p\krN - 5 Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> si>AkZ(tk p(rv[S 1. Fm< : si>AkZ(tk p(rv[Sn&> mh_vn&> t_v :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> Fm<

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> Fm<

2.m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[

3. li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t

4. g\iÀyp(rv[S an[ g\iÀys>AkZ(t :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> gimD&>

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> gimD&>

5. tLpd) s>AkZ(tn[ Äykt krt) BiPi an[ bi[l):

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> BiPi an[ bi[l)

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> BiPi an[ bi[l)

324

s>AkZ(t a[ minvsmij oiri (n(m<t a[k (v(SOT p\kirn) rcni C[ j[ni[ a[k ci[Ês

JvnS]l)n[ ain&s>(gk ci[Ês smyn[ ai>tr[ (vkis Yti[ rHi[ C[. (vVn) ai(d s>AkZ(t

s>b>(Ft a[v) FirNi ht) k[ sZ(OTni p\ir>Bmi> j sj<nhir[ a[k ai(dminv s¿y minvn&>

Av$p FirN kr[ t[mj t[n[ a[k ~[Oq Jvn Jvvin&> mig<dS<n mL) rh[ a[ h[t&sr Jvnp¹F(t

s>b>F) j$r) (s¹Fi>ti[ pi[tini mi¹ymY) p\din kyi<> hti>. ä(Pai[a[ ¹yinivAYimi> eVr

pis[Y) (dÄy Xin p\i¼t ky&<> an[ a[n[ v[di[ni $pmi> li[ki[ smx p\At&t ky&<>. a[ v](dk (s¹Fi>ti[ni

piyi upr j p\ic)n s>AkZ(tni[ ud`Bv an[ (vkis Yyi[. Ryirbid j[m j[m minvni[ (vkis

Yti[ gyi[, t[m t[m an[k p\yisi[ an[ pr>priai[ s>AkZ(tni aiFirB*t a>g tr)k[ AYi(pt Yvi

li³yi.s>AkZ(tni[ a[k a[v) smijÄyvAYi tr)k[ (vkis Yyi[ j[mi> a[k minvn&> Jvn aikir

pim[ C[ an[ t[[ a[ni AvBiv an[ aicrNn[ (nFi<(rt (nymi[ni aiFir pr a[k (v(SOT

(dSimi> (vkis kr[ C[. s>AkZ(t a[ ki[e a[k minv)ni[ ai(vOkir nY).t[ ti[ a[k minvsm*hn)

JvnS]l) s>b>Fk miºytiai[n&> vh[N C[-t[ ~[Oq minvJvnni Firi-Fi[rNi[n) a[v) Firi C[

j[ ai(dkiLY) aij py<>t a(vrtpN[ vh) rh) C[.

(Bºn-(Bºn S¾dki[Pi[mi> >'s>AkZ(t"ni (v(vF aYi[< aipvimi> aiÄyiC[. 'Bgvd`gi[m>DL"

mi> 's>AkZ(t" S¾dni[ n)c[ p\miN[ aY< aipvimi> aiÄyi[ C[ :

“s>AkZ(t a[ m*L s>AkZt S¾d C[.j[ni[ aY< Yiy C[ am&k (v(SOT s>Akiri[ni[ sm&diy,

rh[N)-krN), r)t(rvij, AvBiv vg[r[.”1'Longman Dictionary of the English

Language"mi> s>AkZ(t miT[ a>g[\Jmi> vpriti 'culture" S¾dni n)c[ p\miN[ aYi[< aipvimi>

aiÄyi C[ :

{A} ''The pattern of human behaviour and its products that includes thought,

speech, action, institutions and artefacts and that is taught to or is adopted by

successive generations.""

325

{B} ''Typical behaviour, customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits

of a racial, religious or social group.""2

s>AkZ(tn[ ci[kks S¾di[mi> Äyi²yib¹F krv&> m&Æk[l C[. aim Cti> s>AkZ(t a[Tl[ S&> a[n)

s)F) sid) smj miT[ kh) Skiy k[ s>AkZ(t a[Tl[ smijn&> Äy(ktRv. t[ ki[e smij k[ ji(tni[

Jvn p\Ry[ni[ W(OTki[N hi[y C[. j[ t[ minvsm&diyn) s>AkZ(t t[n) simi(jk Bivniai[,

mni[vZ(_iai[, pr>prigt miºytiai[, Äyvhir, r)(t-n)(t, s>g)t an[ kli-ki]Sln&> s>y&kt$p

C[.s>AkZ(tmi> ki[e d[S aYvi ji(tn) pr>priY) p\c(lt JvnS]l), Fm<dS<n, aicir-(vcir,

v[SB*Pi, Kin-pin vg[r[ aidSi[<ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[. minv)n[ ai sZ(OTmi> (vhrti aºy

p\iN)ai[Y) alg piDnir s>AkZ(t C[. s>AkZ(t j a[ni aicir-(vcirn[ GD[ C[. p\ic)n minv

v]Xi(nk a[DvD< Tielrni mt[ :

''s>AkZ(t pi[tini minvSiA#i)y aY<mi> a[v) p(rkÃpnin[ kh[ C[, j[mi> Xin, (vVis,

kLi, n](tkti, (v(F-(vFin, r)t-(rvij an[ aºy Äyvhir an[ sim¸y< sim[l C[. j[n[

minv) pi[tini smijmi>Y) g\hN kr[ C[.""3

gi[ÃDn viezrn) Äyi²yi p\miN[ s>AkZ(tn[ rcti> t_vi[ a[Tl[ ''aipNi> vlNi[,

miºytiai[, (c>tni[, (nN<yi[ an[ m*Ãyikni[.aipN) s>AYiai[-rijk)y, ai(Y<k, Fi(m<k tYi

kiydi-(vPyk aipNi> p&Atki[, y>#ii[, (vXinSiKiai[, dS<ni[ an[ diS<(nki[ ai bFi> j an[

b)ji> pN t_vi[ an[ Äy(ktai[, (nriLi> t[mj (v(vF s>b>Fi[mi> aiv[ C[.""4

(vzlr s>AkZ(tn[ ki[epN minvsm&diyni> aiciri[ an[ (vciri[ni> srviLi krti> k>e

ai[C&> pN n(h an[ vFir[ pN n(h a[ r)t[ ai[LKiv[ C[.5

ai pZ¸v) upr aiv[li dr[k p\d[Sn) Bi]gi[(lk p(r(AY(tn[ aiF)n Ryi>ni li[ki[n)

s>AkZ(t aikir pim[ C[. an[ t[Y) j p\d[S-p\d[Sn) (v(SOT p\kirn) s>AkZ(tai[ hi[y C[. j[m k[

326

phiD) p\d[Sni li[ki[n) s>AkZ(t m[din p\d[Sni li[ki[n) s>AkZ(tY) alg pDt) hi[y C[. ji[ k[

Kinpin, ph[rv[S, r)(t(rvij j[v) biH bibti[mi> rh[li>> tfivti[n[ bid krti l³np\Yi, Fm<,

m*LB*t simi(jk (vcirsrN) j[v) bibti[mi> b[ (Bºn-(Bºn s>AkZ(tai[ vμc[ an[k

smintiai[ pN ji[vi mL[ C[. ti[ (Bºn-(Bºn s>AkZ(tn) p\ji a[kb)ji>ni s>pk<mi> aivti

s>AkZ(t x[#i[ aidin-p\dinn) p\(k\yi pN ji[vi mL[ C[. t[Y) j ki[e a[k s>AkZ(tn&> a[k (n(Vt

x[#i dSi<vv&> m&Æk[l bn[ C[.aim Cti> kh) Skiy k[ s>AkZ(tni[ s)Fi[ s>b>F ki[e a[k p\d[Sn)

ji(t yi ki[e (v(SOT smij aYvi jnsm&diymi> p\c(lt Fi(m<k aiAYia[i, p\vZ(_iai[,

(vcirFiriai[, r&(cai[, Äyvhiri[, an[ a[k>dr[ a[ jnsm&diyn) JvnS]l) siY[ hi[y C[.

s>AkZ(tni> vtZ<Lmi> Ryi>n) diS<(nk, Fi(m<k, simi(jk, si(h(Ryk an[ kliRmk miºytiai[ni>

t_v aiv) jiy C[. j[mi> j[ t[ jnsm&diyn) AYLi>tr an[ smyi>tr[ bnt) rijk)y, ai]wi[(gk

k[ simi(jk GTnin[ an&$p bdlivi[ aivti rh[ C[. ai bibt[ Diƒ. d[vrij lK[ C[ :

''es p\kirk) s>AkZ(tk) upy&<kt p(rBiPiai[ki[ d[Kt[ h&a[ hm kh Skt[ h[ (k

mn&Oyk) sB) simi(jk (k\yia[ usk[ trh trh k[ ai[jir, kli-ki]Sl, sB) p\kir k[

(vVisp\Yia[ ai]r rhn-shnk) aidt[ tYi uski Fm<dS<n, n](tk miºytia[ ai]r uski kiÄy

tYi si(hRy sB) s>AkZ(tk) (vAtZZt k\i[Dm[> smi(ht hi[ jiti h ].""6

19m) sd)ni a>t Bigni nvlkYikir Yi[ms hiD)<ni[ jºm 2-6-1840ni ri[j

Di[rs[T prgNi>mi> Yyi[ hti[.19m) sd)ni m¹yBigmi> D[irs[Tmi> si]p\Ym r[Ãv[AT[Sn bi>Fvimi>

aiÄy&>. Ryi> s&F) e>³l[>Dni n]äRymi> aiv[li ai g\iÀy(vAtir biH d&(nyiY) td`n a(l¼t hti[

an[ Ryi>ni rh[vis) g\imjni[ pi[tin) a[k (v(SOT p\kirn) JvnS]l) Frivti hti. t[ai[ j[v&>

(vcirti, j[v&> an&Bvti t[v&> j bi[lti an[ vt<ti.g\imjni[ni viN)-vt<n (vS[ (vÃbr a[l.

k\i[sn&> minv&> C[ :

327

''The conduct of the upper classes is screened by conventions, and

thus the real character is not easily seen; and if it is seen, it must be

portrayed subjectively : whereas in the lower walks, conduct is a direct

expression of inner life; and thus charater can be directly portrayed through

the act.""7

Yi[ms hiD)<a[ pi[tini ai vtn an[ t[n) aispisni g\iÀyp\d[Sn[ pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi>

'Wessex"nim[ amr kyi<>. a[mN[ 'Wessex"ni g\iÀyp(rv[Sn[ pi[tin) nvlkYiai[ni[ (vPy

bniÄyi[ an[ t[Y) a[mn) nvlkYiai[ni[ a¿yis krti Bivkn[ t[ p\d[Sn) p\jin)

smijÄyvAYi, r)t(rviji[, Fi(m<k miºytiai[, p\Yiai[, th[viri[ an[ uRsvi[ni[ shjpN[

p(rcy p\i¼t Yyi (vni rh[ti[ nY).

b)J bij&, avi<c)n g&jrit) si(hRyni c&n)lil m(Dyini[ jºm 12-8-1922ni

ri[j si]riOT^ni Fi[riJ gimmi> Yyi[ hti[. Birtni p(Vm (knir[ g&jrit rijymi> si]riOT^ p\d[S

aiv[li[ C[. Yi[ms hiD)< miT[ j[m 'Wessex" C[, t[m m(Dyi miT[ 'si]riOT^" C[. g&jritni[ ai

p\d[S pi[tin) aigv) s>AkZ(t miT[ d&(nyiBrmi> jiN)ti[ C[.m(Dyin[ pi[tini vtnmi> (vtiv[li

p\ir>(Bk Jvn dr(myin Ryi>ni g\iÀysmijni (v(vF pisi>ai[ an[ lix(Nktiai[n&> avli[kn

krvin) tk si>pD). p(rNim[ a[ avli[kni[ a[mn) p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[ni (vPy bºyi.a[mn)

p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[ni k[ºWmi> si]riOT^n&> gimD&> C[.m(Dyi pi[tin) sbL l[KnS]l) vD[

si]riOT^ni g\iÀysmijn) Fi(m<k, simi(jk miºytiai[, a[mn) (v(SOT p\kirn) JvnS]l),

a[mn) c&At pr>prin[ vLg) rh[vin) vZ(_i, m[Li, uRsvi[ vg[r[ si>AkZ(tk pisi>ai[n[ pi[tin)

nvlkYiai[mi> ail[K[ C[.t[Y) hv[ aipN[ hiD)< an[ m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> ail[Kiy[l

g\iÀyp(rv[Sni si>AkZ(tk pisi>ai[ upr p\kiS piDvini[ p\yRn kr)S&>.

328

1. Fm< : si>AkZ(tk p(rv[Sn&> mh_vn&> t_v

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> Fm< :

Yi[ms hiD)<a[ pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> (K\At) Fm<mi> rh[l) $(Qc&Attiai[ upr aikm\N

ky&<> C[. a[mN[ pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi> aivti pidr)ai[ni r[Ki>knmi> a[mni[ uphis kyi[< C[.a[mN[

(K\At) Fm<ni s>k&(ct (s¹Fi>ti[ prRv[ pi[tini[ ApOT Ø(OTki[N diKÄyi[ C[.

'T[s ai[f D'ab<r(vÃs"ni p\Ym p\krNmi> j aipNi[ B[Ti[ pis<n T^)Fim nimni

pidr) siY[ Yiy C[.a[mN[ pi[tin&> Jvn aºy k&T&>bi[n) vSi>vL) t]yir krv) j[vi ÄyY< kiy<mi>

(vtiÄy&> hi[y C[.ai a[ j pidr) C[ j[ jhi[n Db)< (fÃDn[ a[ni umdi v>Sn) mi(ht) p*r) piD[

C[.ai pidr) pi[tini a[ kiy< oiri Yi[Di> GNi> sv<simiºy vcni[ (sviy ki[e Kis DhipN

p\i¼t kr) Skti[ nY).ai j kZ(tmi> jyir[ #iN kl[r Bieai[ mirli[T gimmi>Y) psir Yti hi[y

C[ Ryir[ hiD)< f[l)ks kl[rni Fm< a>g[ni (vciri[ni[ uphis kr[ C[. jyir[ a[ºjl mig<mi>

aivt) g\iÀy kºyiai[ siY[ nZRymi>> ji[Divin&> s*cn kr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ni[ mi[Ti[Bie f[l)ks a[ni

s*cnni[ anidr kr) a[n[ m*K<timi> Kpiv[ C[. a[ g\iÀykºyiai[ siY[ nZRy j[v) p\vZ(_imi> Big

l[vimi> xi[B an[ Srm an&Bv[ C[ an[ a[n[ bdl[ bieblni aigim) p\krNn&> pqn krvin&>

ps>d kr[ C[. a(h> f[l)ksn) p\(t(k\yiai[mi> (K\At) Fm<mi> rh[li Jvnni (nB[<L ain>dp\mi[d

prRv[ni s>k&(ct an[ $(Qc&At mni[vlNni dS<n Yiy C[. a[l[k oiri biLiRkirni[ Bi[g bºyi

bid jyir[ T[s Gr[ prt frt) hi[y C[ Ryir[ mig<mi> t[ni[ B[Ti[ a[vi Äy(kt siY[ Yiy C[ j[

pi[tini[ dr[k r(vvir bieblni vcni[, pg(Yyi>ai[ upr lKvimi> Äy(tt kr[ C[.T[s a[n[ ai

p\miN[ni vcni[ lKti (nhiL[ C[ :

''Thy Damnation Slumbereth Not ........Thou Sha't Not Commit

Adultery’’ah)> hiD)< ai p\miN[ (vFin kr[ C[ : ‘Alas, poor Theology !’an[ upri[kt

329

lKiNn[ ‘hideous defacement" tr)k[ ai[LKiv[ C[.8 ji[ k[ a[ S¾di[ j T[sni (c_imi>

g*ni(ht ligN) uRpºn krvimi> kirNB*t si(bt Yiy C[.

T[sn) d)kr) mrNpYir)a[ hi[y C[ Ryir[ T[s (vcir[ C[ k[ ji[ pi[tin) d)kr)n) mZRy&

ph[li (K\At) Fm< p\miN[n) nimkrN (v(F n krvimi> aiv[ ti[ t[n[ nk<mi> S[tinn[ hvil[

krvimi> aivS[.t[ pi[tin) d)kr)n[ nk<mi> S[tinn[ hiY[ yitni an&Bvt) kÃp[ C[. t[Y) T[s pi[t[

j pi[tin) d)kr)n) a[ Fi(m<k (v(F s>pºn kr[ C[.t[ dl)l kr[ C[ k[ ji[ p\B&n[ a[ni oiri

krvimi> aiv[l) (v(F nim>j*r hi[y ti[ t[n[ an[ t[n) d)kr)n[ a[vi aAYie p\B& oiri (nymn

Yt&> Avg< nim>j*r C[.pi[tin) d)kr)ni mZRy& bid T[s jyir[ m[lATi[kni pidr)n[ a[n) dfn(v(F

s>pºn krvi (vnv[ C[ Ryir[ t[ pidr) a[k v[pir)n) mifk T[s[ a[ pidr)ni Äyvsi(yk slih-

s*cn[i vgr pi[tin) d)kr)n) nimkrN-(v(F kr) hi[viY) a[n) (K\At) Fm< an&sir dfn(v(F

s>pºn krvi nkir[ C[.upri[kt tmim bibti[mi> (K\At) Fm<ni (s¹Fi>ti[mi> rh[l) pi[kLti p\gT

Yyi (vni rh[t) nY).an[ ai j piK>D an[ pi[kLtin[ l)F[ jyir[ a[ºjl kl[r a[mni

k&T&>bni[ pidr)ni[ Äyvsiy Av)kirvin[ s>mt Yti[ nY), Ryir[ t[ni (pti pi[tini d)krini (K\At)

Fm< a>g[ni (vciri[ jiN)n[ U>>>Di[ aiGit an&Bv[ C[. aiY) Fi(m<k (pti an[ S>kiS)l d)kri

vμc[ni a>trmi> vFiri[ Yiy C[.a[ºjlni (pti a[k c&At an[ umdi pidr) hi[y C[.t[ai[ a[l[k

j[vi Äy(ktai[ni n](tk Jvnmi> s&Firi[ livvini g>B)r an[ s>(nOq p\yRni[ pN kr[ C[.

a[mni Fm<dini> kiyi[< a>g[ jripN S>ki s[v) Skiy nh).aim Cti> t[ai[ pN (K\At) Fm<mi>

rh[l) s>k&(ctti an[ $(Qc&Attini> (Skir bºyi> C[.t[mn&> mins a[ bibt Av)kir) Skt&> nY)

k[ a[mn) miºytiai[ an[ (vciri[ni diyrin) bhir pN a[k aºy sip[x sRy Av)kZt hi[y

Sk[.19m) sd)mi> a[k bij&> pr>prigt Fi(m<k miºytiai[ ti[ b)J bij&, ai]wi[(gkrN, siyºs

an[ T[kni[li[Jni (vkisn[ kirN[ t[ smyni li[ki[n) min(sktimi> b[ (vri[FiBis) vlNi[

330

jºÀyi> hti.an[ mn&Oy a[ b[ vlNi[ vμc[ (ÜFi an&Bvti[ ji[vi mL[ C[. ai s>dB[< li[pi

sºyil n)c[ni avtrNi[ Ti>k[ C[ :

''Basil Willey, in Nineteenth Century Studies, states that the central

problem of the nineteenth century was the reconciling of destruction with

reconstruction, negation with affirmation, science with religion, the head

with the heart, the past with the present, order with progress."" 9

'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r"mi> pN a[k trf (K\At) Fm<n) $(Qc&Atti, ti[ b)J trf Ay&

j[vi pi#ii[[ni Fm< a>g[ni aiF&(nk (vciri[ Äykt Yiy C[. j[m k[ Ay& a[n[ ni[kr)a[ riKnir

m)s fi[ºTv[r siY[ a[ni mimini mkinmi> rh[ C[. Ay&n) milkNni[ d[Kiv a[k s>ºyi(sn) j[vi[

C[. t[ a[k pidr)n) p\i]Q d)kr) C[ j[ gLimi> mNkin) miLi an[ k\i[s ph[r[ C[. a[ni (ptini

mZRy& bid t[n[ virsimi> d[vLn) siFn-simg\)n) a[k d&kin mL[ C[ j[ni[ a[N[ q)k q)k (vkis

kyi[< hi[y C[. t[ c&AtpN[ (K\At)Fm<n[ an&sr[ C[ pr>t& Ay& a[Tl) Fi(m<k nY). Ay& (vns an[

a[pi[li[n) b[ m*(t<ai[ Kr)d[ C[ pr>t& t[n[ t[ m)s fi[ºTi[vrY) C*piv)n[ riK[ C[ kirNk[ t[ pi[tini

Grmi> aºy Fm<ni d[v) d[vtin) m*(t<ai[n[ kyir[ pN shn kr) Sk[ n(h. a[ j p\miN[ Ay&

pi[tini $mmi> a[vi p&Atki[n&> pqn kr[ C[ j[ a[n) milkNn[ kyir[ pN miºy hi[e Sk[ n(h.

aipN[ aigL ji[y&> t[ p\miN[ Ay& Avt>#i (vciri[ Frivt) a[k aiF&(nk y&vt) C[. a[ni (K\At)

Fm< a>g[ni (vcir[imi> a[k p\kirn) (vm&Kti rh[l) C[. t[ (K\At) Fm<g&$ai[n[ 'the demi-

gods in Jude's Pantheon" an[ 'those legendary persons" tr)k[ ai[LKiv[ C[. t[

a[v&> mint) nY) k[ l³n a[k p(v#i Fi(m<k (v(F C[.t[ (vcir[ C[ k[ pr>prigt l³n(v(Fmi> Si

miT[ a[k A#i)a[ j aºy ki[en[ sm(p<t Yv&> ji[ea[-S&> vrn[ kºyin) j$r nY) ? a[ a[v)

miºytin) (vri[F) C[ k[ A#i) p&$P krti ki[epN r)t[ utrt) kxin) C[. t[ min[ C[ k[ a[k

p&$Pn[ pi[tin) kºyi ps>d krvini[ j[Tli[ a(Fkir C[ a[Tli[ j a(Fkir a[k A#i)n[ pi[tini

331

JvnsiY) nkk) krvini[ C[. pr>t& pr>prigt l³n(v(Fmi> a[k A#i)n[ a[k gF[D) k[ bkr)n)

mifk p&$Pn[ si[>p) d[vimi> aiv[ C[. (vkTi[(ryn smijmi> ji[vi mLti pr>prigt an[ aiF&(nk

vlNi[ (vS[ j[ri[m a[c.bkl) jNiv[ C[ :

''Any cultural period suffers distortion from a generalized indictment,

however speciously formmulated. But the outlines of the Victorian era blur

beyond recognition in the confusion of contradictory charges.The

Victorians, we are told, were '' a poor, blind, complacent people" ; yet they

were torn by doubt, spiritually bewildered, lost in a troubled universe.They

were crass materialists, wholly absorbed in the present, quite unconcerned ''

with abstract verities and eternal values''; but they were also excessively

religious, lamentably idealistic, nostalgic for the past, and ready to forego

present delights for the vision of a world beyond.""10

hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi>> a[ºjl kl[r an[ Ay& j[vi apvid$p pi#ii[ C[, j[ Fm< (vP[

pi[tini Avt>#i (vciri[ Friv[ C[ an[ t[ p\miN[ Jvn Jvvini[ ÄyY< p\yRn kr[ C[.ai (sviyni

mi[Ti>Bigni v[s[ksni g\imjni[ Fm< a>g[ kS) S>ki-k&S>ki kyi< (vni simiºy Jvn Jv[

C[.t[ai[ shjpN[ cc<n) m&likt l[ C[.GN)vir t[ai[n) cc<n) m&likit Fi(m<k krti simi(jk

vF& lig[ C[.Fm< jiN[ k[ t[mni simi(jk-si>AkZ(tk miLKi>ni j a[k Big tr)k[ aigL aiv[

C[.aip(_ini smy[ pN t[ai[ p\B&n[ yid kr[ C[ an[ p\iY<ni kr[ C[. a[mni r)(t-(rviji[,

rh[N)krN) an[ miºytiai[mi> Fm< vNie gyi[ hi[y C[.mi[Ti>Bigni g\imjni[ Fm<piriyN hi[y

C[ an[ p\B&mi> ~¹Fi Friv[ C[.kyi>k kyi>k ~¹Fi C[ ti[ kyi>k kyi>k a>F~¹Fi pN ji[vi mL[

C[.j[m k[ T[sn) miti ji[n Db)<(fÃDn[ jyi[(tP[ kh[li S¾di[mi> ~¹Fi C[ k[ T[s D'ab<r(vÃs

k&T&>bni s>pk< Yk) ki[e uμc Kindinni nb)ri siY[ l³n krS[.Ti[lbi[Ys D[r)mi> jyir[ miKN

upr aivt&> nY) Ryir[ Ryi>ni li[ki[ a[v&> (vcir[ C[ k[ ki[ek[ jid&-Ti[Ni> kyi>< hi[vi> ji[ea[ aYvi

332

D[r)mi> ki[ek p\[mmi> pDy&> hi[v&> ji[ea[.t[ai[ a[ jid&-Ti[Ni>n[ (bnasrkirk bnivvi miT[ ki[ek

jid&grn) Si[Fn) viti[ kr[ C[ Ryir[ a[k Äy(kt (vFin kr[ C[ :''But there's no such

jenuine folk about nowdays.""jyir[ T[s an[ a[ºjl l³n bid D[r) Ci[D) hn)m*n miT[

upD[ C[ Ryir[ a[k k*kDi[ bi[l[ C[ t[ vKt[ Ryi> hijr rh[l Äy(ktai[mi>ni[ a[k kh[ C[ : ‘That's

bad." K&d T[s pN a[ smy[ k*kDini bi[lviY) Äy(Yt Yiy C[ an[ pi[tini p(tn[ kh[ C[ k[ a[

S&B p\s>g[ a[n[ k*kDi>n&> bi[lv&> ps>d pDy&> nY).k*kDi[ fr) bi[l[ C[ Ryir[ D[r)m[n (k\k kh[ C[ :

''Now, to think U' that just today! I've not heard his crow of an afternoon all

the year afore.""11 T*>kmi> ksmy[ k*kDi>n&> bi[lv&> aS&B minvimi> aiv[ C[. 'F r)Tn< ai[f F

n[T)v"mi> pN aipNn[ v[s[ksni g\imjni[mi> p\vt<min a>F~¹Fini[ ²yil aiv[ C[. t[ai[ B*t

an[ DikN j[v) sv<simiºy miºytiai[ Friv[ C[. s&sin nnsc min[ C[ k[ y&AT[s)yi c*D[l C[

t[Y) t[ t[n[ cc<mi> si[>y Bi[>k[ C[ an[ Ryirbid t[n&> m)Nn&> nin&> p*tL&> bniv) t[n) upr p)n

ci[>TiD) a[n[ aigmi> ai[giL[ C[ an[ b)J bij&> mnmi> p\iY<ni gNgN[ C[.s&sin ai p\miN[n)

(v(F a[Tli miT[ kr[ C[ k[ j[Y) y&AT[s)yi mZRy&n[ B[>T[ an[ s>ji[gvsit` Yi[Di> smy pC)

y&AT[s)yi Kr[Kr mZZRy& pim[ C[ an[ s&sinn) a>F~¹Fin[ aiFir mL[ C[. 'aºDr F g\)nv&D

T^)"mi> pN a[(lzib[Y a[ºDi[(fÃD nimn) kh[vit) c*D[l viti<mi> mh_vn) B*(mki Bjv[ C[.

jyi[f\[ oiri D)kni aAv)kirni m(hni bid f[ºs) y[lbr)v&DY) m[lATi[k piC) fr) hi[y C[.

mig<mi> vrsid pD[ C[ an[ vivizi[D&> f*>kiy C[.t[Y) a[k ki[T[jmi> aiSri[ l[ C[. t[ ki[T[jmi>

gimn) a[k c*D[l rh[t) hi[y C[. t[ c*D[l f[ºs)n[ t[ birNi> upr Tki[ri mir[ t[ ph[li> j a>dr

aivvi jNiv[ C[.f[ºs) a>dr p\v[S[ C[.a[(lzib[Y gimmi> a[k (v(SOT p\kirn&> pi#i C[. t[

a[kik) Jvn Jv[ C[ an[ t[ kyir[ pN cc<n) m&likit l[t) nY).t[ a[k lil r>gni[ li>bi[

z¿Bi[ an[ Ti[p) ph[r[ C[. li[ki[ min[ C[ k[ t[ c*D[l C[ an[ ki[e upr m[l) (vwi ajmiv) Sk[

333

C[. a[(lzib[Yn[ f[ºs) k>ek kh[ t[ ph[li> j a[ni mnn) m*>zvNni[ ²yil aiv) jiy C[ k[

a[ni (ptin[ miºy nY) k[ f[ºs) a[ni p\[m) D)k siY[ l³n kr[. f[ºs) a[(lzib[Yn[ a[n) a[

smAyini[ uk[l s*cvvi miT[ (vn>t) kr[ C[. c*D[l f[ºs)n[ kh[ C[ k[ t[ t[n[ a[ni (ptin&>

ãdyp(rvt<n Yiy a[vi[ jid& S)KvS[. f[ºs) c*D[ln[ p*C[ C[ k[ a[ jid&n) a[ni (pti upr ki[e

aiDasr ti[ n Yiy n[? c*D[l a[n) ni piD[ C[.Ryirbid t[ f[ºs)n[ t[N[ krvin) vAt&ai[n)

yid) aip[ C[, an[ a[n[ vcn aip[ C[ k[ ji[ f[ºs) a[ni kHi m&jb krS[ ti[ t[n[ j$rY)

sfLti mLS[.vrsid an[ vivizi[D&> aTkti f[ºs) c*D[ln) (vdiy l[ C[ an[ pi[tini mig<mi>

aigL vF[ C[.

f[ºs)n) ai c*D[l siY[n) m&likit viti<mi> mh_vni[ vLi>k liv[ C[. f[ºs) c*D[ln)

slih p\miN[ B*K hDtil upr utr[ C[.a[ni (ptin[ a[n) d)kr)n) (c>ti Yiy C[, a[n&>>>>

ãdyp(rvt<n Yiy C[ an[ t[ f[ºs)n[ pi[tin) ps>dg)ni y&vinn[ prNvin) m>j*r) aip[ C[.aim

j[ nvlkYi k$Ni>(tkimi> p(rNm) hi[t, t[ a[(lzib[Yn) dr(mying)r)Y) s&Ki>tmi> p(rNm[

C[.'F v&Dl[ºDs<"mi> pN g\imjni[ min[ C[ k[ DiƒkTr f)zp)as< m[l)(vwini[ a¿yis kr[ C[ tYi

a[n[ B*t-(pSicn) siY[ si$> bn[ C[. aim, Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> Fm<n&> j[ (n$pN

Yy&> C[ a[mi> aipNn[ kyi>k aiF&(nkti, kyi>k ~¹Fi ti[ kyi>k a>F~¹Fini dS<n Yiy C[.

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> Fm< :

g\imjni[ a[mni s>GP<my Jvnmi> an[k p\kirn) v[dniai[-yitniai[mi>Y) psir Yiy

C[.ai dr[k (vPm p(r(AY(tai[ni[ simni[ krvi miT[ a[mn[ ji[ ki[e mni[bL p*r&> piDt&> hi[y ti[,

a[ C[ a[mni[ Fm< p\Ry[ni[ an&rig an[ aiAYi. GN)vir a[mn) Fm<mi> ~¹Fi a[ Atr[

a>F~¹Fimi> p(rNm[ C[ k[ Jvnni mh_vni> (nN<yi[ an[ p(rNimi[ t[ai[ d[v)-d[vtiai[n) eμCi

334

min) Av)kir) l[ C[.g\iÀyJvn upr ji[vi mLti Fm<ni p\Biv (vS[ Diƒ. u_imBie pT[l lK[

C[ :

''Fi(m<k s>dB<m[> ai(Atktiki aY< h]-Fi(m<k aiAYi. gi>vk[ simi(jk J)vn pr

Fm<ki ghn p\Biv h]. Fm< unk[ Äyv(AYt J)vn ki mig< p\SAt krti h]. tYi unm[ al]i(kk

S(ktk[ p\(t (vVis jgiti h]. kZPk-J)vnki ki[e a>g a[si n(h h\] ji[ Fm<k[ r>gm[ r>gi n

hi[. unki pi(rvi(rk J)vn, simi(jk J)vn a[vm ai(Y<k J)vn sB)k&C Fi(m<k Bivnis[

p(rci(lt hi[ti h].""12

m(Dyia[ a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> g\imjni[n) Fm<mi> ~¹Fi an[ a>F~¹Fin&> tiØS (c#iN

ky&<<> C[ j[ hv[ aipN[ (nhiL)a[.

'Äyijni[ virs" nvlkYimi> m(Dyia[ Birt)y s>AkZ(tn&> JvndS<n rj* ky&<> C[.an[ a[

JvndS<nni[ m*LB*t A#ii[t C[ up(nPd, Bgvd`g)ti-Fm<-a[n&> JvndS<n a[ j Birt)y

s>AkZ(tni piyimi> C[.(vmls*r) kh[ C[ t[m,

''Fn, lÈm), s>p(_i k[ sim\ijy a[ bFi> upr ki[e Äy(ktni[ hÊ n hi[e Sk[.a[n)

sic) mi(lk) ti[ li[ki[n) C[...li[kb\Mn) C[.""13lÈm) (vS[n&> ai JvndS<n ai nvlkYini

k[ºWmi> C[.lÈm)n) c>cLti ti[ l[Kk[ ai nvlkYimi> kr) j C[, pr>t& a[ lÈm)ni[ sici[

upBi[g t)Y<$p Äy(ktai[ oiri a[k mi#i smij j kr) Sk[. ai Birt)y s>AkZ(tn) udi_i

Bivnin[ a[mN[ pi#ii[, p\s>gi[ oiri c(rtiY< Yt) btiv) C[.

ai nvlkYini[ niyk C[ aiKi[ smij, an[ ni(yki C[ lÈm).ai kZ(tmi> sit sit

vir Yti hiYbdlin&> (c#iN kr)n[ l[Kk[ Äyij-s>p(_in) c>cLti (s¹F kr) C[.li[ki[ni

prs[vin) kmiN) aiBiSini Grmi> a[kq) ht)>. a[ Äyij-lÈm)ni aiBiSi mi#i s>g\ihk

hti.c>cL lÈm) a[n[ mi#i k[d krnir pr r)zt) nY), n pi[t[ Kiy, n ki[en[ KvDiv[, a[vi

335

aiBiSin[ Ryi> k[d rh[vin>& a[n[ gmt&> nY). aiBiSin) (tji[r)mi> g*>gLit) lÈm)a[ (rKvn[

hiY[ mi[jSi[K, v]Bv (vlismi>-a[ni j a>gt Bi](tk s&K-upBi[gmi> vprivin&> ps>d

ky&<>.pr>t& a(tlÈm) anY< pN ai[Ci[ krt) nY).a[ v]Bv(vlisn[ j kirN[ (rKvn&> krp)N

K*n Yiy C[.aiBiSin[ a[n) pi[tin) sg) bh[n[ j af)N pien[ mir) ni²yi>. lÈm)n[

s>Grnir, n[ a[n[ v[Dfnir b[un) lÈm)a[ d&d<Si kr).a[ lÈm)ni[ ai>FLi[ mi[h riK) kivtri

krnir) amrt a>t[ gi>D) Ye ge.li[(Byi[ an[ lilc& K*n) ctrBj a[ lÈm)ni mi[hmi> j

tirij Yyi[, a[ a>t[ B)K mi>gti[ Ye gyi[.a>t[ amrtni d)kri dl&n) udrtin[ kirN[

(rKvn) pRn) s&l[Ki a[ s>p(_in) Avi(mn) Ye. s&l[Kia[ pi[tini udi_i aicrN an[

Fm<(nOqiY) (rKv-a[m)ni s>b>FY) jºm[li> ani]rs biLk Ci[T[ mh>tni hiY[ a[ s>p(_i

li[kb\M s&F) phi[>ciD) d)F). li[ki[ni p\Av[dmi>Y) udBv[l) lÈm) a>t[ li[ki[ni j kÃyiNiY<[

li[ki[ s&F) phi[>c) Ryir[ j t[n[ j>p Yyi[.

aim, m(Dyini ai JvndS<nni[ m*LB*t A#i[it Birt)y s>AkZ(t, up(nPd, p&riNi[

vg[r[ C[.pi#ii[ni viN)-vt<n oiri l[Kkn&> ai JvndS<n kZ(tmi>Y) Äy>(jt Yiy C[. Äyijni[

sici[ virs Äy(kt k[ sm(OT?- a[ snitn smAyini[ p\Ry&_ir ai nvlkYi aip[ C[.Birt)y

Fm< an[ s>AkZ(tmi> s>p(_ini Avim) n(h, s[vk pN n(h, s>g\h krnir pN n(h, v[Dfnir n(h,

lilsi riKnir n(h Yvini[ p\bi[F kyi[< C[.s>p(_ini BÄyi[di_i rK[viL bn) jns[vi a[ j

p\B&s[vini m>#in[ siY<k krvini[ j p\bi[F ai d[Smi> Yti[ aiÄyi[ C[.'Äyijni[ virs"

nvlkYimi> Birt)y s>AkZ(tn) ai s&g>F smiy[l) C[.

'aili FiFln&> (z>zivdr"mi> l[Kk[ j]nFm<ni v\t, (nymi[, aicir-(vcir vg[r[n&>

(n$pN kr)n[ nvlkYin[ a[k (v(SOT p\kirni Fi(m<k p(rv[Smi> p\At&t kr) C[.Sirdi e³n[zn[

p\[m kr[ C[. ai pi#i mi#i Sirdini mni[jgtmi> (vhr[ C[, pr>t& kyir[ pN nvlkYimi> sd[h[

336

p\Ryx p\At&t Yt&> nY).Sirdini p\[m) e³n[zn&> ai p\kirn&> am*t< pi#iil[Kn t[mj (>z>zivdr

gimni aºy p\[m)ai[ j[vi k[ d[viBiBi-c>piS[qN), ri[z[(ryi[-rim), hrs&r-sj&bin)

p\[mkYiai[n) k$Ni>(tki a[ bibt si(bt kr[ C[ k[ p\[m a[ zi>zvini jL smin C[-a[ mi#i

minv)y mnn) B\mNi C[-a[ kyir[ pN m*t< Av$p FirN kr) (c_in[ prmSi>(t k[ s>ti[P aip)

Sk[ n(h.miT[ a[n) piCL piCL BTkv&> (nrY<k C[.(c_in) Kr) Si>(t ti[ Fm<ni an&srN an[

aicrNmi> j rh[l) C[. ai (vcirY) j Sirdini (c_imi> a>t[ s>sir p\Ry[ (vrk(t jºm[

C[.aim Cti> um[dlil nimni y&vin siY[ Sirdia[ kmn[ l³n krvi pD[ C[. si>si(rk

miyijiLY) d*r rh[vi mi>gt) Sirdi, aid)Vrdidin[ viwi (vni pl>g upr siY[ n pi[Qvin)

pi[tin[ minti C[, a[v&> bhin&> kiQ[ C[ an[ a[ r)t[ p(t siY[ shSyn TiL[ C[.Ryirbid minti

p*r) krvi gy[l) Sirdi, aid)Vrdidin[ v>d)n[ (dxi a>g)kir kr[ C[ n[ 'Sirdi" mi>Y) 's&Xi~)

mhist)" bn[ C[.s>ºyis l)Fi bid p\Ym cit&mi<s giLvi 's&Xi~) mhist)" ni $pmi> rh[l)

Sirdi aiv[ C[.ah) (pti ri[z[(ryi[ni hiY[ j p&#i e³n[zn[ gi[L) vigti a[n&> mZRy& Yyini

smicir si>BL[ C[, n[ tRkiL sr[li 'a(rhºtd[v" S¾di[n) siY[ j Sirdi pN kiLFm< pim[

C[.ai nvlkYin) S$ait z)>zivdrni pidr[ pi(Lyiai[n) vμc[ UB[l) s&rFnn) d[r)mi>Y)

nd)mi> tNie gy[l&> (s>d*r r>³yi s&rFnni fLin) Si[FY) Yiy C[. pi(Lyini[ Birt)y s>AkZ(t

an[ pr>pri siY[ at*T niti[ rh[vi piÀyi[ C[.ai s>dB[< jymÃl prmir kh[ C[ :

''pi(Lyia[ l[iks>AkZ(tni p\(t(n(F an[ a](thi(sk s>Si[Fnni a(Bl[Ki[ C[.aF&<>

li[ksi(hRy ti[ pi(Lyi aispis rciy&> C[.a[ni s>Si[Fnn) ti[ hJ S$ait j Ye C[.pi(Lyi[

hJ li[ks>AkZ(tn&> Jv>t p\(tk C[.hJ j*ni pi(Lyin[ n]v[w Friy C[. nvin) AYipni Yiy C[

n[ j[m a[n[ t[l-(s>d*r, F*p-d)p Yiy C[, t[m GN) Xi(tai[ an[ k&Li[mi> pr·yi> pC) C[DiC[D)

337

a[ni S*rip&rini pi(Ly[ C*T[ C[. pi(Lyi[ a[ B*tkiL nY) bn) gyi[, pN li[kJvnni

s>Akirmi> hJ a[ni[ p\iN-Fbkir bi[l) rHi[ C[.""14

'l)l&D) Frt)"mi> pN l[Kk[ g\imjni[n) Fm<mi> aiAYi, a>F~¹Fi, miºyti an[

min(sktin&> (vp&l p\miNmi> viAt(vk (n$pN ky&<> C[. ai tmim bibti[ a[mni aicir-

(vcirmi> a[Tl) hd[ vNiy[l) C[ k[ t[ai[n&> aicrN a[mn) JvnS]l) bn) rh[vi pim[

C[.GN)vir a[ni aiGit-p\RyiGit a[mni Jvn upr pD[ C[.

(grnir prn) kiLki mitin) sitm) T*>k[Y) vP<mi> a[k j vir g&>disr gimmi> aivti

m[lD)ni upisk G*G(ryibivin&> aigmn Yiy C[.vrsid pDti[ nY) Ryir[ a[n&> kirN

G*G(ryi[bivi[ n)c[ p\miN[ aip[ C[ :''tmiri upr ti[ m[lD) ki[p) C[... an[ e m[lD)n&> mi[Q&>

g&>dihrn) ØÆyimi> C[...aiKi gim pr n(h, p*>C an[ m*>C .. upr Bir pDS[.""15 ai upri>t

a[ j svir[ p>ckmi> j p>ciNBiBi[ mZRy& pimS[. ai smAyini[ uk[l s*cvti a[ kh[ C[ k[

Grn) dr[k mi[T) Äy(kt d)q svi svi pvil&> Gu>ni[ K)cDi[ ri>F) m[lD)min) d[r)a[ zirv) pDS[

an[ a[ni kh[vi p\miN[ g&>disrni g\imjni[ m[lD)ni[ ki[p d*r krvi si>j[ ni(Ly[r, c*>dD),

mi[(Dyi[ vg[r[ kiLkimitin[ Fr[ C[.jyir[ G*G(ryi[ bivi[ F*Nti[ hi[y C[ Ryir[ gimni[ ai[GDB*vi[

a[n) bij&mi> b[s) Dikl&> vgiDti[ hi[y C[.ai ai[GDB*vi (vP[ l[Kk n)c[ p\miN[ mi(ht) aip[

C[.

''ai ai[GDBiBi[ g&>disrni[ siv<j(nk B*vi[ hti[.gimmi> ki[en[ zpT j[v&>>>>>> hi[y, ki[e

nvi[Qin[ a[n) aigl) Si[k nDt) hi[y, ki[en[ kimN$mN Yyi> hi[y, ki[en) srmi> (jnit-

K(vs aivti> hi[y, ki[eni (ptZai[ $qyi> hi[y, ki[eni Grmi> ri[j sip n)kLti hi[y Ryir[

rti>FLi[ ai[GDBiBi[ a[n&> cir diykin&> j*n&> Dikl&> vgiDti[ n[ F*Nnir miNsn[ svil-jvib

krti[.""16

338

g&>disr gimni li[ki[mi> a[v) miºyti ht) k[ G*G(ryi bivini Sr)rmi> sixit m[lD)

aiv[ C[.gimli[ki[ vt) ai[GDB*vi[ F*Nti bivin[ m[lD)ni ki[pn&> kirN p*C[ C[, Ryir[ G*G(ryiLi[

GTAfi[T kr[ C[ k[ ''ai gim[ mn[ aBDiv) C[.""17p\Åni[_ir) aigL cil[ C[: mi ! ci[²K&f*l

nim piD) d)yi[.ki[N[ tmn[ aBDiÄyi> ? a[ p\Åni[_ir)ni a>t[ hidi pT[lni mZt p&#i gi[brn)

gB<vt) pRn) s>t& upr 'aji·yi> ai[Fin" rHi>ni[ an[ a[v) 'pipN)"a[ pi[tini Yinkn[

aBDiÄyi>ni[ aix[p Yiy C[. pi[tin) p(v#iti si(bt krvi miT[ s>t&a[ kkLti t[ln) kDiemi>

pi[tini hiY bi[Lvi pD[ C[.ai upri>t gimmi>Y) ki[e g*m Ye jiy C[ Ryir[ pN a[ni sgD

m[Lvvi ai[GDB*vini[ s>pk< krvimi> aiv[ C[.

hidi pT[lni K[trmi> a[k st)min) d[r) aiv) C[.hidi pT[l v>Spr>prigt ai

Yinkni 'gi[(qyi" C[. Jvnni tmim mh_vni (nN<yi[ an[ mnn) m*>zvNn&> (nrikrN st)mi

smx diNi ji[[e liv[ C[.gimni li[ki[ simiºy r)t[ s>tin s&KiY[< st)min) minti riKti

an[ a[ eμCi p*N< Yti Yinkmi> pi[t[ min[l) minti m&jb C_ir cQivti.

s>tin(vyi[gmi> s>t& gi>D) Ye jiy C[ Ryir[ li[ki[ min[ C[ k[ t[n[ miY[ mitini rY fr)

gyi C[ ti[ ki[ek min[ C[ k[ a[ni v[r)a[ j njr ni>K) C[ an[ ki[en) zi[DzpTmi> aiv) ge

C[. hrK an[ ujmn[ ajviL) kik) upr vh[m jiy C[, kirNk[ ajviL)n) mi lK&

m[l)(vwi jiNt) ht) an[ t[Y) j t[ mi pis[ virsimi> m[l)(vwi S)K) hi[v) ji[ea[.jyir[

ai[GDB*vi[ pN gi>Di[ Ye jiy C[ Ryir[ pN gimli[ki[ aivi j tk<-(vtk< kr[ C[.

p*ri> bir vP< pC) pN d[vS) piCi[ n aivti t[ mr) prviyi[< C[ a[m min) a[ni

nimni aDdni p*tLi>n[ a(³ndih aipvimi> aiv[ C[ an[ t[n&> ~i¹F pN krvimi> aiv[

C[.aikiSmi> aPiQ) b)j Ug[ C[. a[ni dS<n krvi gim aiK&> pidrmi> umT[ C[.gimni

an&Bv) Di[si>Dgri> (jXisiY) 'b)jmivD)"ni dS<n krvi bhir n)kL[ C[. c>Wn&> Dib&> pi>(Ky&>

339

U>c& C[ k[ jmN>& pi>(Ky&>, a[n&> avli[kn krvimi> aiv[ C[ t[mj nx#ii[n) (AY(t siY[ a[ni[ m[L

m[Lv) jiNkir n)c[ p\miN[ aigih) kr[ C[.

''ai[N sil ti[ Cp(nyin[y ai>T[ a[vi[ kiL pDS[ !""18

gim aiK&> uGiD[ pg[ an[ uGiD[ miY[ m[Grijini mnimNi> krvi ai[zt ki>q[ a[kq&> Yiy

C[.p\iY<niai[ krvimi> aiv[ C[, rimF*n gij[ C[, an[ Bjni[ gviy C[.

'Äyijni[ virs"mi> minv>t)n[ GNi vPi[< bid s>tin avtrti Ú[P) an[ ePi<L& JvN

t[n[ ji[vi miT[ aiv[ C[ Ryir[ minv>t)n) nN>d amrt vh[m s[v[ C[ :

''kiLm*ai[> JvNi[ Grmi> aDdni bikLi ti[ nY) v[rti[ jti[ n[?Grni birsiK upr

kyi>k m>tr[li di[riFigi>ti[ nY) bi>F) jti[ n[ ?""19ti[ ti[ biLkn&> mZRy& n)pj[ ! t[Y) amrt

Dibl)mi>Y) c)>Yr) kiQ)n[ a[mi> C*piv[l sit gi>qviLi[ di[r[i len[ ai[sr)n) birsiKn[ Ti[Dl[

bi>F[ C[.j[Y) birsiK[ ki[ea[ m>tr[li di[ri>-Figi> bi>¹yi hi[y k[ Grmi> aDdni diNi> f[>kyi hi[y

ti[ pN t[n) kS) j (vpr)t asr n Yiy. aim pN amrt mint) ht) k[ minv>t) BiB)n)

k*K s)v) l[nir b)j&> ki[e n(h pN kiLm&K) JvNSin) vh& r(Lyit j ht). amrtn[ vF&mi>

Dr C[ k[ minv>t)n[ li>bi smy pC) p&#ijºm Yyi[ C[ t[Y) kdic a[ a(Bminmi> f&lie jiy

an[ a[ni ns)bmi> p&#i n smiy. t[Y) t[ 'jri hiAyiApd lig[ a[v) pN GN) Bivnis*ck

(v(F" kr[ C[.f(Lyin) gmiNn[ K*N[ jri ukrDi> j[v&> hi[y C[ Ryi> biLkn[ xN miT[ s*vDiv)n[

svi pvil&> j&vir Ryi> m*k)n[ bdlimi> biLkn[ piC&> upiD) l[ C[. ‘ai ti[ amn[ ukrD[Y) rtn

jDy&> C[ bie!’20 a[m bi[lt) amrt hiYmi> biLkn[ len[ minv>t)ni Ki[Limi> m*k[ C[.

m(Dyi a[mn) nvlkYia[imi> g\imjni[n) ~¹Fi, a>F~¹Fin&> (n$pN kr[ C[ ti[

'S[viLni Stdl" j[v) nvlkYimi> S(kt s>p\diy an[ mh>t ä(Pk[SJni ai~mi[mi> Fm<n)

aiDmi> aicrvimi> aivti Äy(Bcir an[ (vkZt vZ(_iai[n[ pN K&Ãl) piD[ C[.aivi s>p\diyi[mi>

340

g\imjni[ (vS[P ti[ ~mJv) ki[mi[ a>F~¹FiB[r ji[Diy C[ an[ mh>ti[n) mni[(vkZ(tai[ni[ Bi[g

bn[ C[.Birtni Fi(m<k p(rv[Sn&> ai pN a[k kd$p&> pis&> C[ j[ni upr m(Dyi p\kiS piDyi

(vni rh[ti nY).

{2} m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYia[[imi> m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ :

hiD)<a[ a[mn) biÃyivAYi dr(myin a[mni vtn Di[rs[Tni g\iÀy(vAtiri[mi> ujviti

uRsvi[ an[ m[Liai[ (nhiÇyi hti>.a[ uRsvi[ an[ m[Liai[a[ a[mni biLmins upr a[k

r>g)n an[ kiÃp(nk d&(nyin) Bit t]yir kr) ht) an[ a[ a(vAmrN)y Bit a[mn)

nvlkYiai[mi> v[s[ksni g\iÀyJvnni a[k piV<B* tr)k[ aiv[ C[.a[ cmRki(rk an[ cLkti

piV<B*mi> v[s[ksni g\imjni[ uRsvi[ ujv[ C[, m[Liai[mi> mhil[ C[, an[ ain>dp\mi[d kr[ C[.

g\iÀy(vAtiri[mi> ujviti ai p\kirni m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ a[mn[ a[mni kqi[r an[ sKt

p(r~mY) Br[li Jvnmi> riht an[ tijg) p*ri> piD[ C[. mni[r>jn upri>t ai p\kirni

m[Liai[mi> F>Fik)y l[vDd[vD, ri[jgir), Kr)d-v[ciN j[vi aºy h[t&ai[ pN (s¹F krvimi>

aiv[ C[.aqvi(Dyini a[k (dvs[ ki[e gimmi> Briti ai p\kirni m[Liai[ a>g\[Jmi> ‘weekly

fair" tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[. jyir[ g&jrit)mi> a[n[ miT[ 'hiT" S¾d p\yi[jiy C[.

a[s.p).p&nil[kr g\iÀy(vAtiri[mi> Briti hiTni ud`Bv (vS[ (vS[P mi(ht) aipti jNiv[ C[ :

''v[pir)ai[ upri>t k[Tli>k kir)gri[ pN ai(dvis)ai[ni gimDi>ai[mi> jti.a>drni

Bigmi> aiv[li ai (vAtiri[mi> t[ai[ bLdgiDi>mi> aYvi pg[ cil)n[ jti. ai jniriai[

nini Sh[rni aYvi (vk(st gimDi>ni rh)Si[ hti.m)q&>. msili>, kipD an[ Fit&ni> Gr[Ni>

j[v) vAt&ai[ t[ai[ ai(dvis) p\d[Smi> F>Fi[ krvi le jti.Ryi> jen[ ai v[pir)ai[ ai

vAt&ai[ni[ si[di[ anij, fLi[, vºy p[diSi[ tYi k[Tl)k vir px)ai[ni bdlimi> krti. a>drni

341

p\d[Sni ai(dvis)ai[ t[mj ai v[pir)ai[ vμc[ niNi>ni[ Äyvhir n hti[.ai Ye lgBg

150-200 vP< ph[li>n) vit.

j[m j[m vPi[< v)tti gyi t[m t[m ai f[r) frniri v[pir)ai[ an[ kir)gri[ upr vFir[

n[ vFir[ aiFir riKti Yyi.pi[tin) K[tp[diSi[ an[ vºyp[diSi[ Kr)d[ a[vi ki[ekn) ai

ai(dvis)ai[n[ pN j$r ht) j.jyir[ ai avl>bn v¹y&>, jyir[ ai v[pir)ai[n[ li³y&> k[

pi[tini ri[kiNn&> an[ p\yRni[n&> sir&> vLtr mL[ C[ Ryir[ ai v[pir)ai[ an[ ai(dvis)ai[n)

prAprn) j$(ryitn[ s>ti[Pniri hiT a(AtRvmi> aiÄyi. ai f[r) krniri v[pir)ai[ a>dr a>dr

B[gi> Yyi an[ ki[e a[k ci[kks gimmi> aqvi(Dyini ki[e a[k ci[Ês (dvs[ mLvin&> nkk)

ky&<>.""21

k[ATrb\)jmi> aqvi(Dyini dr S(nvir[ hiT Briy C[.aispisni g\iÀy(vAtirni

tmim K[D*ti[ ai hiTmi> B[gi> Yiy C[.ai hiTmi> t[ai[ F>Fik)y cci<ai[ kr[ C[, a[mni pikni

nm*niai[ a[kb)ji>n[ btiv[ C[, Kr)d-v[ciNmi> rkzk kr[ C[.kZ(P-(vPyk mi(ht) an[

smicirn) aipl[ miT[ ai hiTmi> hijr) aipv) a(nviy< bn[ C[. biYS[bi an[ bi[ÃDv&D

pN dr S(nvir[ ai hiTmi> ac*kpN[ hijr rh[ C[.ai j kZ(tmi> aºy a[k (v(SOT p\kirni

m[Lini[ uÃl[K krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[ j[ vP<mi> a[k j vir k[ATrb\)jmi> Briy C[.ai m[Li[

'hiring fair" tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[.j[mi> tmim p\kirni mj*ri[ an[ kir)gri[ pi[tpi[tini kiy<

an[ kiy<xmti p\miN[n) ri[jgir) m[Lvvi B[gi> Yiy C[. g\)nh)l Kit[ a[k 'sheepfair"

tr)k[ ai[LKiti[ aºy a[k vi(P<k m[Li[ Briy C[.ai m[Limi> G[Ti>a[in&> Kr)d-v[ciN Yiy C[.

ai m[Limi> d*r d*rni a>tr[Y) BrviDi[ pi[tini G[Ti>ai[ni Ti[Li> siY[ umT) pD[ C[.ai m[Limi>

(S>gDiviLi, (S>gDi vgrni, lil, k¸Ye a[m tmim p\kirn) nslni G[Ti>ai[ mL) rh[ C[.

(Bºn(Bºn p\kirni $pr>g Frivti G[>Tia[i B[gi> Yti a[ m[Limi> a[k r>g)n an[ ad`B*t ØÆy

342

KD&> Yiy C[. m[Lia[i upri>t kZPki[ni uRsvi[ an[ r)t-(rviji[n&> vN<n pN hiD)< ai kZ(tai[mi>

kr[ C[. j[mk[ G[Ti>ai[n&> Un utiyi< bid K[trni mi(lk oiri mj*ri[ni mni[r>jn miT[ a[k

(mjbin)n&> aiyi[jn krvimi> aiv[ C[. a[ j p\miN[ kipN) p*r) Yyi bid pN nZRyni[ kiy<k\m

riKvimi> aiv[ C[ an[ (mjbin) gi[qvvimi> aiv[ C[. '(k\sms piT)<" pN v[s[ksni

g\iÀyp(rv[Sn&> m&²y aikP<N C[.ai piT)< dr(myin g\imjni[ g)t giy C[, nZRy kr[ C[, a[

di$n) mh[(fli[mi> aiKi vP<ni[ Yik utir[ C[.' F r)Tn< ai[f F n[T)v"mi> 'giy fi[ks D["

nimni th[virni[ uÃl[K krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[. a[ th[virn) r)t[ a[³Dn h)Yni li[ki[ ziD)-

zi>Krin) Y¼p)ai[ gi[qv) a[n[ sLgiv[ C[. ai p\kirn) hi[L) a[³Dn h)Yni aºy (vAtir[imi>

pN sLgt) ji[vi mL[ C[. a[ hi[L)ni aiFir[ a[ kyi (vAtirmi> sLg[ C[ a[ pN nÊ) kr)

Skiy C[.'Gun powder plot" n) AmZ(tmi> ai p\kirn) hi[L) sLgivvini[ a[³Dn h)Y upr

(rvij C[.pr>t& ai (rvij DZeD an[ s[ksn aicir-(vcir siY[ pN s>b>F Friv[ C[. t[mj

d&:K an[ mZRy&ni d*t smi (SyiLi sim[ minv)ni (vri[F an[ vi>Fini p\(tk tr)k[ pN ai

hi[L) sLgivvimi> aiv[ C[.'T[s ai[f D'ab<r(vÃs"mi> mirli[T gimni j>gli[ F)m[ F)m[ niS

pim) rHi hti>. pr>t& k[Tl)k j*n) p\Yiai[ an[ pr>priai[ cil& rh[vi pim) C[. ji[ k[ t[mi> pN

Yi[Di> GNi> p(rvt<ni[ aiÄyi C[.j[m k[ 'The May Day" nimni[ uRsv hv[ 'Club-

walking" ni nim[ ujviy C[.ai uRsv simiºy r)t[ y&vini[ miT[ vF& rsp\d si(bt Yiy

C[.gimn) y&vin kºyiai[ a[k srGs kiQ[ C[ an[ a[mi> nZRy krti krti aigL vF[ C[.a[

nZRymi> mi#i gimn) kºyiai[ j Big l[ C[.'m[yr ai[f k[ATrb\)j"mi> a[k 'national

event"n) vit aiv[ C[, j[mi> smg\ ngrni li[ki[ uRsihB[r Big l[vini hi[y C[.h[ºciD< ai

uRsvn) ujvN) piCL p&OkL p]si Kc[< C[ an[ a[n) tDimir t]yir) S$ kr[ C[ :

''He advertised about the town, in long posters of a pink colour, that

games of all sorts would take place here; and set to work a little battalion of

343

men under his own eye. They erected greasy-poles for climbing, with

smoked hams and local cheese at the top.They placed hurdles in rows for

jumping over; across the river they laid a slippery pole, with a live pig of the

neighbourhood tied at the other hand, to become the property of the man

who could walk over and get it.There were also provided wheelbarrows for

racing, donkeys for the same, a stage for boxing, wrestling, and drawing

blood generally; sacks for jumping in. Moreover, not forgetting his

principles, Henchard provided a mammoth tea, of which everybody who

lived in the borough was invited to partake without payment.The tables were

laid parallel with the inner slope of the rampart, and awnings were stretched

overhead.""22

hiD)<n) nvlkYia[imi> aivti m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ simiºy g\imjni[ni sm*h miT[

mi#i mn[ir>jnn&> mi¹ym p*$> piD[ C[.pr>t& ai m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[mi> bnt) GTniai[

nvlkYin) viti<mi> an[ m&²y pi#ii[ni Jvnmi> mh_vni vLi>ki[ liv[ C[.j[m k[ c[sbri[mi>

T[sn) bh[npN)ai[ a[mni (m#i siY[ nZRymi> ri[kiti an[ mi[D) ri#i[ aºy y&vt) siY[ T[sni[

g>B)r zGDi[ Yti> a[N[ a[l[k siY[ Gr[ piCi frv&> pD[ C[.an[ mig<mi> a[l[k a[kltini[ liB

le T[s upr bLiRkir kr[ C[. v[Dn-p\iyrni m[Limi> h[ºciD< rmn&> s[vn kr[ C[ an[ nSimi>

F*t bn) ºy&snn[ pi[tin) pRn) s&sin v[c) d[ C[.k[ATrb\)jn) hiTmi> biYS[bi p\Ymvir

bi[ÃDv&Dn[ j&a[ C[ an[ bi[ÃDv&D[ a[n) hijr)n) ni[>F n l[ti a[ni[ ahm Gviy C[.'g\)nh)l"

Kit[ Briy[li 'sheep- fair" ni a[k srksmi> mZt mniti[ T^i[y piCi[ fr[ C[. srksmi> jyir[

a[ C*piv[S[ K[l krti[ hi[y C[ Ryir[ p[n)v[z a[n[ ai[LK) jiy C[. (k\sms piT)<mi> bi[ÃDv&D

T^i[yn[ qir mir[ C[.a[k uRsvn) ujvN)mi> Big l[vi y&AT[(syi eAT a[³Dn jiy C[ jyi>

a[n) m&likit (vÃD)v siY[ Yiy C[.t[ y&AT[(syin[ p[r)s le jvin) eμCi Äykt kr[ C[ an[ a[

344

lilc[ y&AT[(syi (vÃD)v siY[ fr) s>Di[viy C[.r)Dlm[n y&AT[(syin[ (vÃD)vn) s>giY[ Gr[ piC)

frti ji[e jiy C[. hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ a[ r)t[ rj* Yiy C[ k[ j[n[

miT[ g\imjni[ adÀy aikP<N an&Bv[ C[. Bl[ n[ pC) a[ aikP<N ki[e akAmitmi> p(rNm[.

upri[kt tmim GTniai[ hiD)<ni pi#ii[ni Jvnmi> g>B)r akAmiti[ sj[< C[. vF&mi> m[Liai[

an[ uRsvi[ mi#i r>g)n piV<B* tr)k[ n aivti m&²y viti<p\vihni mh_vni a>g tr)k[ rj*

Yiy C[. siY[ siY[ v[s[ksn) g\iÀys>AkZ(tni[ p(rcy p\i¼t Yiy a[ ti[ Kr&> j.

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ :

m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ len[ g&jrit K*b jiN)t&> C[.g&jritn) dr[k uRsvi[, th[viri[n[

ujvvin) r)t pN (nriL) C[. vP<mi> Yi[Di> Yi[Di> smyni ai>tr[ aivti uRsvi[ an[ a[n)

siY[ s>kLiy[li m[Liai[ jnJvnn[ Fbkt&> riK[ C[.simiºy r)t[ j[ uRsvi[ an[ m[Liai[

ujvvimi> aiv[ C[ a[n) piCL ki[en[ ki[e Fi(m<k aiAYi rh[l) hi[y C[.t[Y) j mi[T[Big[

gimY) Yi[D[ d*r ki[e m>(dr j[vi Fm<AYinn) aispis m[Li Briti hi[y C[.aivi AYLi[a[

yi[jiti m[Liai[mi> mi[T) jnm[dn) umT) pDt) hi[y C[. a[k p\kirn) b)bi>QiL J>dg)mi>

aivi m[Liai[ li[ki[ miT[ uRsih an[ um>g Br) d[niri hi[y C[. g&jritmi> g\imjni[ miT[

m[Lin&> mh_v dSi<vti Diƒ. hs&tib[n s[diN) lK[ C[ :

''ai li[km[Lia[i g&jritmi> q[rq[r vPi[<Y) Ujviti aiÄyi C[.vPi[< ph[li> aij[ C[

a[vi mni[r>jnni siFni[ shj-p\i¼y n hti>. vihn-Äyvhirni> siFni[ n hti. li[ki[n[

Jvn-j$(ryitn) vAt&ai[ni[ li>bi[ smy s>g\h krvini> siFni[ pN n hti> a[Tl[ vir-

th[vir[ yi[jiti aivi li[km[Liai[ a[mn[ mni[r>jn upri>t hTiN&> krvini> AYL, siFn tr)k[

pN K**b mh_vni hti. li[km[Lin&> ai mh_v j*ni jminimi> j[Tl&> ht&> a[Tl&> hJ pN rH&>

345

C[.aRyir[ vihn-Äyvhirni> siFni[-sgvDi[ v¹yi C[ Cti> g\imp\d[Sni li[ksm&diy miT[

m[Liai[a[ a[n&> asl aikOi<N sicv) ri²y&> C[.""23

(v(vF th[viri[ni (dvsi[mi> j&d)-j&d) j³yia[ m[Lia[i Briy C[.(vS[P kr)n[ si]riOT^mi>

ti[ m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ ujvvin) aigv) pr>priai[ cil) aiv[ C[.aivi li[km[Liai[ an[

uRsvi[mi> Ryi>n) p\jin) s>AkZ(t, JvnS]l) Äykt Yt) ji[vi mL[ C[.uRsvi[n&> si>AkZ(tk m*Ãy

dSi<vti Diƒ. amZt ri(N>gi lK[ C[ :

''g\imJvn siY[ uRsvi[ giQ r)t[ s>kLiy[li C[. t[ni ail[Kn oiri g\imsmijn)

Bi]gi[(lk, si>AkZ(tk an[ simi(jk (vS[Ptiai[ p\gT Yiy C[.""24

a[ a[k a[v) B*(m C[ jyi> ki[epN jitni B[dBiv vgr bFi> B[gi> mL[ C[.ris,

Bjn-(kt<nn) rmzT cil[, siF&-s>ti[ni[ smigm an[ sRs>g Yiy, Ryi> p\[m)jni[ni (mln

Yiy, ji[bn (hli[L[ cD[, li[kJvnn) an[k kliai[ Ryi> ji[vi mL[ C[.j&di> j&di> (vAtirni an[

(v(vF ki[mni li[ki[ B[gi> mL) uRsvn) mji l[ C[. t[mi> p\At&t Yti> risDi>, Bjni[ an[ d&hi

si]riOT^n) smZ¹F li[kS(ktni[ p(rcy kriv[ C[. p\jin) kliS(kt an[ li[ks>Akiri[n&> p\gT)krN

aivi m[Liai[mi> Yiy C[.p\jini[ (mjij, rh[N)-krN), klin) s*z vg[r[ni[ aiC[ri[ p(rcy

aipNn[ aivi m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[mi>Y) mL) aiv[ C[.m(Dyia[ pN pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi>

hi[L), B)m a(gyirs, gi[k&L aiqmni[ m[Li[, vrs) tpni pirNi>, vivN), urs vg[r[ m[Liai[

an[ uRsvi[n&> ail[Kn ky&<> C[.

'Äyijni[ virs" mi> l[Kk m)>gi[Li gimn) Frt) upr nd)n[ ki>q[ kb\Atin nJk

aiv[l) drgihni mi]l&Si p)rni ursni (dvs[ Briti m[Lini[ Jv>t (ctir aip[ C[.nd)n[

bºn[ ki>q[ GTiTi[p t>b&ai[ an[ rivT)ai[ Ug) n)kL[ C[. d[Sd[Sivrni v[pir)ai[ ah)> m[Limi>

d&kini[ ni>K[ C[.(Bºn-(Bºn p\i>tni kir)gri[ pi[tpi[tini ksbn) c)ji[ a(h> v[cvi aiv[ C[.

346

amdivid) r>gr[ji[ C[, s&rt) jr) Brtni ksb)ai[ C[, lKni[]ni Fit&kimni kr)gri[ C[, likDi>

an[ pRYrmi>Y) ki[trkim krnir (SÃp)ai[ pN C[. piTNni pTi[Li>, kμCn) ajrK, ngrn)

bi>FN), (Shi[rni> visNi[, Fi[riJni Qi[(lyi md&Fni rmkDi> bF&> j a(h> v[civi aiv[

C[.p)rni[ urs hi[vi Cti> (hºd& v[pir)ai[ an[ kir)gri[ pN aimi> hrKB[r Big l[

C[.hiYcilik) an[ jid&m>trni K[l kr) jiNnir gi[r bji(Nyi[ C[, a>g ksrtni p\yi[g

krnir K[liD)ai[ C[, ti[ px)ai[ vg[r[n) bi[l)n) nkl kr) jiNnir uAtidi[ pN C[.m[Limi>

a[k K**N[ aQ) f*T U>ci[ pcis vrsni[ (BKir) C[, aib[h*b miNs j[vi mi[Qi>viLi[ a[k vi>dri[

C[, an[ a[k C[D[ di[Q miYiviLi[ bLd pN C[. j[ni pgmi> liKi[n) (mlkt aiLi[T[ C[ a[vi

lÈm)n>dni[ pN ai m[Limi> pFir[ C[, ti[ b)J bij& T*kDi[ ri[T) miT[ kliki[ s&F) kÄvil)ai[ni

briDi K[>cnir a>F fk)ri[ pN aiv[ C[.nd)n[ bºn[ ki>q[ UBi kriy[li t>b&ai[mi> gi(ykiai[ni

tviyf utr[ C[.(dÃh) j[Tl[ d*r d*rn[ AYL[Y) ²yitnim gi(ykiai[ a(h> aiv[ C[.simTi>

t>b&ai[mi>Y) s>BLiti sir>g)ni Avri[ a[krs Yen[ vitivrNn[ aih`lidk bniv[ C[. nd)ni

KLK(Lyi p\vihni[ hLvi[ klkl avij pN ai sir>g)-s*ri[ siY[ m]#i) siF) rh[

C[.'S[viLni Stdl" mi> jºmiOTm)ni migniYni m[Lin&> vN<n m(Dyia[ ky&>< C[ :

''ai[ztn[ uprvis migniYn&> m>(dr ht&>. ai AYL rmN)y ht&> a[Tli miT[ j n(h,

pN Ryi> #iN p>Ykni[ (#iB[Ti[ hti[ t[Y) ai j³yia[ prip*v<Y) m[Li[ Briti[ aivti[ hti[.#iN[

p>Ykni v[pir)ai[, kir)gri[, ksb)ai[, gi[D bji(Nyiai[, nT-nTvi, biviai[, siF&ai[,

migN-(BKir) tYi at)t-a¿yisgt sh&n[ ai AYL[ a[kqi> Yvimi> s&gmti rh[t) an[ t[Y)

j, aiTaiTli p>Ykmi> sick an[ hjrihj&r gNiti migniY mhid[vn) C#iCiyi tL[ ai

m[Li[ Brit[i.""25

347

''m[Li[ q)kq)kni[ jiÀyi[ hti[.m[Li miT[ nd)ni[ pT mi[kLi[ kr) aipvi j jiN[ k[

mdmit) ai[ztn&> vh[N kmrmi>Y) lckt) s&>dr)n) j[m aiC[ri[ vLi>k le gy&> ht&> an[

ckckti v[kriviL) hi[¾b[S j³yi fijl piD) aip) ht).ah)> tr[htr[hn) c)jvAt&ai[n)

d&kini[ pD) ht). a[k bij& KiN)p)N)n) hi[Tli[ nKie ht), b)J bij&a[ (v(vF mni[r>jn

p)rsit&> ht&>, a[mi> (v(vF gimi[n) Bjn m>DL)ai[Y) mi>D)n[ avi<c)n Cti> hJ p\iY(mk

avAYini (sn[min) pN ji[gvie ht).""26

'l)l&D) Frt)" mi> l[Kk hi[L)ni (dvsi[mi> rmit) ni(Ly[rn) (v(vF rmti[n&> (n$pN kr[

C[. Dibi hiYn) m*q) vD[ ni(Ly[r Bi>gv&>, pgni fNi upr ni(Ly[r m*k)n[ p>dr Gi a[

g&>disrni zi>p[Y) ai[ztni BÀm(ryi F*nimi> niK) aivv&>. ni(Ly[r pr C vir ki[N) mir)n[

ki[pr&> kiQv&>, ti[ a[n[ a¹Fr uliL)n[ 'a[ni[ gi[Li[ r[Dv) d[vin)" Cti> a[mi>Y) C*Ti> piDnir

ki[pri>ni[ gi[Ti[ siv akb>F riKvi[ t[mj gimni zi>p[Y) q[q (grnir upr aiv[l) a>biJn)

#i)J $k s&F) cir hjir Gia[ ni(Ly[r phi[>ciD) d[v&> vg[r[ Srti[ an[ rmti[ g&>disr gimni

li[ki[ rm[ C[. kZPki[ miT[ B)m a(gyirsn&> pv< Kis mh_v Friv[ C[.aiKi g&>disr gimmi> ai

uRsvni[ uRsih vti<y C[. ai (dvs[ K[D*ti[ viD)mi> ki[S mi>Dti nY), kir)gr vg< ai (dvs[

d&kini[ uGiDti[ nY) kirNk[ aPiQ mismi> aivti ai uRsvn[ K[D*ti[ vrsidni a[>FiN$p gN[

C[ an[ t[Y) a[ (dvs[ li[ki[ K[trmi> nv) vivN) miT[ni vrsidn) rih ji[ti> b[s) rh[ C[. mi#i

vir-th[vir[ G)ni[ Avid ciK) Sknir li[ki[ a[ (dvs[ piS[r-di[Q piS[r G) (gFin) hiTD)a[Y)

ji[Kiv) jiy C[ an[ aiK&> vP< j&vir- bijri upr j g&jiri[ krniri gr)bi[ aij[ m)q&> Fin

ri>Fvi pil)- b[pil) Gu> Kr)d[ C[.

m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> pN m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ dr(myin k[Tl)k mh_vn) GTniai[

bn[ C[.j[m k[ 'Äyijni[ virs"mi> ursmi>Y) piCi> frti mFrit[ (rKvn) hRyi Yiy

348

C[.migniYni m[Limi> k>k& d&rb)nviL&> (sn[mi j&a[ C[.''a[ r)t[ k>k&ni (c_in&> minsSiA#i)y

p(rvt<n m(Dyia[ m[Lini s>dB<mi> ail[²y&> C[. k>k&n) aiv) (c_iivAYin[ kirN[ d[vS) siY[ni

t[ni d[h s>b>Fn) B*(mki b>Fiy C[.ai m[Lini p\s>g siY[ d[vS) pN s>kLiy[li[ C[. t[n)

nitriÇy p*nm ai m[Limi>Y) lig ji[en[ drdig)ni n[ ri[kD siY[ nis) jiy C[.aiY) d[vS)

G*vD j[vi[ g*ms*m Ye jiy C[.aim, migniYni[ m[Li[ d[vS) an[ k>k&ni Bi(v Jvnn)

GTniai[ miT[ p)(qki$p bn[ C[.""27 ai upri>t ni(Ly[rn) rmt dr(myin mi>DNni[ hiY kpiy

C[ an[ B)m a(gyirsni (dvs[ hidi pT[lni[ prbt mZRy& pim[ C[. aim, uRsvi[ an[ m[Liai[

kZ(tni a[k a(nviy< a>g tr)k[ kYi (vkismi> pi[tini[ fiLi[ aip[ C[; an[ kYimi> tiNi>

viNi>n) j[m g*>Yie jiy C[..

{3} li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t :

dr[k d[S-p\d[Sn&> pi[tin&> aigv&> li[kg)t an[ s>g)t hi[y C[.k>qAY si(hRymi> pr>priY)

utr) aiv[li li[kg)tmi> j[ t[ p\d[Sn) s>AkZ(tn) si[Dm p\gT Yt) hi[y C[. g)tni[ Biv an[

s>g)tni[ s*r a[km[kni pi[Pk an[ p*rk hi[y C[. Avr an[ S¾di[ni s>yi[gY) uRpºn Yt)

s>v[dni a[kb)ji> vμc[ BiviRmk a[kti an[ rigiRmkti AYi(pt kr[ C[.dr[k p\d[Sni

li[kg)ti[mi> t[ p\d[Sn) s>AkZ(t p\miN[ v](v¹y ji[vi mL[ C[. li[ks>g)tmi> kiÄy p\miN[ j[

li[kQiL nÊ) Yyi hi[y C[ t[ kyir[ pN li[kãdy bdlvi t]yir hi[t&> nY). g)ti[ pN Bivp*N<

an[ li[ks>g)tn) mF&rti jLviy t[vi j hi[y C[. g)ti[ni (vPyvAt&mi> li[ks>AkZ(t an[

s>sirni[ smg\ (ctir rj* Yti[ hi[y C[.diÀpRy an[ p\Ny, ki]T&>(bk s&K-d&:K, aiSi-aiki>xi,

B*tkiLn) a](thi(sk GTniai[, si>si(rk k$N r(sk t[mj hiAyr(sk bnivi[n) s>v[dny&kt

kYia[i, ät&ai[, th[viri[, pvi[<, kZ(PJvn, g\iÀyJvn, p\B&B(kt, pi]ri(Nk pi#ii[ni kYinki[,

bhirv(Tyini> prik\mi[, S*rv)ri[ni sihsi[, p\kZ(t bF&> j li[kg)ti[mi> BiviRmk Av$p[ Äykt

349

Yt&> hi[y C[.dr[k p\d[Sni li[kg)ti[mi> t[ p\d[Sn) dr[k Xi(tni> li[kbi[l)ni> p\ikZ(tk a[vi> ci[Ês

lh[ki an[ ci[Ês hlkdir vLi[T hi[y C[.p\Ry[k p\d[Sn&> AvrB>gn&> pN (nriL&>, ani[K&>

li(lRy hi[y C[.p\Ry[k g)tn[ (n(Vt til an[ ki[en[ ki[e rign) ApOT Ciyi ApS<t) hi[y C[.

lyn[ an&sir g)tn) p\isi(dkti, siv<j(nkti an[ s>Gs>v[dnn) Bivmyti a[ li[kg)t an[

li[ks>g)tn) mi[T) (s(¹F C[.

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t

a[k nvlkYikirmi> rh[l) k(vãdyn) s>v[dni (vS[ kml[S kÃri kh[ C[ :

''Every successful novelist must be more or less a poet, even though

he may never have written a line in verse. The quality of imagination is

absolutely indispensable to him : his accurate power of examining and

embodying human character and human passion as well as the external face

of nature, is not less essential, and the talent of describing well what he feels

with acuteness, add to the above requisites, goes to complete the poetic

character.""28

hiD)<mi> k(vãdyn) s>v[dni jgiDvimi> Jvnpy<>t a[mN[ si>BL[li g)t-s>g)tni[

(vS[P fiLi[ rh[vi piÀyi[ C[. hiD)<ni[ jºm an[ uC[r a[vi k&T&>b an[ smijmi> Yyi[ hti[ j[ni

upr g)t-s>g)tni[ (v(SOT p\Biv hti[.cc< hi[y k[ di$n&> p)q&> bF[ j s>g)t Cviy[l&>

rh[t&>.a[mni k&T&>bni s¿yi[ pN sk\)y s>g)tkir hti>. a[mni (pti an[ didi AYi(nk cc<n)

s>g)tm>DL)mi> viw vgiDti> hti, a[mni kiki a[k siri> viyi[l)n vidk hti>.a[mn) miti

p\s>gi[pit pr>prigt 'b[liD" giti rh[ti.hiD)< pi[t[ pN s>g)tn) s*z Frivti hti t[mj

viyi[l)n vgiD) jiNti hti.hiD)< pis[ g)t-s>g)tni[ (vp&l Kjini[ hi[vi Cti>, a[mN[ (vS[P

kr)n[ aºy g\imjni[n[ an&srti li[kg)ti[n) pr>pri upr j pi[tin&> ¹yin k[(ºWt ky&<>. hiD)<

350

viyi[l)n upr s[>kDi[ g)ti[ vgiD) Skti hti>.a[ upri>t pi[tini k&T&>b, gim an[ cc<mi>

Briti simi(jk m[LivDiai[mi> as>²y g)ti[ si>BLvini[ a[mn[ mi[ki[ mÇyi[.ai g\iÀy g)t-

s>g)tn) pr>prini piyi upr j hiD)<a[ pi[tin) si(h(Ryk ai[LK UB) kr)>.

pi[tini si(hRymi> li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t vN) len[ hiD)< a[mni g\iÀyp(rv[Sni[

s>g)tni[ virsi[ jiLvvini[ g>B)r p\yRn kr[ C[. a[mn) nvlkYia[ini pi#ii[ g)t-s>g)tni

mi¹ym Yk) pi[tini ãdyn) s>v[dniai[n) a(BÄy(kt kr[ C[, ti[ kyir[k ki[ek (v(SOT

s>v[dniai[n) an&B*(t pN kr[ C[. j[m k[ j*nn) a[k si>j[ T[s D[r)n) nJk aiv[li a[k

bg)cimi> lTir mirvi n)kL[ C[.Ryir[ a[ rsiL, Brivdir an[ l)li>Cm bg)cini pVidB*mi>

a[n[ hip<n&> s&mF&r s>g)t s>BLiy C[. a[n[ trt ²yil aiv) jiy C[ k[ a[ s*r C[Dnir aºy

ki[e n(h, pr>t& a[ºjl C[.T[sn[ ph[l[Y) j g)t-s>g)t p\Ry[ an[ri[ lgiv hi[y C[. t[Y) t[

trt j a[ºjl j[ j³yia[ hip< vgiDti[ hi[y C[ a[ trf K[>ciN an&Bv[ C[. a[ºjl oiri

C[Diy[li s>g)tni s*ri[ a[n[ Sir)(rk an[ min(sk r)t[ u_i[Jt kr[ C[ an[ T[s a[ºjl p\Ry[

aikP<<N an&Bv[ C[.

'T[s"mi> hiD)< GN)vir li[kg)tni[ a[vi[ p\(tkiRmk p\yi[g kr[ C[ k[ j[Y) T[sni[ B*tkiL

an[ vt<min s>ji[gi[ni[ a[k j smy[ s>k[t mL[. j[m k[ jyir[ T[s a[ni l³nni[ 'giun" k[vi[

ligS[ a[ ji[vi ar)si aigL UB) rh[ C[ Ryir[ a[n) miti (m(ss Db)<(fÃD j[ hilrD&> giti

a[ yid aiv[ C[:

''That never would become that wife that had once done amiss."" 29

a[ hilrDi>n) AmZ(tY) T[s a[ni B*tkiLn[ vt<min p(r(AY(t siY[ si>k[(tk r)t[ si>kL[

C[.a[ Dr an&Bv[ C[ k[ nvvF*ni a[ vA#ii[ a[ni[ r>g ti[ n bdl[ n[ ? a[ni[ (vVisGit ti[ n

kr[ n[ ?

351

firf\[ a[k k&SL v[pir) hi[vin) siY[ siY[ a[k siri[ giyk pN C[. k[ATrb\)jmi> t[ a[k

aji·yi> prd[S) tr)k[ p\v[S[ C[ an[ a[k AYi(nk hi[Tlmi> utr[ C[.a[n[ pi[tin&> Gr an[

pi[tini[ d[S yid aiv[ C[.Ryir[ t[ a[k g)t giy C[ :

''It's hame, and it's hame, hame fain would I be,

Oh hame, hame, hame to my ain countree!

There's an eye that ever weeps, and a fair face will be fain,

As I pass through Annan Water with my bonnie bands again;

When the flower is in the bud, and the leaf upon the tree

The lark shall sing me hame to my ain countree.!""30

bij&ni $mmi> ri[kiy[l) a[l)zib[Yn[ pN ai g)t K*b gm[ C[ an[ siY[ siY[ a[n[

firf\[n) g>B)r an[ BiviRmk p\kZ(tni[ pN p(rcy p\i¼t Yiy C[.

K[tri[mi> kipN)n&> kiy< p*N< Yyi bid biYS[bini Gr[ a[k (mjbin)n&> aiyi[jn Yiy

C[. bi[ÃDv&D pN a[ kiy<k\mmi> hijr) aip[ C[.KiN)-p)N) pt) gyi bid ki[gn a[k g)t

givin) S$ait kr[ C[ :

''I' ve lost my love, and I care not,

I've lost my love and I care not;

I shall soon have another

That's better than t'other ;

I've lost my love, and I care not.""31

ji[s[f p&arg\is pN a[k g)t giy C[.Ryirbid a[ kiy<k\mmi> up(AYt bFi> j

biYS[bin[ a[k g)t givini[ aig\h kr[ C[.biYS[bi g)t giy C[ an[ ai[k vi>sL) vgiD[ C[.

''For his bride a soldier sought her,

And a winning tongue had he :

352

On the banks of Allan Water

None was gay as she.""32

biYS[bini ai g)tmi> a[n) sij<ºT T^i[y siY[n) Bi(v m&likitn&> s*cn rh[l&> C[,

kirNk[ (mjbin)n) a[ rit[ j biYS[bi s*ti> ph[li> Qi[r-Qi>Kr, K[t)viD)n&> x[m-k&SL

tpisvi a[ni Grn) frt[ ai>Ti[ mirvi n)kL[ C[ Ryir[ a[n) T^i[y siY[ a(t aik(Amk an[

niTyiRmk m&likit Yiy C[.T^i[y siY[n) a[ m&likit biYS[bini Bi(vmi> mh_vni[ vLi>k

si(bt Yiy C[.

'aºDr F g\)nv&D T^)"mi> hiD)< cc<mi> gvit) '(hÀs"n) pr>pri aigL vFirvini[

p\yRn kr[ C[.t[ smyni g\iÀysmijmi> cc<mi> gvit) p\iY<nin) pr>pri p\c(lt ht) an[

g\imjni[ni Jvn upr a[ pr>prini[ U>Di[ p\Biv ji[vi mLti[ hti[.ai kZ(tmi> m[lATi[kn)

s>g)tm>DL) nitiln&> s>g)t vgiDvi gimmi> f[r) fr[ C[, a[n&> vN<n aiv[ C[, j[ni oiri

aipNn[ m[lATi[k gimmi> p\c(lt g)t-s>g)tn) p\Yi an[ pr>prini[ p(rcy p\i¼t Yiy C[.

$b[nni Gr[ s>g)tm>DL)ni s¿yi[ B[gi> Yiy C[.Yi[D) vitc)t kyi< bid t[ai[ f[r) frvi

miT[ t]yir Yiy C[.m>DL)ni vD)l s¿yi[a[ G[ri> r>gni Dgli> ph[yi<> hi[y C[ jyir[

j&vin)yiai[a[ V[t r>gni Dgli> ph[yi<> hi[y C[.t[ai[ gLimi> r>g)n $mil bi>F[ C[.s>g)tn)

Vr(l(pni p&Atki[n) gi[qvN) krvimi> aiv[ C[, an[ ke F*ni[ vgiDv) a[n) ps>dg) krvimi>

aiv[ C[.Ryirbid t[ai[ n)kL) pD[ C[. t[ai[ Gr[ Gr[ fr) s>g)t vgiD[ C[.Yi[Di> gimi[ fyi<> bid

t[ai[ m&²y gim trf aigL vF[ C[. rAtimi> s>g)tm>DL)ni s¿yi[ j[ vitc)t kr[ C[ a[ni

uprY) aipNn[ ²yil aiv[ C[ k[ a[mni a[ s>g)tn) pr>pri F)m[ F)m[ l&¼t Ye rh) C[.

kirN k[ a[mni g\iÀy(vAtirmi> 'm[lATi[kkviyr"a[ C[Ãl) s>g)tm>DL) rh) jvi pim)

C[.t>t&viwi[n) j³yi himi[<(nym j[vi aiF&(nk viwi[ le rHi C[.pr>t& a[ s>g)tm>DL) pi[tin&>

353

pr>prigt s>g)t cil& riKvin&> nÊ) kr[ C[.aim, frti> frti> t[ai[ a[k SiLini mkin pis[

aiv[ C[.Ryi> t[ai[ a[k F*n vgiD[ C[. a[ F*n (vS[ hiD)< lK[ C[ :

''Then passed forth into quiet night an ancient and timeworn hymn,

embodying a quaint Christianity in words orally transmitted from father to

son through several generations down to the present characters, who sang

them out right earnestly :

''Remeber Adam's fall ,

O thou Man :

Remember Adam's fall

From Heaven to Hell

Remeber Adam's fall;

How he hath condemn'd all

In Hell perpetual

There for to dwell.

Remember God's goodness.

O thou Man:

Remember God's goodness,

His promise made.

Remember God's goodness;

He sent His son sinless

Our ails for to redress;

Be not afraid!

In Bethlehem He was born,

354

O thou Man:

In Bethlehem He was born,

For mankind's sake.

In Bethlehem He was born,

Christmas-day i' the morn:

Our Saviour thought no scorn

Our faults to take.

Give thanks to God alway,

O thou Man:

Give thanks to God always

With heart-most joy.

Give thanks to God always

On this our joyful day :

Let all men sing and say,

Holy, Holy ! ""33

a[ (hm p*N< Yyi bid pN SiLini mkinmi>Y) ki[e p\(tBiv si>pDti[ nY). t[Y) t[ai[

a[k aºy F*n vgiD[ C[. a>t[ t[ai[ mi[Ti avij[ (k\smsn) S&B[μCi piqv[ C[ Ryir[ SiLini

mkinn) a[k bir)mi> p\kiS d[Kiy C[. a[k y&vin Ci[kr) bir) Ki[l[ C[.t[N[ V[t r>gni[ z¿Bi[

ph[yi[< hi[y C[. t[ni s>&dr viL a[ni KBi upr f[liy[li hi[y C[. a[ Ci[kr)n&> nim f[ºs) hi[y

C[ j[n) s&>drtiY) kYiniyk D)k a>jie jiy C[ an[ p\Ym Ø(OTa[ j a[ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[.

aim hiD)<n) mi[TiBign) nvlkYiai[mi> g)t-s>g)t p\Nyn) ligN)ai[n) an&B*(t

an[ a(BÄy(kt siY[ s>kLiy[l&> C[.a[mn) kZ(tai[mi> g)t-s>g)tni t_vi[n&> (m~N S&Ok

g\iÀyp(rv[Sni (n$pNn[ ri[ck, rsp\d an[ ri[m[(ºTk bniv[ C[.ai upri>t a[ s>g)t hiD)<n)

355

klikir an[ k(v tr)k[n) s>v[dnin[ pN h>m[S miT[ akb>F an[ slimt riK[ C[.aiY) j a[k

(vv[ck[ kH&> C[ k[ :

''this sensitiveness to melody ..... though he was no skilled musician,

remained with him through life...Hardy's 'sensitiveness' has been

immortalized through his cosistent use of music in his collection of poetry

and prose .""34

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t :

GNi> si(hRykiri[ gwni> j&di>j&di> si(hRyp\kiri[mi>-viti<, (nb>F, c(r#i, nvlkYi

vg[r[mi> pwni[ p\yi[g krti hi[y C[ Ryir[, shj j p\Ån Yiy C[ k[ gwni vihnmi> pw k[Tl&>

sm&(ct C[? k[Tl&> Äyijb) C[? pN si(hRykirn) a(BÄy(ktn) j$(ryiti[mi>Y) kyir[k

vAt&p\s>g k[ p(r(AY(tni (n$pN miT[ t[ pwni[ pN aiSri[ l[ti[ hi[y C[. kyir[k j[ t[ pi#in)

ligN)ai[n) a(BÄy(kt miT[ pN pwni[ aiSri[ l[ti[ hi[y C[. l[Kk pi[tini v>icn, an&Bv,

avli[knmi>Y) pwn) simg\) le aivti[ hi[y C[.li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t si[rq) li[ki[n)

S)riai[mi> vh[ C[.ah)> Diƒ. hs&tib[n s[diN) lK[ C[ :

''a[m kh[viy C[ k[ si]riOT^mi> li[ks>g)tni[ j[Tli[ (vkis Yyi[ C[ a[Tli[ Birtni

aºy p\d[Si[mi> Bi³y[ j Yyi[ hS[.""35

aipNi p\id[(Sk nvlkYikir c&n)lil m(Dyia[ pN pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> pN

li[kg)ti[ an[ Bjni[ni[ p\yi[g kyi[< C[.m(Dyia[ pi[tin) p\id[(Sk nvlkYia[imi> gimDi>ni

vitivrNn[ ail[²y&> C[-g\iÀyJvnn&> aib[h*b (c#i a>(kt ky&<> C[. g\iÀy s>AkZ(tn[ li[kg)ti[ni[

pis lig[li[ hi[y C[.li[ki[ni k>q[ li[kg)ti[ scviy[li hi[y C[. Kis kr)n[ Grni kimkij krt)

vKt[, K[tri[mi> kZ(Ps>b>F) kim krt) vKt[ li[ki[ li[kg)t llkirti hi[y C[.m(Dyia[ pi[tin)

nvlkYiai[mi> pi#ii[n) s>v[dni Äykt krvi miT[ li[kg)ti[ni[ p\yi[g kyi[< C[. a[mni pi#ii[ j[

356

vitivrNmi>Y) aiv[ C[ t[ vitivrNmi> li[kg)ti[ni[ p\vih shjpN[ vh[ti[ hti[.m(Dyia[ a[mn)

kZ(tmi> li[kg)ti[ p\yi[Jn[ nvlkYini vitivrNn[ Jv>tti bx) C[ a[m kh) Skiy. j[ Frt)n)

kYi liÄyi C[ a[mi> li[kg)ti[ni[ (v(nyi[g shjpN[ ji[e Skiy C[. g\iÀys>AkZ(tn) s>v[dni

Äykt Yt) hi[y a[ r)t[ m(Dyia[ pi#ii[n) s>v[dnin[ Äykt krvi li[kg)ti[n[ kYiviti<mi> vN)

l)Fi> C[. a[ni k[Tli>k udihrNi[ ah)> p\At&t C[ :

'Äyijni[ virs"ni g&l& p\krNmi> a[m)n) jspr gim siY[n) AmZ(t tiJ Yiy

C[.jsprn) AmZ(t siY[ pi[tini biLsKi (rKv S[qn) AmZ(t s>kLiy[l) C[. jyi> kpDi> F&a[ C[

a[ rAti pr j a[k AmSin aiv[l&> C[. $KDi>n&> ziD sim[ ki>q[ UB&> C[. pi[tin) nN>dn) siY[

kipDi> Fi[ti> (rKv S[q yid aiv[ C[-a[m) an[ri[ ri[mi>c an&Bv[ C[, nN>dn) njr pDti

Srmiy jiy C[.Ryi> gimni[ gi[viL Bjn llkir[ C[.

nd) ki>qin[ $KDi>,

piN) (vni s*kiy...

Jv t&> (Svn[ s>BiLj[...36

aigL g)tn) kD)ai[mi> a[v&> smjivvimi> aiv[ C[ k[ mir>& mir&> bh&> ky&<>, a>t[ tn[ mir&>

mir&> k>e kim n aiÄy&>, t&> (Svn[ yid krj[-ti[ri[ Bv s&Firj[. aigL AmSin C[ a[Tl[ shj

Biv[ j gi[viLn[ v]ri³yp\[(rt rcni yid aiv[ C[. m(Dyi pi[tin) nvlkYimi> GTnip\s>gn&>

ai](cRy jiLv[ C[.ah)> a[m)n) min(sk avAYin&> (c#iN k[v&> tiØ`S Yy&> C[ :

“c*>Yi t[ Jv[ l*gDi> Fi[vin&> kim ptiÄy&> pC) Ci[kri>n[ nvrivvini[ hti[.a[m) Yi[D)

xNi[ miT[ mZRy&ni (vcirY) gmg)n bn) jiy C[.a[m)n[ am>gL kÃpniai[ Yvi mi>D[ C[, mZRy&

Jvnn&> a[k a[v&> sRy C[ j[ ki[e TiL) n Sk[.”37ah)> m(Dyia[ upri[kt li[kg)t p\yi[Jn[

357

a[m)ni mnn) s>v[dnin[ Äykt kr) C[, ti[ b)J bij& B(vOymi> bnnir) am>gL GTnini[

s>k[t pN kyi[< C[.a[Tl[ k[ (rKv S[qn&> K*n.

si]riOT^ a[n) Bjn pr>prin[ l)F[ pN BirtBrmi> p\²yit C[.m(Dyia[ pi[tin)

nvlkYiai[mi> kyi>k kyi>k p\s>gi[(ct Bjni[ Ti>kyi C[.'l)l&D) Frt)-2"ni> 'aiÄyi[ aPiQi["

p\krNmi> hidi pT[ln) ai(Y<k (AY(tn) dyn)ytin&> (c#i rj* kyi< bid gimli[ki[n) vrsid

miT[n) ait&rti m(Dyia[ dSi<v) C[. li[ki[ c>W ji[en[ a[ sil k[vi[ vrsid pDS[ a[n) aTkLi[

kr[ C[.a[k bij&> vPi< p*v[<n&> vitivrN sji<y C[.ti[ b)J bij&, B*t[Vrmi> siF&ai[n) jmit

aiv[ C[.hidi pT[ln[ a[k sm*hgin ai[(c>t&> s>BLiy C[ :

'mit kh)a[ r[ j[N) pirvt)

n[ (pti S>kr d[vi... ""38

gNp(t BjnY) S$ait Yiy C[.Bj(nk pr>primi> si]p\Ym gNp(tn&> AmrN krvimi>

aiv[ C[.siF&ai[ni sm*hginmi> hidi pT[ln[ ke>k j&di> j vitivrNni[ an&Bv Yiy C[.t[ai[

(vcir[ C[ :

''a[ airiF, ai ly, ai lh[ki[, n[ ai (mqiS ti[ GNi> vPi[<Y) kyi>y si>BLvi nY)

mÇyi.""39

a[ Bjnn) (BniS s>t&ni d&:K) ãdyn[ pN ApS)< jiy C[.Bjnn) (BniSn)

siYi[siY vrsid pN p\ikZ(tk vitivrNn[ B)>jv) d[ C[ an[ ki[r) Fiki[r Frt) mh[>k) Uq[

C[.Bjnn) rcni aigL vF[ C[ :

''tm[ k&D kiyi ni kiQi[ r[...

v)ri aiÄyi[ aiPiQi[,

(v(Kyini d&:K viQi[..""40

358

mn&Oymi> rh[l) visniai[n[ d*r krvin&> kh[vimi> aiv[ C[.aPiQ aiÄyi[ a[ p\ikZ(tk

GTni ti[ C[ j siYi[ siY Bjnni[ s*r kh[ C[ ai tir) kiyi$p) aPiQ pN aiÄyi[ C[, ji[ t&>

a[n[ ai[LK) n leS ti[ fr) ai tk mLS[ n(h a[Tl[ st vAt&n[ ci[r) l[, tir) kiyin[ amr

kr) d[. Bjnni ai Biv hidi pT[l, s>t& an[ ujmn[ ali](kk ain>dn) an&B*(t kriv[

C[.vrsid[ pN p*r[p&r) mh[r kr) C[, bir[ m[G Ki>gi Ye jiy C[. bhir an[ a>dr (BniS

Äyip) jiy C[.

'aiÄyi[ aPiQi["mi> aPiQ ti[ k[ºWmi> C[ j, siYi[ siY hidi pT[lni[ d)kri[ siF& Yen[

ciÃyi[ gyi[ C[ a[ni[ (vyi[g pN k[ºWmi> C[. ujmn[ aiv[l Av¼nmi> a[ni[ s>k[t mL[ C[.'l)l&D)

Frt)"mi> Frt) ti[ k[ºWAYin[ C[ j, pr>t& siYi[siY gimDi>ni p\jijni[n) c[tni, a[mn&> tnmn,

a[mn) BivivAYi, a[mni[ Frt) siY[ni[ niti[, a[mn) aigv) JvnS]l), a[mn&> li[ks>g)t,

Bjn pr>prini[ pN nvlkYini g\iÀyp(rv[Smi> (v(nyi[g Yy[li[ ji[vi mL[ C[. AY*L krti>

(vS[P ti[ s*Èmn[ sj<k[ p\At&t krvini[ p\yis kyi[< C[. 'l)l&D) Frt)" mn&Oyni ãdyn[-(c_in[

s>k[ir[ C[. Frt)n) (BniS- (lliS j[ t[ pi#i(c#imi> aiibid r)t[ p\At&t kr)n[ l[Kk[ pi[tin)

nvlkYikir tr)k[n) K*b)ai[n[ rj* kr) aip) C[. sj<kni[ ai Frt) siY[ni[ niti[. Frt)ni

li[ki[ siY[ni[ niti[ k[vi[ at*T rHi[ C[ a[n) p\t)(t pN Ye rh[ C[. bh& j T*>ki giLimi> sj<k[

kr[l&> ai aiRmsit`pN&> a[mn[ a[k Kmt)Fr nvlkYikir tr)k[ AYip[ C[.

{4} g\iÀyp(rv[S an[ g\iÀys>AkZ(t

si(hRykZ(tmi> ØÆy ki[e ci[kks AYL[ yi[jit&> hi[y C[.Ryir[ t[ AYL an[ t[n[ lgt)

AY*L (vgti[n&> ail[Kn a[k Jv>t p(rv[Sni sj<nkiy<mi> mh_vni[ Big Bjv[ C[.19m)

sd)n) nvlkYiai[mi>> aiv) p\y&(ktni[ (vS[P ai~y l[vimi> aivti[. jyi[j< e(lyT, a[(ml)

b\i[ºT, Yi[ms hiD)< vg[r[ ai miT[ jiN)ti C[. g&jrit) si(hRymi> pºnilil pT[l, c&n)lil

359

m(Dyi vg[r[n) nvlkYiai[mi> AYL mh_vni[ Big Bjv[ C[. hiD)< an[ m(Dyin)

nvlkYiai[ni k[ºWmi> gimD&> C[.a[mn) kZ(tai[mi> aivti gimDi>ni vN<ni[ a[k Jv>t g\iÀy

vitivrN KD&> krvimi> asiFirN B*(mki p*r) piD[ C[. p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[mi> a[k gimD&> an[

a[ni vitivrNn) (vS[Ptiai[ upr Bir m*kti Diƒ. n(vnc>W (#iv[d) lK[ C[ :

''p\id[(Sk nvlkYin&> vitivrN simiºy nvlkYi krti> (nriL&> hi[y C[.a[mi> kÃpnini[

ai~y hi[vi Cti> j[n[ p\d[S-(vS[Pn) lix(Nktini[ s>ApS< BLti[ hi[viY) aiv) kZ(tmi>

vitivrN vF& viAt(vk, rsp\d an[ mnBr bnt&> hi[y C[. dr[k S(ktSiL) sj<k kZ(tni

(näRy p\d[Sn&> a[v&> ti[ Jv>t ail[Kn kr[ C[ k[ t[niY) a[ a[k aigv&> (vV KD&> kr) d[ C[. ai

vitivrNmi> bnti p\s>gi[ an[ Jvti> pi#ii[ a[ (vVn) aibi[hvimi> viAt(vk ligti hi[y

C[.""41

ai gimDi>ni vN<ni[ni mi¹ym Yk) Bivk pN a[k Jv>t g\iÀyp(rv[Smi> p\v[S[ C[ an[

'Omniscient and Omnipresent God"n) mifk dr[k pi#ii[n) g(t-(v(F, rh[N)-krN),

aicir-(vcir vg[r[ni[ m*k six) bn[ C[. t[Y) hv[ aipN[ hiD)< an[ m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi>

aivti gimDi>ai[n&> (vh>givli[kn kr)S&>.

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYia[imi> gimD>& :

g\[ni kiÄy 'Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"mi> n)c[n) p>k(tai[ aiv[

C[ :

'Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife,

Their sober wishes never learn'd to etray ;

Along the cool sequester'd vale of life

They kept the noiseless tenor of their way."

360

g\[ a[ ai kiÄyp>k(tmi> gimDi>ni Si>t an[ (AYr Jvn Jvti li[ki[ni s>dB<mi> lK)

C[. hiD)<a[ upri[kt pwmi>Y) 'far from the madding crowd" ni[ S¾dp\yi[g pi[tin)

nvlkYini (SP<k miT[ kyi[< C[. a(h> 'madding crowd’ S¾d Sh[r)Jvnn) g)cti an[

g*>gNimNni[ s*ck C[. hiD)<n) mi[TiBign) nvlkYiai[n&> GTniAYL e>³l[>Dn) n]äRy (dSimi>

aiv[li[ g\iÀy(vAtir C[ j[n[ hiD)<a[ 'wessex" a[v&> kiÃp(nk nim ai¼y&> C[.aiY) j a[n)

nvlkYia[[i 'Wessex Novels" tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[.'wessex" S¾dn) uRp(_i (vS[ jNivti>

m(Ãlkij&<n pi(Tl lK[ C[ :

''Hardy's novels, infact, his whole literary output bristles with the

name of Wessex.Wessex is a fictitious name Hardy gives to his land-

southwest England where once Alfred, the Great in 9th century reigned

supreme.Once Wessex was one of the seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon

England lating from about 494 until 927, when the rulers of Wessex became

the rulers of England finally.The kingdom included much of the soutwest

England and its name drives from ' West Saxon'(Wessex).Indeed, this novel

of Hardy was the first to give the name of Wessex to the landscape of

southwest England and the first to gain the author a widespread popularity as

a novelist.""42

'fir f\i[m F m[D)>g k\iuD" n&> GTniAYL m&²yRv[ 'v[Frbr)" nimni[ g\iÀy(vAtir j

C[.ai oiri hiD)< kh[vi mi>g[ C[ k[ gimDi>mi> vsviT krti li[ki[n&> ri[J>d& Jvn a[kd>r[

Sh[r)Jvnmi> an&Bviti ki[lihl, FmickD) an[ tNivY) m&kt shj, Si>t an[ srL hi[y

C[.g\iÀy(vAtirni li[ki[ td`n simiºy an[ (bºdis Jvn Jv[ C[. a[ li[ki[ mi[TiBigni[ smy

pi[tini ri[J>di kZPk kiy<mi>, simiºy vitc)ti[mi> an[ si>j[ di$ni p)qimi> Äyt)t kr[ C[.a[

li[ki[n) ki[e mi[T) aiSi k[ aiki>xi hi[t) nY). aiY) j t[ai[n[ ki[epN p\kirn) (c>ti k[

361

b[c[n) m*>zvti nY). smyni vh[N sim[ ki[e vi>Fi[ k[ (vri[F nY) j[ a(vrtpN[ vHi j kr[

C[.a[vi ki[e m[iTi rijk)y kividivi k[ uhipi[, k[ F>Fik)y (vvidi[ k[ vmLi[ a[mni Jvnn[

ApS<ti nY). a[mni minsmi> pi[tini aliydi a(AtRvn[ lgti ki[e p\Åni[ uqti

nY).Bi³ya[ a[mn[ j[ p(r(AY(t an[ s>ji[gmi> m*kyi C[ a[n) siY[ shj smiFin siF) l[

C[.t[ai[n[ Sh[r) JvnS]l) k[v) hi[y C[ a[ni[ ²yil s&¹Fi> hi[ti[ nY). ki[e g\imjnn) Sh[rn)

m&likit a[mn[ miT[ k*t&hlni[ (vPy C[ an[ a[ g\imjn jyir[ pi[tini (vAtirmi> piCi[ fr[ C[

Ryir[ Sh[rmi> a[N[ S&> ji[y&> a[ jiNvi aºy Ti[L[ vL[ C[.

'T[s ai[f D'ab<r(vÃs"mi> v[s[ksni g\iÀy(vAtirn&> z)NvTBy&<> ail[Kn krvimi>

aiÄy&> C[.j[ p\miN[ T[sn&> rh[qiN an[ kiy<AYL bdliy C[ t[ p\miN[ a[n) aispisni[ p(rv[S

pN bdliti[ rh[ C[.nvlkYini ph[li> p\krNmi> aipN[ T[sn[ 'mirli[T" mi> mL)a[ C)a[ j[

eSin K*Nimi> aiv[li ¾l[km&rni U>cin)ci K)Np\d[Smi> aiv[l&> a[k r(LyimN&>>> gimD&> C[.a[

K)Np\d[Smi> an[k vLi>ki[ aiv[li C[ j[ni[ (c#iiRmk p(rcy p\i¼t krvi[ hi[y ti[ a[n[ a[

p\d[Sn) frt[ aiv[l) T[kr)ai[n) Ti[c uprY) n)hiLvi pD[.a[ g\iÀy(vAtirni[ K*b fLW&p

pÍi[ C[ jyi> mi[TiBigni li[ki[ a[ vsviT ky[<i hi[y C[.an[ hiD)< mirli[Tni a[ p\d[S an[

a[ni mihi[ln&> K*b Jv>t an[ s*Èm (c#i rj* kr[ C[. T[s jyir[ Ti[lbi[Y[ jiy C[ Ryir[ Ryi>n&>

ØÆy bdliy C[[. ai gim g\[eT D[r)zni K)Np\d[Smi> aiv[l&> C[ j[ ¾l[km&rY) alg C[, a[vi[

aNsir aip[ C[. hiD)< lK[ C[ :

''It was intrinsically different from Blackmoor Vale ....The river itself,

which nourished the grass and cows of the renowned dairies, flowed not like

the streams in Blackmoor. The Froom waters were clear as the pure River of

Life shown to the Evangelist.""43

362

T[sn&> hv[ pC)n&> gimD&> 'fl)ºTki[Àb-a[S" C[ j[ 'the valley of her birth"

{¾l[km&r} an[ 'the valley of her love"{ g\[eT D[r)z}n) vμc[ kpri> uμcp\d[Smi> aiv[l&>

C[.a(h>n&> hvimin s*k&> an[ q>D& C[. vZxi[ n(hvt` C[. jm)n sKt C[.a(h>n) (SyiLi j[v)

ät&ni aigmnn&> S¾d(c#i hiD)< a[ r)t[ ail[K[ C[ k[ jiN[ a[ pi[t[ ki[e k&SL (c#ikir h[iy :

''Then one day a peculiar quality invaded the air of this open country.

There came a moisture which was not of rain and a cold which was not of

frost.’’44 mr)an fl)ºTki[Àb-a[Sn[‘starve-acre place" tr)k[ vN<v[ C[.a[ni vN<nmi> ki[e

a(tSyi[(kt nY).''The single fat thing on the soil was Marian herself, and she

was an importation.""45 T[s a[ºjlni miti-(ptin[ mLvi a[(mºATr jiy C[ Ryir[ T[s

mig<mi> j[ ØÆyi[ j&a[ C[ a[n&> hiD)< tiØS (c#i rj* kr[ C[ :''Keeping the vale on her

right, she steered steadily westward ; passing above the Hintocks, crossing at

right angles the highroadfrom sherton-Abbas to Casterbridge and striking

Dogbury Hill and Highstoy, with the dell between them called the Devil's

kitchen.....The second half of her journey was through a more gentle

country, by way of Benvill Lane.""46

a>t[ jyir[ T[s myi<(dt smy miT[ a[ºjlni shvismi> rh[ C[ Ryir[ aipNn[ pN

'ºy&fi[r[AT"ni u>DiNmi> le jvimi> aiv[ C[ :

''The changes of the weather were their only events, the birds of the

New Forest their only company .""47

T[sn[ K*b j Yi[Di> smy miT[ a[ni p(t a[ºjlni shvismi> rh[vin&> mL[ C[, pr>t&

Jvnni a[ a>(tm (dvsi[n[ p(t-pRn) a[k aidS< a[ki>t AYL[ miN[ C[. BTkti>-BTkti> t[ai[

363

ATi[nh[ºj aiv[ C[. ATi[nh[ºj a[ sd)ai[ j*n&> jj<r)t d[vL C[ jyi> t[ai[ a[k rit (vtiv[

C[.Ryirbid T[sn) FrpkD Yiy C[.

'aºDr F g\)nv&D T^)" mi> hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> si]Y) s&>dr 'setting" aiv[ C[.a(h>

AT)ºsfi[D<, bi[kiÀpTn an[ hiyr bi[kiÀpTnY) bn[l&> gim 'm[lATi[k" an[ a[ gimmi> aiv[li

C*Ti>Cviyi> mkini[ni[ GTniAYL tr)k[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.ai kZ(tmi> hiD)< gimn&> a[k

smg\ (c#i rj* krti nY), pr>t& a[ gimmi> aiv[li mkini[ an[ a[ni 'li[k[Sn" ni a[mN[

kr[li s>(x¼t, s*Èm an[ s&r[K vN<ni[ kZ(tn[ kliRmk bniv[ C[. Dy&kn&> k&T&>b j[ mkinmi> rh[ C[

a[n[ ag\ti aipvimi> aiv) C[ kirNk[ a[ mkin nvlkYini m&²y pi#ii[n&>> rh[qiN C[.ai

upri>t a[ mkin a[ (vAtirmi> aiv[li aºy gimq) mkini[ni p\(t(nF) tr)k[ kiy< kr[ C[ :

''The window-shutters were not yet closed,and the fire-and candle-

light within radiated from upon the thick bushes of box and laurestinus

grwing in clumps outside, and upon the bare boughs of several codlin-trees

hanging about in various distorted shapes, the result of early training as

espaliers combined with careless climbing into their boughs in later

years.The walls of the dwelling were for the most part covered with

creepers, though these were rather beaten back from the doorway- a feature

which was worn and scratched by much passing in and out, giving it by day

the appearance of an old keyhole.Light streamed through the cracks and

joints of outbuildings a little way from the cottage, a sight which nourished

the fancy that the purpose of the erection must be rather to neil bright

attractions than to shelter unsightly necessaries.The noise of a beetle and

wedges and the splintering of wood was periodically heard from this

direction; and at some little distance further a steady regular munching and

364

the occasional scurr of a rope betokened a stable, and horses feeding within

it.""48

Dy&kni mkinni hiD)<a[ kr[li upri[kt vN<nmi> aipN[ t[ Grmi> rh[l) h&>f an[

hLviS an&Bv) Sk)a[ C)a[.a[ mkin, a[n) frt[ aiv[li[ bg)ci[, a[ mkinmi>Y) bhir

aivti[ p\kiS an[ avij bF&> j a[kb)ji> siY[ mL)n[ a[k gimq) Grn&> s&>dr (c#i t]yir kr[

C[.t[mj vsviT an[ Äyvsi(yk kiy<n) a(Bºntin[ a(BÄykt kr[ C[.Ryirbid jyi[f\[D[ni

mkinn&> vN<n aiv[ C[ j[mi> hiD)< a[ Grn&> f(n<cr, rsi[D&>, kp, D)S, ¼l[T vg[r[ j[v) z)N)

z)N) mi(ht) p*r) piD[ C[.mkini[ni ai p\kirni mi(ht)sBr vN<ni[ oiri a[ mkinmi> rh[niri

Äy(ktai[ni Äy(ktRvni[ p(rcy p\i¼t Yiy C[.a[ mkini[n) a>drn) ÄyvAYi a[mni Äy(ktRv

p\miN[ aikir pim[ C[.j[m k[ Dy&kni k&T&>bn) simi(jk s(k\yti an[ s>pk<ni[ ²yil aipNn[

a[ni Grn) birsiKni vN<n uprY) aiv[ C[ :

''a feature which was worn and scratched by much passing in and

out.""

Ryir[ b)J bij& ki[e Äy(kt a(l¼t an[ a[kik) Jvn Jv[ C[ a[ bibtni[ ²yil

aipNn[ a[ni mkinni vN<n uprY) aiv[ C[.a[v) Äy(ktni mkini[ a>drY) K*b Äyv(AYt

hi[y C[.

''The cealing was carried by a beam traversing its midst, from the

side of which projected a large nail, used solely and constantly as a peg for

Geoffrey's hat; the nail was arched by a rainbow-shaped stin, imprinted by

the brim of the said hat when it was hung there dripping wet.""49

ti[ Sienrni mkin vN<n uprY) a[ni Äy(ktRv an[ a[ni kZ(Pni Äyvsiyni[ pr)cy

mL) rh[ C[.

365

''Farmer's Shiner's was a queer lump of a house, standing at the corner

of a lane that ran into the principal through fare.The upper windows were

much wider than they were high, and this feature, togather with a broad

bay-window where the door might have been expected, gave it by day the

aspect of a human countenance turned askance, and wearing a sly and

wicked leer.""50

Ryi> kim krti mi[c) j[vi kir)gri[ni mkin k[vi hi[y a[ jiNv&> hi[y ti[ m).p[n)ni

Grn&> vN<n vi>cv&> pD[ :

''Mr. Penny's was the last house in that part of the parish, and stood in

a hollow by the roadside; so that cartwheels and horses' legs were about

level with the sill of his shop-window.This was low and wide, and was open

from morning till evening, Mr. Penny himself being invariably seen working

inside like a framed portrait of a shoemaker by some modern Moroni.He sat

facing the road, with a boot on his knees and the awl in his hand, only

looking up for a moment as he stretched out his arms and bent forward at the

pull, when his spectacles flashed in the passer's facewith a shine of flat

whiteness, and then returned again to the boot usual.Rows of lasts, small and

large, stout and slender, covered the wall which formed the background, in

the extreme shadow of which a kind of dummy was seen sitting, in the shape

of an apprentice with a string tied round his hair...Outside the upper-leather

of a Wellington - boot was usually hung, pegged to a board as if to dry.""51

upri[kt mkinn&> vN<n a[ r)t[ krvimi> aiÄy&> C[ k[ miNs an[ mkin a[k m[kn)

ai[LK an[ a(AtRvni a(Bºn Big bn) jiy C[.mkinn) a>dr bir) pis[ b[q[li[ (m. p[n),

a[ni siFni[ mkinn) (dvil bF&> j jiN[ k[ ki[e AmZ(t(c#i hi[y a[ r)t[ rj* Yiy C[. ai vN<n

366

a[Tl&> tiØS C[ k[ Bivk jiN[ (m.p[n)ni mkinn) bhirni rAti uprY) psir Yti a[ni

mkin upr W(OT krti[ hiy a[v&> an&Bv[ C[.aim, ai kZ(tmi> aivti g\imjni[ni mkinni

viAt(vk vN<ni[ a[k gimDi>ni vitivrN an[ a[n) ai>t(rk ÄyvAYini[ aib[h*b (ctir aip[

C[.

'F v&Dl[ºDs<" viti<n) mi[TiBign) GTniai[ 'l)Tl h)ºTi[k" nimni gimDi>mi> an[

t[n) aispis aiv[li j>gl(vAtirmi> bn[ C[.p[rki[Àb hjim jyir[ miT)<n[ Si[Fti[ a[ gim

trf aigL vF[ C[ Ryir[ a[ mig<mi> aivti ØOyi[n&> vN<n a[k ad`B*t g\iÀy vitivrNn&>>>>> sj<n

kr[ C[. a[ giQi j>gli[mi>Y) psir Yti[ K*b j p&riNi[ mig< C[. a[ mig[< (b\ATi[lY) e>³l[ºD,

d(xN (knir[ je Skiy C[. pr>t& t[ Kis vpriti[ nY).Gi[DigiD) (sviy aºy ki[e vihn a[

rAt[Y) je Skt&> nY). sfrjnn) viD)ai[, T)Àbrni vZxi[ an[ b)ji> k[Tli>y j&d)j&d) jitni

fLi[viLi> vZxi[ ah)> GNi> C[. k[Tli>k vZxi[ ti[ a[vi z*k) gyi> C[ k[ a[km[k siY[ B[gi> Ye gyi

C[.a[ rAt[ aigL vFti ¾l[km&r v[l nimn) j³yi aiv[ C[. Ryi>Y) b[-#iN mieln[ a>tr[

hieATi[e h)l nimn) j³yi aiv) C[. Ryi> s*ki> pi>dDi>Y) rAti[ Q>kie gyi[ C[. ai j³yi

kb\Atinn) j[m siv s*msim C[.ki[e rDyiKDyi p\vis)n[ a[kli, aT*li-minvjnsm&diyY)

td`n (Bºn a[ki>tn) an&B*(t Yiy t[v&> a[ AYin C[.p[rki[Àb hjimn) Gi[DigiD) aigL vF[

C[.aDFi[ miel j[Tl&> a>tr ki¼yi bid bg)ci[ an[ viD)ai[ d[Kiy C[.j>gln) vμc[n)

K)Nmi>Y) t[ bFi> jiN[ a[kia[k f*T) n)kL[ C[. kyi>k kyi>k F*miDin) s[ri[ U>c[ aikiSmi> jt)

ji[e Skiy C[.kyi>k tipN)mi>Y) k[ c*limi>Y) j F*miDi[ n)kL) rHi[ C[. a[ p\d[S jiN[ bhirn)

d&(nyiY) j&di[ pD) ah)> Si>t a[ki>tmi> (n(Ok\y bn) smi(F lgiv), a[k(c_i[ b[qi[ hi[y a[v&>

lig[ C[.nini, si>kDi ai[Tli upr gimDi>ni li[ki[ Ti[L[ vL) b[qi> C[.a>Fir&> Ye gy&> C[. kyi>k

kyi>k pi>dDi> (vnini vZxi[mi>Y) gimDi>ni Gri[ni d)vini[ aiCi[ aiCi[ p\kiS d[Kiy C[. kyi>k

367

ki[e DiL) upr airim krt&> p>K) pN ji[e Skiy C[. ki[ek Grni piCLni viDimi>Y)

sfrjnni[ di$ bnti[ hi[y t[v) vis aiv[ C[. di$ ukLti[ hi[y t[vi[ di$ni KdKdvini[

avij pN aiv[ C[. a[k Grmi> fiyr-¼l[smi> likDi> bL[ C[, t[ni[ p\kiS bhir s&F) d[Kiy

C[.an[ t[ Grn) c)mn)mi>Y) F&miDi[ bhir n)kL[ C[.b)ji> Gri[ krti a[ mkin Yi[D&> mi[T&>

C[.b[qk$mn&> birN&> K&Ãl&> C[ an[ t[ rAti pr j C[.t[ uGiDi> birNi>mi>Y) p\kiS bhir rAti

upr pD[ C[. t[ p\kiSmi> a[k f*>d&> UD)n[ aim t[m pi>Ki[ ffDiv[ C[. t[ Grmi> a[k Ci[kr) n[trn)

K&rS)mi> b[s)n[ kim kr) rh) C[. t[ a[k hiYmi> mi[Ti> cimDi>ni[ mi[ji[ ph[r)n[ Cipri>

bnivvini kimmi> upyi[gmi> l[viti likDi>ni Bilin) aN)ai[ Ci[l) rh) C[. t[N[ cimDi>n&>

a[p\n ph[y&<> C[. t[n) a[k bij&mi> Bili bnivvin) likD)ai[ pD) C[, a[k trf Ci[lni[ Qgli[

C[.ai Ci[lY) an[ likDi>Y) j tipN) sLg) rh) C[. b)J bij& t]yir Yy[l) aN)viL)

likD)ai[ pD) C[. a[k T[bl upr m)Nb_i) sLg[ C[.aim, a(h> vn, vZxi[, Äy(kt, vsviT,

Äyvsiy. p\iN), p>K), p\kiS bF&> j a[k$p Ye p&Atkni pini> u[pr a[k gimDi>n[ sJvn kr[

C[.

'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r" ni ph[li> p\krNni a>t[ hiD)< 'm[r)g\)n" gimn&> tiØS vN<n kr[

C[.hiD)< a[mn) viti<S]l)n) siY[ siY[ a[mn) vN<nS(kt miT[ pN vKNiy C[.n)c[ni[

nvlkYini[ a>S hiD)<n) ki[e AYL n[ a[n) lix(Nktiai[ siY[ p&Atkmi> p\(t(b>(bt krvin)

xmtin) six) p*r[ C[.

''It was as old -fashioned as it was small, and it rested in the lap of an

undulating upland adjoining the North Wessex downs.Old as it was,

however, the well-shaft was probably the only relic of the local history that

remained absolutely unchanged.Many of the thatched and dormered

dwelling houses had been pulled down of late years,and many trees felled on

368

the green.Abobe all the original church, hump-backed, wood-turreted, and

quintly hipped, had been taken down and either cracked up into heaps of

road-metal in the lane, or utilized as pig-sty walls, garden seats, guard-stones

to fences, and rockeries in the flowe-beds of the neighbourhood.In place of it

a tall new building of modern Gothic design, unfamiliar to English eyes, had

been erected on a new piece of ground by a certain obliterator of historic

records who had run downfrom London and back in a day.The site whereon

so long had stood the ancient temple to the Christian divinities was not even

recorded on the green and level grass-plot that had immemorially been the

churchyard, the obliterated graves being commemorated by eighteen penny

cast-iron crosses warranted to last five years.""52

hiD)<ni 'v[s[ks"n[ Bi]gi[(lk r)t[ e>³l[ºDn) n]äRy (dSimi> aiv[li g\iÀy(vAtir siY[

srKivvimi> aiv[ C[.a[ Ø(OTki[NY) tpisti> GNi> s>Si[Fki[a[ hiD)<ni 'v[s[ks"n[ nkkr Av$p

aipvini[ p\yRn kyi[< C[.an[ a[mi> a[mn[ am&k a>S[ sfLti pN mL) C[.aim Cti> a[

g\iÀy(vAtir hiD)<n) kÃpni an[ (vciri[ni r>g[ r>giyi[ C[.a[mn) nvlkYiai[m>i ji[vi mLt&>

'v[s[ks" a[ a[v&> (vV C[ j[ a[ni p\b&¹F minsmi> aikir piÀy&> C[. hiD)< 'v[s[ks"n) Bi]gi(lk

rcnini sÈ*m vN<ni[ Yk) a[ (vVn[ viAt(vk bnivvi miT[ Bir[ jh[mt uqiv[ C[.aim Cti>

aipN) AmZ(tmi> 'v[s[ks"mi#i hiD)<n) nvlkYin&> 's[T)>g" n rh[ti h>m[Si smg\ minvJvnni

D^imin&> 's[T)>g" bn[ C[.v[s[ksn) AYi(nk lix(Nktia[i an[ ØÆyi[ minvJvnni snitn

sRyi[ an[ Ø(OTki[N siY[ an&s>Fin siF[ C[.ai bibt j 'v[s[ks"n[ a[k j smy[ Äy(ktgt

an[ v](Vk a[m bºn[ Av$p aip[ C[.e>³l[ºDni a[ g\iÀy(vAtirmi> smyni p\vihmi> GNi>

p(rvt<ni[ aivS[, pr>t& hiD)<ni 'v[s[ks"ni[ smy ApS< kr) Sk[ n(h. a[ r)t[ a[mn)

nvlkYiai[mi> (n$piy[li[ a[ g\iÀy(vAtir amrRv pim[ C[.

369

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> gimD&> :

c&n)lil m(Dyi si]riOT^ni Fi[riJ gimni vtn) hti.Birtni p(Vm (knir[ g&jrit

rijymi> si]riOT^ p\d[S aiv[li[ C[. Yi[ms hiD)< miT[ j[m 'v[s[ks" C[, t[m c&n)lil m(Dyi miT[

'si]riOT^"C[. m(Dyia[ pi[tini Jvnni[ p\ir>(Bk tbkki[ pi[tini vtn Fi[riJmi> j psir kyi[<

hti[. ai smygiLi dr(myin pi[tini vtnni g\iÀy(vAtirni[ a[mn[ p\Ryx p(rcy p\i¼t

Yyi[.ai smy dr(myin j a[mn[ gimDi>ni (v(vF pisi>ai[ an[ a[n) lix(Nktiai[n&> s*Èm

avli[kn krvini[ mi[ki[ mÇyi[.a[ avli[kni[n[ aiFir[ j si]riOT^ni gimDi>ai[ a[mn)

nvlkYiai[mi> ApOT an[ s&r[K aikir FirN kr[ C[.a[mn) p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[ni k[ºWmi>

si]riOT^n&> gimD&> C[.m(Dyi pi[tin) sbL l[KnS]l) vD[ si]riOT^ni g\iÀyp(rv[Sn[ pi[tin)

kZ(tai[mi> ail[K[ C[. ai[zt nd)ni[ pT, (grnirni[ D&>gr, Ki[rDi, K[trviD), viv-k*vi. ziD)-

zi>Kri> vμc[Y) psir Yti> rAtiai[, m>(dri[, f(Lyi> sv[< m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> Jv>t Av$p

FirN kr[ C[.'l)l&D) Frt)"mi> a[mN[ aip[li g&>disrni vN<nmi> si]riOT^ni gimDi>n) lix(Nk

tsv)r an[ tis)r ApOTpN[ upr ups) aiv[ C[.

t[ai[ kh[ C[ g&>disr gim ki[e ejn[rni nkSin) n)pj n ht); a[ ti[ vZxn) j[m,

kSini aiyi[jn (vni, Av]rpN[ vAy&> C[ an[ (vkAy&> C[.B*tkiLmi> g&>disrn[ Ti[Dl[ ph[l&>-vh[l&>

ti[rN aih)ri[a[ b>iF[l&> k[ gri(syiai[[a[ a[ bibtmi> a[ bºn[ ki[mi[ni biri[T vμc[ni[ zGDi[

hJ pRyi[ nY).pr>t& vt<min (AY(t ji[ti> a[m kh) Skiy k[ K[D*ti[a[ j ai hi>Di j[v&> gim

vsiÄy&> C[ an[ (vksiÄy&> C[.

giDi> mirg[ g&>disrn) s)mmi> p\v[Snirn[ p\Ym dS<n d*rY) d[Kiti AmSinni kiLi>BÎ

Cipri>ni Yiy C[.gim aiKini girmiT)ni> Ki[rDi> upr Svi k&>Bir[ gimn[ j (nBiD[ pkv[li>

d[S) n(Lyi> pYriyi C[. a[mi> a[ AmSinni 'ki[r&g[T[D ptri>" bh&> kQ>gi lig[ C[. m&>beni a[k

370

v[pir)a[ pi[tin) p(Rnni AmrNiY[< C[k m&>beY) siFnsr>jim m>giv)n[ g&>disrni AmSinni

K&Ãli> ai[Tli upr a[ Cipr) b>Fiv[l). vPi[<Y) agntip z)l) z)l)n[ hv[ a[ Cipr) pN

JN< Ye ge C[. pr>t& j$r) p]sini aBiv[ a[ni[ JNi[<Ûir Sky bºyi[ nY).

JNi[<Ûir n) j$(ryitviL&> aiv>& j a[k b)j&> AYipRy B*t[Vrni (Svilyn&> C[.nd)n[

ai[vir[ UB[li (Svilyn[ aD)n[ Yi[D) jm)n pN aiv[l) C[.a[n[ li[ki[ B*t[Vrn) viD)ni nim[

ai[LK[ C[.ai AYink tYi viD)n) jm)n upr eVr(g(r nimni a[k at)t virsi hk

Bi[gvti> aiÄyi> C[.(Svilymi> cQivvimi> aivti ci[Ki-si[pir) upr a[mni[ a(Fkir rh[li[

C[. diykiai[Y) jj<(rt Ye gy[li a[ m>(drni JNi[<Ûirn) tit) j$(ryit UB) Ye C[.pr>t&

hj& s&F) a[vi[ ki[e Bkt pN g&>disrn[ si>pDyi[ nY).viD)mi> #iN-cir a[kQi(Lyi ai[rDi>

C[.a[ bivi-siF&ai[ miT[n) FrmSiLi tr)k[ vpriy C[.ah)> dr p*nm[ an[ amisn) rit[

Bjnn) rmzT jim[ C[.(SvilyY) jri aigL vFti> hn&minn) d[r) aiv[ C[.d[r)n) bij&mi>

gimni rxk K[trpiLn&> Yink an[ K[trpiLn) ji[D[ S*ri[p&ri[ d[Kiy C[.S*rip&rin) pDK[ Yi[Di>

(s>d*rr>³yi pi(Lyi UBi C[; vμc[ m[lD)n&> AYin C[.ah)>Y) j gimn) S$ait Yiy C[, kirNk[

pi(Lyiai[n) nJkmi> j 'd[riN)-j[qiN)n) viv"ni[ (pyivi[ C[. a[ viv upr v)s v)s j[Tl)

gr[D)ai[ gi[qvvimi> aiv) C[ j[ni upr gimn) vh&vir&ai[ piN) Br[ C[.

(pyiv[ UBiUBi sim[ gimni JN< (kÃlini[ ki[qi[ d[Kiy C[.ai ki[qin) bij&mi> j

gimzi>pi[ C[.'ai[trih[ zi>pi[" an[ 'dKNihizi>pi"n[ ji[Dti[ g&>disrni[ m&²y rAti[ aiv[li[

C[.gimn) vsihtn) S$ait ai(hri[ni Ki[rDi>Y) Yiy C[.pC) vi(Nyi-v[pir)ai[n) piki

pRYrn) bi>F[l) #iN-cir m[D)ai[ d[Kiy, pC) K[D*ti[ni> girmiT) l)>p[li> Ki[rDi> an[ a[ pC)

gri(syiai[ni drbirgQn) pCviD[ k(Dyi-k&>Bir, Gi>c)-mi[c) vsviyi>ai[ vg[r[n) vsiht

aiv[ C[. ninkDi> gimni ninkDi> aY<t>#imi> aivÆyk gNiy a[ aQir[y vN<ni a[k b[ Gr ti[

371

a(h> avÆy ji[vi mL[ C[. d(xNni zi>pin) bhir h(rjnvis, a[niY) jri d*r cmirk*>D an[

C[k C[D[ kb\Atin s&F) phi[>c[ a[Tl[ aiK&>y[ g&>disr gim pgtL[Y) n)kL) gy&> a[m kh)

Skiy. m(Dyia[ rj* kr[li gimDi>ni ai S¾d(c#imi> g&>disr gimn) Bi]gi[(lk, simi(jk,

Fi(m<k, si>AkZ(tk vg[r[ tmim lix(Nktiai[ p\gT Ye jiy C[.

'z)>zivdr" gim v[k&rD) nd)n[ ki>q[ vAy&> C[.K[tS)adin) D[l) 'd[viN)n) S[r)"mi>

aiv[l) C[.ai S[r)mi> aiv[l) tmim D[l)ni mi(lk a[k smy[ adini p*v<j d[viBiBi

hti.pr>t& c>cL gNit) lÈm) #i)J p[Q) pC) a[ Grmi>Y) pg kr) ge ht).hv[ adi pis[

mi#i a[k j D[l) bik) rh) C[. RyirpC)ni Ki[rDi> rN&Bi gri(syin) mi(lk)ni YE gyi C[.t[

pC)n&> Ki[rD&> JvN m[rien&> Ye gy&> C[.sim[ aiv[li f(Lyini bFi> Gri[ G)ni Äyipirmi> smZ¹F

bn[li l&hiNiai[a[ Kr)d) l)Fi C[.Ryi> vμc[ (vSiL f(Ly&> n[ aij&bij& mkini[n&> z*mK&>

aiv[l&> C[.gimn) a[ j³yi mi[T&> f(Ly&> kh[viy C[.ai mi[T&> f(Ly&> aiKi z)zivdrn&>

'Xint>t&k[ºW" an[ 'mi(ht)k[ºW" tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[.gimni pidr[ a[k a](thi(sk ai>bl)n&>

ziD aiv[l&> C[. a[v) miºyti C[ k[ j[Tli vPi[< z)>zivdrn[ Yyi a[Tli vPi[< a[ ai>bl)ni

ziDn[ Yyi.''a[ viyki sic) hi[y k[ Ki[T), pr>t& a[ vZxmi> a[k as(lytni[ ApS< hti[.a[kvir

Jviy gy[li Jvnn), at)tn) g>F, ah)> Uqt) ht).a[ (s>d*rr>³yi pi(Lyi, Ki>B),

K[trpiL ai(d p[li at)t ji[D[n) siÀp\tn) SZ>Kli rc) rh[ti hti. a(h> q[r q[r Bi>g[li

ni(Ly[rn) kicl)ai[, miT)ni ki[(Dyi>, ni(Ly[rni> Ci[Di>-Ci[tri> rzLti> hti>.

v[k&rD)ni[ simi[ ki>q[[i r&W an[ rÀy a[m bºn[ p\kirni t_vi[ an[ d[Kiv FirN kr[ C[.a[

r&W d[Kiy C[ kirN k[ Ryi> gimn&> kb\Atin aiv[l&> C[.a[ kb\Atinmi> si>j pD[ li[binn) vis

aiv[ C[. C*T)Cvie kbri[n) aispis mrvi[ ugiDvimi> aiÄyi[ C[. ki[e a[kldi[kl fk)r

(sviy a[ j³yi h>m[Si (nj<n Bis[ C[.Ryi> gimn&> msiN pN aiv[l&> C[. an[k mDdi>ni

372

a(³ndihni[ F&miDi[ KieKien[ a[n) ptri>n) Cipr) kiL)BÎ YE ge C[. a[ msiNmi> ki[e

(cti sLgt) n hi[y Ryir[ z)>Y(ryi gi>Di[ ah)> airim frmiv[ C[.msiNni piCLni Bigmi>

cmir viD aiv[l) C[. ah)> mr[li> Qi[rni> cimDi> cmirk*>Dmi> Fi[viy C[.an[ pC) giDi> Br)

Br)n[ v[civi jiy C[.jnivri[ni> hiDki>ni ah)> Qgli> ji[vi mL[ C[.cmirviDn[ aD)n[ j a[k

Kribi[ C[.Ryi> a[k $KDi>n&> ziD pN C[. a[ ziDmi> ki[e B*t k[ Jnni[ vis hi[vin) gimmi>

miºyti C[.ai Kribimi> z)>zivdrn[ mig[> aivti-jti> BTk&> li[ki[ pDiv niK[ C[.t[Y) ah)>

kiL) m[S jim[li m>giLini pRYri[ ji[vi mL[ C[. hv[ z)>zivdrni p\d[Sni[ rÀy Big S$ Yiy

C[.a[ Kribin) piCLni Big[ v[k&rD)n[ ki>q[ ki>q[ gimni K[trviD)ai[ aiv[li C[.v[k&rD)n)

srviN)ai[ an[ vivk*viai[n) (s>cie vD[ l)l)zm bn[l) a[ viD)ai[ z)>zivdrn) Si[Bi

C[.a[ bhi[L) vnriJn[ kirN[ z)>zivdrn) aibi[hvi smS)ti[ON rh[ C[.gimmi> uniLini[

ukLiT hi[y an[ a[kia[k q>Di[ pvn viy Ryir[ kh[viy C[ k[ viD)a[Y) TiQ&> lh[rK&> aiÄy&>.

'v[Liv[Lin) Ci>yD)"mi> l[Kk viG(Nyi gimni bjirn) zlk aip[ C[.bpi[rni smy[

viG(Nyin) vi>k)c*>k) bjirmi> jri pN Grik) n hi[viY) hiTD)diri[ nvri> b[qi> zi[ki> Kiy

C[.Fi[L[ (dvs[ si[pi[ pD) gyi[ hi[y a[vi s*msim vitivrNmi> amrgQY) aivti[ Tpil)

viG(Nyini zi>pimi> p\v[S kr[ C[.drvijin) diQ)mi> psiyti[ pN KiTlimi> pDyi[ pDyi[ Gi[r[

C[.zi>pin) nJkn) a[k b[ S[r)mi> b[-#iN kigLi[ vh[>c)n[ Tpil) s)Fi[ bjir trf vL[ C[.b[

giDi> simsim) (dSia[Y) aiv) cD[ ti[ a[kn[ piC&> vLv&> pD[ a[v) si>kD) bjirmi> ah)> th)>

hriyi> Qi[r s*ti> hi[y C[.Tpil)ni[ pgrv si>BL)n[ an[ a[ni[ KiK) gNv[S ji[en[ S[r)ni

k*tr>iai[ a[n) piCL piCL ji[en[ Bs[ C[.bpi[rni smy[ k*tri>ni Bsvini[ avij viG(Nyi

gimni li[ki[ miT[ Tpil)ni aigmnn) (nSin) C[.gimli[ki[n) j[m Tpil) pN ai

373

vitivrNY) T[vie gyi[ C[.k*tri>ni Bsvini avij prY) gimli[ki[ an&min kr) Sk[ C[ k[

ki[n[ ki[n[ Gr[ a[ ri[j Tpil aiv).

'e>FN ai[Ci> pDyi"ni prbD)mi> si]riOT^ni gimDi>n) a[k alg j tis)r j[vi mL[

C[.ai nvlkYimi> l[Kk Birtn) Avit>#ys>g\imn) lDt dr(myin si]riOT^n&> prbD) j[v&> gimD&>

pN k[v&> (vAfi[Tk Av$p FriN kr) Sk[ C[ a[ni[ ²yil aip[ C[.ai kZ(tmi> l[Kk a[ gimn[

k\i>(tkir) p\vZ(_ini k[ºW tr)k[ ail[K[ C[. B*ptn) Sh)d)ni smicir aipvi aiv[li n(lnBie

an[ k)(t< prbD)n[ Avit>#yn) lDtn&> vD&> mYk bniv[ C[.ah)> Tpilp[T)n) Bi>gfi[D krv),

bi[Àb bnivvi k[ r[Ãv[ni piTi> uG[D) niKvi j[v) u_i[jk an[ (h>sk p\vZ(_iai[ aidrvimi> aiv[

C[.a[n) siY[ siY[ p(#ikiai[ vh[>c)n[ li[kjigZ(tn&> kiy< pN krvimi> aiv[ C[.riOT^vid)

p\vZ(_iai[ krt) Äy(ktai[n[ prbD)mi> aiSri[ aipvimi> aiv[ C[.riOT^vid) (vcirFirin[ u_i[jn

aipvimi> aiv[ C[.ai nvlkYini[ a¿yis krti aipNn[ riOT^vidn) Äyipkti an[ vh[Nni[

²yil aiv[ C[ j[niY) prbD) j[v&> si]riOT^n&> nin&> amY&> gimD&> pN a(l¼t nY).

pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> m(Dyiai[ kr[li gimDi>ni aib[h*b vN<ni[ vi>c) a[ s>dB[<

amZtlil yi(Xk n)c[ p\miN[ ni[>F[ C[:''~) m(Dyin) (nr)xNS(kt a[mn) viti<klimi> mh_vn&>

AYin Friv[ C[.gimDi>n&> an[ g\im)NJvnn&> a[mN[ U>D& an[ rsBr (nr)xN ky&<> C[.t[Y) j

t[mn) viti<mi> gimDi>n&> viAt(vk an[ p\iNvin (c#i di[riy C[.g&>disr, viG(Nyi, eV(ryi an[

m[>gN)ni g\imsmij oiri si]riOT^ni t[ smyni g\im)N smijn&> aib[h*b (c#i di[riy&> C[.""53

m(Dyini gimDi>ni vN<ni[mi> tLB*(mni li[ki[ an[ tLpd) s>AkZ(t Jv>t$p FirN

krt) ji[e Skiy C[.a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> gimDi>n) aibi[hvimi> viti< (vks[ C[ an[ pi#ii[n)

tLpd) mni[B*(mki a(NS&¹F scviy[l) ji[vi mL[ C[.'l)l&D) Frt)"n) S$aitmi> j gimDi>n)

pr>prigt Cb) k>Dirti m(Dyi lK[ C[:

374

''j[v) m)qiS ai[ztni piN)mi> ht) a[v) j m)qiS ah)>ni miNsi[mi> ht). Frt)mi>

rsks hti[.t[Y) a[ni> Ci[r&>ai[ni mn pN miyi-mmtiY) hyi<Byi< rh[ti>.""54

pr>t& Diƒ. r(N>gin[ mt[ a[mN[ kr[li gimDi> a>g[ni (nv[dni[ an[ ail[Kn vμc[

s&s>gtti nY).m(Dyia[ p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[mi> c)tr[l&> gimD&> k&DkpT an[ kividiviY) Br[l&>

C[.a[mni mt[ m(Dyin[ pN ai bibtni[ ²yil C[.t[Y) j m(Dyi pN kh[ C[ :

''gimD&> a[Tl[ ti[ nr) k(vti j. a[v) bils&lB aYvi k[vL k(vs&lB- m&³F

miºytin[ ti[ air>BY) j prhr) d)F) ht). p\yRn hti[, nh) viAt(vktin[ sμciep*v<k n[

vfidir)p*v<k ail[Kvini[.""55

an[ a[ vitn[ (n:S>kpN[ kh) Skiy k[ m(Dyin[ gimDi>n&> G[r&>, viAt(vk an[ tTAY

(c#i di[rvini a[mni[ ud`[Æy pir piDvimi> Fir[l) sfLti mL) C[.

{5} tLpd) s>AkZ(tn[ Äykt krt) BiPi an[ bi[l) :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYi[ai[mi> BiPi an[ bi[l) :

Yi[ms hiD)< a[mn) asiFirN BiPiS]l) miT[ jiN)ti C[.a[mn) BiPiS]l)n) (vS[Pti

a[ C[ k[ a[mni S¾dp\yi[gi[ uD)n[ ai>K[ vLg[ a[vi hi[y C[. aiY) j D[(vD s[s)l hiD)<n)

BiPiS]l) s>b>F[ ni[>F[ C[ k[ :

''His style is capable of greater effects than those of far more

competent writers... You could never mastake a paragraph of Hardy by

anybody else...He has discovered the ' mist juste', the single word which can

alone express the shade of meaning he has in mind.His words do more than

clothe his conception they are its embodiment.""56

hiD)<n) BiPiS]l) aºy (vkTi[(ryn nvlkYikiri[ krti a[ r)t[ j&d) pD[ C[ k[ t[ t[n)

kZ(tmi> rh[l) (vPyn) v](Vkti an[ siY[ siY[ 'v[s[ks"n) p\id[(Skti a[m bºn[ (vri[FiBis)

375

Bisti t_vi[ a[ksiY[ p\gT kr[ C[.t[ai[ 'v[s[ks"ni g\iÀyp(rv[Sn[ pi[tin) nvlkYimi> ail[K[

C[.t[Y) t[ p(rv[Sn[ an&$p a[mn) BiPiS]l) aRy>t (c#iiRmk pN C[.BiPini p\yi[g oiri,

t[ai[ aipN) smx gimDi>n&> a[k Jv>t (c#i KD&> krvin&> sim¸y< Friv[ C[.t[ai[ g\iÀyp(rv[S

an[ p\kZ(tn&> sci[T ail[Kn krti hi[viY) j a[mn) BiPi (c#iiRmk hi[vi upri>t a[Tl) j

kiÄyiRmk pN C[.aiY) j kh) Skiy k[ : poetry is the constant attendant of Hardy's

tragic characters.It is not an intellectual poetry, it is much more primitive

and magical.

hiD)<n) BiPimi> kiÄyt_v aigL pDt&> ji[vi mL[ C[.a[n&> aºy kirN a[ C[ k[ t[ai[

pi[tin[ m*LB*t r)t[ k(v min[ C[ an[ t[ai[ k(vãdyn) s>v[dni Friv[ C[.a[mn) BiPiS]l)ni

m&²y b[ pisi> C[ : gwiRmk an[ pwiRmk. gwiRmk S]l) oiri t[ai[ pi[tin&> t_vXin, (vciri[

an[ b]i(¹Fk mni[m>Yn p\gT kr[ C[.a[mn) pwiRmk S]l) oiri g\iÀyp(rv[Sni (c#iiRmk vN<ni[

an[ 's)n[m[(Tk" p\s>gi[ rj* Yiy C[.hiD)<ni pi#ii[ gimq) bi[l) bi[l[ C[.a[mni S¾dp\yi[gi[

a[mni pi#in[ an&$p shj an[ srL hi[y C[.Cti> a[mi>Y) mi[T[Big[ p\s>gi[(ct gi>B)y< p\gT

Yt&> hi[y C[. h[ºciD<[ pi[tini mZRy& ph[li lK[li (vlnimini s>dB<mi> D[v)D s[s)l kh[ C[ :

“The plain words are perfectly in character, just what an uneducated

farmer like Henchard might write.But Hardy has managed to charged them

with all the emotional grandeur of great tragedy. He has achieved the

purpose of giving a novel the imaginative force of poetry-and the highest

poetry, the poetry of the book of Job.”57

hiD)<n) nvlkYini pqn dr(myin Bivkn[ ki[e cl(c#i (nhiLti[ hi[y a[vi[ Bis

Yiy C[.a[k pC) a[k ØÆyi[ a[n) njr smx Bjviti jiy C[.T[sni p\krN 19mi> aipNn[

a>g[\J nvlkYin&> p\²yit ØÆy ji[vi mL[ C[.

376

''She went stealthily as a cat through this profusion of growth,

gathering cuckoo-spittle on skirts, cracking shails that underfoot, staining

her handswith thistle-milk and slug-slime, and rubbing off upon her naked

arms sticky blights which, tough snow-white on the apple-tree, trunks made

madder stains on her skin.""58

upmiY) vikyn) S$ait Yiy C[. T[sn) srKimN) a[k (bliD) siY[ krvimi> aiv)

C[.Ryirbid t[n) dbit)-C*pit) g(t(v(Fai[ vN<vvimi> aiv) C[.a[ni pgtL[ gi[kLgiy

kcDiy C[, t[ni[ avij jiN[ k[ s>BLiy C[ an[ t[n&> tmim hlncln jiN[ k[ d[Kiy C[.aim,

hiD)<n) BiPiS]l) a[v) C[ k[ j[ aipN) ØÆy, ~iÄy, ApS<, g>F, Avid, a[m tmim e(ºWyi[n[

sk\)y kr[ C[.ai miT[ t[ai[ simiºy r)t[ 'nim"n[ a[kl&> n riKti t[n) siY[ h>m[Si (vS[PNni[

upyi[g kr[ j C[. ai upri>t hiD)< S¾di[ni[ a[vi[ p\yi[g kr[ C[ k[ j[Y) spiT) upr a[ ØÆy

rj* Yiy C[ an[ a[n) siY[ aºy g(B<t aYi[<ni[ pN bi[F Yti[ rh[ C[.

''Perhaps one reason why she seduces casual attention is that she

never courts it..olding corn in an embrace like that of a lover. A bit of her

naked arm is visible..and as the day wears on its feminine smoothness

becomes sacrificed by the stubble and bleeds.""59

ah)> spiT) upr a[l[k oiri bLiRkir Yyi bid T[s K[trmi> pik lN[ C[ a[n&> ØÆy

C[.ah)> hiD)<a[ a[ r)t[ S¾di[n[i p\yi[g kyi[< C[ k[ j[Y) aºy an[k s>k[ti[ mL) rh[ C[. j[m k[

'seduces"S¾d T[sni jit)y Si[PNni[ s>k[t pN kr[ C[.'embrace" S¾d a[l[k oiri T[sn[

biYmi> l[vini[ s>k[t kr[ C[.'feminine" S¾d a[k A#i)n) licir) an[ (nb<Ltin&> s*cn pN

kr[ C[.vF&mi> hiD)<a[ p\(tki[ni[ upyi[g n krti, pi[tini aigvi p\(tki[ p\At&t kyi<> C[ t[mj

a[ni[ K*b j k&SLtiY) pi#ii[ an[ p(r(AY(tni an&s>Finmi> upyi[g kyi[< C[.T[smi> hiD)<a[

377

p\yi[j[li mi[TiBigni p\(tki[ g\iÀyp(rv[S siY[ s>kLiy[li C[. vF&mi> hiD)<a[ a[mni pi#ii[n[

aip[li nimi[ pN aY<sBr an[ p\(tkiRmk C[, j[m k[ 'Tess" a[ 'Teresa" a[Tl[ k[ pZ¸v)n&>

s>(x¼t nim C[.aim, T[sni[ aY< Frt)mi>n) p&#i) a[vi[ aYvi Frt) pi[t[ j[ an[k yitniai[

shn kr[ C[ a[vi[ kr) Skiy an[ ai j nvlkYin&> m*LB*t kYivAt& pN C[.nvlkYimi>

kipN)ni mS)nni[ b[ vir uÃl[K krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[, ph[l)vir mirli[Tmi> an[ b)Jvir

fl)ºTki[Àb-a[Smi>. a[ y>#i jyir[ mirli[Tmi> aiv[ C[ Ryir[ t[ ssli>-u>dr-sip j[vi (ndi[<P

Jvi[ni[ Bi[g l[ C[.ah)> a[ aiF&(nk y>#ini[ g\iÀyp(rv[S upr ai]wi[(gkrNni a(tk\mNni

s>dB<mi> p\(tk tr)k[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[. a[ oiri g\iÀyJvnn&> (vGTn Yt&> dSi<vvimi>

aiÄy&> C[. fl)ºTki[Àb-a[Smi> ai y>#i miT[ 'the red tyrant" S¾d p\yi[jvimi> aiÄyi[ C[ an[

a[n&> s>ciln krnir ejn[rn[ pN a[k minv) tr)k[ n(h, pr>t& a[ y>#ini j a[k Big tr)k[

rj* krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.a(h> pN a[ y>#i jm)n upr shj vsviT krnir Jvi[ni[ niS kr[

C[.a(>h hiD)<n&> ai]wi[(gkrN p\Ry[n&> S>kiS)l vlN p\gT Yiy C[.

'F m[yr ai[f k[ATrb\)j"mi> pN ai j p\kirni kZPky>#ini[ uÃl[K krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[,

an[ ah)> pN a[ni[ p\(tkiRmk p\yi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.nvlkYini dr[k pi#ii[ a[ y>#i p\Ry[

(Bºn-(Bºn a(Bgm diKv[ C[. Ãy&s[Ti miT[ a[ y>#i jiN[ k[ kZPk-(pyini[ C[, h[ºciD< a[n[

a[k filt&> kZPk siFn tr)k[ j&a[ C[. jyir[ firf\[ j[vi aiF&(nk (vcirFiri Frivti y&vin miT[

t[ ai(Y<k a(nviy< j$(ryit C[.aim, ah)> a[ y>#i nv) p[Q) an[ j*n) p[Q) vμc[ni a>tr

an[ asmintini p\(tk tr)k[ p\yi[jiy C[.

'fir f\i[m F m[D)>g k\iuD"mi> pN an[k p\(tki[ a[vi C[ j[ g\iÀyp(rv[Smi>Y) j p\gT

Yiy C[. j[m k[ a[ kZ(tmi> v)jL) an[ vivizi[D&> ai[kn) mÊmti an[ xmti dSi<v[ C[, ti[

b)J bij& biYS[bini pikn[ Yt&> n&kSin T^i[yn) b[drkir) an[ b[jvibdir)ni[ s>k[t kr[

378

C[.vF&mi> a[ ti[fin biYS[bini ãdymi> f*>kivi je rh[li ligN)ai[ni ti[finni[ pN

p\(tkiRmk s>k[t aip[ C[.vF&mi> ai kZ(tmi> a[k anij Brvini ki[qirni[ uÃl[K krvimi>

aiÄyi[ C[.a[ ki[qirn) mjb*t bi>FN), a[n) p\i(cnti, a[ni[ d[Kiv, a[mi> sd)ai[Y)

a(vrtpN[ cil) aivt) kZPk p\vZ(_iai[ni piV<B*mi> minv)n&> a(AtRv xNB>g&r lig[ C[ an[

aiki>xiai[ (nrY<k lig[ C[.

hiD)<a[ a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> 'v[s[ks"n) p\id[(Sk bi[l)ni[ (vv[kp*N< an[ viAt(vk

p\yi[g kyi[< C[.ai s>dB[< D[v)D s[s)ln&> kh[v&> C[ :

''The only mode of speech which Hardy can vividly reproduce to us is

that of the Wessex countrymen.""60

hiD)< v[s[ksn) bi[l) p\yi[jvimi> asiFirN p\B&Rv Friv[ C[.a[mni pi#ii[ a[mn)

gimq) bi[l) a[ r)t[ bi[l[ C[ k[ t[ kZ(tn[ kliRmk bniv[ C[.a[mn) kZ(tmi> aivti s>vidi[

simiºy r)t[ g\imjni[ oiri gimq) bi[l)mi> bi[liy C[. a[ s>vidi[ mi[T[ Big[ nvlkYimi> bnt)

GTniai[ p\Ry[ a[mni vlNi[ an[ (vFini[ Äykt kr[ C[.nvlkYimi> p\id[(Sk bi[l) piV<B*mi>

rh[li td`n gi]N pi#ii[ oiri bi[lit) hi[vi Cti> a[mn) simiºy vitc)tmi> pN a[mni

S¾dp\yi[gi[ aY<sBr an[ si>k[(tk hi[y C[ an[ smg\pN[ nvlkYimi> g\iÀy vitivrN

sj<vimi> mh_vn) B*(mki Bjv[ C[. a[mn) bi[l)mi> g\iÀyJvnn) viAt(vkti ti[ kyir[k

(vni[d pN Äykt Yiy C[.viAt(vkti an[ shjti a[ hiD)< oiri p\yi[jvimi> aiv[l)

'v[s[ks"n) bi[l)n) lix(Nktiai[ C[.

T[s pi[t[ b[ p\kirn) BiPi bi[l[ C[.jyir[ t[ pi[tini Gr[ piC) fr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ v[s[ksn)

bi[l)mi> vitc)t kr[ C[ an[ aºy AYLi[a[ t[ sv<simiºy BiPi bi[l[ C[. jyir[ T[sni

miti(pti p&ÆkL p\miNmi> p\id[(Sk bi[l)mi> j vitc)t kr[ C[. Ti[lbi[Y[ D[r)mi> D[r)ni[ vDi[ k\)k

379

v[s[ksn) viN) uμcir[ C[, ti[ aºy #iN m(hli (m#ii[ pN a[ j p\miN[ p\id[(Sk BiPimi>

pi[tini (vciri[ Äykt kr[ C[. aim, hiD)<a[ a[mn) nvlkYia[imi> v[s[ksn) bi[l)ni[ pi#ii[

an[ p(r(AY(tni an&s>Finmi> p\miNsr p\yi[g kyi[< C[.v[s[ksn) bi[l)ni k[Tli>k udihrNi[

n)c[ p\miN[ C[ :

'gold" miT[ 'wold", 'yes" miT[ 'ess", 'home" miT[ 'hwome",'shadow" miT[

'shadder", 'project " miT[ 'projc".

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> BiPi an[ bi[l) :

m(Dyia[ a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> li[kbi[l)ni[ j[ sm*(ct p\yi[g kyi[< C[ a[ a[mni sj<k

Äy(ktRvn&> ujL&> pis&> C[.si]riOT^n) li[kbi[l)ni p\yi[gmi> m[GiN) bid m(Dyin&> j nim le

Skiy, j[ a[mni sj<nn[ g&jrit) nvlkYi si(hRymi> (vS[P bniv[ C[.li[kbi[l) m(Dyini

Visi[μCvismi> smiy[l) C[, a[v&> aipN[ a[mn) nvlkYini a¿yis bid kh) Sk)a[.

m(Dyin) nvlkYimi> li[kbi[l)a[-a[mN[ p\yi[j[l) BiPia[ sj<ktini uºm[Pn[ p\At&t kyi[< C[

a[ s>dB[< umiS>kr ji[S) lK[ C[ :

''si]riOT^n) BiPin) tmim g&>jiyS, BiPixmtin&> smg\ s¼tk m[GiN) pC) m(Dyimi>

p\gT Yiy C[. m[GiN)a[ a[ BiPi k[Lv), li[kbi[l)mi> K[D), p\At&t kr), pC) pi[tini sj<nmi>

yi[J. m(Dyi a[ len[ j l[Kk tr)k[ jºÀyi> C[.""61

m(Dyia[ s_ira[k vP<ni T*>ki giLimi> li[kbi[l)n[-tLbi[l)n[ j[ r)t[ aiRmsit` kr)n[

pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi> j&di> j&di> (c#ii[ a>(kt kyi< C[ a[ aipN) g&jrit) p\id[(Sk nvlkYi si(hRy

x[#i[ (crAmrN)y rh[S[. bh& ai[Ci> si(hRykiri[a[ li[kbi[l)n[ ai r)t[ bLkTtiY), p*r[p*ri>

sim¸y< siY[ si(hRymi> p\yi[J C[.m(Dyi a[ r)t[ sdibhir bn) rHi C[. biLpNni[ a[k nini[

smyni[ (hAsi[ ai r)t[ aiTli[ smZÜ an[ ri[mi>ck bn) rh[S[ a[ aiVy<n) vit C[.

380

m[GiN) pC) si[rq) bi[l)ni[ si(hRy Atr[ upyi[gmi> m(Dyi p\Ym AYin[ C[.m(Dyin)

nvlkYiai[mi> si[rq p\d[Sn) li[kbi[l) a[mn) tmim (vS[Ptiai[ s(ht, a[mni tmim r>gi[

len[ aiv[ C[.ai bi[l)ni (v(SOT lxNi[ a[mni aigvi> lh[ki, a[mni vLi>k, kik&ai[ vg[r[

m(Dyin) kZ(tai[mi> Jv>t bºyi C[.m(Dyia[ 'Äyijni[ virs" nvlkYimi> kr[li li[kbi[l)ni

p\yi[gni s>dB[< ySv>t S&kl lK[ C[ :

''gw lQNni[ aivi[ u_im kib*, tLpd) bi[l)n&> aiTl&> bF&> ji[m, kiÄyn) ki[(Ta[

phi[>ct&> aiv&> s&>dr r[Ki>kn an[ pi#i minsn) aiTl) s*z t[ S) r)t[ diKv) Skyi

hS[?m(Dyin) sGL) nvlkYiai[mi> gwni> kiÄyRvn) Ø(OTa[ an[ nvlkYini smg\

aiyi[jnn) Ø(OTa[ mir[ mt[ ai t[mn) sv<~[Oq kZ(t C[.""62

m(Dyin) ai p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[mi> kh[vti[ an[ $(Qp\yi[gi[ni[ Brp*r p\yi[g Yy[li[

ji[vi mL[ C[. a[mN[ si[rq) tLpd) BiPin) g&>jieSn[ kZ(tai[mi> sj<niRmk Atr[ phi[>ciD)n[

nvlkYikir tr)k[n) pi[tin) a[k a(mT Cip UB) kr) Skyi C[.a[mni $(Qp\yi[gi[ ni[>Fpi#i

bn[ a[vi C[ :

di[Ni> fi[D hi[v&>, mi[T&> Ki[rD&> hi[v&>, bie d&:Kiy[l hi[v), Bi[piL&> Ct&> Yv&>, Gi>Gi Ye jv&>,

T*>bi Kivi, v[n Bi>gv&>, k>k&ni krvi, viti[ni s[liri mirvi vg[r[ $(Qp\yi[gi[ m(Dyia[

asrkirktiY) p\yi[jyi C[. sj<k tr)k[n) K*b)ai[mi> m(Dyin) mh_vn) K*b) a[ C[ k[

tLpd)n) bi[l)n) bLkTtin[ p\At&t krvi miT[ kh[vti[ an[ $(Qp\yi[gi[ni[ sm&(cttiY) p\yi[g

kr)n[ sj<k tr)k[ sfL Yyi C[.

m(Dyia[ pi[tin) aigv) kYn r)(tni an[k udihrNi[ a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> p*ri>

piDyi C[.a[mN[ k[Tl)k vir $(Qp\yi[gi[ni (v(SOT upyi[gY) kYnr)(tni avnvi> Av$pi[

p\gTiÄyi C[.ti[ kyir[k kh[vti[n[ vμc[Y) ti[D)n[ vikymi> kliRmktiY) p\yi[Jn[ pi[tin) (v(SOT

381

sj<kp\(tBini[ p(rcy kriÄyi[ C[.kyir[k m(Dyia[ kh[vt an[ $(Qp\yi[gn[ siY[ m*k)n[

aY<v](SOTy diKÄy&> C[. kh[vti[ an[ $(Qp\yi[gni ai p\kirni (v(nyi[gn[ m(Dyia[ pi#ii[

vμc[n) vitc)tmi> an[ kYn vN<nmi> Kis upyi[g kyi[< C[.a[ r)t[ m(Dyia[ pi[tin) (v(SOT

a(BÄy(ktni[ p(rcy kriÄyi[ C[. ai s>dB[< k[Tli>k udihrNi[ p\At&t C[ : 'n[ m)yi> - b)b) b[y

jNi> riJ j C[ ti[ pC) vcmi> kiJ S&> krvini[ C[ ?", 'miri upr aTiN[ ti[ aiB fiTy&>

C[.a[mi> tm j[vi k[Tli>k Y)>gDi de SkSi[", 't[Jn[ ti[ aiTli[ Tki[ri[ bs C[", ' ....Sh[rmi>

jen[ D[l[ hiY de aiÄyi[", 'Ci[kri>a[ CiS p)vi j[v&> ky&<> C[",'g)Fi miT[ ai siTipiTini

F>Fimi> bir hjirni liKn) piN pD[ a[m ht)".

m(Dyia[ p\yi[j[l) ai BiPimi> a[ p\d[Sn&> Jvn Fbk[ C[.pi#iin&$p S]l) p\yi[Jn[

nvlkYini vitivrNn[ m(Dyia[ Jv>tti bx) C[.ai kYia[imi> (n$piy[li pi#ii[ an[ a[mn)

bi[l) a[ p\d[Sni g\iÀyp(rv[Sn[ Fbkti[ riK[ C[.m(Dyin) BiPi ks viL) C[.m(Dyia[

g\iÀyJvnn&> kr[l&> aiRmsit`pN&> k[v&> nrv&> C[, k[v&> gi]rvv>t& C[ t[ a[mn) kYia[in) tLpd)

BiPiS]l) ji[ti> jNiy C[.gimD&> a[n&> viAt(vk Av$p len[ aiv[ C[ Ryir[ aipNn[ gm[ C[,

a[n[ aipN[ aivkir)a[ C)a[.aim, m(Dyia[ p\yi[j[l) a[mni p\d[Sn) li[kbi[l)n[ l)F[ a[mn)

nvlkYiai[ aiAvidn)y bn) rh[ C[.

382

pidT)p

1. ‘Bgvd`gi[m>DL’:kti< : Bgvt(s>hJ, p\kiSk: p\v)N p\kiSn rijki[T, b)J aivZ(_i-

1986, pZ.8675

2. ‘Longman Dictionary of the English Language’ : Longman Group

Limited, England, 1984, p.356

3. dv[, rij[ºW : ‘Bit)gL si]riOT^’: p\v)N p\kiSn : rijki[T, p\Ym aivZ(_i : 2003, pZ.8

prY) ud`FZt

4. a[ j

5. a[ j

6. (ov[d), Di<. (vwiFr : ‘(hºd) k[ ai>c(lk upºyis’, (c>tn p\kiSn : kinp&r, s>AkrN:

p\Ym, 2007 pZ. 137

7. Cross, Wilbur L.: ‘The Development of the English Novel’: Atlantic

Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 2001 p.273

8. Hardy, Thomas : ‘Tess of D'Urbervilles ’: Penguin Books, 1988, p. 128-

129

9. Sanyal, Lopa : ‘English Literature in Nineteenth Century’: Sonali

Publication, New Delhi, 2006, p.3

10.Bucklei, Jerome H.: Ed.Shiv K. Kumar: ‘British Victorian Literature’:

Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 2002, p.3

11. Hardy, Thomas : ‘Tess of D'Urbervilles’: p.282

12. pT[l, Di<. u_imBie< : 'Avit>#yi[_ir (hºd) upºyism[> kZPkJ)vn": Birt Birt), 2002,

pZ. 136

383

13. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'Äyijni[ virs" : nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, dsm) aivZ(_i ,

2002, pZ.125

14. prmir, jyml : ‘at)tni aiynimi> si]riOT^’: p\v)N p\kiSn p\i.(l., rijki[T, p\Ym

aivZ(_i , 2002, pZ. 39

15. m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'l)l&D) Frt) Big-2": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, #i)J

aivZ(_i , 2007, pZ. 67

16. a[ j pZ. 70

17. a[ j pZ.73

18. a[ j pZ. 244

19. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'Äyijni[ virs": pZ. 11

20. a[ j

21. p*nil[kr, a[s.p).: an&vidk : Si>(tBie m[rie : ‘ai(dvis) (vAtirmi> hiT’: p\kiSk :

s[ºTr fi[r si[Æyl ATD)z, s&rt, p\Ym aivZ(_i , 1983, pZ. 9

22. Hardy, Thomas : ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’: Rohan Book Company,

Delhi, 2003, p.97

23. s[diN), Diƒ. hs&tib[n : ‘g&jritn) li[ks>AkZ(t’: y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N bi[D<, amdivid,

p\Ym aivZ(_i , 2001, pZ. 77

24. ri(N>gi, Diƒ.amZt : 'nvlkYikir m(Dyi": p\(vN p&Atk B>Dir,rijki[T, p|\Ym aivZ(_i ,

1990, pZ.105

25. m(Dyi, c&n)lil: 'S[viLni> Stdl": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, 1991, pZ.156

26. a[ j pZ.157-158

384

27. ri(N>gi, Diƒ.amZt : 'nvlkYikir m(Dyi": pZ. 107

28. Kalra, Kamlesh : ‘The Poetic Elements in Hardy’s Major Novels’:

Shalabh Publishing House , Meerut, 2005, p. 3

29. Hardy, Thomas : ‘Tess of D'Urbervilles ’: p.272

30. Hardy, Thomas : ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’: p.49

31. Hardy, Thomas : 'Far From The Madding Crowd' : Oxford University

Press, Delhi, 1984, p.177

32. Ibid., p.180

33. Hardy, Thomas :‘Under The Greenwood Tree’: Rohan Book Company,

Delhi 2004. p.31-32

34. w.w.w.okartical.com

35. s[diN), Diƒ. hs&tib[n : ‘g&jritn) li[ks>AkZ(t’: pZ.107

36. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'Äyijni[ virs": pZ.96

37. a[ j 97

38. m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'l)l&D) Frt) Big-2": pZ. 241

39. a[ j

40. a[ j 242

41. (#iv[d), Diƒ.nv)nc>W :‘m(Dyin&> axrkiy<’: aidS< p\kiSn, p\Ym aivZ(_i,1978, pZ. 79

42. Patil, Mallikarjun : Ed.Mohit K. Ray, ‘Studies in Literature in English’ :

Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 2003, p.36

43. Hardy, Thomas : ‘Tess of D'Urbervilles ’: p. 156-157

44. Ibid., p.364

385

45. Ibid., p.360

46. Ibid., p.373

47. Ibid., p.480

48. Hardy, Thomas : ‘ Under The Greenwood Tree’: p.13

49. Ibid., p.95-96

50. Ibid., p. 34

51. Ibid., p. 70

52. Hardy, Thomas : 'Jude The Obscure': Oxford University Press, 1985 p.6

53. ri(N>gi, Diƒ.amZt : 'nvlkYikir m(Dyi": pZ.101 prY) ud`FZt

54. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : ' l)l&D) Frt) Big-1": pZ. 2

55. m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'l)l&D) Frt) Big-2": pZ.263

56. Cecil, David : 'Hardy The Novelist': Constable & Company Ltd.,

London, 1969 p.138-139

57. Ibid., p. 109

58. Hardy, Thomas : ‘Tess of D'Urbervilles’: p. 178-179

59. Ibid., p. 138

60. Cecil, David : ' Hardy The Novelist': p.60

61. ji[P), umiS>kr: s>pidki[ : umiS>kr ji[P), viD)lil Dgl) vg[r[ : 'm(Dyin&> mni[rijy":

m(Dyi Amirk s(m(t, amdivid, p\Ym aivZ(_i, 1970 pZ.7

62. S&kl, ySv>t : 'm(Dyin&> mni[rijy": pZ. 1

386