone-Actor Terrorism. Law and Human Behavior 39(1):23-34.

9. Crenshaw, M., (2000). The Psychology of Terrorism: An Agenda for the 21st Century. Polltrcal Psichology. 21 (2): 405-420.

10. Feldman, M., (2013). Comparative Lone Wolf Terrorism: Toward a Heuristic Definition. Democracy and Security 9(3): 270-286.

11. Gill, P., Horgan, J., Deckert, P., (2014). Bombing alone: tracing the motivations and antecedent behaviors of lone-actor terrorists, Journal Forensic Sci. Mar. 59(2):425-35.

12. Gordon, T., Sharan, Y., Florescu, E,. (2015). Prospects for Lone Wolf and SIMAD Terrorism. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 95, . 234-251.

13. Heffron, C., Broder, J., Skillman, S., (2012). Organizational De-Evolution; the Small Group or Single Actor Terrorist.” Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 64(2):33-36.Lone

14. Jasparro, C., (2010), Lone wolf The threat from independent jihadists, Jane's Intelligence Review.

15. Joosse, P., (2015). Leaderless Resistance and the Loneliness of Lone Wolves: Exploring the Rhetorical Dynamics of Lone Wolf Violence. Terrorism and Political Violence 38(6): 395-413.

16. Kaplan, J., Lööw, H., Malkki, L., (2014). Introduction to the Special Issue on Lone Wolf and Autonomous Cell Terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence 26(1): 1-12.

17. Leenaars, J., Reed, A., (2016). Understanding lone wolves: Towards a theoretical framework for comparative analysis, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague.

18. Leistedt, S. J., (2013). Behavioural aspects of terrorism, Forensic Science International, 228 (1):21-22.

19. McCauley, C., Moskalenko, S., (2014). Toward a Profile of Lone Wolf Terrorist: What Moves an Individual from Radical Opinion to Radical Action. Terrorism and Political Violence 26(1): 69-85.



20. McCauley, C., Moskalenko, S., (2013). Two Possible Profiles of Lone-Actor Terrorists. . 84-91 in: Looking Back, Looking Forward: Perspectives on Terrorism and Responses to It. Strategic Multi-layer Assessment Occasional White Paper, edited by Hriar Cabayam, Valerie Sitterle and Matt Yandura. Washington, DC.

21. McCauley, C., Moskalenko, S., Van Son, B., (2013). Characteristics of Lone-Wolf Violent Offenders: a Comparison of Assassins and School Attackers Perspectives on Terrorism 7 (1).

22. Meyer, S., (2013). Impeding Lone-Wolf Attacks: Lessons Derived from the 2011 Norway Attacks. Crime Science 2(7):1-13.

23. Nesser, P., (2012). Research Note: Single Actor Terrorism: Scope, Characteristics and Explanations. Perspectives on Terrorism 6(6): . 61-73.

24. Neumann, P., (2017). Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalisation that Lead to Terrorism: Ideas, Recommendations, and Good Practices from the OSCE Region, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR), King’s College London.

25. Nijboer, M., (2012). A Review of Lone Wolf Terrorism: The Need for a Different Approach. Social Cosmos 3(1):33-39.

26. Pantuci, R., (2011). A Typology of Lone Wolv s: Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists Developments in Radicalisation and Political Violence, . 1-63.

27. Phillips, P. J., (2014). Who’s Afraid of a Lone Wolf? Terrorist Actors, State Capacity, and Attack Lethality presentation at the “Disaggregation in Terrorism Studies” workshop at the Peace Science Society (International) annual meeting in Philadelphia.

28. Phillips, P. J., (2012). The Lone Wolf Terrorist: Sprees of Violence. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 18 (3): 1-11.

29. Phillips, P. J., (2012). Lone Wolf Terrorism: Prudence in the Lone Wolf ’s Planning and the Time Delay between Acts of Lone Wolf Terrorism [thesis], University of Southern Queensland.

30. Phillips, P. J., (2013). Terrorism Perpetrated By Individuals in the United States and Canada University of Southern Queensland.

31. Phillips, P. J. (2015). Deadlier in the U.S.? On Lone Wolves, Terrorist Groups, and Attack Lethality Terrorism and Political Violence, . 1-17.

32. Primavera, F., (2014). Lone Wolves: Updating the Concept of Enemy in the Social Media Age. International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 4 (1): 36-44.

33. Pantucci, R., (2011). What Have We Learned About Lone Wolves from Anders Behring Breivik? Perspectives on Terrorism 5(5-6):27-42.



20. McCauley, C., Moskalenko, S., (2013). Two Possible Profiles of Lone-Actor Terrorists. . 84-91 in: Looking Back, Looking Forward: Perspectives on Terrorism and Responses to It. Strategic Multi-layer Assessment Occasional White Paper, edited by Hriar Cabayam, Valerie Sitterle and Matt Yandura. Washington, DC.

21. McCauley, C., Moskalenko, S., Van Son, B., (2013). Characteristics of Lone-Wolf Violent Offenders: a Comparison of Assassins and School Attackers Perspectives on Terrorism 7 (1).

22. Meyer, S., (2013). Impeding Lone-Wolf Attacks: Lessons Derived from the 2011 Norway Attacks. Crime Science 2(7):1-13.

23. Nesser, P., (2012). Research Note: Single Actor Terrorism: Scope, Characteristics and Explanations. Perspectives on Terrorism 6(6): . 61-73.

24. Neumann, P., (2017). Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalisation that Lead to Terrorism: Ideas, Recommendations, and Good Practices from the OSCE Region, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR), King’s College London.

25. Nijboer, M., (2012). A Review of Lone Wolf Terrorism: The Need for a Different Approach. Social Cosmos 3(1):33-39.

26. Pantuci, R., (2011). A Typology of Lone Wolv s: Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists Developments in Radicalisation and Political Violence, . 1-63.

27. Phillips, P. J., (2014). Who’s Afraid of a Lone Wolf? Terrorist Actors, State Capacity, and Attack Lethality presentation at the “Disaggregation in Terrorism Studies” workshop at the Peace Science Society (International) annual meeting in Philadelphia.

28. Phillips, P. J., (2012). The Lone Wolf Terrorist: Sprees of Violence. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 18 (3): 1-11.

29. Phillips, P. J., (2012). Lone Wolf Terrorism: Prudence in the Lone Wolf ’s Planning and the Time Delay between Acts of Lone Wolf Terrorism [thesis], University of Southern Queensland.

30. Phillips, P. J., (2013). Terrorism Perpetrated By Individuals in the United States and Canada University of Southern Queensland.

31. Phillips, P. J. (2015). Deadlier in the U.S.? On Lone Wolves, Terrorist Groups, and Attack Lethality Terrorism and Political Violence, . 1-17.

32. Primavera, F., (2014). Lone Wolves: Updating the Concept of Enemy in the Social Media Age. International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 4 (1): 36-44.

33. Pantucci, R., (2011). What Have We Learned About Lone Wolves from Anders Behring Breivik? Perspectives on Terrorism 5(5-6):27-42.

34. Ried, M., Yakeley, J., (2014). The Violent True Believer as a „Lone Wolf“ – Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Terrorism. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 23(3): 347-365.

35. Sinai, J., (2005). A conceptual framework for resolving terrorisms root causes. In Root Causes of Terrorism. Myths, reality and ways forward, ed. T. Bjørgo,. London: Routledge, . 215-222.

36. Spaaij, R., (2010). The Enigma of Lone Wolf Terrorism: An Assessment. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 33(9): 854-870.

37. Spaaij, R., (2012). Understanding lone wolf terrorism: Global patterns, motivations, and prevention. New York: Springer.

38. Stewart, S., Burton, F., (2009). Lone Wolf Lessons Defence Viewpoints from UK Defence Forum.

39. Stottlemyre, S., (2014). The effect of county-level income on domestic terrorism: A worldwide analysis of the difference between lone wolf and group affiliated domestic terrorism, Graduate Theses and Dissertations Public Policy.

40. Stroud, J., (2013). he Importance of Music to Anders Behring Breivik. Journal of Terrorism Research, 4(1): 18-37.

41. Teich, S., (2013) Trends and Developments in Lone Wolf Terrorism in the Western World; An Analysis of Terrorist Attacks and Attempted Attacks by Islamic Extremists, International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT).

42. Weimann, G., (2012). Lone Wolves in Cyberspace. Journal of Terrorism Research 3(2).

43. Zierhoffer, D., (2014). Threat Assessment: Do Lone Terrorists Differ from Other Lone Offenders? Journal of Strategic Security 7 (3)48-62.

Terrorism ‘Lone Wolf’

Summary: ‘Lone wolf’ terrorism has been considered as a serious threat to public security in recent years. Moreover, it seems that this phenomenon is intensifying at an alarming pace. This paper will analyze and present the profile of lone terrorist actors and point out to sets of common ideological beliefs, psychological patterns, attributes, qualities, training and education among these individuals which lead to their planning or executing terrorist events. The concept of the ‘lone wolf’ terrorist is increasingly common in recent decades, often attracting media attention as a "new" and "dangerous" threat. It is a growing phenomenon, but research on this topic has been accompanied by major shortcomings, because this type of violence may be one of the most mysterious and unforeseeable forms of terrorism. In fact, these individuals are a nightmare for the police and the intelligence



community, because it is extremely difficult to detect them and ensure adequate protection against them. Key words: terrorism, ‘lone wolf’, threat, unpredictability.

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: 10.5937/bezbednost1801127K

: 341.222(497.11):341.222(497.5)::(282.243.7)

: 17. 04. 2018. : 24. 05. 2018.

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