8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

1/23

I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRNG I HC NGOI NG

B MN TING ANH CHUYN NGNH

BO CO KHOA HCNM HC 2009-2010

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

2/23

MC LC

1. Thit k v s dng bi tp nghin cu tnh hung (case-study) trong ging dy

Ting Anh chuyn ngnh nhm pht trin k nng t duy logic, ph phn cho sinh

vin.

Th.S inh Hi Yn, CN V Hi H, CN V Tun Ngc, Th.S Nguyn Thy Phng Lan,

Th.S Nguyn Th Thanh Vn, Th.S Cn Th Chang Duyn

2.Rough thoughts on paragraph - For Inter-groups discussion

PGS.TS Nguyn Xun Thm

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

3/23

Thit k v s dng bi tp nghin cu tnh hung (case-study) trong

ging dy Ting Anh chuyn ngnh nhm pht trin k nng t duy

logic, ph phn cho sinh vin.

inh Hi Yn, V Hi H, V Tun Ngc,

Nguyn Thy Phng Lan, Nguyn Th Thanh Vn, Cn Th Chang Duyn

Tm tt : Kt qu thc nghim vi 4 lp sinh vin h phin dch K40 c tin hnh trong thi gian 1

hc k (2009-2010) v vic thit k v s dng cc bi tp tnh hung trong ging dy mn Ting Anh Ti

chnh-Ngn hng khoa S phm Ting Anh, HNN, HQGHN nhm pht trin k nng t duy ph phn

cho sinh vin cho thy y l mt hot ng thc s mang tnh kh thi v c hiu qu cao, mang li nhiu

hng th cho sinh vin, c tc dng nh hng hot ng t hc, nng cao vn kin thc nn, pht trin

nng lc t duy logic ca cc em thng qua vic rn luyn kh nng lp lun. Mt khc, cng vi ngun t

liu phong ph v mt bng trnh hin nay ca gio vin, vic thit k v s dng bi tp tnh hung

hon ton c th ng dng trong ging dy cc mn thc hnh ting giai on cao ca khoa S phm

Ting Anh v ging dy Ting Anh chuyn ngnh mt s chuyn ngnh x hi ca HQG nh Lut,

Kinh tTuy nhin, mt yu cu t ra cho gio vin l phi thng xuyn nng cp, cp nht kin thc,

tin tc thi s c th m bo tnh hiu qu ca vic thit k cng nh trin khai bi tp ny trong ging

dy.

1. t vn :

i mi phng php dy v hc l mt yu cu cp thit nhm nng cao hiu qu v

cht lng ca gio dc bc i hc, c bit l vic chuyn i t ging dy theo nin

ch sang h thng tn ch trong giai on hin nay. Theo , vic nghin cu a vo

ging dy cc loi hnh bi tp bi tp nhm gip sinh vin pht huy vai tr tch cc, ch

ng trong hc tp, c bit trong qu trnh t hc, c nng lc ng dng nhng kin

thc v l thuyt gii quyt cc vn t ra trong thc tin, khc su v m rng vn

kin thc nn v rn luyn cc k nng, k xo cn thit cho ngh nghip tng lai l mt

hng khai thc tch cc. Theo ng hng , chng ti tin hnh nghin cu thc

nghim v tnh kh thi v hiu qu ca vic s dng cc bi tp tnh hung do gio vin

t thit k trong ging dy mn Ting Anh chuyn ngnh khoa S phm Ting Anh,

HNN, HQGHN nhm pht trin k nng t duy ph phn cho sinh vin, trn c s ,

a ra mt s gi v vic bin son v ng dng bi tp tnh hung trong ging dy

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

4/23

Ting Anh chuyn ngnh khoa S phm Ting Anh ni ring v Ting Anh chuyn

ngnh trong phm vi i hc Quc gia H ni ni chung.

2. Bi tp tnh hung v vic pht trin k nng t duy logic, ph phn cho sinh vin

Theo Boehrer & Linsky (1990): Tnh hung l mt cu chuyn, c ct chuyn v nhn

vt, lin h n mt hon cnh c th, t gc c nhn hay nhm, v thng l hnh

ng cha hon chnh. l mt cu chuyn c th v chi tit, chuyn nt sng ng v

phc tp ca i thc vo lp hc.

c im ni bt ca loi hnh bi tp ny l xoay quanh nhng s kin c tht hay gn

gi vi thc t trong cha ng nhng vn v mu thun cn phi c gii quyt

(Center for Teaching and Learning of Stanford University, 1994). Nh vy, v mt nidung, tnh hung khng nhng phi cha ng vn m cn phi to iu kin dn dt

ngi hc tm hiu su qua nhiu tng, lp ca vn , c th tip cn c ct li,

bn cht ca vn .

Nh vy, tnh hung c s dng khuyn khch ngi hc phn tch, bnh lun, nh

gi, suy xt v trnh by tng ca mnh m qua , tng bc chim lnh tri thc hay

vn dng nhng kin thc hc vo nhng trng hp thc t, to ra mt c hi pht

trin nng lc t duy ton din hn, l mt gi cc k nng tng hp bao gm mt

s k nng c bn pht trin k nng gii quyt vn v a ra quyt nh, kh nng

tng hp, nh gi v p dng thng tin v cc khi nim l thuyt trong thc t, cc k

nng lp lun trnh cao , m rng tm nhn, tm hiu bit v cch nh gi ca

ngi hc. cng chnh l mc ch ca vic rn luyn k nng t duy logic, ph phn

cho sinh vin.

3. Bin son mt tnh hung trong ging dy

bin son mt tnh hung thc s hiu qu v ph hp vi mc tiu, mc ch ging

dy, ngi bin son cn phi nm c cc yu t cu thnh nn mt bi tp

tnh hung (mt ng cnh chn thc; ni dung thng tin, d liu; v mt kt

thc m). Ngoi ra, vic tn dng ngun t liu c sn nh bo (vit, mng), tp

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

5/23

ch, tiu thuyt, tranh hot ho,video clip, phim truyn hnh s l mt thun

li cho gio vin trong qu trnh la chn, xy dng tnh hung ph hp. V

cch thc bin son bi tp tnh hung, m hnh 8 bc ca Herreid (1999) di

y c th coi l mt m hnh mu v s r rng v d ng dng ca n :

3. Thc nghim vic thit k v s dng loi hnh bi tp tnh hung trong ging

dy mn Ting Anh chuyn ngnh nhm pht trin k nng t duy, ph phn cho

sinh vin :

Quyt nh ti

Nghin cu ti

Nguyn tc, mc tiuging dy

Xy dng nhn vt

Vit tnh hung vivn

Lng ghp thut ng

Suy ngh cc tiln v ti con

Vit cu hi

Cn nhc tnh hp dn, cp nht, gy tranh ci ca ti

Khai thc cc mi lin h, kh nng, tim nng phttrin v tnh hc t ca ti

Cn nhc mc tiu, nguyn l, vn no trongmn hc m tnh hun an hn ti

xut cc nhn vt (c tht hay h cu) c th linuan, chu tc n t ti/vn n

S dng a dng k nng k chuyn nu tnh hungnh vn xui, hi tn , hi thoi v.v.

C th lng ghp cc khi nim, thut ng v.v. quantrn ha sinh vin t tm hiu l

Suy ngh cc ti ln v ti con c th pht trin ttnh hun ht trin cc tnh hun cho cc bi hc

Tp trung vo cc vn chnh trong tnh hung

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

6/23

tr li cu hi :Liu vic s dng bi tp tnh hung do gio vin t bin son trong

ging dy mn Ting Anh chuyn ngnh nhm pht trin k nng t duy ph phn cho

sinh vin (gii hn: kh nng lp lun) c kh thi hay khng v hiu qu ca n nh th

no, chng ti tin hnh nghin cu di hnh thc thc nghim trong sut mt hc

k (hc k 7, nm hc 2009-2010) vi 4 lp phin dch ca K40 (E16-E19), mn Ting

Anh Ti chnh-Ngn hng, v 2 nhm gio vin tham gia trong vai tr : nhmbin son

tnh hung v ch o qu trnh thc nghim v nhm gio vin thc hin vic ging dy

vi bi tp tnh hung. Di y l phn m t chi tit qu trnh thc nghim :

3.1 Thit k bi tp tnh hung :

Trong qu trnh bin son, thit k tnh hung, chng ti ch trng ti cc yu t cu

thnh nn mt bi tp tnh hung v m hnh 8 bc trong vic vit mt bi tp tnh

hung ca Hereid.. Chng ti quyt nh chn 5 ti xy dng 5 bi tp tnh hung

gn vi 5 ni dung /5 chng ca chng trnh Ting Anh Ti chnh-Ngn hng bao

gm: 1. ATM 2.Vai tr ca Ngn hng Th gii v Qu tin t quc t trong vic h tr

chng i ngho trn th gii 3. Lm pht Vit nam 4. Th trng chng khon . 5.

Thu thu nhp c nhn.

- L do chn nhng ti trn l : l nhng ni dung yu cu sinh vin t hc, tnghin cu, nh sinh vin c th m rng vn t vng v kin thc thc nn. Hn

na, nhng vn trn ngoi tnh thi s, cp nht, i hi vic s dng nhng kin thc

hc hoc phi tip tc tm hiu, hin l nhng vn vn cn gy nhiu tranh ci, v

th to c hi cho sinh vin nhn nhn, phn tch, nh gi vn nhiu gc khc

nhau. iu ny gip pht trin k nng gii quyt vn v kh nng lp lun logic cho

sinh vin.

- Xy dng ng cnh: Vic xy dng ng cnh ph hp vi ti la chn thc s lmt th thch bi ng cnh phi l mt cu chuyn c chn thc cao, c sc thuyt

phc i vi ngi hc c th li cun ngi hc vo mch ca cu chuyn mt cch

t nhin v sn sng tham gia vic ng vai v gii quyt vn nh yu cu ca bi tp.

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

7/23

-Ni dung thng tin, d kin : Vi mi bi tp tnh hung, cc s liu a ra u c thc,

cp nht, t nhng ngun thng tin ng tin cy nh v di nhiu hnh thc : gio trnh,

bo mng, cc trang web (bng c ting Vit v ting Anh), phim hot hnh, video clip,

mt s vn bn ca nh ncS phong ph v thng tin v d liu cng vi s d dng

trong vic tm kim thng tin khng nhng to iu kin thun li cho sinh vin trong

qu trnh chun b m cn tng tnh hp dn, hng th ca bi tp.

- Kt thc m : yu cu ca tt c 5 bi tp tnh hung u i hi sinh vin phi tr li

cc cu hi dng m hoc a ra chnh kin ca mnh v mt hoc nhiu kha cnh lin

quan n vn ch o trong bi tp. c th hon thnh yu cu ca bi tp, sinh

vin phi c s chun b k cng nh, th hin qua cc khu nghin cu tnh hung, yu

cu ca bi tp, tm hiu v x l thng tin theo hng dn ca gio vin v ch ng tmkim thm cc ngun thng tin khc h tr cho mc ch gii quyt vn ca mnh.

y cng chnh l s nh hng, to ra mc ch v rn luyn phng php t hc cho

sinh vin, v hot ng din ra trn lp chnh l vic kim tra, nh gi hiu qu ca

hot ng t hc .

- t tiu v trang tr cho bi tp : y cng l mt khu rt quan trng trng trong

qu trnh bin son bi tp. Tiu phi phn nh trung thc ni dung ca tnh hung,

nhng li phi ngn gn, d nh, v i khi (nu c th) phi hi hi hc to ntng. Vi nhng tiu ch , chng ti t tiu cho 5 bi tp tnh hung nh sau :

To charge or not to charge, thats the question!); The international financial institutions

-The rulers of nuts (nhi tn b phim The luckiest nuts in the world gii thiu trong

phn thng tin tham kho, m ch vai tr vn cn gy nhiu tranh ci ca IMF v WB

trong vic h tr chng i ngho cc nc th gii th 3);Inflation in Vietnam; Stock

market : Analysis and selection of securities in Vietnam; Personal income-why or why

not?

Trang tr bi tp lin quan n vic s dng hnh nh, kh giy (A4), c ch (12-14), s

lng t (khng qu 02 t) cch b tr cc phn hnh nh v phn ch trong cng mt t

giy (hi ha, bt mt, khng ri mt, khng lm gim s tp trung ca sinh vin vo yu

cu chnh ca bi tp) Tt c nhng yu t ny phi thng nht vi nhau nhm to ra

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

8/23

hiu ng tt nht, gp phn tng tnh hp dn ca bi tp, trc ht l v mt hnh thc

i vi ngi hc.

3.2 S dng bi tp tnh hung trong ging dy

Bi tp ny thng din ra trong 2 tit. .u tin, gio vin kim tra phn chun b nh

di dng vit ca sinh vin, sau yu cu sinh vin tm tt li tnh hung v nu vn

c t ra trong tnh hung (10 pht). Ln lt cc nhm s c i din (mi ln s

l mt ngi khc nhau trong nhm) a ra kin, lp lun ca nhm v vn (15-

20 pht) . Sau s l phn tho lun/tranh lun gia cc nhm (50 pht). Trong qu

trnh tho lun/tranh lun, sinh vin s c khuyn khch s dng nhng kin thc

hc hoc c, a ra nhng bng chng , s liu, v d thc tin lm tng tnh

thuyt phc cho cc lp lun ca mnh. Sinh vin cng c hc cch nhn nhn vn

nhiu kha cnh khc nhau, bit cch chp nhn kin nhiu chiu v cng mt vn

(nu nhng kin c sc thuyt phc). Sinh vin cng c khuyn khch nhn ra

nhng nhn nh ch quan, mt chiu, thm ch cc oan khi nh gi vn v gi

cch gii quyt vn (c nhm bin son a vo cc on hi thoi mt cch c ch

thng qua vic s dng ngn ng), v cch khc phc nhng nhc im ny. Trong

qu trnh ny gio vin ng vai tr l ngi nghe, ngi quan st, nh gi (bng cch

ghi chp tm tt cc kin ca cc nhm/c nhn, s tin b ca cc c nhn nh tn suttham gia kin, cht lng ca cc kin nhng bi tp tnh hung sau so vi nhng

bi trc .. y cng l c s gio vin cho im cui cng sau khi kt thc bi

tp th 5 tnh vo im nh gi thng xuyn vi trng s 20%), v ch can thip khi

cn thit. Phn cui cng, gio vin s dnh khong 20 pht nhn xt v phn chun b

nh, hot ng ca cc c nhn/nhm trong qu trnh tho lun, ch ra nhng tin b t

c trong cch lp lun, cch t cu hi, mt s im cn hn ch v cch khc phc,

sau tm tt li mt s im chnh sinh vin cn phi nh, nh chnh cc thng tin/kin

thc/t vng/cch din t sinh vin hiu v s dng cha ng m sinh vin th hin

trong phn trnh by trc , cung cp thm thng tin/ngun t liu tham kho cho sinh

vin tip tc tm hiu (nu cn thit). y l khu rt cn thit, gip sinh vin khc su

kin thc, nim tin, to ra ng c tch cc cho bi tp tip theo, cng nh vic t c, t

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

9/23

tm hiu nng cao hiu bit v lnh vc/vn c bn ti trong bi tp tnh

hung.

3.3 nh gi v tnh kh thi v tnh hiu qu ca vic thit k v s dng bi tp

tnh hung trong ging dy ting Anh chuyn ngnh nhm gip sinh vin pht trink nng t duy ph phn khoa S phm Ting Anh :

Vic nh gi v tnh kh thi v tnh hiu qu ca hot ng bi tp tnh hung do gio

vin t bin son v ging dy nhm tng cng kh nng t duy ph phn cho sinh vin

c tin hnh thng qua quan st, ghi chp ca nhm bin son bi tp tnh hung v

nhm gio vin trc tip ng lp sau mi bi tp tnh hung, phn hi ca sinh vin qua

bn iu tra c tin hnh sau mi bui hc c bi tp tnh hung, v cc kin trao i

thng qua cc cuc tr chuyn khng chnh thc gia gio vin v sinh vin.

3.3.1 Tnh kh thi :

- Thit k : Tt c cc gio vin tham gia bin son v bi tp tnh hung thy rng mc

d vic thit k mt bi tp tnh hung i hi s u t v thi gian v cng sc nhng

hon ton c th thc hin c nu gio vin nm vng cc yu cu ca mt bi tp tnh

hung v cc bc tin hnh trong thit k mt bi tp tnh hung. Ngun t liu rt

phong ph, d tm hin nay cng l mt thun li ln. Tuy nhin, iu cng km theo

thch thc trong vic la chn thng tin thc s ph hp vi ti v mc ch ging

dy. Nu gio vin lm vic theo nhm, vic thit k bn hng dn gio vin (nh

chng ti tin hnh trong thc nghim ny) l mt yu cu bt buc, i hi ngi vit

phi nm vng kin thc v vn mnh la chn cng nh kin thc v gio hc

php hin i, c th a ra nhng hng dn c th v ni dung cng nh phng

php trin khai vn mt cch hiu qu nht.

- Trin khai hot ng ging dy trn lp hc: Tt c 04 gio vin tham gia ging dy v

100% sinh vin u khng nh vic trin khai hot ng ging dy trn lp hc vi thi

lng 10 tit cho 5 bi tp tnh hung trn tng s 45 tit/hc k vi gin cch v thi

gian l 3 tun/bi tp tnh hung cho mt mn hc nh Ting Anh Kinh t hoc Ting

Anh Ti chnh Ngn hng khoa S phm Ting Anh hin nay l hon ton hp l. V

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

10/23

thi gian cn thit cho vic chun b bi, 100% sinh vin cho rng 01 tun l . V

ngun t liu, 93% sinh vin ni rng thng tin y , phong ph, gip ch cho h trong

qu trnh tm hiu v gii quyt cc yu cu ca bi tp. Tnh kh thi cng th hin trong

vic trin khai cc hot ng nhm v c nhn trong tho lun/tranh lun i hi vic s

dng nhng k nng lin quan n thuyt trnh, s dng ngn ng th hin s ng tnh,

phn i, gii thch, chng minh ,100% sinh vin c c hi lm quen nhng nm

di v cc mn hc khc (mc d mi sinh vin, thnh cng l khc nhau ty

thuc vo trnh ting, ng c v thi hc tp, vic u t cho khu chun b bi

nh ). Do , mn hc Ting Anh chuyn ngnh, vic s dng cc tnh hung v cc

vn lin quan n nn kinh t Vit nam v th gii l c hi gip cc em lin h l

thuyt vo thc tin, khc su v m rng kin thc cng nh rn luyn v pht trin cc

k nng c hc, c bit l kh nng lp lun trnh cao.

3.3.2 Tnh hiu qu :

Di y l phn hi ca sinh vin v tnh hiu qu ca hot ng s dng bi tp tnh

hung trong ging dy ni chung, v vic pht trin t duy ph phn th hin qua kh

nng lp lun ni ring :

- Tnh hiu qu ca hot ng trc ht th hin s hng th m bi tp tnh hungmang li cho sinh. Hu ht sinh vin tham gia thc nghim u khng nh y l mt

hot ng hc tp mang li s hng th cao cho h vi 88% (thp nht, bi tp tnh

hung th 2) ti 93.73% (cao nht, bi tp tnh hung s 4&5) sinh vin cho rng h rt

hng th vi bi tp ny. Rt nhiu sinh vin by t y l ln u tin h c lm quen

vi bi tp ny, v ch ca bi tp khng d, khi s sinh vin thy mc kh tng

dn t bi tp tnh hung s 01 (13,58%) n bi tp tnh hung s 03 ( 58,67%) v bi

tp tnh hung s 05 (76,55%), khi cc vn c cp n trong tnh hung ngy

cng phc tp hn nh lm pht, th trng chng khon, thu thu nhp c nhn Tuy

nhin, iu y khng lm gim hp dn ca bi tp, bi v theo hu ht sinh vin (dao

ng t 92,86 : sau bi tp tnh hung th 2 ti 96.30% : sau bi tp tnh hung th 5),

tt c cc bi tp u i hi cc em lin h kin thc hc vi thc tin v iu

gip cc em hiu su hn v nhng vn mang tnh thi s ang c quan tm hin

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

11/23

nay. hp dn ca bi tp cn c th hin qua hiu qu ca vic thit k bi tp

thng qua hnh nh, cch dn dt cu chuyn, cch a ra cu hi, t liu tham kho

vi s liu phn nh lng sinh vin nh gi vic thit k bi tp tnh hung t hiu

qu cao dao ng trong khong 81.33 % (bi tp tnh hung th 3) dn 99.29 (bi tp tnh

hung th 5).

- V mc tin b ca sinh vin trong kh nng lp lun : Theo kin phn hi ca 100

% gio vin v sinh vin tham gia thc nghim, tt c sinh vin u c s tin b ng k

trong kh nng lp lun, mc d vi cc c nhn, s tin b khng u nhau.Do

kh v yu cu v mc ca cc k nng lp lun m sinh vin cn t ti ca cc

ti khc nhau, mc tin b trong cch lp lun ca sinh vin theo s liu iu tra phn

nh kh khc nhau vi 88.89 %,75,92%, 92%, 90,36, v 95.06 sau cc bi tp tnh hungt l -5 (ln lt theo th t nh trn). Thc t ny cng kh trng hp vi nh gi ca

gio vin (mu nh gi da trn thang bc nhn thc ca Bloom) v s tin b ca sinh

vin trong cc k nng t duy logic, ph phn th hin qua tng bi tp tnh hung.T bi

tp 1-3, s lng sinh vin t ti k nng phn tch v tng hp thng tin chim a s,

lp E 18 con s l 100%, cc lp E16 &E19 (2 lp c mt bng ting vt tri v

u hn 2 lp cn li)con s sinh vin t ti k nng nh gi kh khim tn , khong

20%. Tuy nhin, bi tp th 4 v th 5, s lng sinh vin c kh nng a ra nhn

nh, nh gi v cc nhn nh vi chnh kin r rng, c cch l gii, bng chng

thuyt phc tng ln ng k, k c vi mt s sinh vin khng thc s tch cc, nhn

thc ch dng li mc hiu mt vi bui u, lp E16 l 60%, E19 l 70%, cn li

trong khong 40-50%. Mc d s nh gi c th trong mt chng mc no , cn

mang tnh ch quan, thc t nu trn phn nh tnh hiu qu ca hot ng ging dy tnh

hung trong vic gp phn thc y nng lc t duy logic, ph phn ca sinh vin.

nh gi tnh hiu qu mt cch tng th ca hot ng ging dy bng bi tp tnh

hung, ch c 6,17% sinh vin cho im 7/10, cn li 93,83% cho im t 8-10. Con s

ny cho thy thc nghim thit k v s dng bi tp tnh hung trong ging dy Ting

Anh chuyn ngnh ni chung v trong vic pht trin t duy ph phn cho sinh vin ni

chung t c cc mc ch nghin cu ra.

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

12/23

5. Kt lun :

y l mt hot ng thc s mang tnh thc tin cao, mang li nhiu hng th cho sinh

vin, mang n cho cc em c hi vn dng kin thc hc soi ri vo mt tnh

hung chn thc trong thc tin, c tc dng nh hng hot ng t hc, c bit lvic c rng mt cch thc s hiu qu, to ra ng c tch cc i vi ngi hc, nng

cao vn kin thc nn v c tc dng pht trin nng lc t duy logic ca cc em thng

qua vic rn luyn cch lp lun v gii quyt vn .

Kt qu ca nghin cu thc nghim cho thy vi ngun t liu phong ph v vi mt

bng trnh hin nay ca gio vin, vic thit k v s dng bi tp tnh hung hon

ton c th ng dng trong ging dy cc mn thc hnh ting giai on cao ca khoa

S phm Ting Anh v ging dy Ting Anh chuyn ngnh mt s chuyn ngnh x

hi ca HQG nh Lut, Kinh t, Qun tr Kinh doanhTuy nhin, mt yu cu t ra

cho gio vin l thng xuyn nng cp, t hc hi v cp nht kin thc nn/ kin thc

chuyn ngnh, tin tc thi s qua nhiu ngun cng nh kin thc v gio hc php hin

i c th m bo tnh hiu qu ca vic thit k cng nh trin khai bi tp tnh

hung trong ging dy.

Danh mc ti liu tham kho

Boehrer, J., & Linsky, M. (1990). Teaching with Cases: Learning to Question." In M. D.Svinicki (ed.), The Changing Face of College Teaching. New Directions forTeaching and Learning, no. 42. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1990.

Herreid, C.F. (?). When Justice Peeks: Evaluating Students in Case Method Teaching.Journal of College Science Teaching (vol. XXX (7)). Retrieved 26 March, 2010from: http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/teaching/justice.html

Herreid, C.F. (1994 ). Case Studies in Science: A Novel Method of Science Education.

Journal of College Science Teaching (February, 1994). Arlington: NSTAPublications. Retrieved 26 March, 2010 fromhttp://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/teaching/novel.html.

Herreid, C.F. (1997). What is a Case?Bringing to Science Education the EstablishedTeaching Tool of Law and Medicine. Journal of College Science Teaching(February, 1994). Arlington: NSTA Publications. Retrieved 26 March, 2010fromhttp://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/teaching/novel.html

http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/teaching/justice.htmlhttp://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/teaching/novel.htmlhttp://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/teaching/novel.htmlhttp://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/teaching/justice.htmlhttp://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/teaching/novel.htmlhttp://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/teaching/novel.html

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

13/23

Herreid, C.F. (1997/98) What makes a good case? Journal of College Science Teaching27(3):163-165.

Herreid, C.F. (1999) Cooking with Betty Crocker A Recipe for Case Writing. Journal ofCollege Science Teaching (Dec 1999 Jan 2000): 156-158. Retrieved 26 March,

2010 fromhttp://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/teaching/betty.html

Nguyn Hu Lam. (2005). Phng php nghin cu tnh hung. Chng trnh ging dyKinh T Fulbright, Vit Nam. Nm hc 2005-2006. Retrieved 25 March, 2010 fromhttp://www.fastonline.org/CD3WD_40/OCW/ECON_POLICY_ANALY/Case_method_VN/EN/index.htm

Stanford University. (1994). Teaching with case studies. Stanford University Newsletteron Teaching . Retrieved 29 August fromwww.stanford.edu/dept/CTL/Newsletter/case_studies.pdf

Waterman, M. & Stanley, E. (2005). Case-based Learning. Retrieved 26 March, 2010from:http://cstl-csm.semo.edu/waterman/cbl/caseformats.html

http://www.fastonline.org/CD3WD_40/OCW/ECON_POLICY_ANALY/Case_method_VN/EN/index.htmhttp://www.fastonline.org/CD3WD_40/OCW/ECON_POLICY_ANALY/Case_method_VN/EN/index.htmhttp://cstl-csm.semo.edu/waterman/cbl/caseformats.htmlhttp://www.fastonline.org/CD3WD_40/OCW/ECON_POLICY_ANALY/Case_method_VN/EN/index.htmhttp://www.fastonline.org/CD3WD_40/OCW/ECON_POLICY_ANALY/Case_method_VN/EN/index.htmhttp://cstl-csm.semo.edu/waterman/cbl/caseformats.html

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

14/23

Rough thoughts on paragraph : For Inter-groups discussion

Nguyen Xuan Thom, Associate Professor

Definitions ofparagraph

one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas; thebeginning is usually marked by a new indented line

A paragraph (from the Greek paragraphos, "to write beside" or "writtenbeside") is a self-contained unit of a discourse in writing dealing with aparticular point or idea. Paragraphs consist of one or more sentences. The startof a paragraph is indicated by beginning on a new line. ...

A passage in text that is about a different subject from the preceding text,marked by commencing on a new line, the first line sometimes being ...

a unit of meaning signaled by indenting the first word or by inserting aline space between sections of writing

by default, a paragraph is considered to end at the next hard return forword processing files and up to the next blank line (ie two carriage returns in arow) for ASCII files.

Paragraphs are the medium-size unit of human-language text. There arespecial Emacs commands for moving over and operating on paragraphs.Section 23.3.

As a distinct subdivision in a text, each paragraph develops a separatethought, and makes one statement only.

Paragraph Structure

Find the topic sentence, supporting details, and conclusion in these paragraphs: Circle the topic sentence. Number the supporting details. Underline the conclusion.

Winter is my favorite season because I like the clothes, the food and theactivities. In the winter, I can wear a big coat and my favorite sweater. When it's cold, Ican eat hot foods and soup. I like to drink hot chocolate, too. Best of all, I enjoy manywinter activities. I can play in the snow and make a snowman. I can go skiing, iceskating, or stay at home by the fireplace. These things make winter my favorite season.American food is fast, cheap, and tasty. Some countries have food that takes a long timeto make, but Americans like to eat fast food, for example: hot dogs, hamburgers, andsandwiches. American food is not too expensive. Some people don't like American food,but I think it tastes great. You can put ranch dressing on everything to make it taste

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

15/23

delicious. If you are looking for food that is fast, cheap, and tasty, you should tryAmerican food.

Do all the sentences in this paragraph stay focused on the topic?

I don't like tests. Every time I take a test, I feel nervous. When I study for a test,I don't know if I will be able to get a good grade. Often I worry about taking a test andcan't sleep. Sometimes I daydream or draw pictures in class. After the test is over, Iworryabout my grade. When my teacher gives the test back to me with a grade, I still can't relaxbecause I know I will have another test soon. Tests give me a lot of stress. That is why Idon't like tests.

Write a topic sentence for this paragraph.___________________________________________. You don't have to take a

cat for a walk every day like a dog. You do not have to wash cats because they know howto clean themselves. If you want to go on vacation, you can leave some food and waterfor your cat and it will be okay. A cat can sleep on your bed and keep you warm at night.I think these things make cats good pets.

Write a concluding sentence for this paragraph.Halloween is a traditional American holiday. Americans celebrate it every yearon October 31. Children dress in Halloween costumes and go trick-or-treating. Adultshave parties and decorate their homes. The stores sell a lot of candy and black and orangedecorations. At parties people eat cupcakes and drink apple cider. They alsocarvepumpkins to make jack-o-lanterns. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________.Adapted from Teaching Writing by Rebekah Martindale.2

#1Write a paragraph about your favorite kind of sandwich. (10 points)Using the illustration below, write a topic sentence in the top bun, at least 3 sentencesof supporting details on the lines in between, and a conclusion sentence in the bottombun.

#2Select one of the following topics and write an excellent paragraph on anseparate sheet of paper. (10 points)Topics:

describe your favorite thing to do after schooldescribe one of your relatives or your petdescribe a place would you like to visitdescribe an occupation that interests youRemember:1. Make sure your paragraph has a topic sentence (top bun).2. Make sure you provide at least 3 sentences that support your main idea (lettuce,cheese, meat, etc.).

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

16/23

3. Make sure you have a closing sentence (bottom bun).4. Check that all your sentences focus on the main idea.

Circle your topic sentence. Number your supporting details. Underlinethe conclusion

Types of Paragraphs|These are types of paragraphs.

1. Introduction paragraph

Introduction paragraphs, often placed at the beginning of a text, introduce the theme ofthe whole text to be expanded in the paragraphs that follow.

2.Conclusion paragraphConclusion paragraphs conclude the arguments presented in the preceding paragraphs ofa text

3. Narration Paragraph ( on vn t s)

Narration paragraphs are most distinctively used in fiction. As such, they will contain allnecessary components of action development: protagonist, setting, goal, obstacle, climaxand resolution. Writing a narration paragraph requires, consequently, sequential order andchronology. There are many descriptive elements included into the body of a narrationparagraph but, if composed correctly, the paragraph will feature much more action than

depiction.

4.Exposition Paragraph (on vn phn nh)

Often times, this kind of a paragraph is used as a component of other types. It is createdin order to clarify or explain a problem or a phenomenon. Writing exposition paragraphsrequires strict focus on evidence and objective language. It can contain elements ofcomparison and contrast or cause and effect writing - both facilitate accurate expositionof its subject-matter.

5.Definition Paragraph (on vn nh ngha)

Definition paragraphs are used in order to explain the meaning, origin and function ofthings. They are used both in academic writing and in fiction. To write a definitionparagraph, writers should concentrate on the role of its subject in the context of the wholeessay and list comparisons as well as examples accordingly.

You may have already written definition sentences. If so, you are already familiar with theorganizational pattern.

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

17/23

Term Class DescriptionCholera is an intestinal

infectionthat can be describedaccording to its cause,symptoms, and treatment.

The definition paragraph is a definition sentence which has been expanded into a paragraph. The

definition sentence becomes the topic sentence. Each category is expanded into major supportingsentences, and minor supporting sentences are added.

Cholera is an intestinal infection that can be described according to its cause, symptoms,and treatment.A bacterium, called Vibrio cholera, is the causative agent of cholera. It can be spread through contaminated food, water, or feces. Cholera patients may exhibit differentsymptoms that can vary from mild to severe. Some symptoms are watery diarrhea and loss ofwater and salts.Oral or intravenous replacement of fluids and salts as well as specific antibioticsis a possible treatment for cholera.Patients can be treated with an oral rehydration solution or,in severe cases, an intravenous fluid.

6.Description Paragraph (on vn miu t)

Preferably, description paragraphs should concentrate on action (verbs), rather thansensations (adverbs and adjectives). Writers should assume the role of readers whose ideaof the described events is, in entirety, constructed by the paragraph content. Descriptionparagraphs should be detailed, clear, and render the represented reality chronologically

7.Classification Paragraph (on vn phn loi)

Writing a classification paragraph takes a slightly varied approach. It should rely on bothdefining and comparing. Writers should classify the subject of the paragraph in a specificcontext providing comparisons to corresponding ideas. Classification can be performed

on multiple levels semantic (comparing different meanings of things), linguistic (usingvocabulary to show contrast), and more. Description Paragraph

Preferably, description paragraphs should concentrate on action (verbs), rather thansensations (adverbs and adjectives). Writers should assume the role of readers whose ideaof the described events is, in entirety, constructed by the paragraph content. Descriptionparagraphs should be detailed, clear, and render the represented reality chronologically.

8. Process Analysis Paragraph (on vn gii trnh)

It, usually, takes the form of a how-to paragraph which guides readers through a process

or action to be performed. Its very concise and uses formal, non-descriptive vocabulary.It should be written in chronological order which accounts for subsequent actions.

9.Persuasion Paragraph (on vn thuyt phc)

Persuasion paragraphs require exhortatory and dynamic language. They are aimed atpersuading others into taking a particular action or adopting certain point of view. Theyshould be devoid of descriptive content and, instead, rely on the imperative mode.

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

18/23

10. Proposal patagraph ( on vn ngh)Proposal paragraphs contain proposal arguments

11. Evaluation paragraph (on vn nh gi)Evaluation paragraphs express evaluation arguments by the writer

Pagragraph studies in Soviet linguistics

Major syntaxBy major syntax (the term is borrowed from Natan and Smirova, in Akhmanova

(1970) p. 50) we mean the sentence and paragraph levels.Narrators Discourse (ND)

While analyzing the main type of Plane ND, auctorial narration, we should remember thefact that the primary unit of understanding is the sentence in which the meanings borne

by morphemes, phrases, and clauses hook together to express a meaning that can standmore or less by itself (73, 261). It has long been noticed that the infinite variety ofsentences in literary prose can be reduced to three basic stylistic types: loose, periodicand balanced. The creative author weaves them skilfully into the varied fabric of auctorialnarration.

A loose sentenceA loose sentence is one that continues running on after grammatical completeness

has been reached, and when we think the sentence has come to an end. (Here and in theother examples below for the sake of obviousness each separate segment of the sentenceis presented in a separate line): -

We came to our journeys end at last,with no small difficulty,after much fatigue,through deep roadsand in bad weather.

This is how the loose type of sentences is characterized by Simeon Potter, anotable British linguist: -

In the so-called loose sentence the writer or speaker states fact after fact just asthese occur to him, freely and artlessly. Daniel Defoe opens The Life and Adventures ofRobinson Crusoe with a long, loose rambling sentence which nevertheless grips ourattention at once:

I was born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family, though not ofthat country, my father being a foreigner of Bremen, who settled first at Hull: he got agood estate of merchadise, and leaving off his trade, lived afterward at York, fromwhence he married my mother, whose relations were named Robinson, a very goodfamily in that country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznoer; but by theusual corruption of words in England, we are now called, nay, we call ourselves, andwrite our name Crusoe, and so my companions always called me.

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

19/23

The style is conversational. We seem to hear the author talking quietly to us in the firstperson and telling us the story of his life. This imaginary autobiography seems at oncefactual and real. As the writer tells us about the time and the place of his birth, about hisparentage and his name, he adds clause to clause pleasantly. The sentences might wellhave ended after the first clause, I was born in the year 1632; or it might have ended in

at least thirteen other places after that. On the other hand it might have gone on and onfor many pages. There is no ambiguity, no obscurity, and no tautology. The readerreceives no mental check. All is easy and natural. But behind this apparent artlessnessthere is art concealed. (75, 96).The following is an example of loose sentences taken from modern prose:-

All in all they were known as a comparatively happily married couple,one of those whose disruption is often rumoured but never occurs,and as the society columnist put it,they were adding more than a spice of adventure to their much envied and

ever-enduring Romance by a Safari in what was known as Darkest Africauntil the Martin Johnsons lighted it on so many silver screens

where they were pursuing Old Simba the lion, the buffalo, Tembo theelephantand as well as collecting specimens for the Museum of Natural History.

(Hemingway)

A Periodic sentence

A Periodic sentence (called also a Period) is one that keeps the meaning insuspense and is not complete until the close:-

At last,with no small difficulty

and after much fatiguewe came,through deep roadsand in bad weather,to our journeys end.

The suspense can be produced in four different ways at least, and there may bemore:-

(i) by putting adverbial or qualifying phrases before, and not after, theword that they are intended to qualify

In the cool blue twiglight of two steep streets in Camden Town, theshop at the cornerm a confectioners, glowed like the butt of a

cigar. (Chesterton)(ii) by putting subordinate clauses before the main clauseBut either because the rains had given a freshness, or because the sun wasshedding a most glorious beat, or because two of the gentlement wereyoung in years and the third young in the spiritfor some reason or othera chang came over them.

(iii) by using participial constructions, and making them preced the subjectof the sentence

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

20/23

Hitching his boot in the carpet, andgetting his sword between his legs, he camedown headlong, and presented a curious litlle bald place on the crown of his headto the eyes of the astonished company. (Dickens).(iv) by using correlative words and phrases

He kept himself alive eitherwith the fish he caught orwith the goats he

shot.This is what Simeon Potter says about the periodic sentence:- In the periodicsentence the climax comes at the close. The reader is held in suspense until at last hehears what he has long been waiting for, and only then is he able to comprehend themeaning of the sentence as a whole. (75, 96).

The following example is an excellent illustration of the point:-At length,

having occupied twelve monthsin puffing and paddling,and talking and walking,-having travelled over all Holland,

and even taken a peep into France and Germany,-having smoked five handred and ninety-nine pipes,and three hundred-weight of the best Virginia tobacco,-my great-grandfather gathered togetherall that knowing and industrious class of citizenswho prefer attending to anybodys businesssooner than their own,and having pulled off his coat and five pairs of breeches,he advanced sturdily upand laid the corner-stone of the church,in presence of the whole multitude just at the commencement of the thirteenth month.

(Irving; quoted in 62, 55)

Notice how the interest of Hamlet has been awakened by the suspensive influence of theconditional clause in the following lines fromHamlet: -

GHOST. If thou didst ever thy dear father love,HAMLET. O heaven!GHOST. Avenge his foul and most unnatural murder.Here are two examples of periodic sentences from modern prose:-

(i) In the centre of the room,uder the chandelier,as became a host,stood the head of the family,old Jolyon himself. (Galsworthy)

(ii) But that nightater dinnerand a whisky and soda by the fire before going to bed,as Francis Macomber lay on his cotwith the mosquito bar over him

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

21/23

and listened to the night noisesit was not all over. (Hemingway)

A balanced sentenceA balanced sentence is one that consists of two or more successive segments of similar

length and structure containing similar or opposite thoughts as if balancing them againsteach other in a pair of scales (see alsosyntactic parallelism, p.99 ff.):-

In peace, children bury their parents; in war, parents bury their children.

To quote Simeon Potter again: The balanced sentence satisfies a profound human desirefor equipoise and symmetry and it has long been at home in Englishand in many otherlanguages both ancient and modern. It may express two similar thoughts in parallelism ortwo opposing ones in antithesis. Such proverbial sayings as Like master like man,More haste less speed, First come first served, and Least said soonest mendedprobably represent a primitive Indo-European sentence-type which survies in manylands (75, 97).

Even a cursory glance at English writing shows that this sentence-type is still very muchalive:-(i) If the result be attractive, the World will praise you, who little deserve

praise;if it be repulsive, the same World will blame you, who almost as little deserveblame.(Bronte)(ii) Nothing can cure the soul but the senses, just as nothing can cure the

senses but the soul. (Wilde)(iii) He calls her by her name, Lucy:

and she, blushing at her great boldness, has called him by his, Richard.(Meredith)

To conclude our discussion of the auctorial discourse on the sentence level it should beemphasized that English sentence patterns show an infinite variety and loose, periodic,balanced are only relative terms.

Thus both loose and periodic sentences may be partially balanced. The followingare examples of

(i) balanced-loose sentences-And it seemed so curiousthat her pale face and helpless figure should be lying thereday after daywhere dancing was the business of life;

where the kit and the apprentices began every morning in the ball room,and where the untidy little boy waltzed by himself in the kitchen all theafternoon. (Dickens)

(ii) balanced-periodic sentences Where the throng is thickest,where lights are brightest,where all senses are ministered to with the greatestDelicacy and refinement,

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

22/23

Lady Deadlock is. (Dickens)In any long passage of the narrators discourse the sentences are divided up into

groups called paragraphs. Each paragraph begins with a fresh line, and this line isidented. A paragraph is a sentence or a group of sentences that all help to express ontheme. The construction of a paragraph is analogous to that of a sentence.

We frequently find that the topic of a paragraph is more or less fully indicated inone of the sentences. The sentence indicating the theme is called the topic-sentence. Wehave seen, in dealing with loose, periodic and balanced sentences, that the main segmentmay come either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence or that there are twobalanced segments. Similarly in paragraphs the theme may appear in the first sentence(loose paragraphs), or it may be reserved for statement in the last sentence (periodicparagraphs), or it may take the form of parallel sentences (balanced paragraphs). Whichof these three methods is chosen depends on the effect the writer is aiming at.

The topic-sentence is sometimes found in the middle of the paragraph or is absentat all, but in the latter case the theme is still definitely implied and can be interpreted in asingle sentence.

A loose paragraph

A loose paragraph is one that starts with the topic-sentence followed by other sentencesamplifying and illustrating it.

This type of paragraph is found more commonly in prose since the topic-sentence at thebeginning at once engages attention, and the decoder is enabled to grasp immediatelywhat the leading idea of the paragraph is:-

I had no notion what her age was. When I was quite a young man she was amarried woman a good deal older than I, but now she treated me as her contemporary.

She constantly said that she made no secret of her age, which was forty, and then addedwith a smile that all women look five years off. She never sought to conceal the fact thatshe dyed her hair (it was a very pretty brown with reddish tints), and she said she did thisbecause hair was hideous while it was going grey; as soon as hers was white she wouldcease to dye it. (Maugham)

A periodic paragraph

A periodic paragraph is one that first states reasons and illustrations; the concludingtopic-sentence sums up the theme of the paragraph:-

I remember how, happening to be at Shrewsbury, twenty years ago, and finding

the whole Haymarket company acting there, I went to the theatre. Never was there such ascene of desolation. Scattered at very distant intervals through the boxes were about halfa dozen chance comers like myself; there were some soldiers and their friends in the pit,and a good many riffraff in the upper gallery. The real townspeople, the people whocarried forward the business and life in Shrewsburry, and who filled its churches andchapels and Sundays, were entirely absent. I pitied the excellent Haymarket company; itmust have been like acting to oneself upon an iceberg.Here one had a good example- as I

8/9/2019 Ky yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - To ESP

23/23

thought at the time, and as I have often thought since- of the complete enstrangement ofthe British middle class from the theatre. (Arnold)

A balanced paragraph

A balanced paragraph is one that consists of correlated thoughts expressed in asuccession of parallel sentences:-Dombey was about eight-and-forty years of age. Son was about eight-and-forty

minutes. Dombey was rather bald, rather red, and though a handsome, well-made man,too stern and pompous in appearance, to be prepossessing. Son was very bald, and veryred, and though (of course) and undeniably fine infant, somewhat crushed and spotty inhis general effect, as yet. On the brow of Dombey, Time and his brother Care had setsome markes, as on a tree that was to come down in good time remorseless twins theyare for striding through their human forests, notching as they go while the countenanceof Son was crossed and recrossed with a thousand little creases, which the same deceitfulTime would take delight in smoothing out and wearing away with the flat part of his

scythe as a preparation of the surface for his deeper operations. (Dickens)Special research carried on in Moscow University under the guidance of O.SAkhmanova has convincing proved that the linguostylistic patterns or varieties ofsentence structure are not a passing whim of a particular time or trend (of Englishliterature) (62, 56). We can add that the same applies to paragraphs as well.