Know Your Enemy: Active Defense - American Public Power ...€¦ · Know Your Enemy: Active Defense & Penetration Testing for Utilities Cybersecurity Summit November 13, 2018 | Austin,

Know Your Enemy: Active Defense & Penetration Testing for UtilitiesCybersecurity Summit

November 13, 2018 | Austin, Texas

Brent Heyen & Mark Johnson-BarbierSenior Principle Analysts, Cybersecurity ArchitectureSalt River [email protected] [email protected]

Dan GunterPrincipal Threat AnalystDragos, Inc.d t @d

mailto:[email protected]



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Agenda

• What is Active Defense?• Who is your Enemy?• What is Threat Intelligence?• Applying Knowledge of your Enemy

oOur Story as a Maturity Model: Low, Medium, HighoHelpful ideas for ALL organizations

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What is Active Defense?• Sliding Scale of Cybersecurity

• Active Defense: process of analysts monitoring for, responding to, and learning form adversaries internal to the network

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Who is your Enemy?• Enemy, Adversary, Threat

InsidersCompetitorsCrime groupsHacktivistsNation StatesAPTsTerroristsScript-Kiddies

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How the Enemy Operates

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What is Threat Intelligence?“evidence-based knowledge, including context, mechanisms, indicators, implications and actionable advice, about an existing or emerging menace” - Gartner

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Threat Intelligence

https://dragos.com/adversaries.html

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Applying Adversary Knowledge

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Our Story Begins…

$Positive Outcomes

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Maturity Level: Low

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Controls To Focus On

Legal Controls

Technical Controls

Procedural Controls

Risk-based framework: What reduces most risk?

Maturity Level: Low

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• Risk Formula:

RISK = LIKELIHOOD X IMPACT

Maturity Level: Low

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• Risk Formula:

RISK = LIKELIHOOD X IMPACT

THREAT X VULNERABILTYCONSEQUENCE

Maturity Level: Low

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• Risk Formula:

RISK =

THREAT X VULNERABILITY X CONSEQUENCE

• Vulnerability-Centric Approach• Automate • Do we ever get to 0?

Maturity Level: Low

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• Risk Formula:

RISK =


• Consequence-Centric Approach• Often already considered in ICS: Safety Culture

Maturity Level: Low

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• Risk Formula:

RISK =


• Threat-Centric Approach• Don’t Give Up on

Prevention!

Maturity Level: Low

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What We Can Detect

Security Tool

Alerts

IOCs

Limited Logs & Visibility

Maturity Level: Low

Run All the IOCs(Manually & Point In Time)

Respond to Security Alerts

Collection Management Framework

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o Keys to Success Develop asset visibility Understand your defensive posture

Maturity Level: Low

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o Visibility What is current environment understanding?

―Devices―Protocols

Can "normal" be defined?―Behaviors

Maturity Level: Low

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oWhat is my current defensive posture?

Maturity Level: Low

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Maturity Level: Low

Source Location DurationHMI Windows Event Logs Operator Workstation 60 daysDomain Controller Event Logs All Domain Controllers 48 hoursRaw Packet Capture L3/L4 Boundary 72 hoursBro Connection Logs From Raw PCAP 72 hours

Collection Management Framework

oWhat is my current defensive posture?

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o Success Conditions Asset visibility:

―Can identify protocols and devices―Up to date network map―Can define basics of "normal" behavior

Defensive posture:― Vetted & rehearsed IR plan― Prevent, detect, respond strategy

Maturity Level: Low

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Our Story Continued…

Ukraine 2015

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Maturity Level: Medium

Attack Analysis of Ukraine 2015

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Maturity Level: Medium• The Value of Threat Intelligence & Threat Hunting

Centralized running of specific IOCs

based on context

Fix and mature Collection

Management Framework

Identify blind spots

Threat Hunting dashboards

Begin to focus more heavily on ICS visibility and

hunting

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• Keys to success:oEvaluate effectiveness of defense programoBuilding solid internal & external relationships

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Maturity Level: Medium• Evaluate effectiveness of defense program

oTechnical aspects: Do defensive efforts counter attacker capabilities? Do defensive efforts counter known vulnerabilities? How do I consume threat intelligence?

oNon-technical aspects: Does my team and enterprise know what to do? Is my defensive plan synced with operational realities? Have I tested my plan beyond the security team?

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Maturity Level: Medium• Building solid internal & external relationships

o Internally: Find your (current) allies Find your (future) allies

oExternally: Collaborate with other asset owners ISAC, InfraGard Not all vendors are dirty

• Find who you trust• Collaboration is two way street

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https://dragos.com/neighborhood-keeper.html

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Maturity Level: Medium• Success conditions:

oEvaluate effectiveness of defense program: Areas of improvement identified Investments prioritized Plan thoroughly tested

oBuilding solid internal & external relationships Internal workflows streamlined Reducing internal fires Two way external relationships

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Our Story Continued…

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Maturity Level: High (Future)• Better OT Visibility with Passive Monitoring

North/South (Ingress/Egress)East/West (Lateral Movement)

Data Sources:• SPAN ports (current phase)

• Netflow (future as needed)

• Endpoint logs (future as possible)

• Firewall logs (future phase)

• PI data (future phase)

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Maturity Level: High (Future)• Visualization and Anomaly Detection

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Maturity Level: High (Future)• Repeatable and scalable processes

o Content Packs – Playbooks, Analytics and Query-Focused Datasets

Threat Hunting

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Maturity Level: High (future)• Begin with the end in mind: Threat focus

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Maturity Level: High (future)• Begin with the end in mind: Threat focus

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Maturity Level: High (Future)• Keys to Success:

oIntegrate threat intel & consequence approachoGo deep

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Maturity Level: High (Future)• Integrate threat intel & consequence approach

oThreat intel How well understood is attacker? What quality of data am I getting from intel sources?

oConsequence approach: Don't wait for signs of attacker research & development What are most critical parts of progress? What is my visibility around process consequence?

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Maturity Level: High (Future)• Go deep

Tradeoff of network vs host data―Network data:

» Easier to collect and analyze» Easier for attacker to hide in

―Host data» Harder to collect and analyze at scale» Harder for attacker to cover tracks» Memory vs hard disk

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Maturity Level: High (Future)• Go deep

Sophisticated attackers will study your defenses

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Maturity Level: High (Future)• Success conditions:

oIntegrate threat intel & consequence approach Measure defenses against attacker TTP from threat intel Use assessment & threat hunt results proactively

oGo deep Understand host & network forensic capabilities Understand limits of existing DPI Ensure DPI of industrial & high risk protocols

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Conclusion?• Know Yourselfo Be honest about your maturity

• Know Your Enemyo What is being seeno What is possible

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Image ReferencesSlide 4: Image Source - https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/ActiveDefense/sliding-scale-cyber-security-36240

Slide 5: Image Source - https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/adversaries2-500x329.jpg

Image Source - https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/post-images/63249/Screen%20Shot%202017-05-15%20at%207.35.41%20PM.png

Slide 6: Image Source - https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/ICS/industrial-control-system-cyber-kill-chain-36297

Slide 7: Image Source - https://www.recordedfuture.com/assets/threat-intelligence-data-1.png

Slide 8: Image Source – https://dragos.com/adversaries.html

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Slide 10: Image Source - http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/tmp1954_thumb_thumb.jpg

Image Source - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFmDp0gcl98

Image Source - https://www.50-best.com/images/will_ferrell_memes/overwhelmed.jpg

Image Source - https://bergento.no/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/board_icon.png

Slide 11: Image Source - https://i.imgflip.com/2jb5ji.jpg

Image Source - https://bushcraftusa.com/forum/data/attachments/23/23969-85e0c9e13ca3b49146e7c651a092a838.jpg

Slide 12: Image Source -https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2018/04/16/framework-01.png?itok=sTmLOvAW

Image Source - https://www.acsc.gov.au/images/acsc_logo.png?

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Image Source - https://www.energy.gov/ceser/activities/cybersecurity-critical-energy-infrastructure/energy-sector-cybersecurity-0-1

Slide 15: Image Source - https://imgflip.com/s/meme/Third-World-Skeptical-Kid.jpg

Slide 17: Image Source - https://i.imgflip.com/1sybsj.jpg

Slide 18: Image Source - https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2016/04/07000023/shutterstock_382920931.jpg

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Slide 21: Image Source - https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/ActiveDefense/sliding-scale-cyber-security-36240

Slide 24: Image Source - https://www.eenews.net/image_assets/2016/07/image_asset_12194.jpg

Slide 25: Image Source - https://www.nerc.com/pa/CI/ESISAC/Documents/E-ISAC_SANS_Ukraine_DUC_18Mar2016.pdf?

Image Source - https://i1.wp.com/advancedpersistentsecurity.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Triangle.png?ssl=1

Slide 26: Image Source - https://www.fortinet.com/content/dam/fortinet/images/icons/benefits/icon-benefits-multiple-platform-support.svg

Image Source - https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/amp-for-endpoints/index/_jcr_content/Grid/category_atl/layout-category-atl/blade/bladeContents/spotlight/image.img.png/1531981328095.png

Image Source - https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2016/04/07000023/shutterstock_382920931.jpg

Image Source - https://www.siemworks.com/images/Solutions/icons/dashboard-icon.png

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Slide 30: Image Source - https://dragos.com/neighborhood-keeper.html

Slide 32: Image Source - https://coachgeline.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/worksmarter.jpg

Slide 33: Image Source - https://www.controlglobal.com/assets/Uploads/_resampled/ResizedImage661719-cover-fig1-FIN.png

Slide 35: Image Source – The Matrix

Image Source – https://dragos.com

Slide 41: Image Source - https://memegenerator.net/instance/81107451/desk-flip-rage-guy-spend-weekend-imaging-and-analyzing-hard-drive-malware-was-memory-resident