Upload
janis-hoover
View
227
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Knowledge Economy of Social Sciences in India: Knowledge Economy of Social Sciences in India: A Case of EconomicsA Case of Economics
BINO PAUL GD, TATA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Key elements for discussionKey elements for discussion
Knowledge as public, quasi, private goods
Author and Institutional Concentration
Social network of authors
• Role of social network or Knowledge output is also a function of social interaction
• Does this social interaction of authors follow a particular pattern?
Literature and Context of the Literature and Context of the studystudy
Knowledge Economy of Social Sciences in India:Knowledge Economy of Social Sciences in India:
A Case of EconomicsA Case of Economics
Concentration inConcentration in
Knowledge Knowledge
OutputOutputCox and Chung Cox and Chung
(1991) Hodgson and (1991) Hodgson and Rothman (1999) Bino Rothman (1999) Bino et al. (2005)et al. (2005)
Role of Social Role of Social
network in network in
Knowledge Knowledge Granovettor(1985)Granovettor(1985)
Cowan and Jonard Cowan and Jonard
(1999) Klamer and (1999) Klamer and
Van Dalen (2002Van Dalen (2002))
Testing of Testing of
small worldsmall worldBarabasi and Barabasi and
Bonabeau (2003)Bonabeau (2003)
Goyal et al (2006)Goyal et al (2006)
(Economics(Economics))
Economics of Economics of GrowthGrowth
Solow (1956)Solow (1956)
Romer (1990)Romer (1990)
Does geography matter in knowledge productionDoes geography matter in knowledge production
Did the emergence of new technologies affect the structure of Did the emergence of new technologies affect the structure of knowledge activity? knowledge activity?
Link between social network of authors and citationsLink between social network of authors and citations
How does the Indian network look different from the broader How does the Indian network look different from the broader international network? international network?
An illustration of Indian Economics An illustration of Indian Economics
Major questions?Major questions?
Data for the present study comes from six leading economics Data for the present study comes from six leading economics journals in India- IER, IEJ, IJAE,JQE, AV, IESHR (Krishna & Bino, journals in India- IER, IEJ, IJAE,JQE, AV, IESHR (Krishna & Bino, 2009)2009)
The network database consists of authorship for forty years from The network database consists of authorship for forty years from 1966-2005 (most extensive database)1966-2005 (most extensive database)
Authorship for each article and conference proceedings are Authorship for each article and conference proceedings are compiled for each journal separatelycompiled for each journal separately
The entire data base is divided into four windows; 1966-75, 1976-The entire data base is divided into four windows; 1966-75, 1976-85, 1986-95 and 1996-200585, 1986-95 and 1996-2005
Sample and sourceSample and source
The network database consists of authorship publications for forty The network database consists of authorship publications for forty years from 1966-2005 years from 1966-2005
We start with a simple network framework: Social network is We start with a simple network framework: Social network is defined as a set of nodes and a set of lines. defined as a set of nodes and a set of lines.
Each publishing author is considered as a node and two authors Each publishing author is considered as a node and two authors are connected by a line if they have co-authored. are connected by a line if they have co-authored.
We assume that coauthorship relation is nondirectionalWe assume that coauthorship relation is nondirectional
Network FrameworkNetwork Framework
(Social Network of authors)(Social Network of authors)
ResultsResults
Journal 1966-75 1976-85 1986-95 1996-05
Total Papers 1035 1377 1457 1257
Single-authored .870 .802 .759 .725
Two authors .103 .150 .193 .212
Three authors .021 .040 .043 .052
Four or more authors .004 .006 .004 .011
Source: Krisha & Bino (2009)
1966-75 1976-85 1986-95 1996-2005
Total authors 889 1223 1328 1246
Size of the network(Percentage)
244(27.3)
437(35.7)
496(37.3)
626(50.2)
Degree Distribution (%)
0 72.6 64.3 62.7 49.8
1 17.8 23.2 23.5 31.6
2 6.5 7.7 10.1 11.5
3 2.2 3.1 2.3 3.5
4 0.2 1.3 1.1 2.6
5 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.4
6 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3
7 0.2 0 0.1 0.0
8 0.0 0 0.0 0.2
9 0.1 0 0.0 0.2
10 0.0 0 0.0 0.1
Source: Krishna & Bino (2009)
ResultsResults
1966-75 Sparse co-authorship network
source: Krishna & Bino (2009)
Size of the Giant Component for the Period 1966-1975 Stage 1: Developing stage (low Cliqueshness) Average Distance 4.71Source: Krishna & Bino (2010)
1996-2005: More dense network, Source: Krishna & Bino (2009)
Size of the Giant Component for the Period 1996-2005Stage of High Cliqueshness, more integrated , less number of structural holes,Source: Krishna & Bino (2009)
Questions?
• Why does the Indian network look different from the broader international network?
Share of Top Three Institutional Contributors to Indian Journals, 2005
Journals and Period
Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Total
IER (1966-2005)
Delhi School of Economics
Institute of Economic Growth
Indian Statistical Institute*
19.98
IEJ (1978-05) University of Bombay
University of Delhi
Delhi School of Economics
10.07
JQE (1986-2005)
Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
Reserve Bank of India
Institute of Economic Growth, Monash U, U of California
12.26
IJAE (1964-2005)
Punjab Agricultural University
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmadabad
19.1
IESHR (1985-2005)
University of Delhi
Delhi School of Economics
Jawaharlal Nehru University
20.26
Source: Krishna & Bino (2009)
Magnitude of concentration in economic journals in India
Frequency Distribution of Authors by Number of Publications, 1990-2002 Journals N Frequency Distribution†
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >9 Indian Economic Review (-3.06) 178 84.27 12.36 1.69 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Indian Economic Journal (-3.1) 673 84.4 10.4 3.57 0.7 0.45 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.15
Artha Vijnana (-2.72) 277 82.67 11.91 2.17 1.4 1.08 0.0 0.72 0.0 0.0 0.0
Journal of Quantitative Economics (-3.27)
263 87.8 9.1 1.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics (-2.7)
370 79.7 11.89 3.51 1.89 1.62 0.81 0.27 0.27 0.0 0.0
Indian Economic and Social History Review (-3.5)
191 86.9 10.4 2.09 0.52 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0.0
Indian Journal of Economics (-2.86)
468 85.47 9.4 2.6 1.07 0.43 0.85 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.21
Lotka’s Law++ --- 60.8 15.2 6.8 3.8 2.4 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.8 6.4
*Figures in parenthesis represent the author concentration β N = Number of Authors. †Percentage of authors publishing ‘n’ papers ++ The proportions of authors predicted by Lotka’s law. Source: Bino et al., (2005)
Distribution of Paper by Number of Citation, 1996-2005Source: Bino & Krishna (2010)
Frequency Distribution†
Number of Citation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >9
Indian Economic Review (447) 53.2 16.3 8.9 4.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 5.9
Indian Economic Journal (411) 71.8 12.1 6.5 3.5 1.8 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.2 1.4
Artha Vijnana (87) 30.2 30.2 11.6 11.6 2.3 4.7 2.3 2.3 0.0 0.0 4.7
Journal of Quantitative Economics (362) 47.9 18.2 9.7 8.5 6.1 3.6 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 2.4
Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics (1169)
59.2 14.4 9.4 4.9 3.1 1.4 1.8 0.5 0.6 1.0 3.6
Indian Economic and Social History Review (186)
80.9 8.2 4.1 1.5 1.2 2.1 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3
Indian Journal of Economics (232) 78.4 11.5 2.3 3.2 2.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.5
Economic and Political Weekly (2127)
57.9 14.0 7.0 4.3 3.5 2.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 5.6
Source: Tabulated and compiled from Hazing’s Publish or Perish Database †Percentage of papers cited ‘n’ times Figure in parenthesis represents number of citations.
Author Distribution in EPW
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Number of papers
Per
cen
tag
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f au
tho
rs
Observed distribution
Lotka's Law
Thank You