Knowledge Knowledge ManagementManagementKatrina SpoonerKatrina SpoonerStephanie ArnaudStephanie ArnaudDanny McLainDanny McLainAndy HoytAndy HoytLandon BahlerLandon Bahler

Introduction of TopicsIntroduction of Topics

Today we will be covering:Today we will be covering: Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management

What it is and how we use itWhat it is and how we use it An overview of Digital Library technology and its An overview of Digital Library technology and its

implementationsimplementations What is Meta Data and how we use it todayWhat is Meta Data and how we use it today How we are using Digital Library Technology in the How we are using Digital Library Technology in the

business worldbusiness world Advantages and Disadvantages to Digital Library Advantages and Disadvantages to Digital Library

TechnologyTechnology An overview of Digital Library ProductsAn overview of Digital Library Products

What is Fedora and DSpace?What is Fedora and DSpace?

What is Knowledge What is Knowledge Management?Management?

Many Definitions are available for this because it is a Many Definitions are available for this because it is a very broad subject.very broad subject.

One definition says Knowledge Management is One definition says Knowledge Management is “Capturing, organizing, and storing knowledge and “Capturing, organizing, and storing knowledge and experiences of individual workers and groups within an experiences of individual workers and groups within an organization and making this information available to organization and making this information available to others in the organization.” (AIHMA)others in the organization.” (AIHMA)

It can also be: The collection, organization, analysis, It can also be: The collection, organization, analysis, and sharing of information held by workers and groups and sharing of information held by workers and groups within an organization. (World Wide Learning)within an organization. (World Wide Learning)

Our project focuses on Knowledge management and Our project focuses on Knowledge management and how it is evolving into Digital Library technologyhow it is evolving into Digital Library technology

Digital Library Digital Library TechnologyTechnology

According to Sun Microsystems Digital Library According to Sun Microsystems Digital Library Technology is defined as: The Electronic Extension of Technology is defined as: The Electronic Extension of functions users typically perform and the resources functions users typically perform and the resources they access in a traditional library. they access in a traditional library.

Instead of going to a typical library with hardcopy Instead of going to a typical library with hardcopy books, people are starting to use information books, people are starting to use information databases and web technology to get the information databases and web technology to get the information they need at a much faster and more efficient rate. they need at a much faster and more efficient rate.

It is essentially bringing the library to your personal It is essentially bringing the library to your personal computers and we will discuss its implementation and computers and we will discuss its implementation and how it helps users like us later on in our presentationhow it helps users like us later on in our presentation

History of Digital Library History of Digital Library TechnologyTechnology

Digital Library Technology has been evolving since the Digital Library Technology has been evolving since the early 1990’s but it was largely experimental. early 1990’s but it was largely experimental.

The U.S National Science Foundation (NSF) and the The U.S National Science Foundation (NSF) and the U.K Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) did U.K Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) did much of the research for DL Technology in the early much of the research for DL Technology in the early nineties. (SunMicro Systems)nineties. (SunMicro Systems)

They had three main goals for their program: They had three main goals for their program: 1. Create new technology, which users could find, deliver and 1. Create new technology, which users could find, deliver and

exploit. exploit. 2. Assemble information that was not otherwise accessible or 2. Assemble information that was not otherwise accessible or

useable due to technical barriers, distance, size, and other useable due to technical barriers, distance, size, and other limits.limits.

3. Evaluate the impact of this new technology. (SMS)3. Evaluate the impact of this new technology. (SMS)

History ContinuedHistory Continued

In 1991, the World Wide Web was released. And it was In 1991, the World Wide Web was released. And it was not until 1995 that the Internet became very not until 1995 that the Internet became very commercialized. By 2000, the Internet had exceeded commercialized. By 2000, the Internet had exceeded their expectations with over 1 billion index able pages. their expectations with over 1 billion index able pages.

Search engines such as Google and Yahoo provide a Search engines such as Google and Yahoo provide a searchable index of internet resources. These are searchable index of internet resources. These are broad examples of digital libraries and more detailed broad examples of digital libraries and more detailed descriptions will be discussed in our presentation.descriptions will be discussed in our presentation.

There are also other specialized search resources to There are also other specialized search resources to help find certain content on the internet however much help find certain content on the internet however much of the Digital Library technology is being used in of the Digital Library technology is being used in companies to create networks and store data that is companies to create networks and store data that is accessible to the companies employees. accessible to the companies employees.

Cited from Sun Micro SystemsCited from Sun Micro Systems

National Science Digital National Science Digital Library (NSDL)Library (NSDL)

Created by the National Science Created by the National Science Foundation as part of the Digital Libraries Foundation as part of the Digital Libraries Initiative.Initiative.

Offers reputable sources on Science, Offers reputable sources on Science, Engineering, Techology, and Mathematics Engineering, Techology, and Mathematics that is searchable from one location.that is searchable from one location.

Information is added to the collection Information is added to the collection through a review process. It is cataloged, through a review process. It is cataloged, but the resources are not in one place. but the resources are not in one place. http://nsdl.org/resources_for/first_time_users/index.php?pager=faqhttp://nsdl.org/resources_for/first_time_users/index.php?pager=faq

WikisWikis

A wiki provides a collaborative A wiki provides a collaborative environment where individuals can environment where individuals can contribute, edit, and review content.contribute, edit, and review content.

Anyone can edit the information or create Anyone can edit the information or create new information. new information. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki

Wikipedia is a great exampleWikipedia is a great example There is software to create wikis such as There is software to create wikis such as

TWiki in a corporate environment. TWiki in a corporate environment. http://twiki.org/http://twiki.org/

MetadataMetadata

Information about a file or other dataInformation about a file or other data Important for searching resources in a Important for searching resources in a

digital librarydigital library Can be stored in the resource itself or in Can be stored in the resource itself or in

an external database. an external database. http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadataen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata

Examples: ID3 Tags for MP3s, Examples: ID3 Tags for MP3s, Information embedded in digital camera Information embedded in digital camera filesfiles

Internally Store MetadataInternally Store Metadata

Externally Stored Externally Stored MetadataMetadata

Metadata HarvestingMetadata Harvesting

A mechanism through which metadata A mechanism through which metadata can be shared between different systemscan be shared between different systems

OAI-PMH created by the Open Archives OAI-PMH created by the Open Archives Initiative is a major protocol for Initiative is a major protocol for exchanging metadata consisting of a exchanging metadata consisting of a metadata repository and a harvester. metadata repository and a harvester. http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.htmlhttp://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.html

The National Science Digital Library uses The National Science Digital Library uses OAI-PMH to answer requests from OAI-PMH to answer requests from harvesters from other services. harvesters from other services. http://www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/Arms-et-al-LibraryHiTech.pdfhttp://www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/Arms-et-al-LibraryHiTech.pdf

Digital Library Technology Digital Library Technology in the Business Worldin the Business World

Businesses are rapidly increasing their use of DL Businesses are rapidly increasing their use of DL technology because it is helping them to be more technology because it is helping them to be more efficient. All the information they need is at their efficient. All the information they need is at their fingertips, which makes sharing company information fingertips, which makes sharing company information much faster.much faster.Companies can create private or public networks to Companies can create private or public networks to store information and make it available to the store information and make it available to the appropriate users. This allows employees of companies appropriate users. This allows employees of companies to share important information to many users and helps to share important information to many users and helps to control who is accessing the data.to control who is accessing the data.

Businesses need to be able to deliver rich digital Businesses need to be able to deliver rich digital content, and this is why digital library technology is so content, and this is why digital library technology is so important. It takes the content from the company and important. It takes the content from the company and organizes it so that it is available to users in a organizes it so that it is available to users in a manageable way. It also allows users to search for the manageable way. It also allows users to search for the information they need quickly using metadata. information they need quickly using metadata.

In AIS, Digital Libraries are used to spread new In AIS, Digital Libraries are used to spread new knowledge to a mass group by publishing articles on knowledge to a mass group by publishing articles on the Information System. It also provides free software the Information System. It also provides free software which companies can use and then change to create which companies can use and then change to create exactly what they need. This saves time and money exactly what they need. This saves time and money for companies because much of the research and for companies because much of the research and development of these systems has already occurred. development of these systems has already occurred.

For example, a Digital Library (DL) for business can be For example, a Digital Library (DL) for business can be viewed as a means of doing Knowledge Management viewed as a means of doing Knowledge Management in a linked economy. Consider a scenario like this:in a linked economy. Consider a scenario like this:

A business consultant has knowledge about cost-A business consultant has knowledge about cost-saving ways of complying with international tax saving ways of complying with international tax rules on transfer pricing. She is persuaded to become rules on transfer pricing. She is persuaded to become an author, to make her knowledge explicit, and to an author, to make her knowledge explicit, and to place it in the DL. It is in her interest to do this, place it in the DL. It is in her interest to do this, because the DL software protects her rights, and pays because the DL software protects her rights, and pays royalties. So, from her point of view, the DL is a safe royalties. So, from her point of view, the DL is a safe and efficient way of delivering her knowledge to and efficient way of delivering her knowledge to customers. She sees her investment in knowledge customers. She sees her investment in knowledge repaid in more ways than she would get by traditional repaid in more ways than she would get by traditional methods alone. (Walker) methods alone. (Walker)

Additional Advantages of DL Additional Advantages of DL Technology in BusinessTechnology in Business

Digital Library technology has benefited businesses by Digital Library technology has benefited businesses by making them more successful and accessible. By making them more successful and accessible. By having the power to store data and access it at any having the power to store data and access it at any time, users have been able to gain knowledge at an time, users have been able to gain knowledge at an increasingly rapid rate. increasingly rapid rate.

Storing data and extracting it has become a much Storing data and extracting it has become a much easier and more manageable task for content easier and more manageable task for content managers. managers.

New programs are always being created and adopted New programs are always being created and adopted by companies to help increase efficiency and by companies to help increase efficiency and specialize the software to their needs. specialize the software to their needs.

Disadvantage of DL Disadvantage of DL Technology in BusinessTechnology in Business

There is really only one disadvantage to There is really only one disadvantage to implementing a Digital Library within a business. implementing a Digital Library within a business. Unfortunately, it is very expensive and time Unfortunately, it is very expensive and time consuming to create one of these systems. consuming to create one of these systems.

“ “The funding issue is probably the single largest The funding issue is probably the single largest barrier to digital library development.” (SMS) barrier to digital library development.” (SMS)

The Uses of a Digital The Uses of a Digital Library for IndividualsLibrary for Individuals

• • You can gain access to the holdings of libraries You can gain access to the holdings of libraries worldwide through automated catalogs.worldwide through automated catalogs.

• • You are able to locate both physical and digitized You are able to locate both physical and digitized versions of scholarly articles and books.versions of scholarly articles and books.

• • You can optimize searches, simultaneously search You can optimize searches, simultaneously search the Internet, commercial databases, and library the Internet, commercial databases, and library collections.collections.

• • You can save search results and conduct additional You can save search results and conduct additional processing to narrow or qualify results.processing to narrow or qualify results.

• • From search results, you can click through to access From search results, you can click through to access the digitized content or locate additional items of the digitized content or locate additional items of interest.interest.

Sun Microsystems. Digital Library Technology Trends. (2002) Available Sun Microsystems. Digital Library Technology Trends. (2002) Available

FEDORAFEDORA Flexible Extensible Digital Object Flexible Extensible Digital Object and Repository Architectureand Repository Architecture

•What is it?

•Where did it come from?

•What is its goal?

•What does it do?

•How does it work?

FEDORAFEDORA What is it?What is it?

- Fedora is open source software that is a distributed repository service that can - Fedora is open source software that is a distributed repository service that can serve as a fundamental component in an open digital library infrastructure.serve as a fundamental component in an open digital library infrastructure.

Where did it come from?Where did it come from?

- Cornell University Information Science and the University of Virginia Library’s - Cornell University Information Science and the University of Virginia Library’s research and development team jointly developed Fedora. research and development team jointly developed Fedora.

What is the goal of Fedora?What is the goal of Fedora?

--The goal of the Fedora project is to provide open source repository software The goal of the Fedora project is to provide open source repository software and related services to serve as the foundation for many types of information and related services to serve as the foundation for many types of information management systems. management systems.

-The FEDORA architecture is designed to enable interoperability by three -The FEDORA architecture is designed to enable interoperability by three means: (1) supporting the aggregation of heterogeneous, distributed content, (2) means: (1) supporting the aggregation of heterogeneous, distributed content, (2) providing a means for attaching extensible behaviors to a digital object, and (3) providing a means for attaching extensible behaviors to a digital object, and (3) providing a mechanism for associating externally-supplied rights enforcement providing a mechanism for associating externally-supplied rights enforcement mechanisms with the digital object to protect intellectual content. mechanisms with the digital object to protect intellectual content.

(http://www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/ADL98/dar-adl.html) (www.fedora.info/)

FEDORAFEDORA

What does it do?What does it do?

-It operates with other service modules that support searching, -It operates with other service modules that support searching, information discovery, name resolution, and rights management. information discovery, name resolution, and rights management.

How does it work?How does it work?

-Distributed Active Relationships (DARs) are the basis for -Distributed Active Relationships (DARs) are the basis for implementing Fedora components called "Interfaces" and implementing Fedora components called "Interfaces" and "Enforcers" which are linked to Digital Objects. Interfaces define "Enforcers" which are linked to Digital Objects. Interfaces define relationships and behaviors, and are attached to Digital Objects to relationships and behaviors, and are attached to Digital Objects to enable them to produce various outputs of their content packages. enable them to produce various outputs of their content packages. Enforcers are a special type of Interface that protect the Enforcers are a special type of Interface that protect the intellectual content in a Digital Object. intellectual content in a Digital Object.

((http://www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/ADL98/dar-adl.html) (www.fedora.info/)) (www.fedora.info/)

DSpaceDSpace

What is it?What is it?

How does it work?How does it work?

What is a DSpace community?What is a DSpace community?

What kind of documents does DSpace What kind of documents does DSpace store?store?

DSpaceDSpace

What is it?What is it?- DSpace was developed by MIT Libraries and Hewlett-Packard - DSpace was developed by MIT Libraries and Hewlett-Packard - DSpace is a digital repository system that captures, stores, - DSpace is a digital repository system that captures, stores, indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material.indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material.

How does it work?How does it work?

- DSpace manages and distributes digital items, made up of digital - DSpace manages and distributes digital items, made up of digital files (or “bitstreams”), and allows you to create, index, and search files (or “bitstreams”), and allows you to create, index, and search associated metadata to locate and retrieve the items. It's designed associated metadata to locate and retrieve the items. It's designed to support the long-term preservation of the digital material stored to support the long-term preservation of the digital material stored in the repository. DSpace is also designed to make submission in the repository. DSpace is also designed to make submission easy: DSpace Communities (such as departments, labs, and easy: DSpace Communities (such as departments, labs, and centers) can customize the system to meet their individual needs centers) can customize the system to meet their individual needs and manage the submission process themselves. and manage the submission process themselves.

http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/)http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/)

((

DSpaceDSpace What is a DSpace community?What is a DSpace community?

(http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/)(http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/)

DSpaceDSpace

What kind of content does DSpace store?What kind of content does DSpace store?-Documents, such as articles, preprints, working papers, technical reports, -Documents, such as articles, preprints, working papers, technical reports, or conference papers or conference papers -Books -Books -Theses -Theses -Data sets -Data sets -Computer programs -Computer programs -Visualizations, simulations, and other models -Visualizations, simulations, and other models -Multimedia publications -Multimedia publications -Books -Books -Bibliographic datasets -Bibliographic datasets -Images -Images -Audio files -Audio files -Video files -Video files -Learning objects -Learning objects -Web pages -Web pages

(http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/)(http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/)

ConclusionConclusion

Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management Digital Library Technology and its implementationsDigital Library Technology and its implementations What Meta Data is and how we use it todayWhat Meta Data is and how we use it today How Digital Library Technology is used in the How Digital Library Technology is used in the

business worldbusiness world Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Library Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Library

TechnologyTechnology Digital Library Products such as Fedora and Digital Library Products such as Fedora and

DSpaceDSpace

QUESTIONS???QUESTIONS???

SOURCESSOURCES

AIHMA. Knowledge Management (2002) Available: AIHMA. Knowledge Management (2002) Available: http://http://library.ahima.orglibrary.ahima.org// Fedora: Fedora Open Source Repository Software. (2005) Available: Fedora: Fedora Open Source Repository Software. (2005) Available:

http://www.fedora.info/documents/WhitePaper/FedoraWhitePaper.pdfhttp://www.fedora.info/documents/WhitePaper/FedoraWhitePaper.pdf MIT Libraries. (April 28, 2006) DSpace. Available: http://www.dspace.org/MIT Libraries. (April 28, 2006) DSpace. Available: http://www.dspace.org/ http://www.fedorafaq.org/#nextversionhttp://www.fedorafaq.org/#nextversion NISO: Understanding Metadata.(2001). Available: NISO: Understanding Metadata.(2001). Available: http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/UnderstandingMetadata.pdfhttp://www.niso.org/standards/resources/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf Sun Microsystems. Digital Library Technology Trends. (2002) Available: http://www.sun.com/products-n-Sun Microsystems. Digital Library Technology Trends. (2002) Available: http://www.sun.com/products-n-

solutions/edu/whitepapers/pdf/digital_library_trends.pdfsolutions/edu/whitepapers/pdf/digital_library_trends.pdf Walker, Adrien. (1998) The Internet Knowledge Manager, Dynamic Digital Libraries, and Agents You can Walker, Adrien. (1998) The Internet Knowledge Manager, Dynamic Digital Libraries, and Agents You can

Understand. Available: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march98/walker/03walker.htmlUnderstand. Available: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march98/walker/03walker.html http://nsdl.org/resources_for/first_time_users/index.php?pager=faqhttp://nsdl.org/resources_for/first_time_users/index.php?pager=faq http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata http://www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/Arms-et-al-LibraryHiTech.pdfhttp://www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/Arms-et-al-LibraryHiTech.pdf http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.htmlhttp://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.html www.fedora.info/) http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/)http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/)