KVK, Gulbarga, (Karnataka) 581 101 - Welcome to …eprints.naarm.org.in/99/1/F-94_Gulbarga.pdfReport on Field Experience Training at KVK, Gulbarga, (Karnataka) – 581 101 (08/11/2011

Report on Field Experience Training

at

KVK, Gulbarga, (Karnataka) – 581 101 (08/11/2011 to 28/11/2011)

Submitted to:

National Academy for Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad

For partial fulfillment of the FOCARS training of 94th batch, 2011

Submitted by: Laly, S. J.

Nithyashree, M. L. Rashmi, H. M.

Ashwani Kumar Boraiah, K. M.

Devaramane Raghavendra Roop Singh Maitry Sudip Kumar Dutta

Work is Worship…

-Basavanna

FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS

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Acknowledgement

In undertaking this study, we have received help from a wide variety of sources. Our greatest

indebtedness is to or Course Coordinators Dr. S. K. Nanda, Principal Scientist and Dr. Venkattakumar,

Principal Scientist NAARM, who always took keen interest in each and every activity and ensured its

successful completion. We feel deeply grateful to, Dr. N. H. Rao Joint Director NAARM for his

inspirational motivation. We also thank our FET monitoring faculty Dr. V. K. J. Rao for sharing his

valuable knowledge and keeping us cheerful during our training. We are also thankful to Dr. K. M.

Reddy, FET Committee Chairman. We are deeply indebted to FET Committee, NAARM for their constant

support, inspiration, encouragement and valuable suggestions throughout the training.

Beyond words is our gratitude to Dr. Raju G. Teggelli and Dr. Kantharaju V. (Programme

Cooridinators), KVK, Gulbarga for their whole hearted support, assistance and advice to workout PRA

techniques during FET training. We would like to thank all the faculty of KVK for their heartful support

throughout the period.

We are equally grateful to farmers and Villagers of Pattana Village for their outmost courtesy and

friendliness. We owe a special debt to Mr. Basavaraj Jevanagi, Shrimanth Besagonda progressive

farmers and Mr. Laxmikanth Besagonda of Pattana village for their kind help and constant support

throughout the village training period.

We would like to thank our friends from NAARM for their unconditional support and memorable

team efforts during FOCARS training, which are and will be cherished throughout our ARS careers.

Mrs. Laly, S. J. _____________________________

Ms. Nithyashree, M. L. ______________________________

Ms. Rashmi, H. M. ______________________________

Mr. Ashwani Kumar ______________________________

Mr. Boraiah, K. M. ______________________________

Mr. Devaramane Raghavendra ______________________________

Mr. Roop Singh Maitry ______________________________

Mr. Sudip Kumar Dutta ______________________________


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SI. No. Chapter Page No.

1 Introduction 6

2 Objectives of the Field Experience Training (FET) 7

3 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools 8

4 FET Methodology 9

5 PRA techniques used in the village 10-11

6 Findings 12

6.1 Basic Information 12-18

6.2 General Transect 19-20

6.3 Agro-ecological map 21

6.4 Social map 22-27

6.5 Resource map 28-30

6.6 Bio-Resource Flow 31

6.7 Venn diagram 32-33

6.8 Mobility map 34-35

6.9 Daily Activity and Routine 36-38

6.10 Wealth ranking 39-40

6.11 Livelihood Analysis 41-43

6.12 Seasonal calendar and analysis 44-47

6.13 Gender disaggregated activities 48-49

6.14 Indigenous technical knowledge 50

6.15 Time line 51-53

6.16 Time trend 54

6.17 Technology map 55-60

6.18 Matrix ranking 61-66

6.19 Consequence diagram 67

6.20 Problem Identification Technique 69-71

6.21 Problem tree and solution tree 72-74

6.22 Perspectives of problems 75-77

6.23 Action Plan 78

7.0 Village seminar 81-82

7.1 Institute seminar 83

8.0 Industrial visits 84-96

9.0 Information and communication technology 97

10 Conclusion 98-99


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Indian Agriculture

Agriculture is considered as back bone of Indian economy. Although agriculture

contributes only about 14.2% of India‟s GDP, its importance in the country‟s economic, social,

and political fabric goes well beyond this indicator. About seventy per cent of Indian population

still depend on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood.

The diverse challenges and constraints as growing population, increasing food demand,

natural resource degradation, climate change, new parasites, slow growth in farm income and

new global trade regulations demand a paradigm shift in formulating and implementing the

agricultural research programmes. The emerging scenario necessitates the institutions of ICAR to

have perspective vision (Vision-2030) which could be translated through proactive, novel and

innovative research approach based on cutting edge science.

In this connection Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is an important tool to find

location specific problems and researchable issues to come up with possible solutions for short

and long-term benefits. PRA is a good exposure for the trainee scientists to understand the

problems of the farmers. It allows them to think individually in his/her area of interest for

necessary intervention. PRA also provides an opportunity to the farmers to analyze their

livelihood issues.

1.2 Gulbarga:

Gulbarga is known as the “Tur Basket” of the state Karnataka and has major

concentration in cultivation of other kinds of pulses. The total geographical area is about 16,224

sq km. Out of which 85 per cent of land area is used for agricultural practices with only two per

cent irrigated area. Livestock is also one of the important sectors allied with agriculture. The

agro based industrial sectors of this district includes mainly dal industries, sugarcane industries

and milk processing plant.

1.3 Pattana:

The Pattana village is located 25 km away from the Gulbarga district. Pattana has its own

historical background during the time of Bahumani Sulthans. The queen Hemavathi was ruling

the Pattana village. At that time, Pattana village was the main marketing place for surrounding

seven villages. So, the village was named as Pattana.


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Agriculture is the main occupation of the village people. Red gram, Jowar are the major

agriculture crops. Dairy sector is emerging in the village and currently the village is producing

about 2000 litters per day. Papaya and banana are the main horticulture crops of Pattana village.

But only three progressive farmers are cultivating papaya in 120 acres area.

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA):

PRA is an exercise that deals with temporal and spatial issues in agricultural activities.

Spatial information supplies the database about soil type, water resources, land use, land pattern

and topography of different life support system. Temporal data helps in seasonal analysis,

adoption and awareness about the new technologies and human dimension helps in knowing the

facts about participation, gender issues, disaggregation, cultural values and ethics of the people

of that locality.

This Field Experience Training (FET) report has been prepared by multidisciplinary team

of eight members from different disciplines namely Agricultural Entomology, Plant Breeding,

Plant Physiology, Horticulture, Dairy Microbiology, Fish Processing Technology, Soil Physics

and Agricultural Economics. The information collected under different PRA tools is presented in

different sections of this report.

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE FIELD EXPERIENCE TRAINING (FET)

The specific objectives of the FET are:

1. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists for interaction with the farming

community and to get an insight into their ways of living, needs, resources, priorities,

problems and prospects.

2. To enable the trainee scientists to understand the adoption profile of farming community.

3. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the technology adoption,

diffusion process and the factors associated with adoption and related concepts.

4. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the extension system and

transfer of technology (TOT) operating in the village.

5. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to gain an insight and appreciation

about indigenous technical knowledge (ITK`s) of farmers and to generate appropriate

technologies if scientifically valid.


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6. To enable the trainee scientists to discuss the problem and identify field related problems.

7. To inculcate the culture of teamwork and multi-disciplinary perspective among scientist-

trainees.

8. To study socio-economic implications and consequences of technologies, products and

processes.

9. To generate a detailed account of technology products and processes used by producers

with respect to production scenario, problems, opportunities, and futuristic approaches.

10. To provide comprehensive insight into the role of private industry and other stakeholders

in value chain.

3. PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) TOOLS

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a systematic, semi-structured activity conducted

on site, by a multidisciplinary team. It is basically a bottom to top approach of learning rural life

forms with and by rural people. Due to active participation of community members as well as

scientists, PRA has become a useful method to focus attention on village people, their livelihood

and relationship with social and economic factors. It is a good technique to help the community

members make an appraisal of their livelihoods and issues related to it.

Diverse information is collected during PRA using a number of techniques. This

information is verified by triangulation among various key informants (KI`s) in addition to on-

site observation by the team members. The various techniques used by the FET team to collect

information are as follows:

1. Direct observation, collection and verification of primary data.

2. Collection of secondary data from panchayat members and officials of the State Dept. of

Agriculture.

3. Semi-structured interview by raising some general issues to motivate villagers

participation in different aspects of the village.

4. Collection of detailed views by approaching some representative key informants.

5. Use of snowball technique to know more about some specific issues.

6. Participatory mapping for rapport building, easy interaction and spontaneous

involvement.


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7. Seasonal analyses to understand different time bound farm activities, problems and

opportunities throughout the year.

8. Problem identification and preference ranking to identify the top most problems and

preparing solution plan accordingly.

4. FET METHODOLOGY

The FET is a learning process. It is firmly anchored on the principle of “seeing is

believing” and “learning by doing”. FET has three phases. In the first phase, the village for

PRA work was selected in consultation with the FET coordinator, Dr. Raju G. Teggeli,

Programme Co-ordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Gulbarga, Karnataka. We selected the

village Pattana in Gulbarga district of Karnataka, located at a distance of 24 km from KVK,

Gulbarga.

In Pattana, we identified two main Key Informants (KI`s) Mr. Basavaraj Jevanagi and

Shrimanth Besagonda, progressive farmers of the village relevant to the PRA techniques. We

walked in a team along with the main KI`s, interacted with other KI`s and villagers, observed the

livelihood and noted the information. For each PRA technique upto three to five KI`s were

selected. Interaction with KI`s was initiated from the semi-structured questionnaires and then

branched as per need. The given information by one KI was triangulated (verification) with other

KI`s and on the spot analysis..

In the second phase of FET, we visited and interacted with various stakeholders like

ADA (Assistant Director of Agriculture), SADH (State Assistant Director of Horticulture),

Veterinary Officer, APMC secretary, scientists from KVK and Village Administrative Officer.

The interaction with stakeholders also helped to understand the agricultural problems and

prospects in the village and to prioritize the major agricultural problems. With this information

we conducted village seminar on 18.11.2011 to discuss these major agricultural problems with

the help of KVK Gulbarga. We obtained feedback from the farmers and the scientists, in the light

of which the action plan was prepared.

In the third phase, we organized industrial visit related to the livelihood of villagers to

understand the industrial scenario prevailing in the area. We visited Global dal Industry and Milk

Processing Plant to understand post harvesting processing of agricultural commodities. We also

visited APMC to understand the marketing activities and Bio-control Lab to gain knowledge


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about the supply of bio-control agents to the farmers in Gulbarga. In final phase, we organized

institute seminar at KVK on 24.11.2011. We obtained suggestions from the specialists from

specified fields, in the light of which the action plan was modified and proposed.

5. PRA TECHNIQUES USED IN THE VILLAGE

PRA is a research technique developed in early 1980s as an alternative and complement

to conventional sample survey. PRA is a way of learning from and with farmers to investigate,

analyze and evaluate constraints and opportunities and to formulate research plan to address the

problems. The complexities of problem involved in agriculture can be understood through PRA

and hence, it is a system approach for systematic and rapid collection of information. The

principle and methods of PRA was adhered for gathering information on 21 topics.

1. Basic information about the village

2. Transect walk

3. Agro-ecological map

4. Resource map

5. Seasonal calendar (activities)

6. Seasonal analysis (problems)

7. Gender disaggregated activities

8. Social map

9. Time line

10. Time trend

11. Mobility map

12. Venn diagram

13. Bio-resource flow

14. Wealth ranking

15. Indigenous technical knowledge


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16. Technology map

17. Matrix ranking

18. Consequence diagram

19. Problem identification and ranking

20. Problem tree and solution tree

21. Research project proposals

6. FINDINGS

The analyzed results of various PRA techniques done in Pattana village in Gulbarga

district of Karnataka are given below.

6.1 BASIC INFORMATION

Key informants: Shrimanth, Mallappa, Chidambar, Lakshmikanth, Siddarama.

Name of the village Pattana

Village Panchayat Pattana

Taluka Gulbarga

District Gulbarga

State Karnataka

Climatological Data

Mean Annual Rainfall 715 mm/year

Mean Annual Temp. 35ºC

Relative Humidity 50-60%


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Geographical Co-ordinates

Latitude 170. 24’’ N

Longitude 760. 43’’ E

Altitude 525m MSL

Total Area 6952 acres

Gross cropped area 5562 acres

Net Cultivated Area 4449 acres

Forest area 50.00 acre

Irrigated Area 140 acre

Pasture Land 941.37 acre

Residential Area 25 acre

Cropping intensity 125%

Demographic Patterns (According to 2011 census)

No. of households 1185

Total population 5334

No of Males 2735

No of Females 2599

Literacy (Average ) 62%

Male Literacy 69.00%

Female Literacy 55.00%

Community Categorization

No. of Hindu families 1145

Lingayath 800

Kuruba 40


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Gondaliga 25

Kabbaliga 15

Nayakvadi 9

Badagi 5

Hulimane 2

Hugar 1

Madiga (SC) 50

Oleya (SC) 150

Brahmin 2

Muslim 40

Agriculture Scenario

Land Holdings : No. of family

Large (> 10 ha) : 196

Medium (5-10 ha) : 507

Small (2-5 ha) : 325

Marginal (<2 ha) : 98

Landless : 59

Crop Husbandry

Kharif crops : Redgram, Sunflower, Groundnut, Bajra, Maize, Sesame, Cowpea

Rabi Crops : Jowar, Chickpea, Safflower, Wheat

Horticultural crops : Papaya, Banana, Sapota

Vegetable : Onion, Sponge guard, Bean


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Animal Husbandry

Type of Animals; Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Sheep

Animal Breed Population

Economic yield

Milk (litre/day) Other purpose

Cow Local (Deoni) 1171 2-5 Manure

Cross Breeds (HF) 350 10-15 Manure

Cross Breeds (Jersey) 100 8-12 Manure

Buffalo Murrah and Pandrapuri 205 5-6 Manure

Goat Local (Usmanabadi) 500 (Local) -----

Meat and

Manure

Sheep Local (Jawari) 50 -----

Meat and

Manure

Pig Local 30 ----- Meat

Poultry Local 400 ----- Egg and Meat

Water Bodies

Canal ---

Open well 3

Bore well 50

Hand pump 15


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Agricultural Implements

Tractor 11

Cultivator 18

Rotavator 02

Country Plough 558

Seed Drill 112

Bund Former 45

Disc Plough 05

Chaff Cutter 50

Winnower 07

Power Sprayer 26

Diesel engines 20

Thresher 08


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Figure 1: A satellite image of Pattana village (Courtesy – Google Earth). The area outlined

in yellow line is the residential area.


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Figure 2: Rapport building with the villagers

Figure 3: Discussion with villagers about their agricultural livelihoods


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6.2 GENERAL TRANSECT

Key informants: Shrimanth, Basavaraj Jevanagi.

Transect is the walk through the village in a particular direction along with some key

informants. The main objective of the transect is to understand and study the major land uses,

topographical pattern, water resources, crops, natural vegetation, livestock and different

ecological zones by observing, interacting and discussing with the key informants, while walking

in the decided direction. The items for discussion included topics like land use pattern, land

slope, soil type, soil fertility status, water recourses, agro-ecological zones, crops, weeds, trees

and lives stock.

The entire village of Pattana is divided into two zones, viz. cropped and residential area.

The total land area of the village consists of upland and lowland with slopes from North to South

and West to East. The residential area is in North-Western side of the village.

Table 1: The General Transect

S.

No.

Particulars Low Land Up Land

1. Soil Type Black sandy Soil Black Soil

2. Major Crops Onion, Cucurbits, Sunflower,

Banana, Wheat, sugarcane

Red Gram, Chick Pea, Sorghum ,

Green Gram, Black Gram

3. Livestock

and Poultry

Bullocks, Buffalo, Cow, Goat,

Backyard Poultry

Buffalo, Cow, Goat, Backyard

Poultry, Bullocks

4. Trees Eucalyptus, Subabul, Pongemia

pinnata , Gycerdia, Fig tree,

Almond, Ficus

Neem, Eucalyptus, Jammun,

Tamarind, Ber, Teak, Prosopis

julifera, Acacia

5. Weeds Parthenium hysterophorus, Parthenium hysterophorus,


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Cellocia agrentia, Cassia serratia,

Tridex procumbense, Amaranthas,

Phallaris minor, Lantana camera,

Cyperus rotundus, Chenopodium,

Datura, Phylanthus niruri Phalaris

minor, Euphorbia spp, Avena

fatua, Cerosia argentia (kukku)

Cassia serratia, Orobanche spp.,

Cynadon dactylon, Calotropis

procera, Avena fatua , Vatvate

(Xanthium strumenium), Cerosia

argentia (kukku)

6 Water

Sources

Open wells, Bore well, Rain water

harvesting bodies

Bore Wells

7 Pests Pod borer, Catter piller, Aphids, Podfly, pod bug, shoot fly, thrips,

hoppers, grasshoppers, maruca, whiteflies

8 Diseases pigeonpea wilt, chickpea wilt, pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus, powdery

mildews, smut, sugary disease, papaya ringspot disease, onion purple

blotch disease, foot and mouth disease, Hemorrhagic septicemia,

mastitis

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Problems

Electricity, Wild pig, Pest and diseases problems, lack of new

technology adoption, Lack of awareness for Soil testing, Agricultural

labour problem and micronutrient problem in soil

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Opportunities

1. Organic Farming,

2. Integrated farming system (IFS)

3. Utilization of land for horticultural crops

4. Extension of drip irrigation technology

5. Dairy farming with Buffaloes (High yielding Murrah)

6. Bulk milk Cooler and Community Milking System


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7. Introducing poultry forming

8. Creation of awareness about new technologies

9. Good rapport building with KVK

10. Formation of need based SHGs for farmers

Farming is practised with all the modern equipments and implements like tractor, seed

drill, bund former, weeder, disk plough, thresher, cultivator and tractor-sprayer. Farmers with

less land (< 2 acres) use animal drawn implements for farming. The livestock population of the

village consists of buffaloes, cows, goats and bullocks.

6.3 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL MAP

Key informants: Basavaraj Jevanagi, Shreemanth Besagonda, Laxikanth, Agro-

ecological or agro-ecosystem map indicates the macro and micro ecological features

(subsystems) in a village. It gives information about the various agro-ecological parameters such

as: land use pattern, irrigation facilities, soil salinity status, soil fertility, water resources, forest,

crop and animal resources.

The village Pattana is located at 25 km towards North-West on Aland road from the

Krishi Vigyan Kendra. The village situated at 170 24‟ N Latitude and 76

0 43‟ E Longitude and

altitude throughout the residential and cropped areas ranges between 725 – 728 m above mean

sea level. The Mean Annual Rainfall is about 715 mm and majority of total annual rainfall is

recorded in the period of June to September. The mean annual Temp is about 35 0

C with

Relative

Humidity 50-60%.


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Figure 4: Agro-ecological Map

6.4 SOCIAL MAP

The social map gives the information to understand and analyze the social structure,

stratification, social institutions and availability of social facilities in the context of existing

socio-economic condition of the village.


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According to key informants and Gram Panchayath data, Pattana village has population

of 5334 living in 1185 houses. Among them 2735 are male and 2599 are female. The total area

of the village is 6952 acres. Agriculture and livestock are the main occupation in the village.

Figure 5: Social map of Pattana Village

Key informants: Maallappa, Manjunath Patil, Shivasharanappa Hulimene

Caste distribution

The predominant caste in the village is Lingayath (66%) followed by Scheduled caste

(Holeya and Madiga), Kuruba, Gondaliga, Kabbaliga. Lingayath is the major caste in the old

pattana area followed by kuruba. In new Pattana (Basavanagar) all caste people are living


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together. The SC people are living in Ambedkar nagar and in the north-western extensions of the

village

Neighbourhood of a village

Hathagunda, Yalavanthige, Beemahalli, Gola-B, Kadaganchi are the neighbouring

villages of Pattana. There were frequent interactions among these village people in various

social, agricultural, marketing and banking activities.

Social Institutions

The social institutes of Pattanna village include government, non-government and local

institutes serving the social needs of the village people.

S. No Government Non-government Local

1 Gram Panchayath Milara Lingeshwara

Education Trust

Basaveshwara

Yuvaka Sanga

2 PACS (Primaty Agricultural Co-

operative Society)

Madarasa

3 RSK (Raitha Samparka Kendra) SHG

4 APMC (Agricultural Produce Marketing

Co-operation)

Local financing

institute (Money

lendor) 5 MPCS (Milk Producers Co-operative

Society)

Ayurvedic Clinic 6 Primary Health Centre

7 Nemmadi Kendra

8 Library (1)

9 Primary School (2)

10 Higher Primary (1)

11 High School (1)

12 Urdu School (1)

Anganawadi (5)


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Figure 6: Social institutes of Pattana

Family Information

Most of the families are middle and poor class and very few are rich. Nuclear families

dominate in the village and only few families are living as joint family.

Religion information

Hindu is the major (96-97%) religion of Pattana village and only 3-4% of the total

population are Muslims. There were 7 (5 main and 2 small) Hindu temples and 2 Mosques in the

village for performing religious activities.


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Figure 7: Religious institutes of Pattana

Economy Information:

Agriculture is the main occupation of Pattana people for securing their livelihoods.

Around 3 families are involving in pot making and 2 families are depending on carpentry. Self

employed people are very few in number only small shops are existing in the village. Due to

reduced production and less profit, now a day‟s some of the village people especially small and

marginal farmers started migrating to near cities to secure their livelihood.

Education background:

The total literacy rate is 62% in the Pattana village. The literacy rate was very poor

among SC people compared to other castes.

Social groups

There are around 6 small social youth groups in the village involving in social activities

like dissemination of information, organization of village functions etc.


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Leadership pattern

The Pattana village is under Pattana Gram Panchayath and the president is the leader of

the village. In the Gram Panchayath administration, the different committees like production,

facilitation and social justice headed by Gram Panchayath members which are involved in

serving the social needs of the village people.

Social Interactions information

The Gram Panchayath organizes social interactions such as “Grama Sabhe” twice in a

year to know about the social problems directly from the farmers and to disseminate information

about the ongoing and coming government schemes.

Social evils:

Alcoholism, child labour and sacrificing animals in the name of god are the major social

evils of the Pattana village.

6.5 RESOURCE MAP

Key informants: Mr Laxmi Kanth, Mr. Shrimanth

The resource map gives the information about the different kind of natural and man-made

resources such as land, vegetation, livestock, labour force, transport, source of communication,

health and welfare societies, supply and service agencies, agricultural implements, marketing,

storage, financial and advisory facilities.


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Figure 8: RESOURCE MAP

Transport facilities:

The village Pattana has been facilitated with good transport. But for going inside the

village, villagers are depending on two wheelers or auto rickshaws.

Communication facilities:

The village is having good communication facilities like television, mobile phones, coin

booth, news papers and DTH services.

Supply and service system

PDS (Public Distribution System) is functioning in the village which supplies rice, wheat,

sugar, vegetable oil and kerosene oil at government rates.


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The RSK (Raitha Samparka Kendra) of the village is involving in the dissemination of

agricultural information to the farmers. The RSK also distributes seeds, fertilizers, pesticides

from government side to the farmers.

Agricultural implements:

Tractor, power tiller, bullock cart, cultivator, country plough, mould board plough, disc

plough, land levelers, multicrop threshers, rotavators, seed drills and sprayers are the agricultural

implements used by farmers in the village.

Animals information

Bullocks of Deoni (or Devani), Killari and Hallikar are mainly used for tilling and

transportation facilities. The cow breeds like Deoni, cross breeds of HF and Jersy , buffalo

breeds like Pandrapuri and Murrah are used for milk and manure purposes. The goat breeds like

Usmanabadi and local sheep breeds are used mainly for meat and manure purposes.

Marketing facilities and Processing industries:

APMC (Agricultural Produce Marketing Co-operation) and KMF (Karnataka Milk

Federation), Gulbarga facilitates marketing of agricultural products and milk produced by

farmers. The small scale oil and flour mills located inside the village involved in processing of

sunflower, pulses and jowar

Financial facilities:

PACS (Primary Agricultural Co-operative Society) in the village give financial assistance

to the farmers for agricultural activities. They also provide financial support for purchasing dairy

animals under the scheme “Kaamadenu Hainugarike Saala Yojane”. The local money lenders

also provide financial assistance for agricultural activities but with higher interest rate.

Labour availability:

Labour shortage is the major problem at crucial time for agricultural activities in the

Pattana village. The labours are migrating to nearby cities like Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mumbai

and Pune for securing their livelihood through other alternative works like, construction of

buildings and working in garments etc.


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Table 2: Resources of Pattana village

Particulars Articles

Transport facilities Bus, Auto ricksaw, cars, motor bike, bicycle,

Drinking water facility drinking water facility from Hathagunda lake, Hand

pumps, bore well,

Communication facilities Television, radio, mobiles, DTH, daily news papers and

magazines.

Health and welfare societies

information

PHC and Nemmadi Kendra

Supply and service agency Public Distribution System

Agriculture implements Tractor, power tiller, cultivator, disc harrow, disc plough,

thresher, chaff cutter, winnower, sprayer, sickle, country

plough, Kalpani (weeder)

Animals use for agriculture Bullocks (Deoni, Killari, Hallikar) for tilling land

Cows (Deoni, Cross breeds, HF and Jersey) for milk and

manure

Buffaloes (Pandrapuri, Murrah) for milk and manure

Sheep and Goat for meat and manure

Advisory facilities information RSK , Krishi Sandesh (mobile message from KVK),

Assistant Agriculture officer (AOA), Gram sevak, Gram

panchayat, Veterinary hospital

Processing Industry Small scale oil processing industry

6.6 BIO-RESOURCE FLOW

Key informants: Mr. Gundappa


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Bio-resource flow diagram reflects the inflow and outflow of farm produce and its by-

products from and to the household. It explains the interrelationship between different farm

enterprises that enable holistic planning for development of farm household. The following

bioresource flow diagram is based on the informations provided by Mr. Gundappa which depicts

the use of animal wastes, crop residues, agricultural wastes and weeds to produce biogas,

panchagavya, jeevamrutha, vermicompost etc. In this village there is a scope to harvest solar

energy and that can be used for various household and farm practices.

Figure 9: Bio-resource Flow


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6. 7 VENN DIAGRAM

Key informants: Mr. Siddaruda Hulimane, Mr. Harish and Pandith

The Venn diagram showed various existing institutions both inside and outside the

village, their relative importance in the village, relationships and linkages among them,

weaknesses with respect to their decision making process, their contribution in the development

of the village. It also showed various organizations, groups and important individuals found in

the village as well as the villager‟s view on their importance in the community.

The organizations/institutions/groups situated nearby Pattana include private agricultural

input suppliers at the nearest city centre of Gulbarga. Technological interventions in the form of

new crop varieties and package of practices and training programs are provided by KVK,

Gulbarga through RSK. The University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur is constantly involving

in region based research and extension activities and playing a major role in the generation of

new technologies and their adaption by farmers in agricultural activities in the Gulbarga region

Progressive farmers are also playing very important role in dissemination of information and

adaptation of new technology by other farmers.

With the establishment of MPCS (Milk Producers Co-operative Society) by Karnataka

Milk Federation (KMF), Dairy sector has become major agricultural related activity in the

Pattana village. The Progressive Dairy farmer Sanju Mehtha took an initiative and started dairy

farm 10 years back. After seeing his success villagers started showing interest in dairying.

Recently from 2011, farmers are purchasing the dairy animals under the scheme “Kaamadenu

Hainugarike Saala Yojane” and securing their livelihood.


31

Figure10: Venn Diagram of Agricultural activities and Milk production

6.8 Mobility Map

Key informants: Chandrakanth, Gundappa

Mobility map is to study day in and out movement of villagers for different purpose. This

map leads to explore the spatial mobility of the villagers for the different activities like

health/medical, marketing, education and entertainment. The KI‟s were asked to give

information on mobility of villagers and information were collected on the basis of location,

purpose, distance, mode of transport and transport cost to each location. It was observed that

Gulbarga was the most frequently visited place because farmers going to sell their vegetables and

other agricultural produce, and also to visit KVK whenever required to gather information

besides villagers going for shopping and education purpose (school and college) followed by

Bheemalli which is 3 km from the village. They are going to Bheemalli to bring labours and to

visit progressive farmers and their relatives, Bhemalli villagers also coming to Pattana because of

availability of seeds and other agriculture inputs from Raitha Sampark Kendra (RSK) and also to

visit veterinary hospital. Pattana villagers going to Savalige for medical purpose because of

presence of general hospital and also they are going to Shivalingeshwara temple. Hathagunda,

Bosagara and Kadaganchi villagers coming to Pattana to visit RSK, Bank and Panchayath.

Pattana villagers going to Yalavanthagi to visit siddaruda math. The main mode of transport


32

found to be bus, motor bike, cycle and auto. Besides villagers also going to neighbouring villages

by walk. Detailed mobility of Pattana along with distance has been given in the table 3 and figure

11.

Table 3: Mobility table for Pattana village

S.No Place Distance

(km) Mode Frequency

Cost

(Rs) Purpose

1 Gulbarga 30 Bus/

motor

bike

Daily 15 Marketing vegetables &

agriculture products,

shopping,KVK,School,

College

2 Bosagara 8 Bus weekly 5 Visit to RSK –coming to

purchase seed, fertilizers,

chemicals etc

3 Savalige 8 Bus/

Auto

Thrice or

twice

5 Temple, hospital

4 Hathagundha 6 Walk/

Auto/

cycle

Thrice 2 Coming to visit RSK &

Panchayath

5 Yalavanthagi 6 Bus/

Auto

Weekly

once

2 Siiddharooda math temple

6 Kadaganchi 8 Bus/

motor

bike

Weekly

Once

5 Coming to visit RSK, Bank

7 Gola 4 Bus Weekly

Seasonal

2 Marketing their produce

like red chilli & vegetables

8 Bheemalli 3 Walk/

cycle/

motor

bike

3 to 4

times

2 Telephone exchange office,

labour purpose, visit to

RSK for seed & fertilizer

purchase, Vetenary hospital

and temple

Figure 23: Mobility map of Paju Kalan village


33

RSK, Panchayathu

Pattana

Marketing vegetables &

agricultural

products, Shopping,KVK, Schoo

l, College

Telephone exchange

office, RSK,Vetenary

hospital, temple

RSK, Bank

Marketing red chilli

& vegetables

Siddharoodha math

temple

RSK - Purchase of

seed, fertilizer &

chemicals

Temple, Hospital

Mobility Map

KIs - Laxmikanth, Gundappa

Bheemalli

Gola

Kadaganchi

Bosagar

Gulbarga

Savalige

Hathagundhi

Yalavanthagi

Figure 11: Mobility map of pattana village

6.9 Daily Activity and Routine

Daily activity includes only the economic activity of the men and women of the village,

whereas daily routine refers to both economic and uneconomic activities. The key informants, to

be interviewed must be middle-aged men or women who are belonging to farming communities.

The main purpose of these PRA tools is to sort out proper time to intervene with various

extension activities. However, our target was to find out proper time for interviewing farmers

and fixing village seminar. The daily activities and routine are depicted in tables 4, 5, 6 & 7.

Table 4: Daily activity profile of men

Time Activity

5.00 – 6.00 am Cleaning cattle shed and collection of fodder

6.00 – 7.30 am Feeding of live stock, milking and milk delivery to dairy


34

9.30 - 6.00 pm Farm activities

6.00 – 6.30 pm Fodder collection

6.30 – 7.30 pm Feeding of live stock, milking and milk delivery to dairy

7.30 – 8.00 pm Recording daily wages of labour & searching for labour arrangement

Key informants: Shrimanth Besagonda, Veeranna Manipete

Table 5: Daily activity profile of women

Time Activity

6.30-7.00 am Milking

10.30 am – 6.30 pm Farm activities and fodder collection

6.30 pm-7.00 pm Feeding and Milking cattle

Key informants: Mrs. Basamma, Mrs. Varatam and Mrs Mahadevi

Table 6: Daily routine table for men

Time Activity

5.00 am Wake up

5.00- 6.00 am Refreshing, cleaning cattle shed and collection of fodder

6.00 – 7.30 am Feeding the cattle, milking and milk delivery to dairy

7.30 – 8.30am Bathing, Pooja

8.30 -9.00 am Morning meals

9.00 -9.30 am Getting ready for going to farm and arranging materials /

tools & labour

9.30 - 2.00 pm Farm activities


35

2.00 -2.30 pm Lunch

2.30 – 6.00 pm Farm activities

6.00 – 6.30 pm Fodder collection

6.30 – 7.30 pm Feeding the cattle, milking and milk delivery to dairy

7.30 – 8.00 pm Recording daily wages of labour & searching for labour

arrangement

8.00 – 8.30 pm Dinner

8.30 – 9.00 pm TV & entertainment

9.00 pm Sleeping

Key informants: Shrimanth Besagonda, Veeranna Manipete and Hanumanthroy

Table 7: Daily routine table for women

Time Activity

4.30 am Wake up

4.30- 6.30 am Refreshing, cleaning home and utensils, Preparation of tea /

coffee

6.30- 7.00 am Collecting drinking water/ milking

7.00 -8.00am Cooking

8.00 –9.00am Serving morning food and packing the afternoon lunch

9.00 – 10.30 am Making their children ready to go for school, taking

morning meals and going to farm


2.00 -2.30 pm Lunch


36


6.00-6.30 pm Collecting fuels for cooking/fodder collection

6.30 – 7.30 pm Feeding the cattle, milking and cleaning of vessels &

utensils

7.30-8.30 pm Cooking

8.30– 9.00 pm Dinner

9.00 – 9.30 pm TV & entertainment

9.30 pm Sleeping

Key informants: Lalu Bhai, Basamma Kambanoor and Rajamma

In daily routine diagram, all the routine works of the farm men and women are presented

pictorially as follows (figure 12).

AM PM4.30 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Women

Men

Wake up

Cleaning home…..

Collecting drinking water

Cooking

Serving food & packing lunch

Morning meal

Making children ready for school(women)

Farm activities

Lunch

Collecting fuels/fodder

milking & cleaning vessels

coocking

Dinner, TV & entertainment

Sleeping

Cleaning cattle shed/fodder collection

Milking, milk delivery

Bathing and pooja

Getting ready for farm

Fodder collection

Dairy

Daily recording

Figure 12: Daily Routine Diagram


37

6.10 Wealth Ranking

Key informants – Srimanth, Chidambar Kulkarni, Malappa, Lakshmikanth

Although panchayat had detailed information about the land holding, number of livestock

etc. but wealth ranking was performed to realize the relative wealth of households in the village

as perceived by the villagers themselves. This classification will create understanding about the

economically feasible new technologies, which can be adopted by majority of the farmers.

Figure 13: wealth ranking exercise along with farmers

Under this PRA technique, four local key informants were identified who had in-depth idea

about the villagers. They were asked to classify all households of Pattana village into different

wealth categories according to their own criteria of classification. The criteria and categories

followed by the key informants are given in the table below (Table 8 and Figure 18):

Table 8: Wealth ranking categories, criteria and households

Category No of

Households

%

Households

Criteria

Rich farmers

(Srimantaru) 196 16

>10 acres land, livestock, Govt. job

Medium farmers 507 43 5-10 acres land, livestock, small


38

(Madhyamavaru) business

Poor farmers

(Badavaru) 423 36

<5 acres land, livestock

Landless labourers 59 5 Livestock

Figure 14: Percentage of households under different wealth status

Out of the 1185 households of Pattana village, 196 households came under the rich

farmers category (16%), 507 households under the medium farmers category (43%) and 423

households under poor farmers category (36%). 59 households, categorized as landless labourers

(5%) who didn‟t have any crop land to cultivate. They were solely based on their physical labour

and livestock, which were sometimes not belonged to them. Therefore, almost majority of the

household (95%) of this village were having land and any technology to be developed should

concern about them. However, for the landless labourers some beneficial schemes should be

promoted as well as the existing scheme like MNAREGA (ensuring work for 100 days in a year)

and loan schemes for purchasing cows should be evaluated and monitored properly.


39

6.11 Livelihood Analysis

Using the wealth ranking method, the entire Pattana village households were divided into

four categories, viz., rich farmers, medium farmers, poor farmers and landless laborers. The

livelihood statuses of each of the four categories were assessed by selecting three representative

houses from each group and averaged data was presented. However the landless labourer,

constituting 5 per cent of the household, were analyzed by taking samples from different

religion. The percentage contribution of different income sources and expenditure pattern of all

the four categories are represented below graphically (Figure 11, 12, 13 and 14)

Income and expenditure pattern:

A) Rich farmer: – (Shivasharanappa Bulla, Manjunath M. Mattimood, Basavaraj jevanagi)

Income Expenditure

Figure 15: Income and expenditure of rich farmers

Rich farmers of the village generally progressive farmers and they are the first persons to

adopt any new technology. The main source of their income was farming (95%) and remaining

from the jobs/business. Out of total expenditure 65% spend towards agriculture, 11% for

medical, 10% of income saving and spending more or less equally towards fuel and food (7%).

B) Medium farmer: (KI: Basavaraj Natikar,Gundappa,Prabhu Bibhrani)


40

Income Expenditure

Figure 16: Income and expenditure of medium farmers

The medium farmers getting their income mainly from farming, labouring and livestock

(dairy). They spending 67% on farming, 13% on medical, 10% on food and 5% each on

education and festivals.

C) Poor farmer: (KI – Lakshmikanth, Basavaraj Kadala and Hanumanthroy)

Income Expenditure

Figure 17: Income and expenditure of poor farmers

The major income sources of the poor farmer were farming and labouring. Besides they

also earn 5% of income from livestock (dairy). Most of their income earned spend on farming

(47%) and on food (25%) remaining for medical, festivals and children education.


41

D) Landless labourers (KI: Lakshman Yaragonda, Dodiba gondali andLalu bhai)

Income Expenditure

Figure 18: Income and expenditure of landless labourers

Table 9: Livelihood analysis of landless laborers

KI Income Expenditure Family Education Livestock

Lakshman

Yaragonda

Labour – 80%

Dairy – 20 %

Food(60%)

Education(10%)

Festivals(5%)

Medicine(20%)

8 (KI, wife,1

son,1 daughter

in law, 3 grand

sons, I

daughter)

1 child is

going to

school

2 cows (2

Jersey)

Dondiba

gondali

Labour – 90%

Livestock –

10%

Food – 70%

Education – 5%

Festivals – 5%

Medicine -20%

9 (KI, wife,2

sons,2

daughter in

laws, 3 grand

children)

Children

going to

school

5 Sheep's

Lalu Bai Labour – 100% Food – 90%

Education – 5%

Medicine -5%

4 (KI, son, 2

grand

daughters)

2 Grand

daughters

are going to

school

-


42

6.12 SEASONAL CALENDAR AND ANALYSIS

Key informants: Basavaraj Jivange, Hanumanth Biradhar, Sharanabasappa Kadala,

Nimbenna Royagonda, Prabhu Bibrani.

Seasonal analysis is also called as seasonal calendar. This is a calendar, which indicates

month wise activities, specialties, threats, problems, abundance, and shortage with regard to

agriculture and animal husbandry in a diagrammatic way. The items to be included in seasonal

analysis must be those, which really affect agriculture and animal husbandry. This explores

seasonal constraints and opportunities by diagramming changes, month wise for a year. The

main activities, problems and opportunities of Pattana village were identified by using seasonal

calendar.

Seasonal calendar for agricultural crops & problems

Seasonal calendar of agricultural practices depicts the time-to-time crop related

operations being carried out in the existing farm situation. The main crops of Pattana village are

red gram, sorghum and sunflower. A few farmers are practicing cultivation of papaya, onion,

chilly and banana. Effort for sericulture is also found.

The most important problems in red gram are Fusarium wilt disease & sterility mosaic virus

disease. Problems due to pod flies, pod borer and pod bug is also found in red gram. Sorghum

the second major crop of Pattana village is affected by disease like smut disease and also have

problems due to shoot fly, stem borer & grass hopper. The major problem found in sunflower

cultivation is head borer in sunflower.

Figure 19: Seasonal calendar for major crops of Pattana village

Crops Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Red

gram

H T

S W I


43

Jowar W & I H

S

Sunflo

wer

H S W

Figure 20: Seasonal calendar for agricultural problems of Pattana village


Red gram

FW

&

Pod

fly

SMD

&

Pod

borer

SMD &

FW,

Pod

borer

&Pod

bug

Jowar

Shoot fly &

Stem borer Smut

disease

Grass

hopper

Sunflower Head

borer


44

Figure 19: Seasonal calendar of livestock practices and problems

Key informants: Sivalingappa Babu ravu Savali (Vet. Ins.), Neelakanta, Basavraju

The Pattana villagers are mainly maintaining different breeds of cow, buffalo, sheep

and goat in the case of livestock. Whole the year they are maintaining them as a source of

income. Vaccination for foot and mouth disease and black quarter disease is doing in the case of

cow. Pre monsoon vaccination for hemorrhagic septicaemia in buffalo and vaccination for PPR

in sheep & goat also have done seasonally.

The main diseases found seasonally in cow are mastitis & fever, Foot and mouth disease

and Black quarter disease. Buffaloes are affected with diseases such as stroke and hemorrhagic

septicaemia. Goat pox, dysentery and PPR are the main diseases found in goats. Incidence of

Anthrax was found in the case of sheep.

Figure 21: Seasonal calendar of livestock health management practices in Pattana village

Livestock Nov De

c

Jan Feb Mar A

p

r

May Jun Jul Au

g

Se

p

Oc

t

Cow

Vaccin

ation

(FMD)

Premonsoon

vaccination

(BQ)

Vaccin

ation

(FMD)

Buffalo Premonsoon

vaccination


45

(HS)

Sheep &

Goat

Vaccination

(PPR)

Figure 22: Seasonal calendar of livestock health management problems in Pattana village

Livestock Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

cow Mastitis & fever

FMD Mastitis & fever

BQ

Buffalo Stroke

HS

Goat Goat pox,

dysentery & PPR

Sheep Anthrax

6.13: GENDER DISAGGREGATED ACTIVITIES


46

Key informants: Sharimanth Besagonda, Veeranna Manipete

Both the men and women of Pattana village are engaged in farm activities. Among the farm

activities weeding practice is mainly done by women. Activities such as sowing, threshing and

harvesting are done by both men and women together.

Villagers are also engaged in Livestock management practices such as cleaning of cattle shed,

milking, fodder collection and diary activities without any gender discrimination.

Figure 23: Gender disaggregated activities in agricultural activities of Pattana village


Red gram

H

(M+F)

T

(M+

F)

S

(M+F)

W

(F)

I

(M)

Jowar W (F) & I (M) H

(M&F)

S(M&F)

Sunflower H

(M&F)

S(M&F)

W

(F)

Figure 24: Gender disaggregated activities in livestock management activities agricultural

activities of Pattana village


47

Livestock Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Cleaning

cattle

shed

Men /Women

Milking Men /Women

Fodder

collection Men/ Women

Dairy Men /Women

6.14 ITK (Indigenous Technical Knowledge)

The ITKs of the village are mentioned in the following table


48

Table: 10

Sl.No Practice / Products Purpose Methadology

1 Storage of seeds

for sowing (Red

gram & Jowar)

To protect from

pest attack

Mix the seeds with the leaves of neem,

Calotropis & ash and then stored in

mud pot

2 Black datura To cure joint

pain and

wounds ( as a

disinfectant)

Juice extracted from the leaves of

datura & apply to the joints to

relieve from the pain

Make the powder of roasted seeds

of datura and mixed the powder

with coconut oil and apply on the

wounds

3 Raw milk storage To store raw

milk over night

Collect the raw milk in aluminum

container and cover the container

with wet cotton cloth and hang it;

milk will be fresh till morning

6.15 Time line

Key informants: Shrimanth besagonda, Manjunath M Mattimood, Laxmana Yaragonda

Time line is a tool of PRA technique used to know the history of major remembered

events in community and their significance. It indicates the causal link between past and present.

The purpose of this tool is to obtain historical account of changes in demography, socio-

economic condition, communication, social relationship and interaction, technology diffusion


49

and adoption etc. Information regarding the important events like the development in agriculture,

animal husbandry are collected from the key informants, preferably elderly people of the village

and presented in the Table.

Table 11: Time line of major events in Pattana village

Key Informants:

S. No Year Event

1 1940 Flour mill

2 1945 – 46 School

3 1960 Vetenary hospital

4 1965 Radio

5 1965 Water tank

7 1970 Bike (YEZDI)

8 !972 -73 Health centre

9 1980 Panchayathu

10 1985 -86 Transport (Road)

11 1988 Electricity

12 1990 Ration shop (PDS)

13 1994 TV

14 1995 Landline phone

15 2000 SHG

16 2003 -04 Urdu school

17 2005 Coin booth phone

18 2005 Mobile

19 2007 -08 Dish TV


50

20 2008 Nemmadi Kendra

21 2008 Library

Agricultural time line of Pattana village

Key Informants:

The time line of agricultural technology reveals that the Pattana village has adopted

different varieties of red gram such as Maruthi, Asha, BSMR – 736 & TS – 3R. In addition to the

major crop of red gram other vegetables like papaya and banana cultivation is done by a few

progressive farmers. Organic farming practice is started and established in the village. Drip &

sprinkler irrigation is practised by the villagers.

Table 12: Agricultural time line

S. No Year Events

1 1984 Diary

2 1990 RSK

3 1990 Thresher

4 1990 Red gram Maruthi (ICP – 8863)

5 1992 Tractor

6 1995 Banana cultivation

7 1995 Tractor drawn plough / cultivar

8 2001 Drip irrigation


51

9 2002 Rotary weeding implement

10 2002 - 03 Red gram Asha

11 2003 Organic farming

12 2003 - 04 Papaya cultivation

13 2005 -06 Sprinkler irrigation

14 2008 Red gram BSMR - 736

15 2010 Red gram TS – 3R

6.16 Trend line for red gram productivity

Fig.25 Trend line of red gram productivity


52

The productivity of red gram shows decreasing trend from 2004-05 to 2005-07 with the

productivity of 10 qtl to 7-8 qtl respectively, due to attack of pest and diseases. In 2007-08 there

was a further decrease in the red gram productivity which is because of less rainfall

accomplished with severe pod borer attack. There was a recovery in yield from 2008-11which

also shows increasing trend due to release of resistant varieties like, TS-3R and also adoption of

effective control measures i.e. IPM.

Trend line for red gram price

Fig. 26 Trend line for red gram price

As shown in the graph the minimum price of red gram from 2004-05 to 2010-11 shows

an increasing trend with the price Rs. 550-3000 respectively. In the same way there is an increase

in trend of maximum price from Rs.2075 to 3700 from 2004-05 to 2010-11 respectively. There

was a drastic increase in price during 2008-09 due to less production. Further price was more or

less stable from the past 3 years corresponding with the good crop yield.


53

6.17 Technology Map

Key informants: Shivasharanappa Bulla, Sharanabasappa Kadala, Manjunath

Yashwanthroy Besagonda, Shantaiah G. Hiremat

Technology map is the pictorial representation of behavioural patterns of respondents

towards technology adoption. These may be adoption, discontinuance, rejection, over adoption

etc. Technology map comprises of type and frequency of adoption behaviour of respondents

towards latest technology involving various agencies related to agricultural research and

development.

Technology MapDrip irrigation A

= Redgram(Gullyal) A

Redgram(TS3R) A

Redgram(BSMR-736) A

Sorghum(M-35-1) A

Sorghum(Maldandi) A

Vermicompost A

Cross beed A

Dieoni A

Jersey A

HF A

Bulluck cart A

Country plough A

Seed dril A

v

v

vv

v

v

v

v

N

Figure 27: Technology Map of Pattana village


54

Technology Diffusion Methods

Technologies developed by various agencies are diffused to farmers‟ fields through the

simplest methods, and as far as possible in farmer's language. The following diffusion methods

in general are adopted for diffusion of technologies.

Training camps

Field demonstrations

Farmers‟ meeting

Kisan Mela

On-farm training

Distribution of bulletin and leaflets

Radio

Television

The different technologies which have been adopted, discontinued and rejected in the

village Pattana are depicted in table 12 and 13. The farmers of the village were found to have

adopted different varieties of Red gram, Sorghum, Sunflower etc. The Redgram variety TS-3R

was found to be predominantly grown in the region for certain reasons. Medium duration, wilt

resistant, for tolerant. Bold and red seed and higher yield than Gullyal. Earlier the farmers used

to grow the variety CP-8863. Later it was discontinued, mainly due to Long duration,

Susceptibility to sterility mosaic disease (SMD) and low yield compared to ASHA and BSMR-

736. In case of sorghum Maldandi and M-35-1 are largely grown due to Superior chapathi

quality, high market value and higher grain and fodder yield. Suitable for rain fed condition

respectively.

With respect to livestock farming, the cattle breed „was found to be predominantly

reared, because of its climatic adaptability and dual purpose use. Cross breeds (HF and Jersey)

are also rearing its higher milk yield. Pure breeds of HF and jersey also rearing by the few

farmers but not adopted by many farmers because of its higher mortality rates, climatic

inadaptability and higher cost of maintenance.


55

Transplantation technology in red gram was not at all adopted for its intensity of labour

requirement. Clean milk production and silage making was not followed for lack of awareness

and knowledge. Drip irrigation found to be practiced by few farmers.

Table 13: Technology table for crops

Sr. No. Crop Technology Status Reason

1. Redgram ICP-8863 A Long duration, Susceptibility to sterility

mosaic disease (SMD) and low yield

compared to ASHA and BSMR-736.

BSMR-736 DD High yield, resistant to wilt and sterility

mosaic disease (SMD).

ICPL-87119

(ASHA)

A High yield, wilt resistant and suitable for

deep black soil. susceptible to pest and

diseases

TS3R

(Maruti-2)

A(Newly

released)

Medium duration wilt resistant, for

tolerant. Bold and red seed and higher

yield than Gullyal

Gullyal A Drought tolerant, good quality grains.

2. Sorghum Maldandi A Superior chapathi quality, high market

value.

M-35-1 A Higher grain and fodder yield. Suitable for

rain fed condition.

3 Sunflower Kargil A High yield

KBSH-1 A High seed and oil yield

Jwalamuki R Low yield and not suitable for rainfed

condition.

A: Adopted; DD: Disenchantment discontinuance; R: Rejected


56

Table 14: Technology table for agricultural practices

1. Transplantation in

Redgram

NA High labour intensive

2. Application of FYM A Management of soil health, efficient utilization

cow dung and crop residues, reducing chemical

fertilizer requirement. 3. Vermi composting A

4. Panchagavya and

jeevamrutha

A To control pest and diseases and also provide

micronutrients.

5. Drip irrigation A Efficient use of water, extension of area under

irrigation.

6. Soil testing A Lack of awareness

7 Recharging bore

well water

Few farmers

adopted

To improve the water table.

NA; Not adopted, A; Adopted

Table 15: Technology table for farm implements

Sr.

no.

Technology Status Reason

1. Country plough and

mould board plough

A Less costly and readily available

2. Tractor A Time and labour saving farm operation

3. Disc plough A For deep ploughing

4. Cultivator A Secondary tillage operation

5. Bullock cart A Transportation purpose


57

6. Knapsack sprayer A Uniform application of plant protection

material

7. Foot operated

sprayer

R Extra labour requirement

8. Battery sprayer A Easy to operate

9. Harrow A Efficient intercultural operation

10. Rotavator A Quicker land preparation

A: Adopted, R: Rejected

Table 16: Technology table for livestocks

Sr. No. Technology Status Reason

1. Deoni (Cow breed) A Dual purpose use, higher climatic adaptability,

low cost of maintenance

2. HF A High milk yield

3. Jersey A High milk yield.

4. Local buffalo

breed

A Suitable to local climatic condition

5. Osmanabadi (Goat

breed)

A Alternate source of income by marketing for

chevon purpose, low cost of maintenance,

6. Machine milking NA Economically not feasible.

7. Clean milk

production

NA Lack of awareness and knowledge

8. Artificial

insemination

A Genetic improvement of breed

9. Silage making NA Lack of awareness

A: Adopted, NA: Not Adopted


58

6.18 Matrix Ranking

Key Informants: Shrimanth Besagonda, pandith, Basavaraj Kadala, Prabhu Bibran

Gunde Rao Seenu, Sharanabasappa Kadala, Shrimanth Besagonda, Manjunath M

Mattimood, Hanumantharaya, Raveendra P Patil, Shivasharanappa Siddaruda Hulimani,

Basavaraj Jivanige.

Matrix ranking is a PRA tool which facilitates prioritization of technologies with respect

to certain identified criteria, based upon users‟ perception. The tool was applied in the village

Pattana for getting a firsthand idea of farmers‟ relative preference for different varieties of Red

gram, Sorghum and also different cattle breeds. The results of the matrix ranking for different

varieties of Red gram depict that the variety TS3R was the highest preferred one when compared

to the remaining two adopted varieties, viz., Gullyal and BSMR-736. Among the two largely

adopted varieties of Sorghum namely, M-35-1 and CSH15. M-35-1 was given higher preference

over the other, for its Superior grain quality, high market value. As far as the cattle breeds Deoni,

HF (cross breeds), and Jersey (cross breed) were taken into consideration, it could be noticed that

farmers‟ prefered Deoni over HF (cross breed) and Jersey (cross breed) due to their adoptability

and resistance to diseases.

Table 17: Matrix ranking of Red gram varieties

Indicator KI Gullyal TS -3R BSMR-736

Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score

Yield

1 B 2 A 3 C 1

2 B 2 A 3 C 1

3 B 2 A 3 C 1

4 C 1 A 3 B 2

5 C 1 A 3 B 2

Total score

8

15

7

Crop duration 1 C 1 A 3 B 2


59

2 C 1 A 3 B 2

3 C 1 A 3 B 2

4 C 1 A 3 B 2

5 C 1 A 3 B 2

Total score

5

15

10

Water requirement

1 A 3 B 2 C 1

2 A 3 B 2 C 1

3 A 3 B 2 C 1

4 A 3 C 1 B 2

5 A 3 C 1 B 2

Total score

15

8

7

Resistance to insect pests & Diseases

1 B 2 A 3 C 1

2 A 2 A 3 C 1

3 A 3 B 2 C 1

4 B 2 A 3 C 1

5 B 2 C 1 A 3

Total score

11

12

7

Overall score

39

50

31

Table 18: Matrix ranking of Sorghum varieties

Indicator KI M – 35 - 1 CSH-15

Rank Score Rank Score

Yield 1 B 2 A 3

2 B 2 A 3

3 B 2 A 3

4 A 3 B 2

5 A 3 B 2


60

Total score 12 13

Fodder 1 A 2 B 1

2 B 1 A 2

3 A 2 B 1

4 A 2 B 1

5 A 2 B 1

Total score 09 06

Water requirement 1 A 2 B 1

2 A 2 B 1

3 A 2 B 1

4 B 1 A 2

5 A 2 B 1

Total score 09 06

Market price 1 A 2 B 1

2 A 2 B 1

3 A 2 B 1

4 A 2 B 1

5 B 1 A 2

Total score 09 06

Overall score 39 31

Table 19: Matrix ranking of cattle breeds

Indicator KI HF(Cross breed) Jawari(Deoni) Jersey(Cross breed)

Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score

Milk yield 1 A 3 C 1 B 2

2 B 2 C 1 A 3

3 A 3 C 1 B 2


61

4 A 3 B 2 C 1

5 A 3 C 1 B 2

Total score 14 06 10

Adoption to

drought

1 C 1 A 3 B 2

2 C 1 A 3 B 2

3 C 1 A 3 B 2

4 C 1 A 3 B 2

5 A 3 B 2 C 1


Maintenance

cost

1 B 2 A 3 C 1

2 C 1 A 3 B 2

3 B 2 A 3 C 1

4 C 1 A 3 B 2

5 C 1 A 3 B 2


Resistance to

disease

1 C 1 A 3 B 2

2 C 1 A 3 B 2

3 B 2 A 3 C 1

4 C 1 A 3 B 2

5 C 1 B 2 B 2


Overall score 34 49 36


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6.19: Consequence diagram

Key informants: Shivasharanappa Bulla, Bhimashankar, Basavaraj jeevanagi,

Sidharuda Hulimani, Basanna Kadala, Shivasharanappa Bulla Bhimashankar, Basanna

Kadala, Prabhu Bibrani, Eshwaraiah madapati.

Consequence diagram, also known as impact diagram is a PRA technique that depicts the

positive and negative impacts of an adapted technology in a certain region. Consequence

diagram has been presented below for the red gram variety TS-3R, organic forming and Cross

breed of cattle.

Consequence diagram of Red gram variety (TS-3R)

• Overcomes problems of delayed monsoons and late droughts(short

duration)

•Change in cropping pattern/system (short duration and dwarf)

• Reduced cost of cultivation (Resistance to Pests and diseases)

• Replacing old varieties/local varieties

• Decresing market price (Dehusking problem)

•Decreasing efficiency of processing industries

+ve

-ve


63

Consequence diagram of cross breed (HF & Jersey)

• Increased family income (high milk yield)

•Alternate livelihood generated +ve

-ve •High maintenance cost (Feed and health)

•Initially high mortality rate (Adoptability)

•Neglecting adopting buffaloes/local breeds

Consequence diagram of Organic farming

•Sustainable yield and encouraging natural enemies(eco-friendly)

•Reduced cost of cultivation(Reduced incidence of pest and

Diseases)

•Improvement in quality of the produce(micronutrient supplement)

•Promoting other farmers

•Adopting livestock

• Shortage of organic substrate

•High initial expenditure

•Labour shortage

•Less scope for commercialization(Poor market facility)

+ve

-ve


64

6.20 Problem Identification Technique

Key informants: Mr. Shrimanth Besagonda, Mr. Basavaraj Jevanagi, Mr. Manjunath

The problem identification technique was used to identify and prioritize the problems

prevailing in agricultural sector in the village. For this purpose, 32 farmers were identified from

the village representing all sections of the village using snowball technique. From the three key

informants (progressive farmers), 17 problems in different crops/ animal husbandry sectors were

listed down and 12 problems were selected based upon perception of the majority of 32 farmers.

One by one all 32 farmers were asked to rank the problems based upon the severity and

percentage of loss they are personally facing by the problem. Since selected farmers represented

all the sectors varying from rich farmers to landless farmers, ranking pattern were also diverse.

Landless farmers did not ranked crop problems and only ranked animal husbandry related

problems. The extent of damage (per acreage) to affected crops due to particular problem in the

village was determined by the farmers. The data for damage were further validated by KVK,

Gulbarga. The average monetary losses for the village were calculated for each problem.

Frequencies of each rank for a problem were calculated and tabulated in rank frequency table.

The percentage monitory loss due to the problem “soil and water related problem” could not be

calculated as the base data from which losses could be calculated are not available and can be

calculated only by experimental evaluations, hence only RBQ for this problem was estimated.

Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) and Value Based Index (VBI) were then calculated using following

formulae.


65

1 Rank Based Quotient

RBQ = ∑f1(n+1-i)x100

N X n

Where,

Fi = Frequency of farmers for the ith rank of the attribute

N = Number of farmers contacted for factor identification

n = The maximum number of ranks given for various factors.

i = Rank of the attributes

2 Value Based Index

VBI = RBQ x Average loss experienced x area of crops/animals

The problems were ranked based on VBI as given in the Table 18.

6.20 Problem and Solution Tree

Under this PRA tool, all the problems were discussed with the farmers for all possible reasons

using top down approach. The possible solution for each cause was also discussed with the

farmers. These causes and solutions were discussed with the subject matter specialists at KVK,

Gulbarga for construction of tree.


66

Table 20: Problems identified in Pattana village; Rank Frequency table

Sr. No. Problems Identified Ranks

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total farmers

1 Sterility mosaic disease in Red gram 7 12 4 - - 1 1 - - - 25

2 Purple blotch disease in Onion 5 10 3 1 4 - 1 - - - 24

3 Fusarium wilt disease in Red gram 4 11 3 - - 3 4 - - - 25

4 Shoot fly in Sorghum 1 - - 3 2 5 6 1 5 - 23

5 Thrips in Onion 1 - 6 2 3 2 2 2 4 - 22

6 Pod bug in Red gram 3 - 2 6 3 5 2 2 - - 23

7 Head borer in Sunflower 1 - - 3 2 5 6 1 5 - 22

8 Pod fly in Red gram 1 - 1 5 4 6 4 - - 3 24

9 Soil and water related problems 10 6 2 - - 3 1 - 3 1 26

10 FMD,HS and Mastitis in Cattle and Buffalo 16 3 2 - - - 1 2 - 3 27

11 Flower dropping in Red gram 4 2 2 6 1 2 2 6 - 3 28

12 Labour scarcity at crucial time 2 3 2 5 2 - 3 3 2 2 25


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Table 21: Problems identified in Pattana village; RBQ table

S.

No.

Problems Identified RBQ %

loss

VBI Rank

1 Sterility mosaic disease in Red gram 87.60 40 5,04,576 I

2 Purple blotch disease in Onion 82.90 45 5,96,880 II

3 Fusarium wilt disease in Red gram 77.60 53 5,92,243 IV

4 Shoot fly in Sorghum 46.91 25 1,93,462 XII

5 Thrips in Onion 55.41 20 1,77,280 X

6 Pod bug in Red gram 63.00 40 3,62,880 VII

7 Head borer in Sunflower 47.69 35 2,39,904 XI

8 Pod fly in Red gram 66.48 52 5,00,198 VI

9 Soil and water related problems 76.11 - - V

10 FMD,HS and Mastitis in Cattle and

Buffalo 78.89 25 5,42,340 III

11 Flower dropping in Red gram 57.5 37 3,06,360 VIII

12 Labour scarcity at crucial time 57.08 30 2,46,240 IX


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6.21. Problem Tree and Solution Tree

Figure 28: Problem solution tree for insect Pests of red gram

Insect Pests of Red gram

Pod fly Pod bug

Use of long

duration

varieties

Late sowing

Use short

duration

varieties

Lack of

knowledge

about proper

insecticides

No

resistant

varieties

Use of suitable

insecticidesDevelop

resistant

variety

Not growing of

resistant

varieties

No nursery

sowing

Sow early

Go for

transplanting

Grow resistant

varietiesDelayed

monsoon

Lack of

awareness

Create

awareness

Less market

price

Dehusking

problem

Give good price

Increase dehusking

quality

No IPM

practices

Follow IPM

Figure 28: Problem solution tree for Diseases of Red Gram


69

Diseases of Red gram

Sterility mosaic

virus diseaseFusarium wilt

disease

RatooningNot adopting

resistant

varieties

Lack of

suitable

miticides

No spacing

Avoid

ratooningCreate

awreness Use proper

miticides

Maintain proper

spacing

No summer

ploughingMono

cropping

No seed

treatment

Go for summer

ploughing

Go for crop

rotation

Go for seed

treatment

Lack of

knowledge about

biocontrol agents

and resistant

varieties

Create awareness

No green

manuring

Apply green

manure

Low market price

Dehusking problem

Provide Good price

Increase dehusking quality

Figure 29: Problem solution tree for insect pests and diseases of onion

Insect Pest and Disease of Onion

ThripsPurple blotch

disease

Lack of

resistant

varieties

Lack of

knowledge

about pest

Develop resistant

varieties

Increase

awareness about

pest

Use of diseased

seeds for

sowing

Lack of resistant

varieties

Use healthy

seeds

Use resistant

varieties

Improper

chemical

selection

Select proper

chemical

No seed

treatment

Treat the seeds

Lack of

knowledge

about disease

free seeds

Increase

awareness about

healthy seeds

Lack of

knowledge about

seed treatment

chemicals

Increase

awareness

Improper

chemical spray

Select proper

chemical

Figure 30: Problem solution tree for animal health problem


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Animal Health related Problems

Foot & Mouth DiseaseMastitis

Hemorrhagic

septicemia

No sanitation

& mixing of

animals

Lack of

vaccination

Maintain sanitation

& Quarantine shed

building

Increase awareness

about vaccination to

farmers

Unavailability

of vaccines

Supply vaccines in

time

Lack of storage

facility for vaccine

Build cold chain for

vaccine

UnhygienicSusceptible

breeds

Maintain

hygiene in the

shed

Use cross

breeds

Lack of

vaccination

Environmental

stress heat

Lack of mineral

supplements

Awareness

about

vaccination

Avoid heat

stress to

animals

Provide mineral

rich food

Unavailability

of vaccines

Ensure supply of

vaccines

Lack of cold

chain for storage

of vaccines

Infrastructure for

vaccine storage

Figure 31: Problem solution tree for soil related problems


71

Soil and water related problems

Nutrient deficiency

Deficiency of primary

nutrients (N, P, K)

Deficiency of micro

nutrients (Zn, Fe, B)

Apply FYM,

NPK fertilizers

Apply Boron, Gypsum,

ZnSO4, FeSO4

Mono

cropping

Less

fertilizer

efficiency

Follow crop

rotation Use of control

release fertilizers

Lack of

knowledge

Lack of knowledge

about application

method

Increase

awareness

about crop

rotation

Awareness

about

application

method

Less / No

application

Apply recommended

quantity

No awareness

Increase awareness

Lack of knowledge

about soil testing

Increase awareness

about soil testing

Low rainfallImproper

rainwater

harvesting

Inefficient

use of

water

Create

awareness about

rain water

harvesting

Lack of

knowledge

about check

damsConstruct check dam

No subsidy for

construction of

check dams

Provide subsidy for

construction of

check dams

Efficient use

of water

Lack of

awareness

about modern

irrigation

system

Increase

awareness about

drip & sprinkler

irrigation system

Water scarcity

6.22 Perspectives of Problems

Problems identified were categorized as problems arising out of gaps in research in various

agricultural disciplines and as problems arising out of gaps in extension activities.

Main problems related to extension and research identified has been enumerated as follows:

Extension Gap

1. Awareness about management of pod fly and pod bug of red gram

2. Awareness about availability of sterility mosaic virus and wilt resistant variety of red

gram

3. Knowledge about horticulture crops


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4. knowledge about animal health and milk production

5. Knowledge about micro nutrients

6. Pest v/s biocontrol agents

7. Awareness about market information

Research Gap

1. Location specific IPM and IDM module for red gram

2. Lack of thermostable vaccine which do not require costly maintenance of cold chain for

foot and mouth disease, HS and mastitis.

3. Screening and identification of resistant varieties for insect pest and diseases of red gram

and onion

6.19 Research project proposals

Based on the problems and research gaps identified, the following research projects are

proposed.

1. Understanding the population dynamics of pod fly and pod bug in red gram in relation to

current environmental conditions.

2. Developing integrated pest management for pod fly and pod bug in red gram.

3. Screening and identification of SMD and wilt resistant varieties of red gram.

4. Development of short duration varieties.

5. Development of integrated disease management for SMD and Wilt.

6. Screening and identification of purple blotch disease resistant varieties for onion.


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7. Screening of promising red gram genotypes for drought tolerance.

8. Participatory red gram varietal selection in Gulbarga district of Karnataka.

9. Development of watershed management strategy.

10. Value upgradation of pulse crop transforming traditional selling system into a value chain

marketing system in pulses.

11. Impact of dryland development programmes including watershed management on

productivity and socio-economic welfare of the community.

12. Community based approaches in the dairying


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6.23 Action Plan

Who What Where When Outcome

Plant breeder Plant,

Pathologist and

Entomologist

Development of short duration

varieties

Screening of various germplasms

against SMD and wilt

Evaluation of different insecticides

against pests

ICRISAT,

Hyderabad

2013-2016 Resistant plants and

Insecticides for insect

pests and diseases

Plant Pathologist and

Entomologist Morphological studies of Pests and

diseases of Onion

Screening of various germ plasms

against pests and diseases of Onion

Evaluation of different pesticides

against pest and diseases

Development of IPM and IDM for

Onion

ICRISAT,

Hyderabad 2013-2017 IPM and IDM for

insect pests and

diseases of Onion

Plant breeder, Plant

Pathologist, Entomologist

and Extension scientist

Participatory red gram varietal

selection for various traits in

Gulbarga district of Karnataka

KVK, Gulbarga 2013-2016 Selection and adoption

of superior varieties

Veterinary Epidemiologist Molecular epidemiological studies IVRI, Izatnagar , 2014-2018 Development of


75

of FMD, HS and Mastitis PD-FMD,

Mukteswar, and

KVAFS

University Bidar

vaccines for FMD, HS

and Mastitis diseases

Agricultural Economist and

Extension scientist Transforming traditional selling

system into a value chain

marketing system in pulses

KVK, Gulbarga,

APMC, Karnataka

state agricultural

marketing

department

2013-2014 Export efficiency of

pulses will be explored

Plant physiologist and

Agricultural economist Screening of promising Red gram

genotypes for drought tolerance

Physiological screening of red

gram germplasm for low input

condition

ICRISAT,

Hyderabad 2014-2018 Development of

drought tolerant

varieties

Soil Chemistry, Fertility

and Microbiology Scientist

Development of control release

fertilizers suitable for this zone

Development of customized

fertilizer for this zone

IARI, New Delhi

IFFCO, New

Delhi

2013-2017 Development of

nanotechnology, coated

fertilizer technology

Dairy Microbiologist, Dairy

Economist

Technological, Social and

Economic impacts of

implementing CMC (Community

milking centers) in Gulbarga

KVAFSU,Bidar,

KMF

2012-2014 Improved export

potential of Indian

dairy products

Improved socio-


76

economic status of

dairy farmers

Improved awareness on

animal health and

diseases among farmers

Dairy Microbiologist, Dairy

Chemist, Dairy Economist

Implementation of Bulk Milk

Cooler for improving processing

qualities of raw milk in Gulbarga

KVAFSU Bidar,

KMF

2012-2014 Improved export

potential of Indian

dairy products

Reduced losses due to

spoilage

Reduced transportation

and processing costs

Plant physiologist, plant

breeder, agricultural

economist and soil scientist

Impact of dryland development

programmes including watershed

management on productivity and

socio-economic welfare of the

community

UAS, Raichur,

Karnataka

2013-2018 Production and socio-

economic development


77

7.0 Village Seminar

The village seminar was conducted on 18th

November in the presence of local FET

coordinator (Dr. Kantharaju, V.), Majnunath Patil (KVK-Veterinary Officer), Malkanna Patil

(Farm Superident), APMC officials (Chandrakanth Patil, Shivakumar and Rajkumar), veterinary

officer (Mohammed Shekawat), Assistant Agricultural Officer (Pandith), Gram Panchayath

President (Ningamma Sangolagi), Progressive farmers (Basavaraj Jevanagi, Shivasharanappa

Bulla, Shivasharanappa Hulimane, Sanju Mehtha, Shrimanth Besagonda, Manjunath),

Monitoring faculty from NAARM (Dr. V.K.J. Rao) and village people. The response to village

seminar was very positive since many villagers took active participation in the discussion.

The findings through PRA techniques were triangulated with the villagers and the

necessary feedback and corrections were taken up. The top most researchable problem we

identified by discussion and using the ranking technique were triangulated and almost all the

villagers were in total agreement on that. Fusarium wilt, Sterility mosaic disease (SMD), Pod fly,

Pod bug and pod borer in red gram, purple blotch disease and thrips in onion, low yield and

market price of pigeon pea and onion, low livestock productivity, mortality of cows, artificial

insemination, vaccination, weed problem, organic farming, micro nutrient deficiency, cattle

insurance and farmer insurance were the major topics discussed.

The broad issues we took up in the village seminar were the integrated pest and disease

management of red gram, management of purple blotch disease and thrips in onion, importance

of micronutrients in enhancing quality and shelf life of onion, role of micronutrients(boron) in

seed setting of sunflower and red gram, importance of feed and animal health management in

increasing the milk production of cattle‟s, schemes for purchase of cattle‟s and their feeds,

information on daily news about market price of produce, farmer insurance and insurance for

cattle‟s.

The farmers of Pattana village perceived that animal health problems, insect pest and

disease problem in red gram and onion and marketing problems were the serious issues. The FET

group, KVK SMS, Veterinary officer and Marketing officials (APMC) were able to explain the


78

villagers that how to handle those problems. Therefore, there is a wide scope for diversifying the

farming systems, which can improve the income and living standards of farmers.

The seminar ended on a high note with the assurance that farmers will get advice for the

animal health and crop related problems from the KVK, agricultural department and research

institutes rather than following blindly the advice from the private company dealers.

Figure 32: Village seminar at Pattana village


79

7.1 INSTITUTE SEMINAR

The institute seminar was held on 24th

November 2011 at KVK, Gulbarga. Dr. Raju G.

Teggelli, Associate Professor, Programme Co-ordinator, KVK Gulbarga, Dr. Kantharaju, local

FET co-ordinator, all the scientists of KVK, Dr. Dharma Raju, (Special officer), Dr. R.V. Patil

(Assistant Registrar) College of Agriculture Gulbarga, UAS Raichur, and the scientists of

Agriculture research station (ARS) were present in the seminar. During the institute seminar, we

discussed the village transect, resource and social maps, daily activity profile of both men and

women, time line, seasonal calendar, consequence and Venn diagrams, problem tree, solution

tree and proposed research projects. The presentation by each FOCARS trainee apart from

different PRA tools also included information acquired about the problems of farmers.

We presented the researchable issues on the means to overcome the problem of pest and

diseases in red gram and onion, transplantation in red gram, animal health related problems and

soil micronutrient and water related problems, reason for the mortality of cattle‟s, role of self

help groups (SHGs) in enhancing the income of the rural women‟s, importance of preliminary

training about new technologies to farmers. We triangulated the details that were collected from

the village with the KVK staff and ARS (Agriculture research station) faculty. After the seminar,

active discussion was held among scientists and feedbacks were received. The scientists gave

valuable suggestions to overcome most of the problems faced by the village farmers.

The dignitaries were happy with the FET group presentation and the PRA work. It was

also suggested that further “farmer based - need oriented” research programmes should be

initiated to enhance the income and improve the livelihood of the farmer.


80

Figure 33: FET Institute seminar at KVK Gulbarga

8.0 Industrial Visits

Major crops grown in the Pattana village were red gram followed by onion and sorghum.

Apart from major crops, livestock is another important source of income. Keeping considerations

the importance of crops and livestock , we planned to visit Dal mill (Pulse processing industry),

Agriculture product marketing committee (APMC), Karnataka milk federation (KMF) and

Biological control laboratory (BCL) and Fish market, Gulbarga .


81

8.1 Visit to APMC (Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee):

Red gram is one of the major crop grown in Pattan village. Around 85 % of farmers are

marketing their agriculture produce viz., Red gram, sorghum, sunflower, greengram, black gram

and chick pea etc. to APMC, Gulbarga which started in 1968 under Agriculture Marketing

Department of Karnataka. The area of market yard is 62 acres with the transaction 12 crores per

year. APMC market area mainly covers 4 talukas viz. Gulbarga, Aland, Afzhalpur and Jevargi.

Among the total commodities arrival Red gram only contributes around 90% and remaining

includes sorghum, green gram, black gram, Bengal gram, sunflower and onion. Besides

integrated tur agri-business centre and new market for fruits and vegetables proposed with the

area of 14 acres.

We also discussed regarding prices of major commodities arrived in the market and

facilities like, storage and grading. Currently Red gram price of TS-3R variety fetching low as

compared to other varities like maruti, Gullyal, BSMR-736 and Asha, due to difficulty in

dehusking. Market has no storage facility, farmers are using private warehouses located near

market with the capacity of 1.2 lakh metric tonnes. For grading purpose moisture content, grain

size and grain colour are considered.


82

Fig.34 Visit to APMC, Gulbarga

8.2 Visit to Gulbarga-Bidar Co-operative Milk Producers' Societies Union Ltd

Key Informants: Dr. Manjunath Patil

Gulbarga-Bidar Co-operative Milk Producers' Societies Union Ltd, was established on

19th August 1985 under the apex body KMF (Karnataka Milk Federation-he largest cooperative

dairy Federation in South India, owned and managed by milk producers of Karnataka State) with

a capacity to process 60,000 liters of milk per day. Recently in 2010 the processing capacity has

been increased to process around 1,00,000 liters of milk per day in order maintain balance with

the increased milk production in Gulbarga-Bidar region.

8.2.1 Organizational Structure

The organization is three tiered on Co-operative principles with Dairy Co-operative

Societies (DCS) at grass root level headed by District Co-operative Milk Unions at single / multi

district level and Milk Federation at State level.


83

Fig. 35 Organizational Structure of KMF

There are major four sections under Gulbarga-Bidar Co-operative Milk Producers'

Societies Union Ltd. such as 1) Administration 2) Quality 3) Processing 4) Marketing involving

in the activities of the organization

Currently Gulbarga-Bidar Co-operative Milk Producers' Societies Union Ltd. is

processing around 64,000 liters of milk per day to meet the consumer demands of Gulbarga

region. Out of which, around 56,000 liters are procuring from Gulbarga and Bidar region and

remaining 8000 liters are from other unions (Shimoga, Thumkur, Davanagere).

The plant is having facilities for processing fluid milk ( Toned milk, Standardized milk,

Homogenized milk ), curd, ghee and khoa. Currently the plant processing around 60,000 liters of

fluid milk and 4,000 liters of curd ,170 kgs of ghee 25-50 kgs of khoa per day. The process flow

diagram for these products is shown in the following flow chart.


84

Fig.36 The process flow chart for various milk products


85

Fig. 37 Visit to Gulbarga-Bidar Co-operative Milk Producers' Societies Union Ltd

8.3 Visit to Dal Industry (Global Dal Industry)

Key Informant: Prakash

Pigeon pea is one of the most important and vastly grown crops in the village Pattana.

Around ninty five percent of the farmers in the Pattana village cultivate pigeon pea as the main

crop. Therefore, the dal mill was visited in order to gather firsthand information of several

aspects of post production value addition in pigeon pea. Global Dal Industry was a completely

private based Industry started by Raghuji and his partners in the year 2008.


86

Processing steps: Flow chart of dal industry:

Production activity and market strategy of the Industry

The Global Dal Industry equipped with machineries capable of processing almost all the

pulses like, red gram, black gram, green gram and soybean depending upon the season of

production. Currently the industry is processing 400quintal black gram per day. The production

activity of Industry involves the procurement of a raw material directly from farmers and APMC.

They usually procure the raw material at the rate of 35 Rs per kg and they sale final product of

dal at the rate of 90 Rs per kg and 50 Rs per kg for whole grain under the brand name “Dove”.

The industry fellows gaining a profit margin of 55 Rs per kg dal and 15 Rs per kg for whole

grain. They sell a final product in a 0.5 kg, 1 kg and 25 kg packet to the different markets of

various states.


87

Fig.38 Visit to Dal industry

8.4 Visit to Biological Control Laboratory (BCL), Kotnur (D) Gulbarga:

Biological control laboratory is located at Kotnur (D) of Gulbarga district. This may be

considered as one of the most important biocontrol agents supplying centre to Gulbarga and

neighbouring districts. This lab was established in the year July, 2002. A visit was made to get a

firsthand knowledge of the specific functions, modes of operation and various other issues

regarding BCL.

Functions of BCL:

1. Supply biological control agents directly to the farmers at reasonable price i.e @ 72%

subsidy (Trichoderma @ Rs.115/kg, Trichogramma @ Rs. 6/card).


88

2. Supply biological control agents to Agriculture departments @ 43% subsidy.

3. Supply biological control agents to neighbouring districts like, Bidar, Raichur, Bellary,

Bijapur, Harihara etc.

Types of biological control agents produced and used against pests:

1. Trichoderma viridae

This is one of the most useful biologically important fungus, this is used against disease causing

soil fungus.

Production: 2 tonne/month

Uses

Crops:

Food crops: Red gram, Chick pea, Green gram, Black gram, Cow pea, Sorghum, Bajra etc.

Oil seed crops: Ground nut, Sunflower, Safflower, soybean etc

Vegetables: Brinjal, Bhendi, Potato, Tomato, Chilli etc

Horticulture crops: Grapes, Beetle vine, Zinger, Turmeric, Pepper etc.

Diseases: Root rot, Stem rot, Wilt and other fungal diseases.

Method of use:

a. Seed Treatment: 4-6 gm/kg seed

b. Nursery application: 5 gm in one lt/sq.mt

c. Seedling dip: 200 gm in 20 lit. of water

d. Soil application: 1-2 kg/100 kg FYM


89

2. Trichogramma chilonis:

This is a small egg parasitoid, attack and kills the eggs of around 200 species of lepidopteron

pests.

Production: 5000 card/month

Uses

S.No Crop Releasing time Insect pest No. to be released

1. Sugarcane 40-45 days Shoot borer 1,20,000

90 days Internode borer 60,000

2. Paddy 30 days Yellow stem borer 1,20,000

30 days Leaf folder 1,20,000

3. Maize 45 days Stem borer 60,000

4. Cotton 45 days Bollworm 60,000

5. Ground nut 15 days Leaf miner 60,000

6. Tomato 45 days Fruit borer 60,000

7. Brinjal 45 days Shoot and fruit borer 60,000

8. Chilli 50 days Fruit borer 60,000

9. Castor 30 days Semilooper 60,000

10. Lemon Time of pest attack

Leaf eating caterpillar 60,000


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Method of use

Each card will have 20,000 parasitoids. Cut card into 12 pieces, each piece is stapled

under the leaf at the distance of 8*8m.

Organizational chart for office of the agriculture officer (Bio Control Laboratory) Kotnur,

Gulbarga

Agriculture officer-1

Agril. Officer-3

Lab attender-8

F.D.A.-1

S.D.A.-1

Driver-1

Group D-3

Joint Director of Agriculture


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Figure 39: Visit to bio control laboratory

8.5 Visit to Parkitwar Fishermen’s Co-operative Society Ltd.

KI: Mr.Ambadas

We visited the Parkitwar fishermen‟s co – operative society ltd.d located in S. B temple

road, Gulbarga for knowing the details of fish production & fish consumption. Since more than

80% of the population of Gulbarga belongs to lingayath caste, fish consumption is found to be

very low in this place. Pattana village people are mainly vegetarians and the number of people

consuming fish in this village is very less. The Hathagundha Lake which is located near to the

Pattana village is tendered once in for 5 years..


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The visit to Parkitwar fishermen‟s co – operative society ltd. helped in collecting the

information on fish production in lakes and its marketing in Gulbarga district. The various details

were given by Mr.Ambadas, fisherman.

The society is collecting fish for marketing from 2 lakes named Khajakotnur and Bosga.

Mainly fishes such as Catla, Rohu, Mrigal and Common carp are cultivated there. Seeds of

fingerling size are collected from the hatchery of Thungbhadra dam. Seeds are stocked at the rate

of 3 to 4 lakhs in both lakes and are reared for a period of one year. Fishes are fed with rice bran

and oil cake mixture. On an average one quintal of fish is harvested in a day. The harvested

fishes are iced and stored in thermocol boxes and are transported to this society for marketing.

The fishes are marketed locally at a rate of 70 Rs/ Kg.

Fig. 40 Visit to Fish market, Gulbarga


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9. ICT (Information and Communication Technology)

ICT Year of Start Source Remarks

Kiosk 2004 KVK, Gubarga Touch Screen Machine for

giving information about

agricultural related activities

SMS 2008 KVK Specialists

through Way2 SMS,

Googlelabs, Agripedia

Season wise, problem based

messages

Voice Messages 2011 KVK, Gulbarga Season wise, problem based

messages to overcome

language barrier

10. Conclusion

Pattana is a village which is mostly dependent on agriculture. Nearly 85-90 per cent of

the villagers are involved in agriculture, most of the land is rainfed. The village has cropping

pattern that included crops like, legumes and cereals. Only few farmers cultivating horticultural

crops like, papaya commercially. Pigeon pea, black gram and green gram are the intercropping

system followed by farmers in the village. Pattana is no exception with villagers resorting to

Pigeon pea, onion and sunflower are in kharif season and chick pea, wheat and sorghum in rabi

season. Livestock rearing is also widespread activities in the village with many village people are

having cows and buffalos specially Deoni, Jersy, HF cross and Pandrapuri, Murrah are major

breed in the village. Landless villagers resort to daily wages, goat, sheep and backyard poultry

rearing.


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The farmers of Pattana village have used a number of Pigeon pea, onion and sunflower

varieties over the years and are presently using Gullyal, TS-3R, Maruti (ICP-8863) and Asha in

Pigeon pea, Nasik, Bellary red in onion and GK, Kargil in sunflower. Similarly most farm

activities are not mechanized in the village and the villagers have lag behind in adopting latest

technologies with respect to farm implements. In the village, irrigation system from open well,

bore wells is the major source of irrigation.

The prolonged exploitation of natural resources specially the soil resources and water

resources which leads to effect the soil health condition (soil micro nutrient deficiencies) and

depletion of the water resources as a result of which cropping system will be affected. Farmers

lag behind in use of FYM, vermicompost and green manure to their fields, instead many of the

farmers solely depend on chemical fertilizers. Few farmers are interested in organic farming by

avoiding chemical fertilizer application to their field.

Farmers think more in terms of their immediate needs and situations. The long term view

is not the topmost priority for farmers. Hence it is the scientist‟s obligation to create awareness

among farmers of the long term effects of different cropping systems and how they should be

more dynamic to keep pace with changes in the system. Creating awareness is also not an easy

task and needs to be approached sensitively and sensibly with good planning. This FET and PRA

exercise has made us more aware of the ground reality and has given us a better understanding of

how to approach farmers and empower them to face the days ahead.

Documents

KVK, Gulbarga, (Karnataka) 581 101 - Welcome to …eprints.naarm.org.in/99/1/F-94_Gulbarga.pdfReport on Field Experience Training at KVK, Gulbarga, (Karnataka) – 581 101 (08/11/2011