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What is a Profession?
A skilled profession performed for pay Requires extensive education Altruistic calling to meet a public need & to
profession Professional organization as major
reference Follows a code of ethics and standards of
practice Base practices on acceptable & scientific
theories & principles
TR Knowledge
Know-how Technical knowledge (documentation,
programming) Know-what
Purposes of TR Know-why
Theory Know-whether Moral judgment, ethics
Know-who
A TR Professional…
Continues to grow and learn Follows the TR process Services based on a practice model Uses evidence-based practice Provides professional service &
community service Contributes to the body of
knowledge
History of TR
Why study the history of TR?
Knowing roots of a profession is critical to understand the present & shape the future Carter, Van Andel, & Robb (1995)
TR History
Carter, Van Andel, & Robb (1995) Since the dawn of time 1800-1935: Prenatal 1935-1965: Birth and Infancy 1966-1980: Childhood 1981-1990: Adolescence 1991-present: Young Adulthood
1800-1935: Prenatal
Health care reform Phillippe Pinel – moral treatment Benjamin Rush – therapeutic value of
recreation for psychiatric clients Florence Nightingale – humanitarian
institutional reform Development of a public & private
hospital system Dorthea Dix – more institutions to decrease
overcrowding in jails
1800-1935 (Cont.)
Rise of playground movement Industrial Revolution Luther Gulick – YMCA Joseph Lee – Playground Assoc. of America
Recreation as a tool in rehabilitation Lincoln State School and Colony in IL – study
that folks with DD made better adjustment with play activities
American Red Cross - WWI
1935-1965: Birth & Infancy
WWII & Red Cross Recreation programs in hospitals Provide meaningful recreation for pleasure and
enjoyment Recreation for all End
Menninger Clinic Recreation as treatment or therapy Treat or remediate illness or disability Means to end
1935-1965 (Cont.)
1948: Hospital Recreation Section (HRS) of American Recreation Society
1952: Recreation Therapy Section of American Association for Health, PE, and Recreation
1953: National Association of Recreational Therapists (NART)
1953: Council for Advancement of Hospital Recreation
1935-1965 (Cont.)
1956: Voluntary Registration Plan 1955-1959: 1st textbooks Educational programs also began in
this period 1963: “Therapeutic Recreation”
term used
1966-1980: Childhood
1965: National Recreation and Park Association
1966: National Therapeutic Recreation Society
1967: Therapeutic Recreation Journal started
1971: 1st Midwest Symposium on TR 1976: NRPA/AALR set standards for TR
curricula
1981-1990: Adolescence
1981: National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification (NCTRC)
1982: NTRS Philosophical Position Statement
1984: American Therapeutic Recreation Association (ATRA)
1987: ATRA Philosophical Statement Modified therapy
1990-Present: Young Adulthood
1987: NCTRC job analysis 1990: 1st NCTRC exam 1993: ATRA try to change to ARTA
American Recreation Therapy Assoc.
1998: Alliance for Therapeutic Recreation
1999: Crisis in higher education – not enough PhDs
1990-Present: Young Adulthood
2005: Therapeutic Recreation Education Conference
2007: ARTA voted down in 2009 2009: ATRA definition with
controversy
Ch..Ch..Changes
2010: NRPA changes…branches? Networks?
NOW 1 national professional organization
ATRA NPRA: Inclusion Network