MC LCLI M U 01 MC LC ..................................................................................................................................... 02 PHN I: CC KT QU NGHIN CU ............................................................................ 03 1. Cc phng php gii bi ton cn bng (bao gm bi ton ti u) ............................. 04 ThS.Phm Gia Hng 2. S dng m hnh thang o SERVPERF nh gi mc hi lng ca sinh vin trong

hot ng dy hc. ...................................................................................................................... 09PGS.TS. L Phc Lng 3. lch dy di trong nghin cu trng trng lc ......................................................... 12 TS. Hunh Hu Ngha 4. Nghin cu nh lng carotenoid trong mt s loi gip xc thy sn Khnh Ha

bng phng php sc k lng hiu nng cao (HPLC) .................................................. 16TS. Honh Th Hu An 5. Xy dng h thng bi tp thc hnh rn k nng tip nhn vn bn khoa hc cho

sinh vin khi t nhin k thut. ............................................................................................ 21ThS. Dng Th Thanh Huyn 6. Nng cao thc php lut cho hc sinh, sinh vin trng i hc Nha Trang............. 23 CN. L Vit Phng PHN II: CC XUT NGHIN CU .................................................................................. 26

1. Nhng sai st ca cun sch Phn tch th nhng v cht lng nc trong ao nui thy sn ....................................................................................................................................... 27 ThS. Nguyn i Hng 2. Vi hng nghin cu c bn kt hp vi nghin cu k thut cng ngh phc v i sng, kinh t x hi ..................................................................................................................... 35TS. Nguyn Phc Ha

3. Xy dng h thng gii php thc y sinh vin trng H Nha Trang hc tp tt ... 39PGS.TS. L Phc Lng

PHN I

NHNG KT QU NGHIN CU

3

CC PHNG PHP GII BI TON CN BNGThS. Phm Gia Hng B mn Ton Tm tt Chng ti m rng phng php hiu chnh Tikhonov, c s dng rng ri trong l thuyt ti u v bt ng thc bin phn, vo bi ton cn bng gi n iu. Chng ti s ch ra rng, nu bi ton gc c nghim th mi bi ton hiu chnh cng s c nghim. Hn na, bt k dy nghim no ca bi ton hiu chnh cng u hi t v cng mt nghim ca bi ton gc gn vi nghim phng on nht. Kt qu hi t ny cho php ta a ra mt thut ton tm nghim ca bi ton cn bng bng phng php hiu chnh Tikhonov cng nh xut phng php im gn k gii bi ton cn bng. 1. M u Trong phn ny, ta s gii thiu v bi ton cn bng v hiu ngha ca bi ton ny, ta s a ra v d tr chi khng hp tc dn n khi nim bi ton cn bng cng nh a ra mt s bi ton quen thuc c th a c v dng bi ton cn bng. 1.1. Bi ton cn bng Cho K l tp khng rng, li, ng trong n v f : K K l song hm tho

f (x , x ) = 0; " x K . Chng ta xt bi ton cn bng sau y:Tm x K sao cho f (x , y ) 0, " y K (1) v bi ton i ngu ca n l bi ton: Tm x K sao cho f (y, x ) 0, " y K (2) K hiu bi ton (1) v (2) l EP (K , f ) v DEP (K , f ); tp nghim ca bi ton (1) v (2)

SEP (K , f ) v SDEP (K , f ) tng ng.Bi ton cn bng bao hm cc bi ton ti u, bi ton cn bng Nash, bi ton b, bi ton im bt ng v bi ton bt ng thc bin phn; n coi cc bi ton nh nhng trng hp ring c bit v hp nht cc bi ton ny theo mt phng php nghin cu chung rt tin li. Nhiu kt qu ca cc bi ton ni trn c th m rng cho bi ton cn bng tng qut vi nhng iu chnh ph hp v do vy thu c nhiu ng dng rng ln. Nhiu nh nghin cu cng ch ra rng, cc bi ton thc t nh ti u, kinh t v k thut c th c miu t thnh cc bi ton cn bng thch ng. iu gii thch c v sao bi ton cn bng ngy cng c nhiu ngi quan tm. 1.2. Mt s bi ton a c v bi ton cn bng 1.2.1. Tr chi khng hp tc. Xt mt tr chi khng hp tc gm hai u th. Gi C , D l tp chin lc ca u th 1, 2 tng ng. Cp phng n (x , y ) gi l chp nhn c nu

(x, y ) C

D . Gi s f1, f2 : C D l hm li ch ca cc u th 1, 2 tng ng; ngha

l, nu u th 1 chn phng n chi x C v u th 2 chn phng n chi y D th u th 1 nhn li ch l f1 (x, y ) v u th 2 nhn li ch l f2 (x , y ). L t nhin l mi u th u mun chn phng n chi sao cho li ch ca mnh l ln nht. iu ny dn n khi nim im cn bng c nh ngha nh sau: Ta gi (x *, y *) C D l im cn bng ca tr chi nuf1 (x *, y *) = max f1 (x , y *) v f2 (x *, y *) = max f1 (x *, y )x C

y D

Nh vy im cn bng ca tr chi l mt cp phng n chp nhn c, ti li ch ca mi u th l cao nht. n gin ta gi s f1 (x , y ) + f2 (x , y ) = 0, " x C , " y D . 4

Gi thit ny c ngha l, li ch ca u th ny l thua thit ca i th kia. Bng cch t f1 (x , y ) := f (x , y ) v f2 (x, y ) := - f (x , y ) .ta c th a bi ton ny v bi ton cn bng. 1.2.2. Bi ton ti u ( ) . OP Tm x K sao cho h (x ) h (y ) vi mi y K . trong h : K . Bng cch t f (x, y ) := h (y )- h (x ) ta a c bi ton ( ) v bi ton cn bng. OP 1.2.3. Bi ton bt ng thc bin phn ( IP ). V Tm x K sao cho F (x ), y - x 0 vi mi y K . Bng cch t f (x , y ) := F (x ), y - x 0 trong F : K K .

.ta a c bi ton ( ) v bi ton cn bng. VIP

2. Mt s khi nim v cc kt qu lin quan Trong phn ny u tin ta a ra mt s khi nim nh tnh na lin tc, tnh n iu. Sau s trnh by mt s tnh cht ca tp nghim ca bi ton cn bng. nh ngha 1. Mt hm s f : K gi l na lin tc di ti im x 0 K nulim x x 0 f (x ) f x 0 , hay

( )

" e > 0, $ d > 0 : x - x 0 d f (x ) > f x 0 - e .v gi l na lin tc trn ti im x 0 K nu lim x x 0 f (x ) f x 0 , hay

( )

( )

" e > 0, $ d > 0 : x - x 0 d f (x ) < f x 0 + e .nh ngha 2. Cho K n l tp li, ng, khng rng v f : K K . Song hm f c gi l (a) n iu mnh trn K vi hng s g > 0 nu mi cp x , y K , ta c

( )

f (x , y ) + f (y, x ) - t x - y .(b) n iu trn K nu vi mi cp x , y K , x y , ta c

2

f (x , y ) + f (y, x ) 0 .(c) gi n iu trn K nu mi cp x , y K , ta c

f (x , y ) 0 f (y, x ) 0 .Nhn xt. T nh ngha trn, d thy (a ) (b) (c ). Trong sut bi vit ny ta lun gi thit K l tp li, ng v khc rng trong khng gian Hilbert n v hm f : K K tha mn f (x , x ) = 0 vi mi x K . Ta cn cc gi thit sau (A1 ) : f (., y ) na lin tc trn vi mi y K .

(A ) : f (x,.) na lin tc di v li vi mi x K . (A ) : Tn ti mt tp compact B v vector y 2n

0

3

B K sao cho

f x, y 0 , " x K \ B .

(

)

nh l 1 (Xem ti liu tham kho [02, 07, 16]). a) Nu cc gi thit (A1 ), (A2 ) c tha v f n iu mnh trn K th bi ton

EP (K , f ) c duy nht nghim.b) Nu cc gi thit

(A ), (A )1 2

c tha v f

gi n iu trn K

th

SEP (K , f ) = SDEP (K , f ) v chng l cc tp li v ng.5

c) Nu cc gi thit (A1 ), (A2 ), (A3 ) c tha v f gi n iu trn K th SEP (K , f ) l tp li, compac v khc rng. Hin nhin, cc khng nh a) v b) vn ng trong trng hp f n iu. 3. Mt s phng php gii bi ton cn bng Nhiu vn khoa hc, cng ngh, kinh t, v.v... dn n gii cc bi ton m nghim ca chng khng n nh theo d kin ban u, tc l mt thay i nh ca cc d liu c th dn n s sai khc rt ln ca nghim, thm ch lm cho bi ton tr nn v nghim hoc v nh. Ngi ta ni nhng bi ton t khng chnh. d hnh dung ta xt v d sau: h phng trnh 2x + x = 2 1 2 2x 1 + 1, 01x 2 = 2, 01 1 c nghim l x 1 = 2 , x 2 = 1 , trong khi h phng trnh 2x + x = 2 1 2 2, 01x 1 + x 2 = 2, 05

c nghim l x 1 = 5, x 2 = - 8 . Ta thy mt s thay i nh ca cc h s trong phng trnh th hai ko theo s thay i ng k ca nghim. Do cc s liu thng c thu thp bng thc nghim (o c, quan trc,...) v sau li c x l trn my tnh nn chng khng trnh khi sai s. Chnh v th, ta cn phi c nhng phng php gii n nh cc bi ton t khng chnh, sao cho khi sai s ca d liu cng nh th nghim xp x tm c cng gn vi nghim ng ca bi ton xut pht. Phng php hiu chnh Tikhonov v phng php im gn k l nhng phng php quen thuc c s dng rng ri trong ti u li v bt ng thc bin phn n iu cho nhng bi ton t khng chnh. 3.1. Phng php hiu chnh Tikhonov C th m t phng php hiu chnh Tikhonov nh sau. gii bi ton cn bng (1), ta s gii dy bi ton hiu chnh EP (K , fk ) c nh ngha nh sau: Tm x K sao cho fk (x , y ) := f (x , y ) + ek x - x g , y - x 0, " y K (3) trong x g K l nghim phng on ca bi ton (1) v ek l dy s dng hi t v zero. Vi mi k , ta chn mt nghim x k SEP (K , fk ) v tnh gii hn lim x k . Nu giik

hn ny tn ti, hy vng n s l nghim ca bi ton gc (1). kt thc qu trnh tnh ton ta phi a ra mt tiu chun dng. C th ta c thut ton sau Thut ton 1. Cho trc sai s q > 0 v dy ek 0+ khi k . Bc 1. Cho k = 0, x 0 = x g K . Bc 2. Tm x k bng cch gii bi ton fk (x k , y ) := f (x k , y ) + ek x k - x g , y - x k 0, " y K Bc 3. Nu x k - x k - 1 q th dng li. Ngc li, thay k bi k + 1 v tr li bc 2: nh l 2. (Xem ti liu tham kho [05, 06, 16]). Gi s f gi n iu trn K v cc gi thit (A1 ), (A2 ) c tha. Nu tp nghim ca bi ton EP (K , f ) khc rng v x k l dy c sinh bi Thut ton 1 th a) Tp nghim SEP (K , fk ) l li, compact v khc rng vi mi k . b) x k - 1 - x k2

+ xk - x

2

x - x k - 1 , " k , " x SEP (K , f ).

2

6

c) Tn ti x * SEP (K , f ) sao cho lim x k = x * . Ni thm x * l nghim ca bi tonk

EP (K , f ) gn vi x nht.g

3.2. Phng php im gn k Thut ton ni trn cng gi cho ta tm nghim ca bi ton cn bng bng phng php im gn k, c th miu t nh sau. Chn ty mt im x 0 = x g v dy cc s dng ek tha iu kin 0 < ek < e vi mi k . Nu x k - 1 (k = 1, 2, ...) c xc nh th c th chn x k l mt nghim bt k ca bi ton: Tm x k K sao cho fk (x k , y ) := f (x k , y ) + ek x k - x k - 1 , y - x k 0, " y K Nu s lp ny cho ta dy x k th tnh gii hn lim x k . Khi gii hn tn ti, ta hyk

vng n chnh l nghim ca bi ton gc EP (K , f ). kt thc qu trnh tnh ton sau hu hn bc v nhn c li gii xp x ca bi ton EP (K , f ), phi a ra mt tiu chun dng no . C th ta c thut ton sau Thut ton 2. Chn cc sai s q 0 v 0 < ek < e . Bc 1. Cho k = 0, x 0 = x g K . Bc 2. Tm x k x^k$ bng cch gii bi ton fk (x k , y ) := f (x k , y ) + ek x k - x k - 1 , y - x k 0, " y K Bc 3. Nu x k - x k - 1 q th dng li. Ngc li, thay k bi k + 1 v tr li Bc 2: nh l 3. (Xem ti liu tham kho [05, 06, 16]). Gi s f gi n iu trn K v cc gi thit (A1 ), (A2 ) c tha. Nu tp nghim ca bi ton EP (K , f ) khc rng v x k l dy c sinh bi Thut ton 2 th a) Tp nghim SEP (K , fk ) l li, compact v khc rng vi mi k . b) x k - 1 - x k2

+ xk - x

2

x - x k - 1 , " k , " x SEP (K , f ).k

2

c) Tn ti x * SEP (K , f ) sao cho lim x k = x * . chng c cc nh l 2 v 3, ta cn n cc b sau: B 1 (Xem ti liu tham kho [05, 06, 16]). Gi s f gi n iu trn K v e > 0 l hng s. Khi , vi x SEP (K , f ), x (e) SEP (K , fe ) v x g K bt k, ta c bt ng thcx g - x (e ) + x (e ) - x2 2 2

x - xg

, " k , " x SEP (K , f ).

B 2 (Xem ti liu tham kho [05, 06, 16]). Gi s f tha mn cc gi thit (A1 ), (A2 ). Xt cc mnh sau a) Tn ti mt vect y 0 K sao cho tpL y ,0 f = x K : f (x , y 0 ) 0

(

) {

}n

l b chn. b) Tn ti tp compact B

v mt vect y 0 K B sao cho

f (x , y 0 ) < 0, " x K \ B .c) Tp SEP (f , K ) khc rng v compact. 7

Khi a ) b) c ) . Hn na, nu f gi n iu trn K th SEP (K , f ) li v vi bt k y 0 SEP (K , f ), ta c

L> y 0 , f := x K : f x , y 0 > 0 = .4. Kt lun Nh vy, bi vit trnh by cc kt qu v vic m rng phng php hiu chnh Tikhonov vo bi ton cn bng. Cc nh l 2 v 3 cho php ta a ra cc thut ton tm nghim ca bi ton cn bng bng phng php hiu chnh Tikhonov v phng php im gn k. Nhng vn c t ra y l Nghim x * trong nh l 2.c) c gn vi nghim phng x 0 = x g nht hay khng? Cc kt qu ni trn t c trong khng gian Hilbert hu hn chiu n , vy nu xt trong khng gian Hilbert v hn chiu tng qut th chng c cn ng na hay khng? Nu phi thay i cc gi thit vn c nhng kt qu mong mun th phi thay i nh th no? TI LIU THAM KHO [01] M. Bianchi, S. Schaible, Generalized monotone bifuntions and equilibrium problems, JOTA. 90 (1996) 31-43. [02] M. Bianchi, R. Pini, A note on equilibrium problems with properly quasimonotone bifuntions, J. of Global Optimization. 20 (2001) 67-76. [03] F. Facchinei, J.S. Pang, Finite - dimensional variational inequalities and complementarity problems, Springer, New York, 2003. [04] N.T. Hao, Tikhonov regularization algorithm for pseudomonotone variational inequalites, ACTA Mathematica Vietnamica. 31 (2006) 283-289. [05] P.G. Hung, L.D. Muu, The Tikhonov regularization extended to equilibrium problems involving pseudomonotone bifunctions. Preprint submitted to Nolinear Analysis, Serial A: Theory, Methods and Applications. (Bo co ti: Hi tho Ti u v Tnh ton khoa hc ln th 8. Ba V - H Ni.) [06] P.G. Hung, L.D. Muu: Solutions methods for pseudomonotone equilibriums.(ang hon chnh). [07] I.V. Konnov, Combined relaxtion methods for variational inequalities, Springer, 2001. [08] I.V. Konnov, Application of the proximal point method nonmonotone equilibrium problems, JOTA. 119 (2003) 317-333. [09] I.V.Konnov, O.V.Pinyagina, D-gap functions and descent methods for class of monotone equilibrium problems, Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics. 13(2003)57-65 [10] I.V. Konnov, Regularization methods for nonmonotone equilibrium problems, J. Nonlinear an Convex Analysis 10 (2009) 93-101. [11] I.V. Konnov, D.A. Dyabiklin, Nonmonotone equilibrium problems: coercivity conditions and weak regularization, J. of Global Optimization, DOI 10. 1007/s10898-010-9551-7. [12] L.D. Muu, W. Oettli, Convergence of an adaptive penalty scheme for finding constrained equilibria, Nonlinear Analysis, Theory, Methods and Applications. 18 (1992) 1159-1166. [13] L.D. Muu, N.V. Quy, V.H. Nguyen, On Nash-Cournot oligopolistic market equilibrium models with concave cost functions, J. of Global Optimization. 41 (2007) 351-364. [14] L.D. Muu, T.D. Quoc, Regularization algorithms for solving monotone Ky Fan inequalities with application to a Nash-Cournot equilibrium model, J. Optim. 142 (2009) 185[15] Phm Gia Hng, Hiu chnh Tikhonov bi ton cn bng n iu. Thng bo khoa hc. Trng i hc Lt 2009. (Bo co ti: Hi tho khoa hc sau i hc, i hc Lt, 12/2009.) [16] Phm Gia Hng: Thut ton hiu chnh Tikhonov gii bi ton cn bng gi n iu. Tp ch KHCN, i hc Lt, 2010. (ang gi ng).

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S DNG M HNH THANG O SERVPERF NGHIN CU S HI LNG CA SINH VIN TRONG DY-HCPGS.TS L Phc Lng BM Vt L I. SINH VIN L KHCH HNG CA DCH V GIO DC - O TO 1. Th gii: - Xem gio dc i hc l mt ngnh dch v phc v ni a v cho c xut khu: + Chu : Singapore; Korea; Taiwan; + Chu M: Hoa K; Canaa; + Chu c: Australia; New Zealand; - Gio dc i hc mang li li ch to ln cho kinh t quc gia; - Sinh vin c xem nh l mt loi khch hng ca dch v gio dc Nu chng ta xem khch hng l ngi chi tr tin nhn c mt tin ch do s cung ng dch v mang li ca nh trng th c th nhn din cc loi khch hng sau y: 1) Ph huynh ca sinh vin: l ngi bo tr, ti tr vi mong mun rng con ci ca h s nhn c cc kin thc, k nng t lp sau mt qu trnh o to ca nh trng; 2) Cc t chc, c quan tuyn dng sinh vin sau tt nghip: s l ni s dng v khai thc trc tip kt qu o to ca nh trng; 3) Cc ging vin: l nhng ngi c mi s dng cc dch v ca nh trng t chc ging dy, truyn t kin thc v k nng cho sinh vin; 4) Chnh quyn hay x hi: vi t cch l ngi thit lp, vn hnh chnh sch, h tr ti chnh cho nh trng m bo cho s ng gp hiu qu ca kt qu o to vo s pht trin kinh t-x hi; 5) Sinh vin: l ngi c quyn chn trng, chn ngnh, chn ging vin v cng l ngi trc tip tiu th cc dch v m nh trng cung cp cho h; Tuy nhin, vi t cch l khch hng trong gio dc-o to, sinh vin cng c nhiu im khc bit (Kamvounias, 1999) sau y: 1) Khch hng c quyn chi tr tin c c bt c sn phm-dch v no m h mong mun. Sinh vin th ch c th c hc mt s mn hc/hc phn gii hn; 2) Khch hng chi tr cho sn phm-dch v bng tin ca mnh, nhng sinh vin th cha hn nh vy, v c th h c ti tr ca gia nh v x hi; 3) Khch hng khng cn phi chng minh nng lc tiu th ca mnh, nhng sinh vin th phi chu s kim sot/kim tra v nh gi v hc tp ca nh trng; thm ch phi buc ngng tiu th dch v o to ca nh trng (thi hc); 4) Sinh vin l mt sn phm ca ngnh cng nghip o to i hc: vo trng vi t cch l mt nguyn liu, c tri qua mt qu trnh o to rn luyn phc tp ca nh trng bin i trnh kin thc ca bn thn v chnh thc l thnh phm sau khi tt nghip. Trong qu trnh c o to, sinh vin phi thc hin cc cng vic nh lm bi tp, nghin cu, thuyt trnh, kim tra v thi cvv di s kim tra v nh gi ca cc ging vin. R rng, nh vy sinh vin tham gia vo qu trnh cung ng dch v vi t cch ca mt cng nhn v phi chu trch nhim mt phn v cht lng o to; Tm li, sinh vin tham gia trc tip v ng mt vai tr quan trng trong dch v o to i hc v l mt khch hng quan trng/c bit ca nh trng. 2. Vit Nam: - Gio dc i hc v ang m ca, hi nhp vi gio dc i hc th gii; - xut hin nhiu c s gio dc o to ca nc ngoi: RMIT (The Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology- nm 2000, hin nay c hn 5 ngn SV n t hn 40 nc trn th gii) - Trong gio dc nht l gio dc i hc xut hin yu t th trng, yu t dch v, quan h cung cu o to; II. THANG O SERVQUAL V THANG O SERVPERF 1. Thang o SERVQUAL 9

- o lng cht lng sn phm dch v khch hng Parasuraman, Zeithaml v Berry (1988) xut thang o lng cht lng dch v gi l SERVQUAL SCALE. - Thang o lng SERVQUAL gm 2 phn, mi phn c 22 pht biu (Items). - Phn 1 nhm xc nh mong mun/k vng ca khch hng i vi mt loi dch v ca doanh nghip/c quan ni chung m khng quan tm n mt doanh nghip/c quan c th no. Ngi c phng vn s cho bit mc mong mun ca h i vi dch v ; - Phn 2 nhm xc nh s cm nhn ca khch hng i vi vic thc hin dch v ca doanh nghip/c quan kho st, tc l cn c vo mt dch v c th ca doanh nghip/c quan c kho st nh gi; - Khi , cht lng dch v c nh ngha l khong cch gia cm nhn ca khch hng v cht lng dch v do doanh nghip/c quan thc hin v k vng ca khch hng i vi cht lng dch v :k

SQij 1

( Pi j

Ei j )

Vi SQi l cht lng dch v ca trng hp th i; k- l s cu hi/thuc tnh ca dch v; P- l s cm nhn i vi trng hp th i ca doanh nghip thc hin thuc tnh th j; E- l k vng cht lng dch v ca thuc tnh th j i vi trng hp th i. Thang o SERVQUAL c 5 thnh phn/yu t sau y: - Phng tin hu hnh (Tangible): l s th hin bn ngoi v c s vt cht, thit b, vt liu, cng c thng tin, nhn vin.; - S tin cy (Reliability): l kh nng thc hin dch v ph hp v chnh xc nhng g cam kt vi khch hng; - S p ng (Responsiveness): l mc mong mun v sn sng phc v khch hng kp thi; - Nng lc phc v (Assurance) : l kin thc, chuyn mn, phong cch ca nhn vin phc v, kh nng lm cho khch hng tin tng; - Cm thng (Empathy): l s th hin s n cn, s quan tm n c nhn khch hng; 2. Thang o SERVPERF - Nm 1992, Cronin v Taylor xut mt thang o lng mi trn c s thang SERVQUAL; - Theo Cronin v Taylor th cht lng dch v chnh l s cm nhn cht lng ca khch hng thay v l hiu s khong cch gia s cm nhn cht lng vi s k vng cht lng ca khch hng trn;k

SQij 1

Pi j

- Thang o SERVPERF cng c 5 thnh phn ging nh thang o SERVQUAL 3. S dng thang o SERVPERF trong nghin cu gio dc o to - trn th gii: c mt s nghin cu v nh gi cht lng ca gio dc i hc nh: + Sherry, Bhat, Beaver v Ling (2004) o lng k vng v s cm nhn ca sinh vin trong nc v nc ngoi v Hc vin cng ngh UNITEC, Auckland, New Zealand vi thang o SERVQUAL bao gm 5 thnh phn vi 20 bin s quan st. Kt qu cho thy: tt c cc khong cch gia s cm nhn v s k vng ca 5 thnh phn u c gi tr m v c ngha; cht lng k vng ca sinh vin trong nc v ngoi nc khc nhau khng ng k nhng cht lng cm nhn ca sinh vin nc ngoi thp hn. Nh vy, khong cch gia cm nhn v k vng ca cht lng dch v gio dc i hc ca sinh vin quc t ln hn so vi sinh vin ni a trong khong cch ng k nht l cc thnh phn: cm thng, nng lc phc v, v kh nng p ng; + Vi thang o SERVQUAL, Chua (2004) nghin cu nh gi cht lng o to i hc theo cc kha cnh i tng khc nhau nh: sinh vin (N = 35), ph huynh (N = 27), ging vin (N = 10) v ngi s dng lao ng (N = 12). Kt qu nghin cu cho thy: trong hu ht cc thnh phn ca thang o SERVQUAL, sinh vin, ph huynh, ging vin v ngi s dng lao ng u k vng cao hn nhng g m h nhn c. Ring cc ging vin, s khc 10

bit gia cm nhn v k vng xut hin 2 thnh phn l Phng tin hu hnh v Nng lc phc v. + Snipes v N. Thomson (1999) nghin cu iu tra sinh vin ca 6 trng i hc 3 bang ca Hoa K tm hiu cc nhn t tc ng n cht lng cm nhn ca sinh vin trong gio dc i hc. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng: t 5 thnh phn ban u ca thang SERVQUAL ch cn 3 thnh phn c tin cy v gi tr phn bit; l: S cm thng, Nng lc p ng, Phng tin hu hnh (mi trng hc tp, lm vic). S cm thng v quan tm ca ging vin i vi sinh vin l yu t quan trng nht cho s nh gi cht lng dch v. Ngoi ra, cc bin kim sot v gii tnh, nm hc tp ca sinh vin v mc cng bng trong nh gi ca ging vin ngha tc ng n cht lng dch v cm nhn ca SV. - Chng ti thit k v xy dng c cc bn hi (Questionnaires) theo m hnh thang o SERVPERF nghin cu s hi lng ca sinh vin v hot ng dy-hc ti trng H Nha Trang. Bn cu hi bao gm cc thnh phn (bin s) vi 63 cu hi iu tra l: v c s vt cht (phng thc tp my tnh; phng th nghim c bn, c s, chuyn ngnh; th vin, ging ng), ging vin (trnh , nng lc ging dy; thi , c x; PPDH, KT-G), nhn vin nh trng (nng lc, thi phc v, c x, p ng cng vic) v v chng trnh o to ca nh trng. - Sau 2 ln th nghim trn cc mu sinh vin v hiu chnh, qua phn tch bng phn mm SPSS 17.0 cho thy cc tiu thang o ny u t c yu cu ca cc tiu chun quy nh, c th l: + tin cy nh gi qua h s kim nh Cronbach Alpha u ln hn 0.7; + Php phn tch nhn t vi cc bin s c trng s nh hn 0.4 s b loi; Nh vy, vi bn hi theo m hnh thang o SERVPEF c thit k v xy dng, chng ti xy dng c mt cng c o lng iu tra, nghin cu mc hi lng/tha mn ca sinh vin v cc hot ng dy-hc t trng. T , c c s v to iu kin cho cc nghin cu su hn, tip theo. TI LIU THAM KHO 1- Chua, C (2004). Perception of quality in higher education [on line]. AUQA Occasional Publication. Available from: www.auqa.edu.au/auqf/2004/program/papers/Chua.pdf 2- Kamvounias, P (1999). Student as customer and higher education as industry: a review of the literature and the legal implications. Academy of Education Leadership Journal, Volume 3, Number 1, 1999. (www.alliedacademies.org/education/aelj3-1.pdf) 3- Sherry, C., Bhat, R., Beaver, B. & Ling, A (2004). Students as customers: The expectations and perceptions of local and international students, in Transforming Knowledge into Wisdom,Proceedings of the 27th HERDSA Annual Conference, Miri, Sarawak, 4-7 July 2004: pp 309. 4- Snipes, R.L. & N. Thomson (1999). An Empirical study of the factors underlying student service quality perceptions in higher education. Academy of Educational. Leadership Journal, Volume 3, Number 1, 1999. 39-57. (www.alliedacademies.org/education/aelj3-1.pdf). 5- Teamur Aghamolaei, Shahram Zare (2008). Quality gap of educational services in viewpoints of students in Hormozgan University of medical sciences (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2442591/).

11

LCH DY DI TRONG NGHIN CU TRNG TRNG LCTS. Hunh Hu Ngha B mn Vt l 1. M U 1.1. T trng hp dn n trng trng lc. Xung quanh mt vt bt k c khi lng u tn ti mt trng lc gi l trng hp dn, tun theo nh lut vn vt hp dn ca Newton. Trng hp dn ca Tri t gi l trng trng lc (trng trng gravity field). Trng lc l lc lm cho mi vt u ri v pha Tri t. Theo nh ngha, trng lc l tng hp ca lc hp dn ca Tri t v lc ly tm (tm quay). Chnh xc hn l lc ly trc, sinh ra do s quay hng ngy ca Tri t xung quanh trc ca n. Ngoi ra cn phi k n nhng lc khc tc dng vo mi vt nh lc hp dn ca Mt tri, Mt trng v cc hnh tinh khc, lc hp dn ca khi khng kh trong kh quyn. Nhng v nhng lc ny rt b so vi lc hp dn ca Tri t v lc ly tm nn chng ta b qua chng trong nh ngha ca trng lc. 1.2. Gia tc trng lc v s thay i ca n - D thng trng lc. Theo nh lut vn vt hp dn ca Newton: mm F = G 12 2 (1) r Trong G l hng s hp dn, c th nghuyn c xc nh theo nh lut Newton II, v G = (6,673 0,003).10-11 m3/kgs2. T (1) ta suy ra lc hp dn ca c Tri t i vi mt n v khi lng m1 t ti im quan st P(x,y,z), khi lng vi phn dm ca Tri t t ti M( , , ) l: dm F G 3 r r (2) th tch Tri t Hnh chiu ca F trn ba trc ta bng: x Fx G dm 3 r y Fy G dm 3 r (3) z Fz G dm r3 Suy ra (3) l o hm ring ca hm s th V(x,y,z) ca lc hp dn: dm V=G (4) r V lc ly tm tc dng vo m1, trong o l khong cch t m1 n trc quay Tri t.2 L = o 2m1 (5) o Hnh chiu ca L trn cc trc ta : Lx = 2 x Ly = 2 y (6) Lz = 0 Suy ra (6) l l o hm ring ca hm v hng Q(x,y,z) (gi l th ly tm): 1 2 2 Q= (7) (x y2 ) 2 Kt hp (4) v (6), trng lc c cc hnh chiu ln ba trc ta bng: x gx G dm + 2 x 3 r

12

gy gzg=

G G2 gx

y r r3

dm + dmg z2

2

y

(8)

z3

Mun ca vect g bng:

2 gy

(9)

Th ca trng lc W bng tng th ca lc hp dn V v th ca lc ly tm Q W(x,y,z) = V(x,y,z) + Q(x,y) W W W g i j k Nh vy: (10) x y z Vect g khng hng vo trng tm Tri t, m ch hng gn ng vo trng tm do s c mt ca lc ly tm L. Trng trng lc g ca Tri t c chia thnh trng bnh thng v trng d thng g , sao cho g = + g 2. NI DUNG 2.1. C s l thuyt. S khc bit gia trng trng lc bnh thng v trng trng lc Tri t thc c th c th hin qua cc i lng: - D thng trng lc g : D thng trng lc g ti cng mt im so snh (11) g gA A gA: gi tr trng lc o ti im A trn mt t, gi tr ny bin thin kh phc tp do a hnh (b mt Vt l) v cu to bn trong (mt t ) ca Tri t. A : gi tr trng lc bnh thng ti im A, l gi tr trng lc do mt Tri t m hnh dng ellipsoid quay, ng cht hoc gm cc lp c mt l hng khc nhau sinh ra. - Th nhiu T: th nhiu ti mt im trong khng gian l hiu s gia hai th ti mt im trong khng gian; chnh l d thng th. Gi W v We l th trng lc ca Tri t thc v ca Tri t bnh thng: W =V+Q v We = Ve + Q T = W We = V Ve (12) V l th hp dn, Q l th ly tm tng ng - cao geoid : cao geoid l mc chnh lch cao gia mt ng th l thuyt v mt ng th ca trng trng lc hin hu ca Tri t. Nu ly mt ng th l thuyt l mt elipsoid lm mt mc (chun zero) tnh cao th khong cch gia mt elipsoid v mt geoid (mt ny trng vi mt bin yn tnh v ko di trong lc a c xem nh mt trung gian gia spheroid v mt Vt l Tri t) c gi l cao geoid. cao geoid c xc nh qua th nhiu T v trng lc bnh thng , mang tn cng thc Bruns: T = (13)

- lch dy di: Ngoi ra s khc bit ny cn th hin bi mt i lng gi l lch dy di: lch dy di (LDD) (plumb-line deflection) ti mt im trn mt t l gc to bi phng ca ng dy di (php tuyn ca mt ng th ca trng trng lc thc) v php tuyn ca mt ellipsoid (ca mt ng th l thuyt) ti im . LDD tuyt i l gc to bi ng dy di v php tuyn ti elipsoid chung ca T. LDD tng i l gc to bi ng dy di v php tuyn ti mt ellipsoid tham kho. C hai 13

loi lch ni trn u l lch dy di thin vn - trc a. C th xc nh gi tr lch dy di loi ny bng cc s liu thin vn v trc a. Ngoi ra, c LDD trng lc l gc to bi phng ca ng dy di v phng ca trng lc chun ti im cho trc. LDD trng lc c xc nh bng cc s liu trng lc. Trn mt geoid, chnh l gc gia php tuyn ca geoid v php tuyn ca mt elipsoid; ni cch khc, l gc gia phng vect g v phng ca vect . 2.2. Phng php tnh ton. Gi n l php tuyn ca mt ng th l thuyt v n ' l php tuyn ca mt ng th ca trng trng lc thc [2]:

n'Ellipsoid

n

d geoid hnh 1: lch dy di gs Nu phn tch phn tch g thnh hai thanh phn, theo v theo phng vung gc vi W ta c: thnh phn theo c th coi gn ng bng v thnh phn kia l g S chnh s l lc hp dn theo phng ngang do cc d vt gy ra:

g0 geoid s gs elipsoid

0

hnh 2: cc thnh phn ca trng lc g0: gi tr trng lc trn mt geoid : gi tr trng lc bnh thng 0 gs: thnh phn theo phng s vung gc vi l phng c lch ln nht; hng ca s l hng ng Bc. gs tg Ta c: (14) ( lch dy di) l gc rt nh (khong vi chc giy), vi chnh xc bc nht, ta c th vit: gs tg1 W s

14

Theo (12) W = We + T , nn: = V thnh phn ca

1

We s

T s

(15) bng khng

theo phng vung gc vi

We s(16)

0 ; vy (15) cn li:

1 T s Theo (13) th nhiu T =

thay vo (16); ta c: (17)

s

3. KT LUN V BN LUN - lch dy di (17) chng t rng i lng ny bng o hm ca cao geoid theo phng bin thin nhanh nht ca trng lc g trn mt geoid (gradient ca g ). - xc nh , ngi ta cn phi bit cao geoid v chiu gc xung mt kinh tuyn v mt ng th th nht (vung gc vi mt kinh tuyn v cha php tuyn n ), k hiu hai thnh phn ny ln lt l v ; tng t cho s s l Rd v R cos d ; trong : v l ta im quan st; ta c th vit: 1d (18) Rd 1 d (19) R cos d2 2 V do : (20) - Cng vi d thng trng lc, th nhiu, cao geoid, th lch dy di cng l mt i lng rt c quan tm trong nghin cu trng trng lc Tri t: xc nh hnh th, a hnh, gp phn nng cao hiu qu gii quyt cc bi ton trc a lp m hnh mt cu chun. - Nghin cu trng trng lc c ng dng trong phng php trng lc l mt trong nhng phng php thm d tm kim pht hin qung m, nghin cu cu trc a cht v iu tra ti nguyn khong sn.

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Tn Tch i (1998), Trng lc v thm d trng lc. i hc Quc gia H Ni, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin. 2. Trn Vn Nhc (2002), Trng trng lc. NXB i hc Quc gia TP HCM. 3. Cao nh Triu (2000), Trng lc v phng php thm d trng lc. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.

15

NGHIN CU NH LNG CAROTENOID TRONG MT S LOI GIP XC THY SN KHNH HA BNG PHNG PHP SC K LNG HIU NNG CAO (HPLC)TS. Hong Th Hu An B mn Ha TM TT Mt phng php sc k lng hiu nng cao pha ngc (RP-HPLC) vi detector PDA c p dng xc nh thnh phn carotenoid trong mt s loi gip xc thy sn Khnh Ha. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy carotenoid tp trung trong v cc loi gip xc thy sn v astaxanthin l sc t ch yu trong hu ht cc loi ng vt ny. Ngoi ra, thnh phn carotenoid trong cc loi ng vt ny cng rt khc nhau. Hm lng carotenoid tm tt rt thp (khong 1,8 mg/kg dwb), cao hn mt cht mysis, cua gh, ruc (8,1-36,3 mg/kg dwb) v kh ln v cc loi tm (86-318 mg/kg dwb). c bit, copepod l loi gip xc thy sn c kh nng tch ly astaxanthin rt cao (665 g/g, dwb). Do vy, ph liu v tm t cc nh my ch bin thy sn v copepod l nhng ngun astaxanthin t nhin c gi tr cao cn c quan tm khai thc s dng trong nui thy sn, cng nghip thc phm v dc phm. I. T VN Carotenoid l mt nhm sc t rt ph bin trong t nhin, to nn mu sc t vng-cam n rt p cho nhiu loi thc vt v ng vt. i vi ng vt, ngoi tc dng to mu, carotenoid cn c hot tnh tin vitamin A, ng thi l cht chng oxy ha sinh hc gip bo v t bo v cc m khi tc ng nguy hi ca cc gc t do v oxy singlet, gip tng cng kh nng min dch, ngn nga mt s bnh lin quan n s thoi ha t bo con ngi (triu chng lo ha, bnh c thy tinh th, thoi ha vng mc, cc bnh ung th, tim mch,...)[1, 2]. Khc vi thc vt v mt s loi vi sinh vt, c th con ngi v ng vt khng th t tng hp carotenoid. V vy, cn b sung carotenoid vo khu phn n hng ngy ca ngi v ng vt. Trong th gii thy sinh, pht hin khong 117 carotenoid nhiu i tng thy sn khc nhau. c bit, cc loi gip xc thy sn c xem l mt ngun carotenoid t nhin quan trng trong chui thc n ca con ngi v ng vt (Matsuno, 2001). Khnh Ha l mt trong cc a phng c mt ngun li thy sn v cng phong ph. Vic nh gi hm lng carotenoid trong cc loi gip xc thy sn Khnh Ha khng ch cung cp thm thng tin v gi tr dinh dng ca chng m cn cho php pht hin nhng loi thy sn giu carotenoid, t nh hng khai thc v pht trin cc ngun nguyn liu ny phc v cho cng nghip thc phm, dc phm v nui thy sn. Bi bo ny trnh by cc kt qu t c trong vic p dng phng php sc k lng hiu nng cao (HPLC) s dng ct pha ngc C18 v detector PDA (photodiod array detector) c chng ti xy dng [3] vo vic xc nh thnh phn carotenoid c trong mt s loi gip xc thy sn Khnh Ha. II. THC NGHIM 1. Ha cht - Dung mi pha ng, dung mi ha tan mu v chun u thuc loi tinh khit cho HPLC (Merck, c). - Cht chng oxi ho BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-metylphenol) v cc ha cht khc thuc loi tinh khit phn tch do hng Merck (c) hay Baker (USA) cung cp. - Chun astaxanthin (tinh khit trn 98%) v -caroten (tinh khit trn 95%) do cng ty SigmaAldrich (Php) cung cp. Chun lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopen do chng ti t phn lp ti phng th nghim [4, 5, 6]. Tt c cc chun carotenoid u c bo qun trong ti, di kh quyn N2, -800C n khi dng. 2. Thit b - Thit b HPLC Agilent 1100 Series (USA) gm cc thnh phn chnh sau y : bm cao p 4 knh; b bm mu t ng (autosampler); detect PDA; phn mm x l d liu HP Chemstation Rev-A.10.02. 16

iu kin chy sc k: ct phn tch C18 (150 mm x 4,6 mm, 5 m); ct bo v C18-LL 5u (7,5 mm x 4,6 mm); nhit ct: 300C; th tch bm mu: 5 l; detect PDA qut ph UVVis t 350 600 nm (bc qut: 1 nm); sc k HPLC c ghi ng thi 2 bc sng 450 nm v 480 nm; pha ng gm c dung mi A (acetonitril-metanol-diclorometan-nc, 85:5:5:5, v/v/v/v) v dung mi B (acetonitril-metanol-diclorometan-nc, 60:8:30:2, v/v/v/v); ch ra gii: 0% B trong 8 pht; gradient tuyn tnh t 0% B n 100% B trong 5 pht; 100% B trong 15 pht; tc pha ng: 1 ml/pht. - My ng th ha Ultra Turax (USA) - Thit b bay hi chn khng Heidolph 4003 (c) 3. Phng php nghin cu 3.1. Thu mu v chun b mu Cc loi gip xc thy sn sau c nghin cu (Bng 1). Bng 1. Cc loi gip xc thy sn nghin cu STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 STT Tn loi Tn loi Tn khoa hc Tn khoa hc Tm s Penaeus monodon 7 Mysis KX Tm bc Penaeus vannamei 8 Copepod KX Tm hng Penaeus spp. 9 Gh xanh Portunus pelagicus Tm t Metapenaeus ensis 10 Cua xanh Scylla serrata Tm tt Scyllarides aequinoctialis 11 Cua ng Somaniathelphusa Ruc Penaeus erguiensis sinensis KX : tp hp nhiu c th rt nh nn khng phn loi v xc nh tn loi

Cc loi tm t, tm s, tm bc, tm bin, ruc, gh, cua xanh, cua ng c mua ti cc ch Nha Trang (Khnh Ha). Mu mysis v copepod c thu vt t cc ao nui tm sau khi thu hoch huyn Ninh Ha (Khnh Ha) do Vin Cng Ngh Sinh hc v Mi trng (i hc Nha Trang) cung cp. Tt c cc mu u c thu trng thi ti (ti 3 im khc nhau vi tng lng mu ti thiu l 1,5 kg), c bo qun trong nc v vn chuyn nhanh v phng th nghim. Cc mu tm (tr tm tt) c bc v, chia thnh phn tht v phn v (gm v, u v ni tng). Cc mu cua, gh c chia thnh phn thn (cha c v trng phn bng) v phn cn li (gm c mai, cng, chn, ym, ni tng...). Cc mu tm tt, cua ng, ruc, mysis, copepod c nguyn con. Cc b phn mu trn c bo qun ring bit trong cc ti polyetylen, loi b khng kh ti a, ct kn, gi -800C n khi phn tch. 3.2. Chit v phn tch carotenoid Cn chnh xc 2 - 10g mu phn tch xay nh, trn u vi Na2SO4 khan, ri chit carotenoid bng ng th ha trong 1 pht vi 20ml aceton lnh (cha 0,1% BHT). Lc ly dch chit. Lp li qu trnh chit vi b cn li n khi dch chit thu c khng c mu. Cc dch chit carotenoid c gp li, phn b trong 30ml hn hp eter etylic - eter du m (1:1, v/v). Pha eter c ra bng dung dch NaCl 10% (lp li 5 ln), sau c lm khan bng Na2SO4, bay hi chn khng (nhit khng qu 400C), ui lng nh dung mi cn st li bng dng kh nit. Cn carotenoid ester c cn li c ha tan trong metanol-diclorometan (3:1, v/v) ri tin hnh x phng ha theo phng php ca Yuan v Chen (2000) [7] nh sau: Ly 5ml dch chit carotenoid ester trong metanol-diclorometan, thm 1ml KOH 0,1070M (mi pha, trong metanol). Nng carotenoid tng s trong dch chit este cn c khng ch di 3,1 g/ml t hiu sut x phng ha cao [8]. Hn hp phn ng c c c n 5ml di kh quyn nit, ri c gi 50C, trong ti. Sau 12 gi, hn hp x phng ha c phn b vo 10ml axetat etyl, ra sch kim d bng nc ct, lm khan bng Na2SO4 ri bay hi chn khng. kt ta tp cht lipit cn st li, ha tan cn thu c trong aceton, gi qua m -200C [2]. Ngay trc lc phn tch, dung dch carotenoid trong aceton c lc qua mng PTFE 0,22 m ri bm vo thit b HPLC. Cc pic carotenoid c nhn bit da vo thi gian lu v c trng ph hp th UVVis. Hm lng carotenoid trong mu phn tch c xc nh bng phng php ngoi chun. 17

Tt c cc qu trnh phn tch u c lp li 3 ln, tin hnh nhit phng, trnh nh sng. II. KT QU V THO LUN Kt qu trnh by Bng 2 v Hnh 1 cho thy : - Astaxanthin l carotenoid ch yu, c mt trong tt c cc loi gip xc thy sn nghin cu. mt s t loi (mysis, cua xanh, cua ng), ngoi astaxanthin, cn c s hin din ca caroten v i khi c lutein (trong mysis). Tuy nhin, khng pht hin thy lycopen v zeaxanthin trong cc loi trn. - C s khc nhau v thnh phn carotenoid gia cc loi cua, gh. i vi loi gh (sng trong mi trng bin) ch pht hin c astaxanthin. Trong khi , loi cua xanh (sng trong mi trng nc l), ngoi astaxanthin, cn tm thy -caroten; cua ng (sng trong mi trng nc ngt) cn c mt -caroten v lutein. Tuy nhin, i vi cc loi tm, khng pht hin carotenoid no khc ngoi astaxanthin. Nh vy, thnh phn carotenoid trong ng vt gip xc thy sn thay i theo c im di truyn ca loi v iu kin sng (thc n, iu kin kh hu, a l, ...). - Hm lng carotenoid trong cc loi gip xc thy sn nghin cu cng rt khc nhau: hm lng carotenoid tm tt rt thp; mysis, cua, gh, ruc,... cao hn i cht v tr nn ng k trong cc loi tm. c bit, kt qu nghin cu cng cho thy: copepod l loi ng vt ph du c kh nng tch ly mt hm lng astaxanthin rt ln (665 g/g, dwb). Do vy, cn quan tm pht trin vic nui copepode ng dng lm ngun thc n sng giu carotenoid, phc v trong lnh vc nui thy sn. - Ngoi ra, carotenoid thng tp trung trong lp v ngoi ca ng vt gip xc thy sn. Kt qu phn tch cng cho thy rng ph liu v tm cng l mt ngun tng i giu astaxanthin cn c tn dng khai thc. Bng 2. Thnh phn carotenoid trong mt s mu gip xc thy sn Hm lng cc carotenoid a trans- astaxanthin trans-lutein trans- -caroten g/g g/g g/g g/g g/g g/g (wwb) (dwb) (wwb) (dwb ) (wwb ) (dwb ) Tm s Tht 8,7 0,7 34,2 2,6 V 35,7 1,8 165,8 8,3 Tm bc Tht 3,6 0,1 15,7 0,3 V 25,2 2,8 101,7 11,2 Tm Tht 1,2 0,2 6,5 1,1 hng V 21,6 1,2 86,0 5,0 Tm t Tht 6,78 0,6 27,0 2,4 V 85,2 2,4 318,5 9,0 Tm tt Nguyn con 0,4 0,1 1,8 0,3 Ruc Nguyn con 6,6 0,9 36,3 4,8 Mysis Nguyn con 1,0 0,1 8,1 0,5 0,2 0,0 1,4 0,4 1,0 0,3 7,8 2,2 Mu phn tch B phn Copepod Nguyn con 64,8 Gh xanh Cua xanh 2,2 665,5 22,3 0,5 0,5 1,3 2,7 0,1 1,8 0,3 3,5 0,2 9,0

Thn 0,22 0,02 0,99 0,08 Phn cn li 9,2 0,3 31,2 1,0 Thn 0,3 0,1 1,0 0,4 Phn cn li 8,8 0,6 24,2 1,6

0,4 0,9 0,8

Cua Nguyn con 6,4 0,3 21,6 0,9 1,5 0,2 5,1 ng a gi tr trung bnh SD (n = 3) ; wwb: tnh theo trng lng t; dwb: tnh theo trng lng kh

18

IV. KT LUN Kt qu phn tch phc ha mt bc tranh tng th v thnh phn v s phn b carotenoid trong mt s loi gip xc thy sn Khnh Ha. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy copepode v v tm s l nhng ngun astaxanthin t nhin giu tim nng, cn c quan tm nghin cu khai thc, pht trin v ng dng vo cng nghip ch bin thc phm, dc phm v nui thy sn. Nghin cu ny cng cho thy kh nng p dng ca phng php HPLC do chng ti xy dng trn i tng gip xc thy sn. Tuy nhin, cn tip tc nghin cu ng dng phng php trn nhiu i tng khc (c hi, c cnh, rong, vi to, nm men Phaffia rhodozyma,) hon thin phng php hn na nhm xy dng mt phng php tiu chun cho php nh lng astaxanthin v carotenoid trong cc i tng sinh hc khc nhau.

a) Tm s

b) Tm bc

c) Tm hng

d) Tm t

e) Ruc

f) Mysis

g) Copepod

h) Ghe xanh

19

i) Cua xanh k) Cua ng Hnh 5. Thnh phn carotenoid trong mt s loi gip xc thy sn Khnh Ha TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Rodriguez-Amaya D. B., Kimura M., HarvestPlus Handbook for Carotenoid Analysis, HarvestPlus Technical Monograph, 2004. 2. Britton G., Liaanen-Jensen S., Pfander H., Carotenoids, Vol. 1A - Isolation and Analysis, Birkhuser Verlag, Basel, 1995. 3. L Lan Anh, Nguyn Quyt Chin, Hong Th Hu An (2008), Nghin cu xy dng phng php sc k lng hiu nng cao (HPLC) tch v xc nh carotenoit, Tp ch Phn tch Ha, L v Sinh hc, 13 (2), tr.67 71 4. Hong Th Hu An, L Lan Anh, Trn Th Thu Thy, Nguyn Quyt Chin, Phn lp v tinh ch lutein t hoa cc vn th dng lm cht chun trong sc k lng hiu nng cao, Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng ngh, 45 (1B) (2007) 47-52. 5. Hoang Thi Hue An, Tran Thi Thu Thuy, Nguyen Thi Minh Hang, Le Van Lam, Nguyen Quyet Chien, Isolation and analysis of major carotenoids in selected Vietnamese vegetables, 12th Asian Chemical Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia August 23 25, 2007, p. 310. 6. Hong Th Hu An, L Lan Anh, Nguyn Quyt Chin, Phn lp v tinh ch lycopen t qu gc ca Vit Nam dng lm cht chun trong sc k lng hiu nng cao, Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng ngh, 45 (3A) (2007), 171-175. 7. Yuan J. P., Chen F., Purification of trans-astaxanthin from a high-yielding astaxanthin esterproducing strain of the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Food Chem., 68 (2000) 443448. 8. Hong Th Hu An (2009), Nghin cu nh lng astaxanthin v carotenoid i km trong mt s i tng thy sn bng phng php sc k lng hiu nng cao (HPLC), Lun n tin s chuyn ngnh Ha Phn tch, Vin Ha hc, Vin KH v CN Vit Nam. 9. W. F. Smyth, Analytical Chemistry of Complex Matrices, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chischester, England, 1996. Abstract DETERMINATION OF CAROTENOID IN SOME KHANH HOA PROVINCES AQUATIC CRUSTACEANS USING HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) A RP-HPLC technique with PDA detection has been applied to determine the carotenoid profiles of some aquatic crustaceans harvested in Khanh Hoa waters. The study showed that carotenoids in crustacens was inclined to be concentrated in the carapace tissues and astaxanthin was the predominant pigment in most crustaceans. Furthermore, carotenoid composition was found to be very different among the species. Carotenoid content was very low in slipper lobsters (about 1,8 g/g dwb), little higher in mysis, crabs, acetes (8,1-36,3 g/g dwb) and much more significant in shrimps (86-318 mg/kg dwb). Remarkably, among crustaceans, copepod presented a high ability in accumulation of astaxanthin (665 g/g, dwb). Shrimp carapace from aqua-product processing plants and copepod could be served as valuable natural astaxanthin sources for aquaculture and food or pharmaceutical industries.

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XY DNG H THNG BI TP THC HNH TIP NHN VN BN KHOA HC CHO SINH VIN KHI T NHIN K THUTTh.S Dng Th Thanh Huyn B Mn KHXH&NV 1. M U S i mi ton din v ni dung chng trnh cng nh phng php dy hc trong cc trng i hc t Sinh vin trc nhng thch thc ln. l phi n lc phn u tm ra phng cch tt nht c th theo kp vi tin pht trin nh v bo ca khoa hc k thut v cng ngh. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, k nng tip nhn thng tin t cc vn bn khoa hc ca sinh vin hin nay nhn chung cn nhiu hn ch. Nhiu sinh vin trong qu trnh hc tp vn cn s dng phng php rt c in l b thi gian hc thuc lng. Chng ti thc hin ti ny vi mong mun gp phn hnh thnh v pht trin k nng tip nhn vn bn khoa hc cho cc th h sinh vin, gip cc em c th ch ng tip cn nm bt cc thng tin tri thc khoa hc mt cch bn vng nht, bng nhng thao tc chnh xc v tit kim thi gian nht thng qua mt h thng bi tp a dng v ni dung kiu loi, st thc l th v ng liu, l ha v lnh hi, bin ha khi s dng v c bit c th tho lp linh hot thng xuyn cp nht cc tri thc khoa hc mi m t cc lnh vc khc nhau ca khoa hc. Ngoi ra ti cn gp phn b sung mt qui trnh tip nhn vn bn khoa hc hon chnh, mt qui trnh m lu nay, v nhiu l do khc nhau cc tc gi quan tm cha th hin y trong cc gio trnh lin quan. 2. I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU i tng nghin cu: i tng nghin cu ca ti l cu trc ca h thng bi tp thc hnh vn bn khoa hc (t ni dung, hnh thc n cc bin php, cch thc thc hnh bi tp), nhm rn k nng tip nhn vn bn khoa hc cho SV. Ng liu xy dng h thng bi tp c ti u tin la chn t cc vn bn khoa hc gn gi vi i tng SV khi T nhin- K thut thuc cc lnh vc KH khc nhau, c sp xp an ci vi nhng yu cu hay ch dn di dng cc cu hi c l ho c th lp ghp mt cch c ng, tin cho vic cp nht hay thay i ng liu khi cn thit, to hng th hc tp cho SV. Cc bi tp do ti xy dng s p dng trc tip vo qa trnh dy hc mn Thc hnh vn bn khoa hc ti trng i hc Nha Trang. Ngoi ra, SV cc trng i hc khi T nhin K thut khi hc mn Thc hnh vn bn khoa hc hay cc mn chuyn ngnh Phng php nghin cu C s chng ti xc nh phng php nghin cu chnh l tm hiu nghin cu nhng tri thc khoa hc v l thuyt lin quan n qu trnh tip nhn vn bn khoa hc cng nh cch thc xy dng bi tp ca cc tc gi i trc kt hp vi vic phn tch nh gi thc trng dy hc mn hc xy dng c s l lun thc tin lm tin cho vic xy dng h thng bi tp rn k nng tip nhn vn bn khoa hc cho sinh vin T nhin K thut. trn c s xc nh, la chn nhng phng php nghin cu thch hp. gii quyt mt cch cn bn nhng vn m ti t ra, trong qu trnh nghin cu chng ti s dng cc phng php sau: - Phng php phn tch v tng hp: y l hai phng php ch o c kt hp mt cch linh hot nghin cu i vi phn ln cc ni dung ca ti. l i su xem xt, l gii tng kha cnh, tng hp khi qut thnh nhng vn l lun v thc tin t rt ra nhng kt lun c tin cy cao, lm c s cho vic thit k bi tp. - Phng php iu tra: Chng ti s dng cc hnh thc nh test, anket, phng vn nghin cu ng c thi , thc v c bit l phng php hc tp mn hc ca sinh vin T nhin K thut ti 21

trng i hc Nha Trang nhm nh hng, la chn cc hnh thc t chc thc hnh bi tp thch hp hn vi cc nhm i tng SV trong trng. - Phng php thng k- phn loi, thng k- so snh Phng php ny c s dng vo vic kho st, phn loi, nh gi cc bi tp trong gio trnh chun ca B Gio dc o to. T xy dng h thng bi tp c tnh hon chnh hp l v kh thi hn. Bn cnh , t nhng c liu thu thp c qua iu tra c th tp trung phn ho cc i tng SV, hng ti vic nghin cu tm ra nhng bin php tch cc ng dng vo qu trnh rn luyn k nng thc hnh tip nhn vn bn khoa hc cho sinh vin mt cch thit thc, hiu qu. - Phng php quan st, miu t: y l mt phng php c thc hin thng qua vic quan st, trao i trc tip vi cc hot ng dy hc nhm ti hin, phn tch cc hin tng, c liu rt ra nhng nhn xt, kt lun ng n lm tin cho vic thit k h thng bi tp. - Phng php thc nghim s phm Chng ti thc hin phng php thc nghim s phm nh mt s kim chng ht hng bi tp giai on quyt nh cui cng, tc l nghin cu xem xt, nh gi tnh ng n, hp l v tnh kh thi ca h thng bi tp rn k nng tip nhn vn bn khoa hc do ti xut. Hai dng thc nghim ch yu c s dng trong ti, l: thc nghim i chng v Thc nghim dy hc kim chng v nh gi mc ng dng, hng trin khai c th ht hng bi tp ca ti vo qu trnh dy hc mn Thc hnh vn bn khoa hc cho SV hai lp c cch thc dy hc khc nhau, lp i chng ch yu tip cn l thuyt, lp thc nghim dy hc ch trng vic thc hnh bi tp. Ngoi nhng phng php ch yu nu trn, trong qu trnh nghin cu ti cn kt hp s dng mt s phng php khc nh nhng hnh thc h tr khi cn thit. 3. KT QU NGHIN CU Qua qu trnh nghin cu, kt qu m ti em li bao gm cc ni dung: Hnh thnh, b sung nhng vn l lun v dy hc thc hnh tip nhn vn bn khoa hc ni ring, thc hnh vn bn ting Vit ni chung qua vic xy dng nhng tin khoa hc v h thng bi tp rn luyn k nng tip nhn vn bn khoa hc cho SV khi T nhin- K thut. B sung tri thc l thuyt v thc hnh vn bn, ch tip nhn vn bn khoa hc khng ch n thun l thao tc phn tch hay tm tt tng thut ring l m bao gm tt c nhng thao tc trong mt qui trnh thng nht, t khu c, tm hiu khi qut v vn bn khoa hc -> thc hnh phn tch v tm tt chng -> vic tng thut cc ti liu khoa hc. Xy dng mt h thng bi tp rn luyn k nng tip nhn vn bn khoa hc st thc vi nhng ng liu a dng, mang tnh thi s, hp dn v l th gip SV ch ng ho hng vi vic thc hnh bi tp, c c phng tin cn thit, thun li rn k nng tip nhn vn bn khoa hc, tch lu kin thc v ng dng tt tri thc KH vo thc tin hc tp nghin cu v giao tip. Tp hp bi tp thnh mt h thng hon chnh vi nhng ng liu c th thay i lp ghp linh hot vi yu cu thc hnh, va bo m yu cu cp nht cc thng tin KH mi m, thit dng, va gn gi, ph hp vi SV khi T nhin K thut. Bn cnh nhng ch dn h thng bi tp c th hin bng cc cu hi l ho trnh s nhm chn c hu trong li din t, to hng th cho SV tip nhn tri thc KH mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu. iu ng quan tm na l qua vic ng dng bi tp thc hnh vo thc tin dy hc, quan nim, cch nhn v vai tr ca hot ng tip nhn vn bn khoa hc i vi qu trnh tch lu tri thc v rn luyn k nng thc hnh ca SV thay i ng k. Nhng kt qu nghin cu ca ti cn gp phn to khng kh si ni hng th trong dy hc, iu chnh v i mi phng php dy hc theo hng pht huy tnh tch cc ch ng trong hc tp cho SV, to iu kin SV pht trin t duy c lp sng to. ng thi gip gio vin ng lp c c mt phng tin hu hiu phc v hot ng dy hc, gp phn ci thin cht lng o to.

22

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Dip Quang Ban, (1998), Vn bn v lin kt trong ting Vit, NXB Gio dc. David Nunan, (1997), Dn nhp phn tch din ngn, NXB Gio dc.(H M Huyn v Trc Thanh dch ) Trng Dnh, 2003, Dy hc Ting Vit theo l thuyt hot ng ngn ng, HSP Hu. Trn Ngc Thm,(1985), H thng lin kt vn bn ting Vit, NXBKHXH, HN. L c Ngc, (2004), Gio dc i hc- phng php dy v hc, NXB HQG, H Ni.

ABSTRACT With the aim of training self- awareness, initiative positiveness in learning, helping students form and develop all-sided ability to approach science, grasp and share all kinds of information in life, control their characteristic_ The title Setting a system of exercises for training skill to get scientific text to natural- technical college students obtained better results, proved through investigation, survey and learning and teaching experimentally as follows: Supplementting some issues reasonably, enriching reception theory and proving rightness of the theory on language action. Setting a system of practice exercises with good application to improve the teaching and learning methodology of the subject Scientific Text Practice in Nha Trang University.

NNG CAO THC PHP LUT CHO SINH VINCN. L Vit Phng B mn KHXH&NV I. TNG QUAN Tnh trng mt b phn sinh vin vi phm php lut ang din ra ngy cng nhiu c v s lng v vic, s ngi vi phm v tnh cht nguy him ca hnh vi. Mt trong s cc nguyn nhn HSSV vi phm Php lut l do thiu thc php lut. Gii php no nng cao thc php lut cho HSSV l nhim v kh khn m Nh trng v x hi cn ht sc quan tm. Quan im ch trng v GDPL ca Nh nc - Nm 2003, Ban B th Trung ng ng ban hnh Ch th s 32-CT/TW v tng cng lnh o ca ng trong cng tc ph bin, gio dc php lut. - Ngh quyt 61/2007/NQ-CP ban hnh ngy 07/12/2007 ca Chnh Ph v vic tip tc thc hin Ch th s 32- CT/TW ngy 09 thng 12 nm 2003 ca Ban B Th Trung ng ng (Kha IX) v tng cng s lnh o ca ng trong cng tc ph bin, gio dc php lut, nng cao thc chp hnh php lut ca cn b, nhn dn. - Quyt nh S: 37/2008/Q-TTg v vic Ph duyt Chng trnh ph bin, gio dc php lut t nm 2008 n nm 2012 - Nm 2006, B trng B Gio dc ban hnh Quyt nh s 5836/2006/Q-BGD&T v vic Ph duyt chng trnh cng tc ph bin, gio dc php lut giai on 2006 - 2010 ca ngnh gio dc. - Thng t lin tch s 30/2010/TTLT-BGDT-BTP hng dn vic phi hp thc hin cng tc ph bin gio dc php lut trong nh trng. - K hoch cng tc gio dc php lut hng nm ca B Gio dc o to. - Ni quy, quy ch HSSV 23

Ti Trng H Nha Trang cng tc gio dc nng cao thc php lut cho HSSV lun nhn c s quan tm, ch o ca ng u, Ban Gim hiu, cc Khoa v Phng chc nng. Ni dung ph bin gio dc php lut st vi nhu cu thc tin, ph hp vi i tng; ch trng tuyn truyn, ph bin nhng ni dung lin quan trc tip n i sng ca HSSV, v phng chng tham nhng, thc hnh tit kim, chng lng ph, v an ton giao thng, phng chng ma tu ... II. NI DUNG 2.1. c im ca ch th:

SV phi i mt vi nhiu kh khn. Nhng sinh vin no c thc trch nhim i vi bn thn, gia nh v x hi, thc c nhim v hc tp s lm ch c bn thn, khc phc c nhng kh khn tm thi, tn dng li th ca th h tr, s gip quan tm ca nh trng, on-Hi, ca bn b v x hi n lc vn ln trong cuc sng v hc tp. Ngc li, mt s khc li b chnh nhng iu kin, hon cnh li cun, gn lin vi s bng bt, kinh nghim sng cn b hn ch, thiu chn chn trong nhng nhn nh, nh gi s kin, thiu trch nhim vi bn thn, d dng i vo con ng sa ng. c im thc php lut ca HS-SV: HS-SV c rt nhiu phm cht tt, l lp ngi c nng lc, trnh ; tuy nhin thc php lut li th hin mt s vn cn phi nh gi mt cch khch quan: + Hiu bit php lut mt cch chung chung, thiu chnh xc: y l c im ni bt ca la tui hc sinh, sinh vin ni chung. + Nng lc nhn thc php lut b hn ch, thiu linh hot trong vic vn dng php lut vo thc t cuc sng. + Cha nh gi ht tnh cht nguy him ca hnh vi tri php lut: + Cha c thc i chiu, so snh gia hnh vi ca mnh vi cc quy phm php lut. + Tm l d b thay i theo mi trng sng: D b li ko, b ngi khc kch ng. Lp trng cha vng vng, nh gi vn phin din. + Cha ch ng to dng c cuc sng ring khi thot ly khi gia nh: Mt s sinh vin t cho mnh quyn t do v t chc, thch lm g th lm, khng chu khp mnh vo khun kh k lut ca nh trng. c bit l nhng sinh vin gia nh c iu kin kinh t kh gi hoc i hc v s bt buc ca b m.. 2.2. Nhng nguyn nhn ch yu: Qua phn tch, nghin cu cho thy nhng nguyn nhn ch yu dn n thc php lut ca HSSV yu gm: 24

- Thiu thc hc tp, khng xc nh c l tng v mc tiu phn u; - Thiu s qun l, gim st ca gia nh; s qun l ca nh trng cha cht ch. - Cha nh gi ht mc nguy him ca hnh vi vi phm. Hiu bit php lut cn chung chung, thiu chnh xc. - B bn b xu li ko, p buc. - Thiu sn chi lnh mnh cho sinh vin. - Vic tuyn truyn gio dc php lut, chnh tr, o c cn phin din phong tro. - Vic x l nhng trng hp vi phm cn thiu kin quyt, kp thi. - Thiu rn luyn, tu dng, b nh hng bi li sng thc dng. 2.3. xut mt s gii php nng cao thc php lut cho hc sinh, sinh vin: Cc vi phm php lut khng tn ti vnh vin m c th loi tr; ng thi nh nc ta lun cho rng phng php ch yu u tranh phng chng vi phm php lut trong sinh vin l phng nga khng sinh vin vi phm ch khng phi ch vi phm xy ra x l. Vi phng chm gio dc, thuyt phc, phng nga l chnh, kt hp vi rn e, gi vng k lut, cn phi u tranh phng chng vi phm ngay t ngn - Tc l gio dc thc t gic tun theo Php lut, loi tr cc nguyn nhn v iu kin sinh vin vi phm Php lut. Mt s bin php c th: - Tng cng gio dc php lut cho sinh vin bng nhiu hnh thc phong ph. - Cn b gio vin cn phi lm tt hn vai tr, nhim v ca mnh, gng mu trong cng tc v cuc sng; - Tng cng rn luyn phng php khoa hc v k nng ngh nghip cho sinh vin. - X l nghim minh nhng trng hp sinh vin vi phm php lut. - Cn tip tc hon thin h thng php lut v qun l sinh vin. - Tng cng phi hp vi cc doanh nghip trong vic hng nghip, to vic lm cho sinh vin, gip sinh vin c ng lc phn u cho tng lai. - Cn tng cng hn na vic phi hp gia gia nh, nh trng v x hi trong vic qun l sinh vin. - Quan tm chm lo i sng vt cht v tinh thn cho sinh vin. - T chc cc hot ng x hi, tnh nguyn nng cao thc, trch nhim ca sinh vin i vi cng ng. - Thng xuyn t chc cc bui gp mt, i thoi gia sinh vin vi lnh o nh trng, on Thanh nin, Hi sinh vin lng nghe tm t nguyn vng v gii p cc thc mc trong sinh vin. - Thng xuyn t chc cc lp hc gio dc cng dn v lp trng chnh tr, t tng, o c, li sng cho sinh vin. - Nng cao cht lng i ng cn b ca Trung tm H tr sinh vin v b phn qun l k tc x. - Ci tin phng php t chc cc hot ng on-Hi. - Hnh thnh b phn t vn php lut min ph cho HSSV mt cch bi bn. III. KT LUN Hin tng mt b phn HSSV do thiu thc v hiu bit Php lut dn n c nhng hnh vi vi phm php lut l mt thc trng m cc nh qun l gio dc lun quan tm v tm cc gii php x l. Nhng hin tng , ang v s vn din ra vi nhng din bin phc tp. Qua nghin cu thc t, kt hp iu tra x l thng tin v hin tng ny, chng ti mong rng vic tm ra nhng nguyn nhn v xut cc gii php thch hp s gp phn vo vic u tranh phng nga c hiu qu hin tng sinh vin vi phm php lut. Tng bc hn ch n mc thp nht cc hin tng vi phm, gp phn xy dng nh trng an ton, vn minh; o to ra nhng ngi ch tng lai cho t nc thc s va Hng, va Chuyn

25

PHN II

CC XUT NGHIN CU

26

NHNG SAI ST CA CUN SCH PHN TCH TH NHNG V CHT LNG NC TRONG AO NUI THY SNThS.Nguyn i Hng B mn Ha Cun sch Phn tch th nhng v cht lng nc trong ao nui thy sn c TS. Hong Tng bin dch t cun Water quality and pond soil analysis for aquacultureca Claude E. Boyd and Craig S. Tucker. Sch c Nh xut bn Nng nghip in v np lu chuyn vo thng 12 nm 2006. Khoa Nui trng Thy sn Trng H Nha trang dng sch ny lm gio trnh tham kho cho sinh vin ngnh Nui trng, Cng ngh mi trng v hc vin Cao hc. Tuy nhin sch c qu nhiu li sai. Cc li sai ng tic chc chn s gy ra nhiu rc ri v c th c c nhng iu tai hi cho ai c cun sch ny. Nhng c gi cha am tng thu o v ha hc khi tip cn vi ngun tham kho kiu ny, chc chn khng c kh nng pht hin nhng li sai tn ti y ry trong sch. V iu tt yu s n, c gi tip nhn cc kin thc sai, em n theo sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu, thm ch c th ph bin cc kin thc ny cho bn b, ng nghip hay th h sau. Tip nhn kin thc sai cn tai hi hn c khi ung nhm c dc. Kin thc sai khng nhng s lm hng c mt th h m c th c nhng th h tip theo. Sch gio khoa l sch chun ging dy cho th h tng lai ca t nc, khng th sai st. Sai phi chnh sa. V vy, l mt gio vin, ti nhn thy c trch nhim ch ra cc li sai ca cun sch vi mong mun gp phn nng cao cht lng gio dc hin nay Khoa Nui trng Thy sn v mong tc gi quan tm ti kin ng gp chnh l li cun sch cho ln ti bn sau (nu c). Tuy nhin, trong khun kh ca mt bo co, ti khng c th trnh by tt c cc li sai, ch trnh by mt s li sai tiu biu minh ha. Sch gm 5 chng v 1 ph lc. Trong bo co ny ch yu cp n sai st ca chng 1. l chng m theo tc gi :Chng u tin ca cun sch c gi tr hc thut cao, hng dn cn k cc thao tc, k nng cng nh nhng iu cn ch khi lm vic trong phng th nghim ha phn tch. Cc kin thc c bn v ha phn tch, cch x l v trnh by s liu, cng c tng hp li ngi c cng c li kin thc c bn ca mnh tin theo di, cc cu ch trch dn trong cun sch ca tc gi Hong Tng c in nghing, v tm phn loi cc li sai thnh cc mc chnh nh sau : 1) Sai kin thc c bn 2) Ln ln cc khi nim v thut ng khoa hc 3) Dch sai cc thut ng khoa hc 4) S dng thut ng khng thng nht 5) Cu ch km chnh xc, ng ngh, v ngha. S phn loi sai st trn ch c tnh cht tng i. Cc sai st khng ng n c. Sai st ni tip sai st v ha quyn ln nhau. 1) Sai st cc kin thc c bn Trang 14 : Ha tr v mc oxy ha - Ha tr cn gi l mc oxy ha. Ha tr v mc oxy ha l 2 khi nim hon ton khc nhau. V d : H c ha tr 1 trong mi cht; O c ha tr 2 trong mi cht. Nhng H c th c cc s oxi ha +1 (H2O, HCl...), 0 (H2), 1 (NaH, CaH2...). O c th c cc s oxi ha 2 (MnO, H2O ...); 1 (H2O2, BaO2 ...); 0 (O2) ; +2 (F2O). - S oxy ha ca mt phn t do cc nguyn t t do to thnh (nh O2, N2, H2) = 0. Trong ha hc khng c khi nim s oxy ha ca phn t, m ch c khi nim s oxy ha ca nguyn t. V vy, cu ca tc gi vit cn chnh li l S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong n cht bng khng (0). 27

S oxy ha ca mt ion bng vi in th ca n.. Ferric ion (Fe3+)c s oxy ha l +3 v sulfate ion (SO42-)c s oxy ha l 2 Tc gi nhm ln in tch ca ion (theo n v in tch in t ) vi in th. S oxy ha ca mt ion to ra bi 1 nguyn t ca 1 nguyn t mi bng in tch ca n. V d : Fe3+ c s oxy ha bng +3, Co2+ c s oxy ha bng +2 . . . Trong ha hc khng c khi nim s oxy ha ca ion to thnh t nhiu nguyn t. V vy, tc gi m rng khi nim s oxy ha ca ion cho sulfate ion (SO42) c s oxy ha l 2 l sai. Tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong ion bng in tch ca ion. Do , tng i s s oxy ha ca cc nguyn t S v O trong ion sulfate mi bng 2 - i khi, s oxy ha ca mt nguyn t c th l s l. sulfur (S) trong NaS4O6 c s oxy ha l +2.5 bi v +2 +[4*2.5]+[6*(-2)] = 0 Tc gi nhm ln khi nim s chn, s l v s thp phn. S oxy ha ca NaS4O6 bng +2.5 l s thp phn. - ng lng ca cc mui bng khi lng phn t chia cho s ha tr ca n Trong ha hc khng c khi nim ha tr ca phn t nn khng th tnh c ng lng ca cc cht theo nh hng dn ca tc gi. - ng lng ca cc cht oxy ha hoc cht kh bng thng s gia khi lng phn t v s oxi ha thay i qua phn ng (Trang 16) Cu vn ti ngha v khng chnh xc, nu hiu theo ng cch vit ca tc gi s oxy ha thay i th hon ton khng ng, c l tc gi mun ni hiu s mc oxy ha ca nguyn t trong hp cht phn ng c mc oxy ha thay i th khng phi lc no cng ng. V d, trong phn ng : K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + 7H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + 3I2 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O th hiu mc oxy ha ca nguyn t Cr trong cht phn ng K2Cr2O7 v sn phm Cr2(SO4)3 l 3 nhng ng lng ca n bng phn t lng chia cho 6. Ch s c ngha Tc gi khng phn bit c cc khi nim c bn v s, ch s, s o, ch s c ngha, ch s c ngha tin cy v ch s c ngha khng tin cy , s l v s chn - S l c ngha (Trang 1, dong 35) - Chng ta trnh by s l c lng (6) bi v n gn vi con s chnh xc (Trang 2, dng 11) - Tt c cc con s l ca mt s thp phn m tng i tin cy c gi l con s c ngha ( Trang 2, dng 11) Cn phi nhc li mt s khi nim c bn lm nn tng khi tho lun vn v vic trnh by ch s c ngha (theo tc gi l s l c ngha) S (number) l mt tp hp cc ch s (figures, digits) c vit lin nhau theo mt thut ton (algorithm) xc nh. S o (measuring number) l biu din bng s ca mt i lng vt l m ta tra trc tip trn mt thang o lng hoc gin tip tnh c nh mi biu thc ton ca i lng y S chn l s chia ht cho 2, s l l s khng chia ht cho 2. V vy, s l trong phn thp phn m tc gi cp phi ghi li chnh xc l ch s, con s chnh xc, con s c ngha phi nh chnh l ch s chnh xc, ch s c ngha. S ln ln ny i xuyn sut cun sch. Tc gi a ngn ng ni trong sinh hat i thng vo khoa hc. Tc gi cho rng cc ch s sau du thp phn l s l. Quan im ny hon ton khng ng trong php xc nh sai s o lng. Quan im ca tc gi bt nht. Mi cc cu trn gi cc ch s sau du thp phn l s l, th n dng 30 trang 2 li chp nhn ch s l v ch s chn theo ng ngha ch thc ca n : i khi cn thit phi lm trn s loi b cc s khng c ngha. Nu mt s nh hn 5 th loi b, s thuc hng n v ln hn ng ngay trc n s khng i. Tuy nhin, nu s b loi b l 5, 50 hay 500 . . . th s thuc hng n v ln hn ng ngay trc n s tng ln 1 nu l s l v khng i nu l s chn. -

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Trong on ny, ta li thy tc gi nhm ln c bn, theo tc gi ch s ng ngay trc ch s v ngha l hng n v l sai. Ch s c ngha sau cht ca s o gin tip c th thuc hng n v, hng phn trm, hng phn nghn . . . V d : Gi thit cn phi lm trn mt s o gin tip ti 4 ch s c ngha 16,178 lm trn thnh 16,18 : ch s 7 c lm trn thuc hng phn trm. 161,78 lm trn thnh 161,8 : ch s 7 c lm trn thuc hng phn mi 16178 lm trn thnh 1618 : ch s 7 c lm trn thuc hng n v Tr li vi cu Tuy nhin, nu s b loi b l 5, 50 hay 500 . . . th s thuc hng n v ln hn ng ngay trc n s tng ln 1 nu l s l v khng i nu l s chn. Ch s b s b loi b l 5 th cc ch s ng sau n ng nhin cng phi b loi b, v khng nht thit cc ch s ng sau s 5 phi l cc ch s 0 V d : Gi thit cn phi lm trn mt s o gin tip ti 4 ch s c ngha 22,34500 lm trn thnh 22,34 22,34512 cng lm trn thnh 22,34 - S 0 nm gia 2 con s khng phi l s 0 l c ngha. V d : 301 hoc 45.601 Vy th hi tc gi, gi s cn mt mu vt trn cn c chnh xc 1 gam v c kt qu trn thang o 10002 gam vy th ch s 0 hng trm l khng c ngha hay sao?, trong khi 2 ch s 0 ng trc v sau n li c ngha. Khng th hiu ni l ti sao ch s khng c ngha li c th nm kp gia 2 ch s c ngha? Mong tc gi l gii ? - Cc s 0 ng trc mt s nh hn 1 c s dng trnh by s l v khng c ngha. Theo th t, cc s 0.001 v 0.00051 ch c 1 v 2 s c ngha (Trang2, dng 27) Ch s 0 c biu din nm trong s o c gi tr nh hn 1 v c ghi trc du thp phn. N l thnh phn ca s o th lm sao ng trc s o c? v ni dng trnh by s l th li cng sai. Tht l mt cu v ngha. Cu ny nn sa li l : Ch s 0 ng trc ch s khc 0 u tin ca mt s o khng phi l ch s c ngha. V d, s o 0.01c 1 ch s c ngha v s o 0.0042 c 2 ch s c ngha - Tuy nhin nu chng ta ghi dn s ca mt thnh ph l 1.000.000 th 3 hoc 4 s khng cui li khng c ngha (Trang 2, dng 22) phn nh mc tin cy ca mt s o bt k (trc tip, gin tip) ngi ta qui nh cc ch s biu din s o phi l cc ch s c ngha (significant figure) Khng c ngha th sao li ghi vo ? ch s 0 cui l con s c ngha nhng l con s khng ng tin cy m thi. - V d : Thc hin vic xc nh cc s c ngha cho nhng php tnh sau Gii :

Tc gi khng phn bit du thp phn v du nhm s. C 2 u biu din bng du . V vy php tnh bn tri th du . L du nhm s phn cch gia phn nghn v phn mi nghn, cn php tnh bn phi l du thp phn. V nhm ln nn php tnh bn tri thay v 56 l con s c chnh xc thp nht (ch khng phi chnh xc ti thiu), tc gi cho rng 3.200 c chnh xc thp nht (tc gi k hiu du . l du nhm s nhng bn thn tc gi li hiu theo du thp phn). Tc gi vit m tc gi cn ln, vy c gi m c th sao? Li ny nhan nhn khp ni ni. V d, tc gi ghi 10.000 (Trang 2, dng 24) th khng ai c th bit c l mi nghn hay mi. 7.000 g l by ngn gam hay by gam (Trang 2, dng 17) ? Phn ng hon ton v phn ng thun nghch Cn c vo mc xy ra ca phn ng ha hc, ngi ta chia phn ng ha hc thnh 2 loi : phn ng hon ton v phn ng thun nghch. i vi phn ng hon ton, du = c biu din gia cht phn ng v sn phm phn ng, cn i vi phn ng thun nghch th 29

thay du = bng du thun nghch ch ra rng, khc vi phn ng hon ton, phn ng thun nghch xy ra ng thi theo 2 chiu v tun theo nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng Le Chtelier. Tuy nhin, tc gi biu din tt c cc phn ng thun nghch u bng du = . S phng trnh k hiu sai ny ln n 23 phng trnh. Chiu xy ra ca cc phn ng + Trang 87: Cc cht kh nh Fe2+, sulfides hoc cc cht hu c s kh I2 thnh I, lm kt qu phn tch thp hn thc t. (3.15) I2 + 2Fe2+ 2I + 2Fe3+Phn ng trn c Kc = = 10 = 107,80 10 Ngha l phn ng trn khng th din ra m xy ra theo chiu ngc li : 2I + 2Fe3+ = I2 + 2Fe2+ vi Kc = 107,80 + Trang 69, dng 38 : Tng t nh th NO3 cng s b K2Cr2O7 oxy ha thnh NO2 v lm cho kt qu phn tch cao hn thc t. Sulfamic acid c dng loi tr nh hng ca NO3 ln kt qu phn tch COD. Hai cht oxy ha khng th phn ng vi nhau c, K2Cr2O7 oxy ha NO2 thnh NO3 v Sulfamic acid c dng loi tr nh hng ca NO2(khng phi loi tr nh hng ca NO3) theo phn ng : HNO2 + H3NSO3 = H2SO4 + N2 + H2O Lc ion ca dung dch (Trang 19,20,21) - i vi cc dung dch c nng thp, hot ca mt ion c th tnh c theo cng thc Debye- Huckel nh sau: A * Zi2 * I 1/2 log i (1.14) 1 B * ai * I 1/2 l cng thc tnh h s hot ca ion, khng phi tnh hot ca ion - I = mnh ca ion mnh ca mt ion trong dung dch bng trng tnh in do ion to ra. mnh ca ion thay i ty theo nng v in tch ca n v c th c tnh theo cng thc sau : (1.15)2 ( E0 0,059 I 2 /2 I E0 3 ) Fe / Fe22 (0,54 0,77) 0,059

mi * Zi2 2 I l lc ion ca dung dch (the ionic strength of the solution), l i lng c trng cho cng tng tc tnh in gia cc ion trong dung dch, khng phi l mnh ca ion. Khng hiu bn cht dn n dch sai, dch sai dn n gii ngha sai : mnh ca mt ion trong dung dch bng trng tnh in do ion to ra. mnh ca ion l g? Khng c thut ng ny trong khoa hc. mnh ca mt ion (lc ion ca dung dch) l mt i lng vt l m gi tr ca n tnh c theo cng thc trn th sao li bng trng tnh in l trng do cc in tch ng yn sinh ra xung quanh n. - ai l kch thc hot ng ca ion (Bng 1.5)(Trang 19, dng 36) - Bng 1.5 : Kch thc ca ion (ai) s dng cng thc tnh ca Debye Huckel trch t Hem (1970)(Trang 20, dng 4) Mi chuyn t trang trc sang trang sau th kch thc hot ng ca ion bin mt t hot ng v tr thnh kch thc ca ion. Trong bng 1.5 tc gi dn ra gi tr ca i lng ny m chng cho bit n v o lng ca n l g? V d theo bng th Al 3+, Fe3+, H+ c ai = 9. l 9 mt, 9 cm hay 9 . . . g? V thut ng ny cng c dch sai. ai (the effective diameter of the hydrated ion) l bn knh hiu dng ca ion hydrat, trong phng trnh ca Debye Huckel n v o ca n l Angstrom (A0) Nng ion H+ v pH (Trang 21 v 22) - din t cn bng ion ha ca nc 25 0C ta c th vit nh sau : I30

[H ].[OH ] K w 10 14 [H 2O] Qu trnh ion ha khng lm gim ng k hm lng ca nc trong cc dung dch c cha nc. V vy m nc c th coi nh l mt th thng nht v qu trnh ion ha ca nc c th din gii theo cch sau : [H ].[OH ] (1.16) K w 10 14 [H 2O] T 2 phng trnh trn ta suy ra [H2O] phi bng 1 M. iu ny khng ng. Hng s cn bng ca qu trnh in ly nc H2O H+ + OH [H ].[OH ] const [H 2O] V nc in ly rt yu nn c th xem [H2O] bng nng ban u ca nc C0 Kc

1000 = 55,56 M. 18 1Kc.[H2O] = Kc.C0 = Kw = const0

Kw

[H ].[OH ]

25 C th K w [H ].[OH ] 10 Dung dch m (Trang 28) - ngi c hiu r hn v dung dch m, chng ti a ra mt s kt lun sau : Nng ion H+ ca mt dung dch m pha ch t mt acid yu v mui ca n s tng ng vi hng s ion ha ca acid . Trong trng hp dung dch m c pha ch t mt baz yu v mui ca n, nng ion H+ s tng ng vi thng s gia hng s ion ha ca nc (10-14) v hng s ion ha ca baz . (Trang 31, dng 8) Khng ng, cng thc tnh pH ca mt dung dch m cha mt acid yu v mui ca n vi baz manh c tnh theo cng thc : C pH = pKa lg a Cs Ch khi pha nng Ca = Cs th pH = pKa v do ta mi c [H+] = Ka Tng t, i vi h m cha mt baz yu v mui ca n vi acid manh c pH tnh theo cng thc : C pH = 14 pKa + lg b Cs

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10 14 Kb + Ta thy nu Ca (hoc Cb) chnh vi Cs 10 ln th nng ion H cng s chnh vi hng s acid Ka (hoc hng s baz Kb) 10 ln 2) Ln ln cc khi nim v thut ng khoa hc T trng v khi lng ring - Trang 16, dng 36) : Do t trng ca ethyl ch l 0,7894 g/ml - Trang 17, dng 10,11,15) : T trng ring Tc gi nhm ln gia 2 khi nim khi lng ring v t trng. Khi lng ring ca vt cht l i lng o bng thng s gia khi lng m ca mt vt lm bng cht y (nguyn cht) v th tch V ca vt, l mt i lng c n v o. Cn theo quy c, t l gia khi lng ring ca mt cht no so vi khi lng ring ca nc 40C th c gi l t khi hoc t trng ca cht . Do t trng khng c n v o. V vy cu trn phi l: Do khi lng ring ca ethyl ch l 0,7894 g/ml. Khi nim t trng ring m tc gi a ra hon ton khng c trong khoa hc. Khi nim t trng ring m tc gi dng chnh l khi lng ring.Ch khi pha nng Cb = Cs th pH = 14 pKb v do mi c [H+] = 31

S hp th (absorption), hp th (absorbance) S hp ph (adsorption), hp ph (adsorbance) Hp th trong ha hc l hin tng vt l hay ha hc m cc phn t, nguyn t hay cc ion b khuch tn, b ht v i qua mt phn cch vo trong vt lng hoc rn. Ngoi ra khi nim hp th cng c s dng cho mt s lnh vc khc nh hp th nh sng, hp th m thanh, . . . l s tip nhn nng lng ca nh sng, m thanh, . . . bi mi trng hp th. Khc vi qu trnh hp th, hp ph l qu trnh cht cha t vt cht ln b mt phn cch 2 pha. Khng hiu bn cht nn tc gi lm ln 2 thut ng ny, hp ph th gi l hp th v ngc li. Ta thy y ry trong ton b cun sch. V d, ch trong trong mc 1.5. Phng php so mu v quang ph (Trang 35) m thi c n 20 thut ng hp th nh sng v hp th c tc gi ghi thnh hp ph nh sng v hp ph. trang 79 th s hp ph li ghi thnh hp th : in th ca in cc thy tinh hnh thnh do s chnh lch hm lng ion H+ hp th 2 mt ca mng nhy pH. S hp th ca ion H+ vo mng nhy pH thc cht l . . . Bnh ht m v cht ht m + Trang 43, dng 8 : Cc bung lm ngui (deciccator) ny thng cha cht lm ngui nh CaCl2 hoc keo silic - Sau khi nung mu vt, cn lm ngui a mu v nhit phng, th phi a mu vt vo bnh ht m, di y bnh c cha sn cc cht ht m rt mnh nh CaCl2, silica gel nn bo m bu khng kh trong bnh c m rt thp hn ch s ht m ca mu vt. Nu mu vt khng phn ng vi nc hay khng ht m th c th lm lnh trong mi trng thng l c. Vy phi dch chnh xc l Bnh ht m (decciccator) ny thng cha cc cht ht m nh CaCl2 hoc silica gel (khng phi l keo silic). Tch s ha tan (Trang 31) - Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 c ha tan Ksp = 105,1 - Tnh lng Al3+ c ti im cn bng nu ta cho mt lng d Al(OH)3 vo mt lt nc c pH bng 4 bit rng ha tan ca Al(OH)3 l 1033 Tc gi nhm tch s tan thnh ha tan 3) Dch sai cc thut ng khoa hc - chnh xc (accuracy) v tin cy (precision) (Trang 7v 8) Thut ng precision bit mc gn nhau ca cc gi tr ring l xi ca cc php o lp li. V vy trong cc ti liu v x l s liu thng k hin nay, precision c hiu l chm. Ni cch khc, chm c dng ch s sai khc gia cc gi tr xi so vi gi tr trung bnh x . Cc thut ng thng k khc nh gi cht lng ca s liu phn tch l ng (trueness) v chnh xc (accuracy). - n gin, chng ti s dng H+ hin th thay cho ion hydrogen H+ chnh l ion hydrogen. N l chnh n, n lm sao c th hin th thay cho chnh n? Trong ha hc, khng tn ti ion H+, n tn ti di dng ion H3O+ hoc H+(H2O)n, vi n N v c gi l hydronium ion (hydroxonium), mt dng oxonium ion. Tuy nhin tin li trong vic biu din, ngi ta k hiu ion H+ thay cho ion H3O+ trong cc biu thc tnh ton. - T = dn truyn ca nh sng (%T/100) (Trang 35,dng 26) - H s truyn quang (%T percent transmittance)(trang 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 - Truyn quang (trang 38) - dn truyn (Trang 63, dng 28) - truyn dn (Trang 61, dng 40) Cng mt thut ng Transmittance c ngha l truyn qua th tc gi dch thnh 5 thut ng khc nhau v chng c thut ng no l chun xc c. S dng ty tin, mi trang, mi chng dng mi khc m khng c mt ch thch no c. iu ny tht s lm ngi c bi ri. - Ming dn Hg,Hg2Cl2 v KCl (Trang 78,hnh 3.4): A paste of Hg,Hg2Cl2 and KCl . T paste y c ngha l bt nho. l mt hn hp bt nho gm Hg, Hg2Cl2 c nhi vo trong mt ng thy tinh 32

in cc ha hc (dng 12, 15, 16 trang 78: dng 2 trang 79) Trong ha hc khng c khi nim in cc ha hc. Tc gi dch nhm thut ng Calomel Electrode ngha l in cc calomel thnh in cc ha hc. - in cc ha hc bo ha tham kho (trang78, dng 14). - in cc tham kho bng Ag2O (trang 89, dng 40) - T Reference trong in ha c ngha l : qui chiu, tham chiu, so snh. Saturated Calomel Reference Electrode ngha l in cc tham chiu calomel bo ha. Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode ngha l in cc tham chiu Ag/AgCl - in th chnh lch gia in cc ha hc v in cc hydro thng l + 0,2415 volt. T normal khi dng trong ha hc hay ton hc c ngha khc hn vi ngha thng thng. V vy, normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) (The standard hydrogen electrode (abbreviated SHE), also called normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) ngha l in cc hydro chun, n khc hn in cc hydro bnh thng. in cc hydro chun c th in cc c chp nhn bng 0,0 Volt v c dng lm in cc tham chiu, th ca tt c cc in cc khc (l ng nhin c in cc hydro bnh thng) u o theo in cc ny. V vy cu ca tc gi cn phi sa li l : in th chnh lch gia in cc calomel bo ha (ch khng phi in cc ha hc) v in cc hydro chun l +0,2415 volt 4) S dng thut ng khng thng nht trong ti liu Tc gi s dng thut ng mt cch ty tin, mi hng trn s dng thut ng ny, nhng sang mt vi hng di, sang trang hoc sang chng khc li dng cc thut ng khc din t. iu t hi y l tc gi chng c mt ch thch no c khi thay i v a s li sai. S khng nht qun v thiu chun xc ny tht s gy kh khn cho ngi c. Sau y l mt vi v d : - Thut ng volumetric flask trang 40 dng 19 l bnh nh mcnhng xung dng 21 l bnh nn v sang trang 43 dng 16 li l bnh ong. Trong ch c thut ng bnh nh mc l chnh xc. - Thut ng Transmittance c dch thnh 5 thut ng khc nhau v nm ri rc cc trang sch : T = dn truyn ca nh sng (%T/100) (Trang 35,dng 26), H s truyn quang (%T percent transmittance)(Trang 35, 36, 37, 38, 39), Truyn quang (Trang 38), dn truyn (Trang 63, dng 28), truyn dn (Trang 61, dng 40) v chng ng thut ng no c - trang 2, khi cp n lm trn s tc gi s dng thut ng chnh xc thp nht(dng 38). Xung n dng 41 v 42 chuyn thnh chnh xc ti thiu v sang trang 3 dng 1 li tr v chnh xc thp nht. Thut ng chnh xc ti thiu li chng chnh xc cht no. - trang 29 dng 13 tc gi vit t l gia acid t do v anion hnh thnh t s ion ha ca n, xung dng 15 acid t do c thay bng dng khng b ion ha, anion hnh thnh t s ion ha tr thnh dng ion ha. Pht pho phosphorus Tn ca mc 3.13. l PHOSPHORUS nhng trong ni dung ca mc v khp ni trong cun sch l th li l pht pho. Nguyn t lng, phn t lng v ng lng Cc thut ng sau c tc gi trnh by khng thng nht khp ni trong cun sch: - Nguyn t lng Khi lng nguyn t - Phn t lng Khi lng phn t. - ng lng Khi lng tng ng Sau y l 1 s trng hp minh ha : V d 1: Trang 17, dng 33 s dng thut ng ng lng: Mt dung dch c coi l c nng ng lng bng 1 N nu trong 1 L dung dch cha 1 ng lng ca cht tan . Nhng sang cc trang khc, v d nh trang 85, dng 16 th li dng thut ng khi lng tng ng: V vy m mt phn t lng Na2S2O3 s tng ng vi khi lng tng ng ca n. Cn lu rng cu dng 33 cng khng ng, trong 1L dung dch cha 1 ng lng gam ca cht tan mi c nng ng lng bng 1N 33 -

V d 2: Trang 85, dng 17 mi phn t lng ca Na2S2O3 cng s tng ng vi 1 khi lng tng ng ca O2. Nhng trang 17, dng 28 th phn t lng c thay bng khi lng phn t: Nu mt dung dch c nng 1F, dung dch ny c cha 1 khi lng phn t ca cht ha tan. V cu ny cng sai, cn phi sa li l: Nu mt dung dch c nng 1F, ngha l 1 lt dung dch ny c cha 1 phn t gam ca cht ha tan Tc gi ln ln gia nguyn t lng vi nguyn t gam, ln ln gia phn t lng v phn t gam, ln ln gia ng lng v ng lng gam khp ni trong cun sch. S dng khng thng nht cc thut ng khi lng nguyn t, khi lng phn t, khi lng tng ng vi cc thut ng nguyn t lng, phn t lng, ng lng. iu ny lm ngi c hoang mang, cc thut ng trn l khc nhau hay chng? Cng cn nhc li rng khi lng ca 1 nguyn t nu c xc nh theo n v khi lng nguyn t (cn c gi l n v Carbon v k hiu vC) th c gi l nguyn t lng. Nu o theo h SI, khi lng ca nguyn t tnh bng gam c tr s bng nguyn t lng th gi l nguyn t gam. Tng t nh th i vi cc thut ng cn li. 5) Cu ch km chnh xc, ng ngh, v ngha Xin trch dn mt s cu km chnh xc v ch, chnh xc v ch th cha chnh xc v ngha - ha tan ca cc cht c th c coi nh phn ng cn bng ha tan l mt i lng vt l c th nguyn, cn phn ng cn bng l mt thut ng ha hc m t phn ng ha hc. Sao li c th ng nht hai khi nim ny vi nhau c ? - Trong mt dung dch, kt ta s xut hin nu nng ca cc ion khc nhau vt qu ha tan ca mt hp cht c th Tht l kh hiu khi c cu vn trn v va khng chnh xc v ch cng nh v ngha. Kt ta s xut hin khi tch nng ca cc ion c trong thnh phn kt ta (vi s m l h s hp thc ca n trong cng thc phn t) ln hn tch s tan. - Dung dch m l dung dch gm mt acid yu hoc baz yu vi mt mui ca n c pH khng i khi ta thm vo mt lng va phi ion OH hoc ion H+.(Trang 28, dng 20) Tnh cht quan trng nht ca dung dch m l duy tr s n nh pH ca dung dch. V vy, khi thm mt lng va phi ion OH hay ion H+ vo th pH s b thay i rt t. Khng phi v thay i rt t m ni l khng thay i, iu ny d dn n s hiu nhm ca ngi c. - Khi thm OH vo, n s phn ng vi NH4+, hnh thnh NH3 nh vy pH cng s gi nguyn gi tr. (Trang 28, dng 31) Ni dung cu km chnh xc, khi thm OH tt nhin pH phi thay i, tuy nhin thay i rt t nn xem rng pH gn nh gi nguyn gi tr. - Ta tnh pH = 6.73 chnh l kt qu ca logarit 0.27 v log7 (Trang 23, dng 10) - Tri i ! C logarit ca mt s m ! Ta c pH = 6.73 = lg100.27 lg107 - pha ch dung dch Na2S2O3 nng 0.025N cn 0.025 phn t lng ca Na2S2O3... (Trang 86, dng 24) - Phn t lng c n v o theo n v Carbon, lm th no m cn c? Chnh xc l cn 0,025 phn t gam Na2S2O3. - Cch tnh: ng lng gam ca K2SO4 bng khi lng phn t ca n chia 2 (Trang 17, dng 37) Khi lng phn t (Phn t lng) ca n chia 2 th bng ng lng, phn t gam ca n chia 2 mi bng ng lng gam. Thay li kt Trong li m u tc gi vit : Kinh nghim ca ti trong qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu cho thy y l mt ti liu cn thit khng ch cho sinh vin m cho c nghin cu vin, ging vin. Cht lng ca cun sch khng ni ln c iu m tc gi khng nh.

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VI HNG NGHIN CU C BN KT HP VI NGHIN CU K THUT CNG NGH PHC V I SNG KINH T- X HITS. Nguyn Phc Ha B mn Ha I. M u Thc hin ch trng i mi i hc, trng i hc Nha trang (NTU)- vi s mng c nhim v o to v bi dng ngun nhn lc c trnh i hc v sau i hc thuc a lnh vc; t chc nghin cu khoa hc, chuyn giao cng ngh v cung cp cc dch v chuyn mn cho nn kinh t quc dn, c bit trong lnh vc Thy sn; vi tm nhn khng ngng pht trin cc ngun lc a nh trng tr thnh trng i hc a ngnh, vi cht lng o to, nghin cu khoa hc t chun quc gia v tip cn n trnh ca khu vc. Khoa khoa hc c bn Ph trch ging dy, o to v nghin cu thuc lnh vc Khoa hc t nhin, Khoa hc x hi v nhn vn, Ngoi ng v Gio dc th cht [1]. Nh vy, lnh vc nghin cu khoa hc v k thut v cng ngh ni chung, v k thut v cng ngh Thy sn ni ring l kh m m rng i vi cc Thy, C gio Khoa khoa hc c bn. Tuy nhin, qua nhiu ln tham d cc cuc hi ngh v hi tho khoa hc v k thut, cng ngh H ni, cc tnh Bc, Trung, Nam trung b v Ty nguyn; thnh ph H Ch Minh v C mau; vi nhim v phn bin lun vn Thc s k thut v tham d cc l bo v lun n Tin s khoa hc trong k thut, Ti thy rng: Hu ht cc cng trnh nghin cu ng dng v trin khai, phc v i sng kinh t- x hi ca cc nh khoa hc, k thut v cng ngh trn c nc, ni dung nghin cu u tin l nghin cu c bn v bn cht vt cht, v qu trnh vn ng ca th gii t nhin v sau l nhng nghin cu v s thay i qu trnh vn ng ca s vt, hin tng khi c nhng tc ng nhn to. V vy, vic nghin cu c bn (cc qu trnh vt l; ha hc; sinh hc) v s bin ng ca vt cht v tnh cht vt cht c m t, biu th, th hin ... bng cng c ton hc l v cng cn thit khi nghin cu ng dng v trin khai k thut, cng ngh trong thc tin. Vn bo v mi trng v s bin i kh hu ton cu l mt trong nhng tiu im Hot nht hin nay. Nn trong bi bo ny, Tc gi ch gii hn trong vic ngh vi hng nghin cu c bn kt hp nghin cu ng dng v trin khai bo v mi trng, phc v dn sinh v o to c th ti NTU. II. Vi hng nghin cu c bn kt hp nghin cu ng dng v trin khai bo v mi trng, phc v dn sinh v o to Nhm nghin cu Hng Ni dung nghin cu v kt qu t Trng Cc thnh vin nghin cu c nhm trong nhm 1. Xy dng h1. iu tra, thng k lu lng v ly TS. Nguyn1. B mn HaPhc Ha NTU thng x l mu nc thi nguyn khai. 2. Vin CNSH & nc thi VH:2. Phn tch cc ch tiu nhim nc thi nguyn khai MT- NTU 1000m3/ngy ti 3. Cng ty c Trng i hc3. xut phng n v tnh ton thit k h thng x l nc thi ti s phn xy dng Nha trang ti dng v k thut MT s dng 4. Hi tho khoa hc v cng ngh x l Ph xun, tp. nc thi ti s dng HCM 5. Xy dng h thng x l v lp t 4. Vin TN & thit b MT- HQG tp. 6. Vn hnh th nghim, o to cng HCM nhn vn hnh v kim nh cht lng nc thi sau x l 7. Bn giao cng trnh (Nh iu hnh, 35

cc b x l, thit b x l, tng ro, sn cy cnh ) 8. Bo co tng kt ti D KIN SN PHM T C: H thng x l nc thi NTU ti s dng t tiu chun loi B Vit nam 2. Ch to m 1. Thit k v ch to cc m hnh x l TS. Nguyn 1. sinh ha hiu kh (Erobic) Phc Ha hnh x l 2. cht thi lng 2. Thit k v ch to cc m hnh x l sinh ha k kh (Anaerobic) cng nghip, sinh hot 3. Thit k v ch to cc m hnh x l thiu kh (Anoxic) dng cho nghin cu 4. Thit k v ch to cc m hnh x l ha, l thc nghim v o to 5. Thit k v ch to m hnh c bn x l nc thi cng nghip v sinh ngnh cng hot dng cho o to ngnh cng ngh k thut ngh k thut MT mi trng 6. Bo co tng kt kt qu ca ti v cc m hnh D KIN SN PHM T C: Cc m hnh x l nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip dng cho nghin cu, o to i hc v trn i hc v mi trng v cc ngnh o to lin quan n cng ngh x l cui ng ng. 3. Nghin cu1. La chn nguyn liu, phn lp, TS. Nguyn1. nhn ging v nui m rng vi Phc Ha quy trnh sn khun Lactic 2. xut ch phm Probiotic VH2. La chn nguyn liu, phn lp, 3. dng trong nhn ging v nui m rng vi khun Bacillus nui, trng v 4. x l mi3. La chn nguyn liu, phn lp, nhn ging v nui m rng vi trng khun ta 4. La chn nguyn liu, phn lp, nhn ging v nui m rng vi khun Nitrat ha 5. La chn nguyn liu, phn lp, nhn ging v nui m rng nm men Saccharomyces 6. La chn nguyn liu, phn lp, nhn ging v nui m rng x khun 7. La chn nguyn liu, phn lp, nhn ging v nui m rng nm mc 8. La chn nguyn liu, phn lp, nhn ging v nui m rng mt s vi khun ph tr 9. Qui trnh sn xut ch phm Probiotic VH 10. Bo co tng kt ti

B mn HaNTU Vin CNSH & MT- NTU

B mn HaNTU Vin CNSH & MT- NTU Khoa nui trng- NTU Khoa cng ngh CB- NTU

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4. Nghin cu thc nghim s dng ch phm Probiotic VH trong nui trng v x l mi trng nc Thy sn

5. Nghin cu thc nghim s dng ch phm Probiotic VH kt hp giun t trong nui, trng v x l mi trng kh, lng v rn

6. Nghin cu thc nghim s dng ch phm Probiotic VH x l bn y ao nui tm, c ... cng nghip, kt hp sn xut phn bn vi sinh VH

D KIN SN PHM T C: Qui trnh sn xut v ch phm Probiotic VH 1. Thc nghim x l mi trng nc sn xut tm ging 2. Thc nghim x l mi trng nc nui tm cng nghip 3. Thc nghim x l mi trng nc nui c cng nghip 4. Thc nghim x l mi trng nc thi cng nghip CBTS 5. Bo co tng kt kt qu thc nghim ca ti D KIN SN PHM T C: Hiu qu x l nc thi nui tm, c v nc thi cng nghip CBTS ca ch phm Probiotic VH 1. Thc nghim nui giun t bng cht thi ng vt nui 2. Thc nghim s nh hng ca ch phm Probiotic VH v giun t thm vo thc n cng nghip n s pht trin ca tm, c ... 3. Thc nghim s nh hng ca ch phm Probiotic VH v giun t thm vo thc n cng nghip n s pht trin ca gia sc v gia cm 4. Thc nghim s nh hng ca ch phm Probiotic VH trong x l nc thi, cht thi rn sinh hot ca cng ng v mi trng nui gia sc v gia cm 5. Bo co tng kt kt qu thc nghim ca ti D KIN SN PHM T C: Hiu qu x l nc thi, cht thi rn sinh hot cng ng v mi trng nui gia sc, gia cm cng nh nh hng n s pht trin tm, c, ... gia sc v gia cm ca ch phm Probiotic VH 1. Thc nghim s nh hng ca ch phm Probiotic VH trong x l bn y ao nui tm cng nghip 2. Quy trnh sn xut phn bn vi sinh VH t bn y ao nui tm cng nghip 3. Thc nghim tc dng ca phn bn vi sinh VH n s pht trin ca mt s cy trng 4. Bo co tng kt kt qu thc nghim ca ti D KIN SN PHM T C: Hiu qu x l bn y ao nui ca

TS. Nguyn 1. B mn HaPhc Ha NTU 2. Vin CNSH & MT- NTU 3. Khoa nui trng- NTU 4. Khoa cng ngh CB- NTU

TS. Nguyn 1. B mn HaPhc Ha NTU 2. Vin CNSH & MT- NTU 3. Khoa nui trng- NTU 4. S nng nghip v pht trin nng thn tnh Khnh ha

TS. Nguyn 1. B mn HaPhc Ha NTU 2. Vin CNSH & MT- NTU 3. Khoa nui trng- NTU 4. S nng nghip v pht trin nng thn tnh Khnh ha

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7. Bin son chng trnh v cc ti liu dng cho gio dc i hc ngnh cng ngh k thut mi trngNTU

ch phm Probiotic VH v quy trnh sn xut phn bn vi sinh VH t bn y ao nui tm cng nghip 1. C s khoa hc mi trng TS. Nguyn 2. Sinh thi hc mi trng Phc Ha 3. Ha k thut mi trng 4. Ha sinh hc mi trng 5. Vi sinh hc mi trng 6. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong ch bin thc phm 7. Qun l cht lng mi trng 8. K thut x l nc cp 9. K thut x l nc thi 10. Th nghim phn tch nc v nc thi 11. Th nghim cng ngh x l nc thi 12. c t hc mi trng 13. Cng ngh sn xut sch hn trong nui trng Thy sn v ch bin thc phm 14. Thit k h thng x l cht thi rn; lng v kh 15. Cng ngh mi trng . D KIN SN PHM T C: Chng trnh v cc ti liu dng cho gio dc i hc ngnh cng ngh k thut mi trng v cc ngnh o to lin quan- NTU

1. B mn HaNTU 2. Vin CNSH & MT- NTU 3. Khoa nui trng- NTU 4. Khoa cng ngh CB- NTU

III. Kt lun Khoa khoa hc c bn- mt Khoa m hu ht lc lng ging dy vi hc v l C nhn khoa hc, Thc s khoa hc c o to chnh quy, bi bn, ... di s ch bo tn tnh, chu o, ... ca cc Gio s, ph Gio s, Tin s khoa hc u ngnh Vit nam c y c v ti t cc trng i hc c ting, vi chiu dy v chiu su v truyn thng o to v nghin cu khoa hc nh i hc tng hp H ni; i hc tng hp Hu; i hc tng hp lt; i hc tng hp thnh ph H Ch Minh, i hc th dc th thao Bc ninh v thnh ph H Ch Minh ... v mt s nc chu , chu u khc. Trc yu cu i mi, nng cao cht lng o to, gio dc v nghin cu khoa hc ca nc nh, trong vi nm qua Khoa khoa hc c bn, cc Tin s Khoa hc trong gio dc, Tin s Khoa hc trong k thut cng c o to t cc trng i hc s phm, i hc tng hp, i hc Bch khoa v Vin khoa hc Vit nam. Vi nhng kin thc, k nng v thi ngh nghip ca cc C nhn; Thc s v Tin s c o to, rn luyn ... tc gi bi bo ny tin chc rng, cn b ging dy Khoa khoa hc c bn c c, ti m nhim c cht lng cc ti nghin cu c bn kt hp nghin cu ng dng v trin khai, phc v dn sinh v o to ti NTU. TI LIU THAM KHO i hc Nha trang, 2008.

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NGHIN CU XY DNG H THNG GII PHP THC Y SINH VIN TRNG I HC NHA TRANG HC TP TTPGS.TS L Phc Lng BM Vt L I. t vn Trong nhng nm qua, bn cnh quy m o to ca nh trng lun c ngy mt tng cao th hot ng hc tp ca sinh vin (SV) cng ang c nhiu vn t ra. l tnh trng c nhiu SV b gi ln lp, khng hng th v thiu ng lc tch cc hc tp; khng ch ng v lp k hoch hc tp; phng php hc tp cn mang nng hnh thc th ng ph thng (nghe-chp bi hc).Kt qu l c nhiu SV c im trung bnh chung hc tp yu v km, s lng SV t loi gii kh khim tn. C th c nhiu nguyn nhn c ch quan v khch quan khc nhau v ang tc ng n hot ng hc tp ca SV. Trc ht, c th ni n l trnh nng lc hc tp u vo ca SV, cc yu t ca mi trng x hi, ng c hc tp, phng php hc tp, phng php dy hc v kim tra-nh gi, cc iu kin c s vt cht. tc ng v nh hng n kt qa hc tp ca SV. Trc tnh hnh , lnh o nh trng ch trng nhiu hot ng v mi mt nhm cng c v nng cao cht lng o to ca nh trng. Mt trong nhng nhim v cp bch l khn trng trin khai iu tra nghin cu v cc hot ng lin quan n hc tp ca SV, sm c nhng gii php gip SV tch cc tham gia hc tp, hc c phng php v hc t hiu qu cao. Vi cc l do ni trn, chng ti chn ti nghin cu l: Nghin cu xy dng h thng gii php thc y sinh vin Trng i hc Nha Trang hc tp tt II. Tnh cp thit p ng nhu cu pht trin ngun nhn lc ngy mt ln lao ca t nc, i hi s lng v cht lng SV cc trng i hc ngy mt tng cao, trong c Trng H Nha Trang. Mt khc, do nhiu yu t khch quan v ch quan khc nhau m cht lng o to SV tt nghip ca nh trng cha p ng c cc yu cu s dng cng nh cc tiu ch khc ngy mt nng cao ca x hi mong i. V vy, vn t ra l nh trng cn nghin cu tm hiu v thc trng hot ng hc tp ca SV hin nay; ng thi thng qua , c c s xut c h thng gii php nhm thc y SV ca nh trng hc tp tt; gp phn nng cao cht lng v hiu qa qu trnh o to nhn lc lao ng cho x hi. III. Tng quan tnh hnh nghin cu Hin nay c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu lin quan n cc hot ng hc tp v rn luyn ca hc sinh, SV trong cc nh trng cc cp hc, bc hc khc nhau. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc cng trnh ny cp n cc nghin cu mang tnh chuyn su v cc lnh vc, kha cnh, c trng c th, khc nhau ca Tm l hc, Gio dc hc; hoc cp n cc nghin cu v cc lnh vc tch cc ha hot ng v nng cao cht lng, hiu qu hc tp ca hc sinh, SV i vi cc ngnh hc c th no (nh ngnh Nng nghip, C kh, Ngoi ng.... v d nh nghin cu v K nng lm vic c lp vi sch ca SV nhm gp phn nng cao cht lng t o to Trng i hc Ngoi ng-HQG H Ni ca TS. Phan Bch Ngc, M s QN.05.12, nghin cu v Nng cao hiu qu cng tc c vn hc tp trong hc ch tn ch trng i hc ca L Phc Lng (1999)....)...., hoc i vi cc mn hc c th (nh mn iu khin hc, Vt l, Lch s, Ton hc.... v d nh nghin cu v Phng php kch thch nng lc t duy cho hc sinh ph thng trong dy hc gii ton ca ThS. Bi Th Hng, M s QS.05.02, nghin cu v D bo nng lc hc tp vt l ca SV v ci tin phng php dy hc b mn Vt l ca L Phc Lng (2000) hoc nghin cu v T chc nh hng hot ng chim lnh tri thc Vt l i cng (A1) ca SV bng tin trnh dy hc theo hng phi hp gia kiu phng php Thng bo-Ti hin vi kiu phng php t vn -Gii quyt tng phn ca L Phc Lng (2004)....) nhng cc ti trn cha cp n lnh vc nghin cu rng v i tng nghin cu c th nh ca ti ny (Xy dng h thng gii php thc y SV Trng i hc Nha Trang hc tp tt). IV. Mc tiu ca ti 39

Xy dng c h thng gii php nhm thc y SV Trng H Nha Trang hc tp tt. V. Cch tip cn, phng php v phm vi nghin cu 1. Cch tip cn: Nghin cu s thc hin qua 2 bc chnh: nghin cu s b v nghin cu chnh thc. a. Nghin cu s b: - Nghin cu l thuyt ca c s l lun v cc lnh vc hot ng hc tp ca SV trong nh trng; - Tm hiu bc u v tnh hnh hc tp ca SV Trng H Nha Trang; xut m hnh nghin cu v cc thang o; - Thit k, xy dng cc mu phiu iu tra, kho st v tnh hnh hc hc tp ca SV Trng H Nha Trang; - Tin hnh iu tra, kho st trn mu th nghim v tnh hnh hc tp ca SV Trng H Nha Trang; - iu chnh, b sung, nh gi v hon thin cc mu phiu iu tra, kho st phc v cho qu trnh iu tra, kho st chnh thc (m bo tin cy ca cc thang o theo tiu chun kim nh Cronbach Alpha, ). b. Nghin cu chnh thc: - iu tra, kho st thc trng v hot ng hc tp ca SV Trng H Nha Trang. La chn mu nghin cu theo nguyn tc phn tng bn ngu nhin ca cc kha hc, ngnh hc v cc tiu ch khc. - X l v phn tch s liu t iu tra, kho st v hot ng hc tp ca SV ti Trng H Nha Trang bng cc phn mm thng k chuyn dng (nh SPSS 17.0, Exel...); - T chc hi tho khoa hc v thc trng v nguyn nhn ca hot ng hc tp ca SV Trng H Nha Trang hin nay; - nh gi thc trng v nguyn nhn ca hot ng hc tp ca SV Trng H Nha Trang; - xut h thng gii php nhm thc y SV Trng H Nha Trang hc tp tt; - T chc th nghim cc gii php xut ti Trng H Nha Trang. - Tng kt v nh gi ti. 2. Phng php nghin cu: Phi hp cc phng php nghin cu c bn trong Gio dc hc, X hi hc nh phng php nghin cu l lun; iu tra, kho st; phng php chuyn gia; phng php thc nghim s phm v x l thng k. 3. Phm vi nghin cu: Hot ng hc tp ca SV Trng H Nha Trang. VI. Ni dung, tin , sn phm v a ch ng dng ca nghin cu 1. NI DUNG NGHIN CU V TIN THC HIN Thi gian Sn phm phi t Ngi thc hin (Bt uKt thc) 1. Tm hiu c s l lun v hot C s l lun v hot ng 04/2010- L Phc Lng ng hc tp ca SV trong nh trng hc tp ca SV trong nh 09/2010 v tm hiu mt s m hnh thc y trng. SV hc tp tt ti mt s trng i hc trong nc 2. Thit k, xy dng m hnh nghin Mu phiu iu tra, kho st. 10/2010- L Phc Lng cu v cc mu phiu iu tra, kho 01/2011 st. 3. iu tra, kho st thc trng v S liu kt qu iu tra, kho 02/2011- Nguyn vn Tm, hot ng hc tp ca SV Trng H st v thc trng hot ng 05/2011 Trn Th Thu, Giang Nha Trang hc tp ca SV Trng H T. Thu Trang, Nguyn Nha Trang. T. oan Trang 4. nh gi thc trng v hot ng Bo co thc trng v cc 06/2011- L Phc Lng, 40 Cc ni dung, cng vic thc hin ch yu

hc tp ca SV Trng H Nha Trang v cc nguyn nhn c bn, ch yu ca thc trng ny. 5. Xy dng h thng gii php, t chc hi tho ly kin gp hon chnh gii php thc y SV Trng H Nha Trang hc tp tt. 6. p dng th nghim cc gii php ti Trng H Nha Trang

nguyn nhn c bn, ch yu 07/2011 ca hot ng hc tp ca SV Trng H Nha Trang. H thng gii php thc y 08/2011SV Trng H Nha Trang 10/2011 hc tp tt.

Trng Trng nh L Phc Lng, L Vit Phng

Bo co Kt qu p dng th 11/2011- L Phc Lng v nghim cc gii php ti 03/2012 cc GV khc Trng H Nha Trang. 7. Vit Bo co tng kt Bo co tng kt ti 04/2012 L Phc Lng 2. SN PHM V A CH NG DNG Loi sn phm: Mu Vt liu Thit b my mc Dy chuyn cng ngh Ging cy trng Ging gia sc Qui trnh cng ngh Phng php Tiu chun Qui phm S Bo co phn tch Ti liu d bo n Lun chng kinh t Chng trnh my tnh Bn kin ngh Sn phm khc Tn sn phm, s lng v yu cu khoa hc i vi sn phm: TT 1 2 Tn sn phm Mu phiu iu tra S lng 01 Yu cu khoa hc cc thng s iu tra s liu phc v cho ti Trung thc, chnh xc lm c s phc v cho vic xut, xy dng h thng gii php nhm thc y SV Nh trng hc tp tt. C tnh kh thi, ph hp vi iu kin ca Nh trng. Trung thc, chnh xc Tng hp y cc kt qu v ni dung nghin cu ca ti.

Bo co thc trng v cc nguyn nhn c bn, 01 ch yu v hot ng hc tp ca SV Trng H Nha Trang. H thng gii php nhm thc y SV 01 Trng H Nha Trang hc tp tt. Bo co kt qu p dng th nghim mt s 01 gii php ti Trng H Nha Trang Bo co tng kt ti 01 a ch c th ng dng: Trng i hc Nha Trang

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VII. Kt lun Vi ch trng v nh hng ng n ca Nh trng v c s gip ca tp th Khoa, cc B mn cng nh s ng h v phi kt hp cht ch ca cc n v trong nh trng nhm nghin cu ti hy vng s c thm ng lc trong cc hot ng nghin cu v sm t c cc kt qu