Provost Marshal General, Study 3B-1 - "Defense Against Enemy Action Directed at Civilians" 30 April 1946

,DEFENSE AGAINST ENEMY ACTION

DIRECTED AT CIVILIAilS.

(sTuDY 3B-l)

-a-Pro Porcd

undar thc rupervlglon olThc Provost Morrhol Gcncrol

30 Aprl I 1946

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ID}NTEM$E AOAI}IST ENT;IT AC?Ift{ DINSGSED AT CITIIAATSI?

Preparud

der tba supon'Lslca of

Iha Prôvost ltarsbal Gaaeral

]o Aprli, L9d6

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&Lgcllaslfi q c o . i . . r r . . . . . . t . . . . o . ,..

Eggrerdatigts 2 e . t . . r . . r . . r . . . . r . . e

I.ist of ExtrtblLg o . o . . . . . r . . r . . . ., r . 'Erfrlbtt $Ah - Copy of Authorlty for Cmduct ofStrdylig*l ..r . . . . r . . . . . . . e r

E *r1btt trE't - Civllian Defenae Aspecta of AtcnlcBombAttacks on JaFn. . . , r r . . . . .

Hdtiblt t10.'t - Over..sLL Clvlllra IbfeBBe ln Japan . . r r&&lblt ttlt - Ctrrlllaa ibfease ta C*nnray, c . o . . o o

Errhlbtt oEt - Ctvllten Xefease ln Oregt Erital.a . " F . o

Exhlblt upt' - The &ganlaetisr *ru:l Ferf,orurnce ofthe dfLca of ClvltLsn Dsfenee hrlngfforld lfar If ,. t . , . r . , . r o . . c q

Exhlblt nGB * 0nggn!.za+,1cn and PErfo,rmacs of thefitate Girard tn tha l]nLted EtetesDurlJlgH'orld$arll o o o o o B e o c. o

E &lbt t nHr * Internal $acurLty ln ths Unltad StetcafilrlngErrldf&rll " " e o o. a o o e o o

Exhlbtt BI* - Coordlnetlsr of Intornal SecurLtyActlnltl,ea 1n tha l&rlted StatoaDrrlng Sorld Ear If snd a Strer"5rof the PrlnclpeJ. Agencles F,rtlc*lpatlagLn?hosaAetdl6td,ec. o.. c . .. o

Er*rlbil.t rJr - HoreLe 1n Ccnnectl.o nltb Civtllan- Dgfgrsgr. .... o. o o o o o o o o i.

Exhlbdt ttIP - Ccnslderetloa of tltsl Industrlal- SactlLttes ta DenobllLsetlqr Plarurlng . . o

Exhlblt nLn - Cerslderstlcn of yltrl Ecllltiea.Excluslve of lleuuf,scturlng Folltiies,fnDenobll,tzEtloPlarurlng . o o o. o. r

Exhlblt ttllE - Irtet of Dos@nts erd Referense ftensCmprtstxgtnesqrrcel$trrlrl q o c i. o

r'.xblbtt nlF - 0opy of Intertu Bepct ($hdy 3E-I)suiilttt€d bgr ltra fiorrwi Br;hif o€n-eraLol2 Ierchl9lr6.,... D o.. c.

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rngfEll$E AGAII.E? gffE!fi .e$raog D:flECTED Ar CITILIAT*i|

L 3flS$ram sffi $cqrE

I. A rpncraadu:n fer The Pr*vc:lt &rsh81 fueral from.th* 1titry{-,

tm*ru--lg.-trff"=;;:*ffi titJ*-3?Ir,t"ffik*Hi,J|;ffiTl#lihef apprw+€ leit{stgln bf pl-aas fs* eLr{iJ.aa p*r*lalpattq in_$efeasaagaf3l*, *sntr ae+3oa di.rec'"ed at cLvlllaas, aad reguested ?be Frc!'eetEirale} eeaal+l to eandr:*t an analysLs of Eeld. Bar IT ary+rl*rr::e lactvll €efease, te Lncllxle +*Irat of tlil.o eor:ntry, our s11{6s ar"d r::;Pssrd.es. It rsae ltrt*hex regrrken tlrat tbie study clav+iq:r

E. ?tra ageney tbat ehouid bo respansLbLs for firfusa eti:dyanit plaafngr Ind

bo ?be agency af'the geverament that ebould be reeponsibSefor tuplaroa*Lng tha plens.

2, 8o An latoran rapoat of thlg stdy las $smttted on L? Harchfg# {ir}d.H.t "g'}; rlth tie srpectflc reserwatton that fidher strdy,partlcdarly oftalaas66 Effirlrs not tbeno, atallablor_dght neeesaltateifa ratrlgloi of eofu of tbe teatattw coaoluplme. E*ept for e sughtuoitlfLoa'"loa of the stetus a1gt role of $tete Qgarda, tfrthr att{y eub-s?snttrtad aad eoalLred tb stateruenta and oonelusioua sct forth lnthe lutsrd.n repo:*"

bo FUrnsrous doetmte, terts, r.epolta, surrrs5rg,aod,CgGDlaa-tlms for erltrLl defenge haw beea thoraugfuly eiadDodo Staff sttdlceon tte uost parth;t subJacte are ap'penfiaa-to tbLs naport (PxUftats

Er tbroug[ nlf ) ana fer futrre refersnoc, a list of ths aotE.Gc'E-tertaf k lEo1osad. (Enhltd.t rEtr)

9, CIIC.L defense le an trtegral ard eeaantlal etreat of owr-allnet!.onn1 defaage.- i" tl" ray Ln infct lt affecta tho poduotlve Poa6{r _

of tha pgatatlm, tho peematloa of people aa'sorg!.Eocof nanpoverr aad

?be naliteaanoc oi uorale, thls fa'r of defcnse le etrzteglo. AnalJrglgof grrrr-all Stratagr, homtte, bas been oailtted ln thie repot$. TheobJec0lrrt otr staategtc ratl'ooal dofeuge arc cntlre\y illfferart froBtt- *5rctlves of ol.t{l ilofeuac. Tbs fcmr Le dtrasted tmard theparluailcr, by rll.lLtar3r Bars;.of eneay sttaok oa ary p:* of theoostry, lbffl the htler eoceimas itaelf rtth tbe uobillLzati.m of theartire- poprulatJ.oa for the preaarratlon of otv{.LLaa ]l,fe arr.l prgperty-tlrc th; lc$rlts of e1oh cttacte, and trhe rapld :reetoratlon of n*'ual

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eot€f.tgffi 3.n eqy asea elLeb has beea eikoked. ThLs etudy d'e*is1

f**si5r; *l.tt, ihe lethod€ by ehleir tbe qb.llgettvc-s of clrrll da:lea*ekff h* *ea3"l.ze€. S* a*t+upt-haa baeu uade to empbaslae tbs .'ra--rie cfti:r p-**e.d,13+es *;e*h*i.qtia6, erd tgpe* ef erg*rlzatdon ab85€ 3no-vea

"o=e| io g+:rera1 1-:r*eldrige" nat:rii,, f"t bes been eought t* i.derrt:lff

.ra per*:r*ebIa falL'"a=*, ao d-+nelep 3.o1g1ea3 e:d ace+pttbls Etsaeiii ii:e eq'-, k+tiea, a*d *c :-=.e*:sg**d res f:"alde of aeilvl.ty 1n kmplag d.th *cder*

BEt&I:*nii *::t3 f*i:i::* p,*s*-+-bilLtLae- 'Ilbs *teff a*r*'laee dla*:r*Ei*i':!e *Gfi.-

eiwi.e::* *l{ r**cm*,"r,5a'tieng tha'i f'o}i*H, ar€ based on ex.ret*'cerl+ +ftba lrcedla$e pae?, and ).+glee} aa*leJ.petloa ef the futrtrs'

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&" ttrts sBudy of c,lytl dafar:uo1 nade dr:rlag-th6-p9r1e.{ .!.!'.:gprrt1945 to 30 Apr:1l nb45, !.e as a=laawt;ite as, poss{bls tr*.th+r;t *i.v:r:n'elngboyonil the cltogory oi a pu.ely expLoretozy ri*alpu3.a. _In tire- *':qreeofl the 'work, many Lpparenrttry conflJ.ctlng e*atsueatg $3d tlseot**iE aereread and hsard',

-Ifwever, 'caran* analysls ef ell auch sstter* augrportatba eorrolrreJ.oas aad recornmenilatlons set forth ln itre eaetlons vi:teh foi*l"m"

5. The clvl.l dafenae rtnrotureel organLaatloae, and f,orI.d Ear IIagpee:l.eaees ef three 3.arge natlons {Cieat"nrltallr Gernany-and .Tapa,u}

haie ben carafirlly ana:yrea by a largep eareflrl1y selsctod g'oTp 9f 1

epaelal{ ets (tintteit Statls Strategtc Bomblûg Surey and otber $,safons) "Tira ctvtltan populatlons of all thrae of thise natlorrE rere oubJaotedte terr:l*lc porsding from tbe alr ard l]om var'lous otber trcaPa'n$, ofnod,ern rarfare. *fI tUee reeelved Eaturatlou ra!.dai orro rag lnvadedton6 res subJected to ttre nene-raekLng tsror aad danage of a proloagedettack by riuze bmbgn and enornous a5.a€d rnLEsi[LeE that appoaohodsllcntty because they rera fag0er tlraa eourd, sad one nstloa re*eltedtrc egintes bloss *ou the uoEt efftctlve and fantaetio,xeepoa of alltlre---tha atsatc bonb. ftra of theee natlone raa vletor{ous and ttgorena daf,eatsd, Bhuse the atrdles conducted rewalsd & cfosa--GactLonof Exptt'LeAgg tbat riugBd fron slngS.e epaL1-bamb lnclliautsl tbrory[holosaffireh ee the-Banburg fi.t;, to tenrtfLa he"oo of unl.easbod '

atod.e onergy, $lgatfteantlyr tUe ipost rortsntr old.nlonr'of elvlL ile-feage ellearts anit la3mea ttriWUout, the war mrld rere geaoralJry ueaa- '!-Eolra. it"i ware ae-oua Ln tmfr declarattona tbat so long ag-eld.egare ualntafircd and rar renalas,ovoB a renote poeelbt4typ olv1l def,erse,rust bo racognlzed aE a prLus:ltrr conpoaent of otur-all defenee and nustbe rernowd Sou tts forasr fnfirtonard.baphauard roLe. Ieadere ln both

Leadorsblp fn ana lack of n*Utar7 ipprealattoa of eld.l defomse nattars"

6. The analy3ls of.Ihlt.d Statee a:per{.eaae ln clv{'l dsfease trna

latemal aeslsrr.t/ (unttLcd by cnery attac* !.n fonoe) developed apprord-mtoly the EailE eet, of app*:Uatl"onc ad cr.l'tlclcns that sere offered

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br defeEted sn6rr ieadera Lu conreme on th€lr ora plans and perfor:m-iioes. (fxrfgi*ti nEn, ngtt, n!fl, a$d EEn) Iii ts furLber aigaifl.eaatthat eocn€a of L*ad*rs la goveruraat, po1lif.es, tha pz'sss, lebe,ru ln-dustry a?ul iil pu-b3te axd plvata S.ffee nhc effi lnf*rmatLy ryl*sa*enedby offtcere egslgtl.ag 1n the aonduc+. of thls atrdy, nade-volumt*erstat€lr,ente ef epteicn that agrae ilaoically slth the ocnefirsi.eita eadgonaraL reeowendetlow that foLlm,

?. $cuo exanplea of tha neonfllSettng etatcmen+os end the+qiae€asatiermd absva era rorthy of co*ma:lt. i;:+ -

{Lr Hany aenbers sf the prees, as re}I €8 goillo LirategLtsS "-"

expartel fu5.tlal3y lnfezrad that the explosloe of tba tro atede bonbsla-Jafs; destrayed ta that aation tha leat fatnt spark of eLii ia resle*"$nboegre* on-ths-ground !.meetlgettons by eourpeteat e:ryer&e have de-tauotneil tbat arrch sae nst the eaee, The utLL of tbe peopla Ix the troatorLa target ar6as wae oaly a13gkt3-y affecteds.and that u_g tlf paopl€tbougbott-tha reat of Japan, tf affeoted at aIJ, vas ln tbe d.{.vestLcaof strengthsalas thel.r raaolre to reslst end tncreaslng t'heLr l:fftredof the errer{r.

b. Ftnther statar:entg rer6 made that rthsre la uo defenseagahst the atoale bonrb.s In thls repott, ao atteq* le Eade to.ryur-rel rith thst s&ateaent as lt appllos to aoti.tu defcnael hrt defanaeegalnst any boub and pnrotect!.sraga$-nst tihe effeats of lts_erplos:!.onr.-aie tuo ffififretv dtffirent thlngsi Thls etu{y ls coracerned able:y dtUthc latter. At HagaeakS.l 'tle.neane to pnorteot the peopls rLthin tbstcLty uere at hand on thp day of the e:cploslon. Proper rarnlng a;d thcdtablplinod coutrol of the populctlon could havr pJaoed tbsn ln oxl.stlngnea:fty trnnelg ln the normitaln-elde ln pos!.tlona of proven sefety._ Etm-dreda of pecrpLe nho obeyed Lagtnrctlona and ranainsd ln tbe lateral paa-6agrg of thase atr rald ehelter trnncls rene utba::nede altbough they _rsre rftHa only a fer hundr.ed f,cet of the grornd lero of the bonb. Iathe mr? csnter of dovastatlon of both atod.c targeta eore trul.ldingostlll oterd, and gut"l.rrcrs rho rere ln thsee brd.lttlugs at tbe ttre ofthe uplooLon bane baen Lntorvletod. Ia tbe faOe of thosa faeter itoaonot-Ue truthfully etated thot no defenoe la poselble. Hany knwnq'd prov€n pnoteotlve @&Eunas ean be enploSred to dd.nlze tbe losa ofll.fe- and property" The extsnt of dostruotl.oa and dovastatlon that ootrldbe aooorplJ.shsd ln thls o. an5r erther oorutry try a oaref.tfl]ryr plaaneillauildo asrd et&enslv€ atontc bonb attaak ls horrtble to aonterrplatof blr[a me t6r.r1b!s amt lasldr.aus reapon fc otr tbeorettcal enery rould batb6 doatlrrtloa of our rr111 to red.et aud surrtrer by luplantlng an ad-vaaoe dootr{ne of defcatleu ln the nlndE of our p6opXa" Tbecra lg defeaee,hrt !t uust be p!.arm€il ard tnplerented to eolr rlth rcr leapots, dhatetertkSr aay be. It ls a graro ard fiudaueatal reaponslbdllty of our gov?rn*D€rrt, and a natural tUcttoa of 'ltE trar Dapartmeut to dctulq ucans ofpnotectlon aad to ereete plane to put thoso Ears of prctaotton latoeffeot ;lthout &lAE. Oaly by eo dolng oaa tbe far Departnem0 as$rret&e orvtrtaa p@tlon of tts coaetaat afertacaa Ln aIL aspaooa of

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natloael sea;rity" or1y by offeetLva plesnlag aad pr*pe dLsa€ml"aetfl"oaof lrrfercatf.an c.ae the ccafldance cf the peepte be seeured snd. mtaga€dalcd thglr ar**tgrparbart xt11 to errrlva be lrraee:'ted"

8, 0esgsXt assusgLlonE of the probable eharast€r of a *:ir:re ?Eraugt bs raad,e, alae* any *:rbure dep,aadable plen uemt eon*ld*r q-1] eoa-tlagaae3.ea sxxl rust plen for the srrat. Soee of thoee a*cruryE{ms aret

&" S. Sorld S*r III ronrld tavalw tbe Unltod Stetes rdg Lh€*[rst aation to be attack+d, It ls lneoaeatvabl*, *a the Llght ef pestevmt*, th*t ary gr*at aggffiseor sltlh e,rrH.tlong fer earld s+Bfi.rae$+' B,nd

dmlnatLon screld felI fl.rct to etteapt tfua eapture, eubJugatS-*q or de*strnrotLoa of the ael-f*e*,y3ed raresaal of dsnccra,ey.s In tw+ ware, tbegrdted Statss aas qutek to thros tts in&rstrla3 strergtb lnta tha llgbiagaLnst, the aggresscrs long befora tbe eerntry Ees aetual!.y brcrighE trt+tfia fi-ght5.ng.--llo g,etenilaL aggr€sscr, e?dn ohe who haa ac tr+rr#ryl.ale!3eot{ve_In thLe eotmtrTl cqul,g affor€ to ignorc ihe neeoea3"ty ef, put-ting the Btrlndd States orrL of the, flght befois, ho bogsns the eie*ttalo*of hta plan of prima:y eonqr:eet

b. ths nect lrar sttl to e iote[ rar rybLeh cay bagl.n st gggtlps. It 1111 he fought s.iritiali"y ,.i-Ef; I[dt€d $tatall siltel tri1T-fi€attaoked ftrst end wlthsut rera,tngr by en au@y that rtl.t ba et laaEtae eonrpeteat aad grctorftrl" &s are r6i W an 6u€qr thet srl.Ll ineiffistsatrong undereowr enenles Ilom rtthtn, rho are pe:ftaps 6?€n nom woriklagagalast ugi and "bU an 6asry who, vrlth lts firddon lntttal attack, EiLt -sttLke at the clv{Llan popuJatl.ons alrd fuBtallatloaa flrst, er str43.-taneorrsly rlth lte attaek agalrret tbe nl.Igts:q,r.

oo ftre enary w111 npet rl.th consldcrable inltlal succeEe,Lnfllattng €nornoue aa$Eltlee, met\r afiorg clvillaas, ard oorFGB-pomdrng deatnretlon of poper*y, af,fectlng uater*ar1y orr abtlrty topro&rcc for rar. Althorrgh Lt cau be.aeEuned, also, that re rtLlpoasesgstrong taek forcee for coorter-attaekl eff,ecii.va ribil.ILzatloa of orrrgs@d forceg wl1]" not oeorrr rntl]" a year afber the oaslaught. Slrl.rgthle entl.re per:lod we rLII be eubJected to conEtEat poruol,ag a&d - ifwe arG to arold dofeat - to tlre lLteral nacesslty of endrrlng tbe defonssphaso of thc uar, rlthout loalng our trar potentJ.als. -

d. Be eanuot plgtr on any etroag al\y at gIE t1@, aLnce poten-?1+ alllee, obeeorvlng the davastatlon sfurer;d &rrGg the-lntttalat-- t8o! ftl wr rlLI" bs lncllned to uanourur for eeparate-terue to evol.dthelr orn daetruot!.on. - t

- or rhc brurrt of an .Eery attack, for et Least the flret yeato{ !h. nexU rar, !d.11 be borrre by the otvillan poprlatlon. fhe afiUtyof the^Peopla to rlthstard that attack rdlt deteral.ne the outcome of tEej.'war and the 1\rture ed.stenoa of the nstloa. Thotr abd.Ilty to rfthstand"lb.t ettack depends on tbe thorolghness ad effteacy of pians pnepared,by tbe aational gorvrernrent fm thelr organlaatlon tir resi.st ani sirrrftetbe atteck.

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9. A ratLonel aaalVsia of aêsuoptlo[s as to a tWrrre sas ds€e ao0ilxry tle thsary tlet a porarftrL etr€!ry lrfir1d str{ke Elthoub warzilng'HbEu t&e tLm approaohes for tha enelny to ruke orch an atteek, th*hour, dayr umtLl otr os6?1, tba year, migbt be &lfeLsutt t,o deternrl*,are ocfurtirit latei.ltgeace syutara, horaver, eorrld gl"u ta) aa La&isat{snof riho the eaery ls (t) arr eetimete of tlhe eH.IJ,ty ef gueh eneqy tortrlla i Easor bfo'r {ci a Ehresd gusss as to the popil.tloug tla}s foreuch sn attack, ana {d) the oetho6 rf*elf to be ugod. Elth thes* i'toasof lxf*'asttou - and Birovlrr{q ths't ooupetet't aril tlnely p1aa.s ere roedy *pogpaalrre a,*tl.oa cea be taken to pinlr:rtqa the offecfie sf aa att'aektahcyuld lt mtertleLlze. The veey faet tbat gueb Lnfornatloa Le tn ourposgesgloa, and thet re a:ro r*ady, m18bt l'bselJ msks tha €BeBy *.beadeahls plaae.

' 10. Sha dlsouscloa tbue far hae conoemed ttself Btnl.y d.th theproteetJ.oa of c{.rrlÎ3.ene and thsLr Eropertl tut ,.t ahoultl not ba *ssiedtlat tJrlg ls the aaly pheee of cf.d.l dofenseo In ttg flrljlest senee, olvlLtiefenso lnEldes the poteetlon of lndustr{,aI plsnts, ;ater au;ryllet,traneportatilon *nd comtuaLoatl.ons ayetens erx!, ln fa.at,, tha ehoi.e Eoonoryof a nau.on at rar, for rithotrt, pnak operatlon of the eutlre prodrratl.onand aupply Bystom, tbe'effectltenees of atlnlee tn the fLelrt Ls greatlyreCuced and sar aeedJ.essly proloagad"

}j, Bveryone oonoarned rlth, m lnterestod lu, the eubJeet uatterore thls etrdy la aot emrjrleed at ths Ecoroa of rar-tlna Fedsrel agaaeieseeacb bardng speelf,le aad lupo-tast aeculty respoadbS.]LtLes" But evanas e netrolnllt€, famd.llar ul.th the ladlvldual cbsraeterr.stAcs of hlecltyr ts st111, i.npreseed rtth hls fLrst total vLer of lt f,ron tbg atr,Bo en assenbled plctrse of aL1 of ths Eorld tar II securlty fruetdousaud raslnnglbtULiaa appsrs aLuoet fabrrlous, syun to those rho olnr-eted lto brraneheE. (nrhtUts ngn *6 rgn) Althougb thls etu{y dls-olces that th€ neae of rsspstrolblll:tty qd tbe nertcork of, f\nrctlona oftheee Blrnerou$t agencleo uero &a rell coorrllnatcd as the systen perrittedytbore Le ao doubt thst ln tbe owr-lapplng reepoaslbil].lttros E€r!$rorer raltwaeted, efflcteuey raa sasri.fleed, quallfled pereounel uas spread tootldn ande l.B ease of attack, the ermbereoro rooedlna'blgn-ty-agreeaeutneouLd baye cawed obsos ard posclble catastrophc" A pne-plcnned andrell-gualffled forurtalnhead of aegud.ty lsadarrihlp arld dtrectlon, dththe eU&lel{tl to lead aad dlrecrt, ls the logtca} solutlon.

f2. Intelllgent peparatlons for paealve protecrLlon canno't be oon-rtnrd as a rer-flke acttrrAty. PreeautLqrarT.prnnrTt'te la act rdlSbaat,and !o't a par& of p:aparatLoas for aggreeeloa oc offenstw ntlttaryastLon. The basty'ad dnstic reduetl.oa of orr amed fcoeg afUer theeessetlon of bosttl,ltlEa Le oae of the aaay oonf;lmatloag of sur tradt-tferaLLY peaoeful rnd aoa-sggleesd.ve nattonal oharactesistlcs. Thlscourtrrrr a arhauBilen of douocmoy, dtb prorsn dl.llruneEa to rrse ltsuas!-nroduceloa potentta!.s sa tle side -or tue olryrcsiad, end rtth 1tgenarl yrofeseloral u!.lltary egtabltebrent, 1s dioglear'prlnarT target{9t ,tty porer'that dght aiwbp ursenpuioug anblEto fir rqria aoiLna-tlqr. f,eurce, Deasurea for the eole puryoee of antled.patlag the p,rotee-tioa of the natloata pophlaco antl aooouplrsblng thelr ralfane lflqe aroattacked, are beymd crltLeisn.

6COITTTDEtrET&L

III. OffiIEICffiE

13. fhs adceat of at6pi,c garfaro do+s Bst eLld$ate the.peesl-btltty of, effeg&lte ctrll defenge tnrt, natbere inoreaaea its ta*portareo" ?bs o*lla paeeke c{v!.l defensa nsaaures that rere +r 3a3redag d6f6tsse ag*iast conrcudLoral aS.ry nalds Eca be sdaptsd tc at*ils-attcok, no na'iter h+s eztauplm" tnrhlbil,t Ef)

-r 3.4o A eaussnfrrrs of resEnaelbss l,eaders tu atrrLl defeaee {s *,heFd.t€d $tatce; &ret H.tars; {lem.ary and Japca leads to tho e+tclsglonlhat oertal.n oar€laaL Budncild.es fffiB a ksl-c Etrrrs$ure f+r eSdL de-i:p" -

qa. ryd."Iggr!.' TGG- il'.-reipree "#-fe,.ccd -*-tG- riG;d;r-aDr, aflEl lalrerent reepoasdbd.r.ltles of eaeb ecklen sf tba aatimel

@!!, *an t&a ladrvtdxlar d.H.z+a, thrryh'ilre'soolal, eemreee *aapolLtt€a.L g?*qps, to ths astLoual g*?olteeitl as fo]-lorsr

a" -&JB&$$S&[. ?hs rosBoru{blLlity ef aa,oh idfvi.eh:sL19 tB protod HTg.$r bLe dcpendea$e-amd hts Fiop€r+yi @d to engagelp GgealEed cd"rLl d,ef€Bse aoiirt.ty" salf beli ty t*'raarCa*e rgths keSrade"

(fi fo ,,nsrre the pryotaoti.ou aad mlfaro of ite peopla,to *gadl,ra, taralnp cqutp qd dtrest eff3.deit iartiala eacb eeteg*;r of defeaso and rclfare, ce&bb ofreader'lag gd,ok aqesrt, to lser eohalerig skn thstr-oapeolty fon Eot&atn0emaaos or se1f,-recooery haobecn e=eecded.

(e) Far ar.] eobolqs belo tbe nst.onal lcrgl, to Imdst-d @ Eugpct to adtaoat omua{.tlgg War the otdenof the aext H.gfter autborLty. .

Eattqniql 0ovuailffit.

boThe regpoad,bf offi[eFg ls to tb€4r Gril p€r-l3rytf E$rlmet 1nd f€dsos end; r.n ddag sol lo rqtataln th6.# $:PolEtd fuagtLon of prduot*oa or ierrrlee rrftU i d.nlsun,of tateryqrtgoa.

0o Ihe reepmoltd.ltty of caoh lsvalof govatnurnt - iooal, Etate rd - ;lg!

:l{HErE:-.'

7COUrIDEflET.tI.

d.

(r) tLe. mapo,aaEffly !a peaoe t{,as, for nifstafdngooutlurrous tutclttgpnco "ud Eorl.oitl[to ctu$rl frestahXlahlng_ tfrcretlm, 1n!.!.c6.cEr proae&s.e, -t€ol-utEns $ p]ane, ald for efrcetfu thd,r eit*aeil.onad fuupleumtrtlon thropg[ouU ths Iwer eot"tma,

fhc_ rueponetb[IJty drrfrg aeU.onal eoagmoLeoarrthorltatlwly to dtr.cet tie iuploremlU.oa aud{zl

i.:les{n:+.,len of tbsse }1,ns and procedurae t'hr*u$'aaiifnnp'f tnlf1sd arrlad.aatten der oae coamm*l,

**ffi.*x'n':ffi;*mffi*fr-'clvlL defanm and lrotcotLm.

{3} tho respoaelbtS.tty dlrt$g natlonat eaegen*!.es tofir*g;h- H.ghrs efi'Y.elout-pbgd.o91- suppct ILE thsiorr +f afietirdealSf pleeea uo6.ls ts's're aratts

for t,e"Uafcat Es*.stanoa ard for errprpd af espl'-ehelmd cwunlttaa.

(dfucrerpmalbillty&drEgneti,ols-lonorgenel*gto;qp"rvti;-_*rd enfiiree pus*ry progr€sa fe1 slf*tFrfl.ic promttoE and lnreunal-eeorurlty ead oBher'-;lsc lo rtduoe ths eiportrmlt'leg fcr otrelry as&e ofguhrvEraLm +ry{ ea}o&age.

15, tlu reeponslblltty for tbe eetahll,*hmnt and ralnteaa*Ee ofan dquate toplf conti.ad.ag cXv11 dqfense 1e pnopetf.og'Peble totls u.:rtary esusbuSMEt, (ErhlH,ts "9, Eo, o#r 3d t5"r

L6, A ooqnehensi.te tntegrrted syston of-ail.vAl da{eTge glerattagrdcr the direot{oa-of r Eta.oaE Uilfflea oF!F-G11 smsud is ?ltal,(aoft,rts ogn q ,8", "8 , and E )

yl. A oLr,[l defense oraantaatlm f6. the oouplete- rc$111at'f'ol1 -trUn .ugo sgulpe[Eg al1l-drt fuon of otvtflanE gsl sslf'prroteottm adegtntlfr Frsii'eiA ad rclfare, t'hroug! all cotstms of c*vt"l flgYBrE-E@t - tbe rbolcr-"ooraf.na*a ""i dlq"@ tf !tr hlgbect,Lewl actf,oualdefeage leaderehfp - la sEaentl,al, ('\{hrt0ta tP o*d rf J

3Il. ldqrrata plamrrqgi 'c11

lu adranoe of a natlonal erergmolr,fm treiU.ire-im

"q,,fppi.ne-fo.gb!"y itlootBltned aad cffeotlve ao6d.Le rc-

agrr rd"tia+. tla nailonaf fmf fc:r flre flglttng, rtlqge r €-E8gPns,ffidical aad wrgeaey fee.flng ls eaedrtLai" (ebllf,te rgr and n["1

19" Xn the sbgenoe of nrtlo*roll.aed ftre tervloe, l!,1e.Ylts1 thatEqt&meat 8nd E&hods b€ nat1onally stardardi,d to faclllt+te orehange

of rirtuat ata. (g hlbfite IEIG 8d rEo]

20. A aatl.oaal shplt€r poltsy and otbr pasolrc dcfense iniicleeruatr-vftA tU" tta "f-;;a;t#o dodedge ?oil reererrrshr be dstGld,n€drt oaoc qrrd be

"arotgnt rrfy gttlll€dl and Lcpt Glll:rleiltr fiF+"l etdlca

rust t ; gtGd EA p:""; aevEfopea -taq.atfqo to esttblldh eped.sl

"tcitr"-i*-ttt proteitlve srdo6e (ttrc flgUEl'ng, ralsuat effi8pnlt-

Ufeal aad tlre -fik;l-to

"uarr" thclr avatls6.Itty-ior poet-''td aotlrll;

u.!. (urtrtat'e "8 , "9o, I?8, ard Er)

.--'{)

o

C0ffiIDlilIIIIL#

,.1..:: : :i-i

::rXl-i i!' :

aI. Etete &'rsrds a:e ralrrs,ble f,or local.'eeerrtty pre?s{rss sl*}rgatLa State, ?nlt Esaause of thelr l"laltgd tac*,i.ee.l ef,arsetee-nstlea flrdreepoas!.td.IJt1os3 thE n*tur.e and tryertanoe of tbel.r grrlaar;l' nisalonnsnal t}si3 Logal and fimat'teael trlnitations, thry canrrot be fudo avsLi*abls for tho perfoomnaoe of ftrtl*f,J.re dvfi def;$es dr&!.Es ars* t]rep amaot adaS*able for $rgpmti.ag er *epS.aolag p6dera.:t- f&r&6e. Tby shorr]"d ehor,lrppr ba theorgffi tnatned and-edequateSf €qrrf,rped to rerfbrs tb6 -

eliltrrgery ftlEsttsns of flre fi.ghti.ng, 5:oltae and roeeus nsrk, F.#ffitsoE slsd oS)

ablllty to protsat 1tseLf ie diaxrgemrp:y fup&ired, s!,aoe $ta?,e &ratde,ae suehr_drl teke td.m to reorul€, irala as oqulp,' It lse &h*reforip' esseatI'al tbst detall"ed plsrre for the orgsnfuatlahe trai.nir:g *sr,S oqul.5r$ng o,f lltata unlts to f,rallf,lll the ;tllrrotr,sae preaai,i,bad ia pa$esr.Bpb 2leboYe be prepa*it uell ta ednanee of a natloaa3 erer6eney"

-$ixeii Leglateps eE ara E €oseartr/ to e1?ee8 tluls orynntsetlan snsufl be tair*r etotrG€r Ehethar theao ttnlten are f$ the isrm ef Fstats gr*err5en 'rarderSt*" AdJutante General, er pol3oe yeeerrrao op a6m eehEr ferm sf organ**satl'o,lr ls nct esssatlal. fh6 fuprrtlgnt thtug ls thst they be F,l*rneE endatrthorlaed la ed?anse eo *,blt thsre uay ba ao blatrre betwem Fi*ara:S.ze-u'oa of the }-latloaal Gtre.rA aad eetl"ation of e subEti.&rt€ oryaataatlre,,

23, Total mrfarE ulLl reqrrtm, aa rienoas.tratd ln &tsst Br{.tab,tha csTrstnrc#lvo foeratle aad eperaff.ea of stratog!.o*1]f atattoo thsuEhtaotiealJy rotd.!.e, 1oea3. raltsl as Ilas of ths nlgrrlarb- eoaetf$ut€dFedcraS foroes, ta be aedsrsd-d*fansiva eerdbat ataateai. {E**u.t, ngr;

4,, ThE GtTilr,aa populatloa puat be kept lnfomed et, s,}g r+!me aato the Deaaoaa for aad the ganeral'status ofl clvtl defcns€ plarelag. !tle csssntl&l t,o mra}e tbat-the pub}.te have the kaoriedge tLet e soe-pe&ent Egfisr of, govemueat 1s parepared to road thern afiectlve\y trl t&6ercsutd.on of uctrL-prcpued p'l+nrs to reeet aqr evantualtty. (nrAAU&te rgr,tS' and ngnl

25. $dar the awruptleas sf &tetaI fiatrl. erlcr.y t$dlvtdruL ttrorgh-Eut t'he nati.on lgust bs tretned f.n d.neiplec of qld.i defaae" rn tia6o-f qsr-9uecg-clv!.3Laa uuet engnga ta f&ise astrvltics, erospt thgPeyalesf:{r ad wtal.ly fneoryiteet, eue.Ll obtld:rer ani uethbe of arellohl,Jdrna, agad axili Lnflsn, poEgaatrt moans etco

fi. ths Of*Les of Cid.ll.an Defeneee State defenae oauaalls, andloosl dvt]Jan dofenee orgaalretr.ouol rli,b arl theLr short-Jcd&Bl lE-cqrllahad tk Ercstest_oaaryxe of aiss rctd.Mzatirnrlel"nfu"td,A'"ndtletntag erer wllntarlty raAcrtarea by the ottJ.acna of Ene rfolted stateE"tlege sDout-ood.agB oarr be ohargsd tor

I' tbe ebsoroa of unlf!.ed comaud ad of, arthrlty, ntthffit rhLoh1t-* Lupoeelble to arf,eoe ths reepoaalb&Llttrte al].'tt"d 6i u*r,atr,refudsr.

sffiffie

9eomll#rt.

h-:.E-,

10

b. lllstuEat, adl aaluogtloa of loEportflbil.lltloa m uatt*gta ectual defctrsae respoaalbilllty eand aut&ordty fe, sbLe&

als{dy sr ated elscrrhera.

oe IhB torlal lasb of adsanoo pfnarfzrg ubtob forud t&te aatlmcouplstef,y devd.d of toqhlcally $16$fi.sd end sdeqrate leedl,erahflp-o aB

-mtl as persomclr av}rr wht& mcessttatetl^coplste loprorlsatlon tlronrg$-out t&s sporgelrw. (E:d$blts trEi EEd iP;'

Zl. fa fnsautory aait waluatd,or agsnoy at tbe natdma} leva3.e tofirrrt5r, ce?,alog ed kaep crur&lt, reaqds of osoeatl,e} ssterd-al'se !B-gEaXl,itfffis oapbte gf gre&Efug theo, end of othsr seseatgel tse?s118-tfoe, l.e hperetlva. (F,irltilte ''[s ana sIF)

fr. Bea*te Etoak pLleo of v!.tal md or!.t^l.oal pter{.ds uust beorfutqirs{ - tbg $artfty ad lwal.tty to ba dsterwtapd by frsq?EEErcpoartrâf ths agercy desodtod f.rr praglaPb 2? abora. (&h{btiis P$t

ald rrlF)

W. Dleperre.l te an ef,f,eotlve deforse egd.nst bsabfrg attasL.EpadaX eGd1ee mra? be conducted by oory*tent extrnrtse

rB" 8o doterzrlne effeatlne aod trm&tl'oef nethode of eryloylngtbls fufmso ia comestll.on ritb tnrtustrly .nil &.otlltles vLtal. to uaraflB*t.

b. fo ilaterd.ae effeottng aad luaotloal uethods f,or aaugeucyrolose-:lnt dtapersal of aagentlal pogrrlat0.ms eA. t&e elder dlspereal ofEoE-os8Gtrtlal (to tbs war effort) pogntaUma.

er f,o foruulate efaas for evaouatl.oa af ofiri.lJ,ans"

fr, ta vleo ef tbs firyetarcc of e[d.l d,efqge &td.ag the dsfen'attu stage of uarfarc, lt tl egeeatlal tbst th€ teobnlquea of oilvl.l. ile-fense ba

-parryenly end aderyatcly tar4tt to aIJ. neubers of al1 oryomte

of the armia Soro.g aad that ef,felrtlvs efirreee b uads rvatlsble to keyImeomL ef lrttate tnihu:try aud of, tha Erlgur cshbloae of gsurunneut.

7T. BlgbLy conpstent d.rtoll.Lgensel ed tAwougb eeLentl*lo DB-esa$cb a$e essattal to detonlae alL poselU'l.ttlEs of ettaak to rttebtbls netlm d,gbt bo n$Jceted" fle effeettirpuese of anlr G1!d.1 defqeeast'Lvtty te dopefiilmt Won tbs foll*llgr

' Bo lhe detulapt of dera, soil.soE .fl.o ilaas sf, deteqtLqt4le *rtcb an attc,ck rmr#,ng systou ean ba based,

. E. tho anrallaH.ltty to ths €ilrl,l defose plandng and connpudapncy of-a[ tntelllgpaae aia Ufomatf.ou rbLcb da&t affeot poiobtcusof cil.rill. defease.

' Go fts rstablfabsmt of e gd.sutLfto dcrmlopoeat rmtt dtelltlc ctvr,l itefaase ageacyr'to etrrdy coEUtsrrously faf*tatnoa ftratshuit

nogffiE,EMIA&

,')

ti

arytfial.lso- authos,r.ry f! aIJ uattcrc .b"t"fU,rgto t"he aeeldtlas of tUo ageac5rr srue-to tnsrrcfi[I coopareH.oa of othe F*eiiir dnp*"trurrts.

(o) Beoeitye ord evelnate att la1,6astr1on, fton l.a-telll,gonoe_ agaacl,es of, tho,gorroncnenie thet qegftaffecrt pmhlaas of lsrtsnnal*seeurlif."(a) ReceLru aad evaluate rBfdr,sbtoa from Brarifl.alaol.aati,ff.c r.srafeh s*&sB p*rtct ffiqg'tu tnfaprqgrlaor and dcurlry thcree,@ spee!.fl,o t€oh_rriqtatce eqrd.pnent and ntertel. '(a) .Plnp, jI -ogopqrtton ntth the Ea:r Dspa*aent

Buraau of &ftlto &elat0ms, I IMgrsE d;EfpEdto comino? t.!e olttaeua oi trri oiutry oitnrr!.eden of, tneluiltng tnt€mal seou*Cy "r"A-ofvgfgr*ry to Fq ncearraqrt pl"*fris; ;"d'r" il;- lbg nrb{r rnfoilEd or per[rrent eisdr

"nd. firh'o p3-us tn osder ti 1rsnote eonf!.deaoc audto enoorruge coapmafi,m ina p""t*ofigl"n: --,(f) Dewlopr

- r[tH.n t&e arry (tnelrdlae tbe cdd.llancoErpqestsJ, nob[ls al.vl1 defoage f,stta:i@a.

Ihess tettF,?,I@s dIL ba sompoeed ,utafoi per_aoruel mt ftrrty qrrsEfl€a rir-ooa,tat&tfand ulllbe orgpl+""d to nilreUa-L rnob&le rsB6re6 ,rftatbcsrrybly qdp$jj ei.! De*.a-;C"f"fifro poo_tcc'iJ.ou' squi-- pp6d {* *rs- fB€alag, gi; f,EL[lEg,Eedical. serid.Ga a,rril [ssa]r rGggu6.

k) lbspas and Fovr.do f,m aI[ Icrrals of traldlglfucftdfag-eerrlcs ecboolse t€r,tb*i;, -;il"G;tr.alntag fl-*, eud othe tlafrdrlg aLi.s fe ia_atr*ctlm tn cd.vll defenea aod tti aechrfq,*;

(b) 0rgml'm a- Go,rBo at gm rstabl!,abod s€trTloeschool rlth a crnrl.ouhu aesierod-il-Ssiibstaff persoune!. od othar hey-perewoT6r,o-stangtcB.

(f) e-gmlse a corrss et sao astaDill'ghed eerrlocachocl, -to tral! aelgetsil p"rJ"Er; -brti-dlt_tary ud o{n+par, ti cil.vri dett;;'st"ff ;g"Ef,_uatdal f\rnotl.qsi ana pooedm . -.

bo PI{*ffi rr - geepeE?repr fFfl!+RF eqf, &l4qd[ns.

72

$offirpFu$rrr

(1) Estabush nceion&l offLoos rder the Leadgarterrs of,::ol tsry Arsa c std.tgt geogrrphfcqf U.iitarlr s!e-dlrl.don.

li

gowamrrs*

(Z) EEtablLEh !,:!.alson dth Stata afr nud.e1pa1-g?Yftr-neats, ledsal egancl.cee tudustr{-ea and utlH'tlefi

. rj.tbln the mgionsl areas'

(:) O:rgnrrlae ad tnp3.euent tbe ertengloa of plano +"c

tlte lorer eetrelo-ag.

(t) Br4arrtsc tho deve}ryod, ty gtato gorezmortsr- 9f,thi sketetfi etr*ature of etvlL def,msa d-tbg're thgellvtllaa 1n1x&at{.ou .

(l) Dare3.op and oprato adequate t!'ahfqg posu'Ests erxtfaotlTlias ta-alt sategar'es of, alvlt dsfe*se f€rthe teoXsd,eal' trstnrotioa of key peromael"

(6) Eupsr?tee tha detl8lopart, at all ]"etlLs, of omor'g6n€y aodtaal and emlgsaoy rel;Saro lattareu

lll Srrpwlse th devalopmt of, plans fur progrosghoesd toltsf nob5.llsatl.oa ln eeeotl.on stt& e1*Ldcfenaeo

(S) guprvl.ee tbe dercXopeut of f,aelllty oecrrilty adutlll.ty p.otectlon Prograss.

(g) fdtd.ate aad anrPerrtae traLs.rg tn a{.!tl ilafmrgeand lge tecfurt$rm l.u aIL .trry ra{ts.aid d'LltarytruJ.ntng fao&Ilttres dtEa the arua (exoopt at

-€f-snpted Eervlce eehoolal rlh#e sucp taaXafag sh811ba'Sreaer!.bed Uy hLgboi authordty) "

(fO) Devralop the ekeletm atrnrotrrE of mtit Le reseFFB(ofdl- defemse) battaU'qs rdtHn thB d&tary organl-zatlon of .r1 ooupmeuLa.

(11) Devatop !n!!.cles ln eomestlon rlth dlapareioa of1rpd.atr.f,ra; ladustr{.es1 eblter osnatruotton aadotlrer paserLve def,enae Ea8BtFEal as rguilred byhilghsr autborLty ta comegtlm rdth tha pegnesgtwilewXofmter attd Brqpero detaiXetl plaas for thdrgrcgrrfioa.

or fEfi8E IsI - SdtrEB(1) qpq th6 dealeratlon of a lLuttod nati.mal e@SsnoErs

(ai ll{roet and superYlae, though tbo SteEe ggt?m-sats, the uoLiEsatio or tte e*atLng sivl'ldefepse organ!.ratl'ore rlthr.n the o'l'vtlten lrypu-lat:lm.

1'GOfiIDEIEIAI,re

{t

14(t) BLrBtrt and lrp*?frc tla Fr€otlrffit, Lg tho

atetaa; of addltlaal pcs@81 ro+tlrd tok1ag t&e stEeltto rtrwtuea oqguaLaad txfhf,sa II ry to fitll atrrngth, Ead la$se -ads'gata tEdifry aad eqd@t f,c th!.s sddtti.oua11nnaorei.

(c) ilobitll.rc, eqldPe aad trr8a stvll defease bt-tell.w (uobile ressr*a) as prodded rli pera-grapb tro) rnsao fi atont. '

(a) Put ,.!to affect ffah Foc*uttonarlr &vasE*att'm' oessrrt s ss h&va bm Plnnardl"

{c) firyaalto tbe ooastrustto of ehsltars, dls*perA.oa of tadrutry, ad a[-sthcr-peaeSvedefmeE sasta.es planrsil I'a Fhaec IE.

(e) faompltah tSle to0el onnel-lneqt of etr-i e*.rrll3anelu c0dl defanec agaad.ratl,onao

(a) r ffi::xJffiT::::ffi:-"r: .-qmtLon of slvll, defeuEe aoflvl.tiea'

' 3t*. It 16 frrthe rcemorded tbatt

Go I'he c"aluEtLes of vEtal fag.-LttJ,os rado by th€ Arsy -*ary luSttoms Eoard be continronrEls EadB au!.Lebla to tbe d."13' defeneerffifr

. b, In pbmrag alil ailoFtf.Eg ary fsl of ralvaraal lrutsrytrd,nlngj *,raiatni tn th6 t cfo1fqlra oi elf phases sf oLvll defease belnoludsd.

,r. Iartqy, tt tE rceomsadod that tie ge,v€l.ryffitE} 888ilry g€-rrolbd.Llty for luplsmnttng tbe plana bs as feI.lsrls t

e. EbB ondl dcf,enee aggncEr, rrccouocrildt la paragrspb 33aborr, tc alxt&on{.aed and estsbltrf,od ii-a leparatelpnaneat Sirt1Dsfmic Dtd.qloa of {&e Eer Dopart'neat Goneorel Steff.

b. fmdfag the ai*,horlratLoq fgr ed astabllaEwrt of, trhlasoparuts S!.v11 Dctonso Dit.:lsLml m tntctu sggtgcy bo ferrd at onocto q5r'ete lglgr ttc P]eus ad Opq,at ,onc D$ildmr_Eu Dcpar+oeufiec;ei gtaff . Iu tbs reasttmr- to tn$g,e tbet ao lapse ef aortl,vltfosrtrlg; tte Prqeoot IarsbBI Omsral d,11aqil Blsrur{ng rutlt mob t'iu as e rur ag@cy

x&

comrBHryrr&

sfu,Ll dafmae attdy

U. l: EHntr

Bd.gadtsfhe Drowt Gsnet&1

10

2,

15

ifis'} 0F E}:iliBlTs

Gopy afi Ar,.*hority fo:: Conc*.:ct of Study 3B-1 ,..coco.," E:ri,:l.tdi-. n*?r

Civtl5an Befonse ,'isp;,ets o:l .f,Joaic Bomb .{ttacks

7, Orgarrlaatl"on and Pe:"forrrnance of the State Ouardln the UrfteC States Drrring Sorld l[ar II . . . ,

8. Internel S-"or{lty :Ln the l]ntted States DurtngIteld-War II o,. e o c . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 9. Coordiuatl.on oll Snterzrsl Segurtty Actlrrltles Lnthe UattGd tita{;es Durlng lForLi far Ii *a "?ryryy ol t" Prtncip*i age"cr6s, farticfpatfnglnThogaActJ.trltles. o ,.,. .. o r q,. o

1,0. [orale ln Connecti'un nith Clvlltan Defenge . . . . .

n. Cornslderatlon of Bital Inirut:r:Ial FaeilLtles lnDgnablllgati<lnPlannlng, . . o . , t. . . . . .

'1"?. CoaeldoretLan oi. Vlta1 faci1l.Ltee, Exchulvra cftlanufactur:r.a8 faeilitias, in DcnoblllsatlonFlarmtrrg . . . c . r . . . . . . . . o . . r .

13. LLst of Do-ruronts arrd Referenoe rtens conprtalngtho $arrrcE Satgr1al .,. e . o . . . . o r .. . c. .

\1. Copy of_fnterl"n- Beport (StuCy jB-l) Subnltted byThe rroebst. r{arEbsl Generiron 12 ra:rch Lgt*6-. o G

6flJapan:. .. c 6 r . r : o e 6. o. . ! . .6 i

3. Srer-a11 Ci-vtlian Dc,,fensr in JepAn , , o c e ! , . c

&. CLvllJanBefena+ l,r, Crem*rr;7. . . i r . . . , : o

,. Clvl}lea Deferrse lrt Greet B:{.tata . . . . . . . . r,6, fhe hganlzation anrl Perfornanee of the Offlcc of

ClvLltan Dsfirnee Durl.W'llorld l[ar II . . . . . . .

ggwtEs14*

E]'? ihi +' trgr

r"1 ", rtt.i t figlr

sxtdbi.i; rrprl.

ExLlblt n&fr

E:rfil'51X, ngn

, !:xhlbLt ugn

. Sxhtbi.t n[,

E:&*bit rrfrt

Edrtblt ,rJ,r?

El&l'Blt,rr[E

. Sxhib{t fr&fr

Ed?lblt rlEg

Exl*.htt nS

16

CCIITIDETiTT.'tL

ItrGIIBIT IIAIT_

CogSr of AuthorlQr

for Coduci o:f Study EB-i

COTIFIDENTIAL

a

IJ'Jliyltlti$'f}[email protected]

BTEITr! ilrN

cofl 0F AIIfmBIff FOn Cgrflnt or slullf 8B-l

(mtnl Rcfcrsaoc ptrar 5, dutgartlo[ rrsEhrn8cd fro D-l&? to tll.lr).

ANU sEfiYICE FONCESOFFICS OT TEB COHT'IXDTSC CETENAt

IfT.SEIUCIOII 36r OoCo

SP0PD A?OoSe (tO .ruf *6) d lrgnst 19{6

IEilD*TXIIH FOB tBE PBOIIOS! tlAIissAL OEIE&ALr

$ubJeotr 0lv111an Dofcaac lgninrt Br.Eor latlonDlrootcd et 01v111drsa tbolr IastaU,atlonrand Comrmltl,oto

lo 6 16 rfuly 1946o tho DopuW chlcf of $'hf,f rpplond l tr6co&rdltlou for lnltlrtlon of plana for olrlltrn prr+tctprtton ta dc-fg"!q agalnst rnory eo0lon dlroctsd at otrrlllaar fncfrffng ctvil 1a-rltallatlons rnil cosnrnitlsao

2. It ll requocted t'lrat a stu$r oa tlrl,r rrdbJcot bc coaductod byyotr off,loe. It tc rtggeated that oonrldorrtlou be glvcn to the ernlr1rrtton of,r

a,c Erllsrlencos of tho forner Offlol of, Ctyllten !6fsas6,rroortc of rftlch rro aou rlth ltrtloaql lrahtTb;l

bo fperlenoee of cooparablo egeacler la rllled r:d oerqyoorntrlori

oo 0trrreut rurv€lrr by Untted Statcr Eolublog Survey Board;

do. goutrlbutioa of State Ouerda to ctvlllrn dcfcnae dr,rdngcurrEt rlro

[o ilnbcr ffgg le amlgaed to t]rlt rtndgr"

r}o tt tr ooBtcuSrl*tcd thrt thtr ttugr rlll drralopr

I7

L.

4l

COTTIDETIITL

--

rl. s *- €i:*ii:.

1BgoHrxiitui.il&L%-

lo Ib egeaay that slorrld ba rcrgroartblo for. l\rtgra atuityard plemt-ug.

- bo tbo agencSr of the govar@ tfirt rbould bc raepnalbla

S' ID tht aondust of thlr rtur$r Srou 116 ruthonlrcd to ooordl.aatr.rltl tb. raorlrtnr Bar l)epcrtnont ani sfrfftan rgcrol,t!,

6. tha eaob!-llzatlou Bmroh, pruda6 Divlrloa (colonot Gard,Hr rEUg) rhorrld bo ooutaotod lf frrth*r altarfr ur dsllrad. trt tsraqrxtrd tlat tbls ollfloo bc laforuod rr to thr follcrlagrao htt tt 1r c4rated thlt rtudjr rlll bc oqlctedo

bo frD of of,ttccr utgniO to ild.r nrbJrot.

I lrsl"Euo for te/g fn SpDanSJr Olrl11rn ffclscfq flm of Pcaoae dtd 10 irut 46rfinclr ee llrtcd

/r/ a. Lo Boott

80 Lo SCOI!hJor (Icncnl. GoE.Coasttng gblstor. Pl.ansrnd Oprntloarc lSp

19

.:.:. . -: -..:....:._.

r1...,,:.,: ',...

EffiIiIEIT ngn

Civlltan Defanse AoPects

of Atord.e Bonb AttaPlrs on .IaPan

EIIIIBTT lrBrt

clut tEirr{ sE'3'E]:,iE dsPE[Ts0F AIO*:IS BffilB ATXAfKS 0$ JitPAt{

f.. Sy lata sus]rer l9l+5E Ja.**rrese officialdoilr as Fej.l. ei.: {;heci.rrlllan popuLatLoa ln g*aeraL, hed arSopted a pfaeU.cai- cont+n_:-ri; j-orensny fltgt*e of thrse pSsnes or less. They mre Gonslderad ti *ereconneLs$ance fHghta erd pmbab3.e earalngs of leavy raLds {* fbi}os.fhl.g attitrrde sas no dodnt a practieal ono-oR 5 dogr*it Lg4i:beEauss nsexperleace up to that tlme i.ndleated the dbvasta?lng deEtnrcttl€ pogerthat could be transported fu a stngle plane. rt rai therefore logtcal- a'!d certaln).I undergtandable - that the atonte attack on Hlr*rsh{narss acsouplLshad yitl,rgut aqy pre-:r,atd prccautlon on ttre part of thepopulatlon .of 'bha! glty. .& thoro-..rghlaalert Rar tlr.e govarnnent couldhate reasoned *s lt dld, tkrt the attsct< would be repeated and thet thefirturr targets would be tnportant clties that mere as yet Llttile dirnaged._$age$tr-l and Kyoto had both heen subJscted to comparatlveJ"y tlght ralfis,but both citles tsrlre gpsrgtf.ng eonmercially and lndustrlaliy a[ nffcapacLty. ?he goverurcnt nade a decLslon irithln a fer hours after theHirosbl.ma exploolon to sourd ttre prrbHc q].ar:m upon the knom epproachof svan a aL-ng1e (raeny p3"ano, but lts habltual rslucta:rce to teit tfreprbllc-the tnrth, co$bJ.ned slth otd hablts of procrastLnatlon, caused,confusLoa avrd lndecleton oa.thc part of loner Lchelon offtelais,

- _2: tro days ;iifter tlre dlEas'bsr at f,rroshirna, a reluctantr andg^*!}"a netoPaper itccorat gave a vaglrs verslon of an rnusuaL errploslonat that cLty. O1 tlre lortrtne of g ArgusL l945fihe Anerican plane thatcanlad tha atonilc lnnb Eas detected long before li, renohsA iU*,Japaneseshore. Iudecislon'pranalIerl, eariy ataris oeru uorrndea, itre e.i1UUiG*-ra:ned lnto the shell.ters and lihen released (although tUi ffnai a11-el.earras aot eowrdad.),- lyb tlra rrerTr por,:ont that offLeLais, RLth confltctlngoplnS.oars a$t coafllci;lng auithority, rrere debatlng nhit to do ebout theplam !l*t lt"d Just 'pasaed <-rver the city, the o:rpS.oslon oeorrr,sri causlng_apparoxlnately the Earae devastatl.on f,hat had been rrought against a netgfr-borlng clty three deys 'oefore

3. Tro months J.ate'r, a 'team of etvlUan defenee experts (a part ofthe ltrnttod states $tftegr._c lomllng surley) made a thorougu sr,udyl at.t{agaeukl, eoncentret{ng solely on dhe clvillan clefsnse a#;ciu or tueboubad-comuunlty,_ Tlrelr I€port, comblned rlth the pursonrf on-the-groqndI'nspectlon by members of The Provost l{arshal funeraiis-staff,

-fo:nn {tebasls of this staff st[dy.

l+. Withollt an5r depreclatlon of the ho:rrl'4e dev.astatlon caused bythe exploglon of €ven a slngle atcntc borb, tt mrret te-consfAer=a tfrrt

CCNEIDEI{TIAT

-ry-r-_€=e-qgg*?-= aliQi:lESliT&TI&&

2

CO}IrIDEINIAt

n:

the three onentE (the exp:.oslon eJ' the e:rper{.nenta1 bomb ln ISes Setd-eo,lts davasta!,1.tg tiso at EiroshLna ssd at, $agasal"f) prorl*aea- a fiel{ day'for noe's rrlt*:re sho nere repor-l{r.ig.and interproting the facts, and f,Lrother rn{.ters to -expormd on tho t}reorctical'poesib5.ltttes of firt'*reatonLc sttack. Hueb of the thoorS.ztng ls baied on lnforuatlon suppltedby corpetent eclentlsts. Therefc,i.+r1{ would be dangerou.r to t1:!.,;r,+unte1y gosqlbllJtles ln v3.ev of thE sound theory that ilans end p:,eparattonesholrld be nede agatnst the worst.

5. Certaln parsons i.n hlgh pLacos ln the wor3.d of ecJ.ene+u ln thePlftqY-forces and ln gorrcrrure,nt, aro quoted ao havlng stated 'bhe.t there1s no defense agalnst the atoud.c tronb. those stateuen{s in somr Lnstancesnay haw been Il1.-eoasldered, ln other lnstances, moro probebly, mlslnter-prrotod. This sturiy sas made to determLne and ::ecomead-pasel.ri 4efensenos,suroEriot meastres that 1111 l.ntercept and prevsnt aitack - siflch areuaetlve dofeneesn.- but,rather, (a) neasiues tblt ean be takea noru, inaduarrce gf.i+y attack, (b) measure,s that ean be taken to guide tho be-hlyror of tfre populaca d.urlng attrrck, (c) measrnes thet cin be trrkenafber gt!9cki to-TLnM.se !& eg&rs!-of Lubing &ad other €n€my aettonagalnot the elvlllan poprlatlons.

6. Iat ue flrst eonslder feets ln connection wlth ths actual *gxper,-'i:19" of Japanl rhere e singtre atontc bonb nae e:rpi.oded over eaeh oj' trsocltteE. The facts that (a) there rore only slJ.ghily harmed stnrctrrroe8nd ? large percentage of srrrrl.vc?se ln the outer pirlneters of theatontc destrrrctloa area$, (t) ttrat there wore Bome-currrlutng stnrctrrresand many humen errrrlvrys tn the eentral portlon of these destrtrotlonaraas, and (c) that at the pnesent tlme ih"r" ls lJ.fe, actrviif, traffl.c,nesldenee and evsn entertainnent sind l"aughter ln the very hear['of thesetro denaeta,hd areaE, i.ndlcate coner'usrvery that there ggs !g E defegscagatnst even the atonte borlb.

7. Ithat are soue 'of the defenses that have already been determlaed?It has been detemlned that the sLrelters, evEa such eheiters as werepva-l:aule ln NagasskS., wore effectlve in reEtstlng the effects of thebonb. !n fa9t, lncllvtduals who nere ln the propei posltlons i.n lateralsg-f tF trmnel syotens rere entlrel.y unhanmed-. it, *ls firrther rietemlnedthat'the effeets of atordc tonhJ.rrg wore sl.nrLlar to the effects of hear4yconcentratioas of eonveittional hiEth exploslve bombi.rrg d.th th; difference931y-of nagnltude of the effacts ef a sfngb bbmb, aia tUe a6altton ofthE ddstnrcttve effeets of the rays. It ias f\rtfer doterrnined that,whereag thla gteel sk6leton flame*trorks, thin aheet Lron, ard -,uood eoa-stnrctlois offelrsd I:Lttle_proteetlon *galnsi tr" aestruoir* r*y", eertalnthlcknesses of heavy relnforeed ccncrs{e arrd greater t}rlcknessel of or-dlnary earth resS.eted and elr.d.nated the effeits of the rays.

8-. ..4E. to palslg* da.mago, the effect of the atomle bombs in Japannas not to oause bulldlngs to spring tnstant\y lnto frams. u""t fii,esthat rere causod *,*, !!a spontaneofu heht of'the e:ElosLon rere qaqffedout by the tromendous blast.of alr rhlch tmmedl.atellfouorJ. ![ost of

: r'-.-.:a'

J-z '1 f,- . -.::-

Y .1 .

tbe *i.res yrgre'of a seeondarg orlgln. $tructures collapsed and eon-bustlbla debrLs fel1 upon fi.res exi.stlng rrtthln the bulldlnge" ?huse

the problerils of fLre flgbilng *e:r:* tdantLcal to those of otl:+:' &reagsubJicted to eoncsatrated h5.gh explosl.ve attack. In fact, fc:' a sl'tu-atlia sueh as oreated try the tro Japanose bomb lncldalrts, all .tf themeasure5 corrnronly asEocLeted rttln el-vl}lan defense for pre*r'i-' , 'i';5'!3g-rald, and post-raid actJ.vtty nere ldentlcal rlth thoae to he exeeirtedunder sltuettoas rosul-tlag ftom convaatlonal f orms of attact. th*asentl of such xre4si:res woukl harra had to be stepped up ta ::i*+i i;helncreased nragnS.tude of e.ttack nlth any great degree of effeetj:,-r6'3ess.

g. &re outstandlng clreunsto,nce Eas ndued in connectton 'Cth thaI{lroshl.aa and l{agasak{ lncidents; the noed for mubual alil and aobLler€Barrs rnlte xas nade e:<tromoly apparent. Be1atodly, mutuaL. :l:ir3 t;nltauere organlzed and ruslred lnto thoie ar6as to render emergenry medlealheIp, evacuatLon, repatr of railroad and other tlansportatlon and com-m:nlcatlon faelllttes, and to llrraLsb food aad other emergeacy ald.Had these rrnlts beon pre-organized, trained and equipptid, thousands ofadditlonaL lircs would have been saved.

10. t{or }et us conslder the posslbl}Lties of mass attack - a sltua-tlon lnvolvlng the stmultanasfls or rspeated eryloslons of mul'Lip]e atold.cbonbe olrer an enttre c5.ty area. The fev brrlldtngs that remal-n standlagln the tro Japanose clties probably would not have sus'bained repeatedbLors, and 1t 1s reasonabLe to believe that, mder a h*:avtrr, eoncentratednags attaek, an3r clty exlsttng tolLy, rlth the present tlrpe of constnrc-tLoar, uould be redueed to ueeless rubble and skeletons of'tsleted stael.Soae undsrground lnstalletions, rai!.road tracks and road beds, under-ground conrnulcatf,oa cables, some-surfaee hlghrrays and Bome brldgesd-ght surrrlvu lrlth 1:l.ttl"e harn. A large propcrtlon of persons whor atthe tlre of the o:rploslons Bere 5.n posttLons to be protected fbom blast,brmlag rays and falllng debcd.s (.such as ln sub-tetranaan toorrc and pas-sages, properl"y constructed shelters, J-nner-rooms or basements of gome

of the hearrLer tulLdings) rould eecape death or even lnJur1y.

IL. Tha fem knorn defenges p.rlntod out la the precedtng paragrapbsopen a fteld of rssearcb to dsternlne problens of coastnrctionr eotrlpo-sltlon of saterlaLs for sheltar, for developneat to tha utnost of newand hrosn passlve defenee measures for the preservatloa of llfe, andfor the irrp,rovement of congtnretton to resist ttds aad other new de-atnrctlve raapoag. Dtspersal ls a kncnrn form of partlal defense ardepcclal studies should be made to lnvestlgate 1ts posalblU.ttes tufirtrrre plannlng. TLe accorpL5.shuent of effecttve dtspersal ili the nearf\rttre, horaver, ls ldeal$stLc, though lt ner{ts speclal str:dy for }ong-rsn88 planntng and for the aceoupllehrnant of energency dtspe::sal. lglththe pesent constructlon and cengoetlon 1n the Lnpetant'rrrban areas,lt li coneelrable that cLties eai Ue rendered entirely uselesn, but theexploitatton of knorn passlve defonEe ludsures, and early and eontinu-ow devslopnent of ner oDosy toul-il rmqueetlonably provlde the n*ans topaesorlre and save mole thsn a sufflcLent pnoportlon of tbe hr:man popula-ttono of such cLtlee to nake an lntenslrrc- eflort along these 1i.nes worAhrhlIs.

3

COilrIDEIVIIAT

22

/'-*

i: .:

::-3

cgiglp,*$Ie&

12. $lnce the erergeucy servlceg are so vLtal to the post-raid

"ecouer:r and thetr effectlnreness ie Ln euch dfu.oct.proportl** io tl:elr

abiltty to ogerete flru,e$etglE eiter a raldr'thelr or,gp.nlzatic,r andry?sfiq!1ouâre.of prirfirg impcrtanee. In $agasalci and Hlc.c*qhtma,antlra F u flghtlng runlts wero destroy*d - to{h pereonnel arc equip-nEnt - by tbo ${eat eepS.oslons tfuat caused the *Lres. &rr*r'g_;errc;r r3:{}{Lsalporsoanelrr sugplles and aqulpraent rere rlped out wtth the ee$e bloir thatereatad their grcat and actrte need. Errcn in Tokyo and Osake $:n Japeaeand ln lhe groat clttes of GE:many, casualtles to euargeneli, p,t*:sonnel-ald-orlttrpment renderod tbem lnefllectlve before thslr poet-r*j.*. actit'Lttescould begln.

13. Tbe gz.eateEt atd mogt erbvloue lesgon to be l"eanred i'ron allalr rald and atonLc boab eryertence ln Sor1d firar LI ts that, s::,ilr.fiailsfleervlces rust be pnoteeted and pr'oserved at a1i- cogts. Tbe mcet Ln-tensr.vo study, plawring, teseatetr, organiaatLon and devrrlopmrert ngstbe accozrpllshed so that, ln euer6Jeneles, the protectlvre serryi+es wil1,theusslv€sr ba proteeted. fhey urust be housed ln shelte?e or -undar- -

grotud lastallatlons fbon rhich they can eaerge intact, to ronderlgured*a},e_serviceE to a strieken area, halt tbe sls1k of deatlr, ex-.tlngdgh flros before holocaust €:[su€sr rescua the trapped, controlor{erly fttght evacuaiLeu, and generally carrlr on tSre f,Lght dr:rglg aL}lnpotant flrst post-rald hotrs rrntLl rnoblLe ald fr,rm undamaged aneasoarr rush in to relnforce, aE needod.

i-4,, Colnc{.dent dth the deto:rrl.natton of a shelter @ns$trLgllggpojllclrr plans nust be formulated to Ln$Ee svacuatLoa to ffirsG[PTgPeI tirms-to effeet the ma:dausa,advantage of thtrl.r safety potenttals"llethode for det,ectlon and estl,nratloa of the fuamlnenoe of atiact areqrgbleua fgn gther agencles^rather than those concel'ned rlth pass!.vedefease. rt is a responstbility of clvittan defens{;;Ae;;i;"1-horurur,!9 !qe$" {or.the edueatlon ofltho people anA to tttreit an eifeotlveptEn of coniluct for evaerratllg t., shLltirs ard for t*rkrag otrrir- po-scrtbed punecautlons drrlng th6 attact perioal -

15' It snrst be eoneLradod tt.at the a.dvent of atomlc warfare dggsuot elLnlnate tho posslhlltty of effecthL clvulan ,ief"""" tui'ratuerluoreases tts lmprtsnco. Ths flndlngs of tfrrs etudy potnt conclusipelyto the faet that kog$ paesive eivtLrin defense rn€arrures pertatnlng tcpre;r$.d, dunfug-rald, and post-ratd _l9tirrltfes, Lf plnnil-*rd- rdru-,?}tS on a grea.ter sca3.er_La! be_srrf*lclantly-irrrotiru "grlr"t

atornlc"!*"I to Justtff thelr frrn deveJ"orpment ana irrproyaent. T;-il; noreefflcleat, eont!.nuous research, davelop,nent, fii*i* ana impiemeataU.outo maet n6rr lBapons mrst be efiected. '

t,colirFlL'E$TIaL

2a

:'::. .: ::::.:.

.-- r.. :. :

C0tifIDEIf,:fEAX

EXHTBTT IICII

--_

Orerdl Ctelltsa Def,ence ln dtrepa

COOIrIDEISTIAL

::._ _: ';:i

:-a:€-=j+-l- i; -

e-I'fr, :'':.r'.:'i::j

..-.. .:.,: '..,1-l' ::..:.: I

I,,,i':::..'.:

::;:: ...!

25

ffiHIBlT 'IC'I*

ol'lER-AiJ, CIf{tLI?'tr DI.fllISE I}; JAPAI{

ln Analyela of ths rlapaaeao etructirrre of, ot.rl,Itan dofenc# reraala:.,alpoct lt onoee a conaplcuous eystetrl--gotl8glcuoua by tta lneffi*ienc;'(rlth but feq oxsaptioae)e leok of vlglon diatll!,cd tllroq;h roai.i.atlsiLlintlr.g, oTarl4Bplng of funstlona* r'bscnoe of a vltally needed. uxdfigCoohtroll all haiehtcned fu a atartltngly chtldiah rprtty oa the Bart ofth. Arqy and llery of Japano lt+verthsloBsa ths Isrroaq te bs le&r'Iredfrcn thrrer rrsahrarcr arc of ral,ue lu provldlng croollent gulda-poftalu plarutrg olrlllan dofenas actlvltler ln our orn aounttyo

2o It Is not arterted that thoroughly cfflclcBt snd rsII-tlrnedoirll,lan dofenac llana aad noiturai by Japan rrould hsvo averted her do-f,cato fbet.such plana aad ncagurss rould haYe protroted and raved nany'

Japanoec'Ilvea and, ln gorsral, rnltlgatcd the diaartroug offoetlvenesgof Alrsrican Brrnsd nigtrt lc partier:larly atresaodp hovevcro'upon *arefuletudy of aupportiag docutontsry entdeneco Ae has clge$here t'aeu sn-phariacd in-ttds Report (Exhllrit "{"), rQlvlliarr Dofaasc ir ia tho 6rlnLgsln66c of protootlng and 'savlng Iivoa and nlr:lenlaing the affects ofor6ry attack on olnlllan ooamnraitleea lrdugtrlal planta and othor ln.rtaUatlora, except thote of the armod f,orcere thoretry contribttting tothc oyer-all tar eeffrt of an entlre tratloao ?hosc are 1te primsobJeotlroan tlra aeh{.qvenurrrt of ctt}er of rhtoh sotrld aonatLtuts aacficotlve aooompLiatrrncnt{+ Ia ad}:eronoe to thlr doctrinee Japaraaeclrrlllan dofsree should bo cxantaod nnd ovaluatod rith tts life-cavln8and produotrl6i-potontlal efficecy upparuost ln niudo

So tbl ax;nrtanoo ud prfornaaco of tho clvllian populatlonthrouShout Jrpan, partloularly ln lllroehtuna ard llrga,aatla_ f1t{ioatsd arrppatitng laclc or'lffeotivc lncarrr to ntntalrc the loca of ltfe xhlehr[i,lfO hrvs bocn anttoipetcde partloulerly afber raturatton ralda had

bcgnno thle oould hava bcon achtaved thriugh r rldcoprcaa pofigf of 1

frify ehslttr protsotlon, a planned and rcll-superrlsod evacuetloB pro-

6111g; adcquete-on rErBoSr rsdlcrl qare and nritable moblls ro8arvoBs u86d

io riecotively fn Cbmafor, of rcsouea flrs ftghttnge erorgency nrsdlcaland curgoary food unlte nccdcd to rolnforoc local rtatlo organlzat!.oasoColorlag-thc antlrc Japanara ryatem of olvlllen defcnso Ba8 ths falscrarrnptlou nade by th. Aroy and l\isry thrt alr atteoks on thc homclqndoordd uot bc d,alhnrcd oa a larga rcalc or oontlaucd ovcr |W -ayFcolableleagth of tlneo fhorc fallrrrcr and lnadegueolse'ars attrlbutabLc to"hoirc-rnd-bugryn plarnlag, becc{ upon at outnododp beltlnd-ths-tLmss oon-

cept of, the pllleatlalttlei of rerlal. prfarao rldch o).rmg unremittlnglyto thc'eonplaoent and rurlnaSlnatlvc Nlplnnssc ulnd ercp afber tho

a

CO}IFIDEI{IIAL

large-acalop maro bonbla6 ralde haC wrought thetr deetrustioa upon 'i:fue

lnduatrial targets of Cornran3.o l:rCeod.a ar Ha,s potated out i.:r t].rr.: Uo S,Strategic llotitilng Sur:re3r F"tnal "ile1-rart, *Clrllian dsfens6 J'oro*$ jlstLeri,to aohlone a fu1I &Baeura of e.ii:ori-oi.lelxnent becaueo thelr prior pla::n:iagrras.baaod, upon falao premises and thelr egulpmeat rns lnauffj-ci,:nt torraot eveB tho onergcnclos rrlilctr hql. boon a:rtlcipated*i

4" ?ha Japanesea for exenple, dld B.ntioipato sono noed fo.r rhol'i:s;'e.,but'tho g,ovsrfimental policy ln thio r€gard naq ueqk and clrori:-si.ghtodahen conpared srlth that of its a.xis Fartner, Gornantrlc ?hsre ':,rri:,e nottought 6lrran to or pla..rJ read+ for the aubstdlzation of heavlly +onistruots<t-*5sv6-ground a}".,o1tqrre for putrllo protoctlon agalnst i.:l:endieryand high oxploblve bonbe, nor BaB sufficient oonorete and sta$1 evai.l,ableto exacute such a flan. evea if lt berd bs6n oontenpletedo Tiienr;h. ev$t?hone rlqa requir€d to buiLd and na,i.n'be.ln lts e?rn shelt€rs thla prored tobg lnoffeatuele aG rto corloug attornpt ?tral mad6 by ths Eovarnr;xilnb to e$.-foroo ito rogulatlone, thsnselvag oftan very eketclryo Undoubteclly6 ovonthle couglonsration and sssort$rent of makeshif,t, lroae-made shel"lers hsd axodlctrn of ral,uo ln {aving }ivos, but by no rtretoh of thr lmaginatioacoultl'lt be conafdorod en offectiv,u dsfsnse $easuro worthy of a counttyengaged ln crodorn nsrfareo Acuordfl.rrg to stetorcnts ngdo to on-*ho-spottareatl6*tarn by .Japaaone offiaials, fol,lcrtrng the co.pituletLon of olaBan,onl,y thres (;5) lna{crllatlons in tlw satlro country nera equlppod wlthnodorxe gas-proof, oheltere--olle rrrea ln * hoapltel and ths othsro rroro lnan cmerg€acy eorflrslloetions sent6r-*but aous rrraa doolgnod for the spoclflcprotoctlon of, tlre publloo The publla wano ia effaot, told to siri.ft forltosIf"

6o Llkaurise" la the oago of, the ovecuatlon progranr, there asg thasarne shorL-eightedacas, thou6h Lt rrust be'adnltted thnt ths eva,eudtlonof prlua4' ashool cliiidren--the only phaae of tho pro6rem wlth raopoctto the evacua'bloB of aon-egsontial Fergons xhlch bscanro corrptrlerrlro+ga6ro11 soncelvedr intogratad and 6lesut6d! reaultlng tn auccesefu}-ly aa-glnoering tho exodus of 90S of the lowr sohool populatlon ln the tnonass xrovotrenta of Auguat, 1.944 anci rlprtl, 1945. In generalo housvor,the ovacuation fron tho larga oltios urs hi.t-or-m1s9e rlth no pre-arrangedreoeptLon org&Ee and rrag caupacl by oonditlonr of panic. Tlm 6,ov*ranoatalpubllc Ecr?l'ces rrcro olmply unprepered ard iaedeguato and thus lost thadlsctpllned sontrol ov*r tho population neeoseery to evsrt collapso inthe Hake of the unforeaesn travoc, croatad by the aaturation reidso

6o Except for tho nortrlrry aorvtce, rchl.ch performod its uapletganttagk rith a iilgh degroe of proficionry; tharo 1l l,ltti.e ln tlrs crgsniaa-tioar and Ferforrlanca of the etirergency nredioal ssrvloes that lmritaefsvorablc aonrcnto llany viotlna vdto gerirhed rould tuve beea s&ved lfpro!,sr msdlcal plannfn6 and attentlon had bEen e,\rallablo" ft is trusifrat tfre saturation rsl.d.a took sueli an ovenyholning toLI of, nrodiaal ls-ata!.}atlons ertd poreonnol that ln rnany ca;es tho aervloss E€ro pc'Etsrlossto funotlon lt elLc But herao toon' thefo wagntt grtn a gsrul tlf oencep'tton of the crtpplfng, rrfght of rnacs raldel aad no pLan for ntinfualalng

26

CO},IFIDWtIAt

27

thetr dlrs effaote hu.d beoa formuJatodo ,$inoe uo Brorrisiona h*d basnnado to *st up €slergsnqf hoepltale , the satsbltshod hosplta,ls vereooopellod to ?reat" the entirra irrun'hn^ ffhon l.t ir coseidered tlia.'L of 3?5horpttalr tn ?oiryoe dosignated for the $ore ceriously ..sr:usda* *tr*raidvlotlmse 152 e,sre destroyed" lt.oan roadily'bs rudorstood rhy {:here rs-cultcd a tr.emeniloue,ehortege of fe.cii.itlee and loss af llfeo ,1'*d to ttds.,poor ga3ltary oonditlons, equipnent snd natsrielsl and it lu on:erll uoaderttrat ttre roedisal 'sorvlcos eon'urlbu'.t+d ao llttlo to tiro oqcr-e3.} tlrr'{Irin!}

dofenae of thoir corini;ry"

f d Indlcatlve ,of thrr low value plaaed on hrrnanr llves by th.e Japu,-a6sa gav€rtnsnb, ln r,srked ooutraat to ths 0srnun attitWlae u'as t!:reelxnosi, aorngloto abeence af rnoblle rcservs unlts, rrgsd extenei'rely l'n0ersranlr to- iriplement ssrvices tvhich had b,roksn dosor or msre r:Lnea toths:brink. thls vaourqtl in Jepanene civil defoaee planr .and. policy cry-not be attrlbuted to'lndufftcieat nanpouer. foi'o ?t waa polnted out bytho Uo S, Strategic Bo.nbln6 Survey experts ilr tlislr FiaaL Report onJapen, nAble-bodiod men uith yoare of, experienoe ln tha fflg eprvice tmreLniuciad iuto the arnacl servteos and, .tlrslr poaitions uers fftlled 'rrlth ln:experlenced end -untrelrie* firo$en of 1o* phi"1P} 1"1 "?1t"i'

qr.ralitieqo '

Stcitlaa auto msohqrlicg srere the firet non draf ied lnto tb Arllry' end liaqye*51"f, uari prob*bly tho .prlno reaB*n for 20 por a6nt of ell flre fiShttng

'equipnent Loing elnstantty out of e$r,i,se duiing moab of.the rvi* yaafrchffre ii.susa of menpolrtrr rosultlag frort fallurs to grssp the .vltq,l Im'portanoe of cLvil dofenos appltod throughout tho oiTllian defenee aorvicesqito peirotraiing iaraginatioa ts roq';!.red. to opvlaage_-the 1?1"1t1 that couldhavi bocn sohieverl in Tolryo., 0sake6 liobe, lgroto6 !{a6aaakLi aad UiroeillE&tlth the *lri,. of $e1l-P}6.&nocl aad egulppod rnobtle rosor$ogr reacly *t elnoueatql. notS.se to rush to the ald,.of conuntmltl,oso 6trlckone de.r,ed and

pantolcy rrnder eeturatloir reld condltlonao Fallure to appreclata tbairaigaffioaneoe whon the experlenee of Gormany rrlth no'bile reoerve co3.umns

wai anpl,y avalleblee constitutoa a Erave Lndictment of .Iapeneoe adapt*-biltty tt borrowed ldoaer' hithertcr sorrrldered uneurpasaedn

8.. Clrlllan defenus rrlth respect to lnduatrlal facillties and

utilltias6 presents a nuch nore whoisso&e pioture tha[ the sp'scter de'scriboci "! io thls point" becauso of t,na- emp?rasis pll',d upon eorviooaoontrlbuti.a6; airoctiy nud oonaretely to tho nseds of tho Army and llevyo

Bqt lrsler a[aln, except for the r*,l].readao there u,sro marked ffeakneosase

; fi;; i16f,tr4 tqulpmor*,. eonors$G and ltool't'or cli-rald prctoo*tlon nrere ifopfy trot iusfl'abki i,h{in neod6d. '

.- -

'' go ttu railroad *yrterio ably dlrsotod b3r sound trnd contiuuoua!,oaderahlpa oporateA cfltotgntl,y Lecauao, ,*lli. othoi utilitl*s and

elvlllan dcfensa -agonolea, lt rae based upon the f,lrm foundation of a -

i*ootfr-rt-rrf[51 rrnll-lntograted qhain of consund. oould resort to itatf1;f.fy sftlleE:orolvs of enploy€oso bnC fosterad a !99ent shelter t]?lfqfor tle grotooiion of lta porlonneL ln flil} recognLtlon of th.a undleputedfact that nechlrroa are pomrlecg wlthout li.vlnE Bcople to operate thslo

cotdPrDlxfflAt.

,:*. €*ffiffi=,:'I

1,0* ths b*sic ehortoominge of Japanaso oivlltaa dsfouss wersepootftaal,ly tn atnd uhen 1.!ro Kinlio lliohl*rurap llead of the poij.ce $ecLion.'A1r Dsf,cnse Ggrlor.al lleadquartoro, ln t,he ToJo Cablnet, offerrad ths fol-lortng raoorurondatiti:rs to a teao of &qrerloan lnterrogetoras ohortl]'afbsr ths defsat of Japanr

P1*n roll tn adyenca for more mat€rlale and tintr, and pro-EItllIpOlEf o

Chaago coastruction of bulldingao

Butl"d bettgr sheltor$o

llave on hand nnro fire flghting equtpment, mrch an en6inee,

Fa ?.iake poaition of authorittsr deflnito and flx roeponei.-bl1lties.

fo Clvlllan tlefease shorrld be conduotod undar.the aupervisionand rdth tho cooperatton of the Ari:€"o

11" Conclttslon" iTo'uuet draw upon tlp vaoua ln clv-il dsfeass pLarut-lng and F"IffiE in Japan anti Entlclpato that in a futuro warclvlllan rorvltc€s vrill bs oompellod to contrlbute avery ounco of energyand to flnct thslr expr€Bclon Ln srrperb and fargighted plannlngo r.uri.flsdcxpert dlrcction and no waatege of ruanponer and rooouroes" On.Ly' tlrne1111 rs lohisve one of our surest eafeguardr sgalnrt uttor oollapseo

CONtr'IDgIITIAL

2B

toper uaa of

!,Co

dopunpa, eto.

::.-rir. : 29':

c()!(ii'iiiititr.AL

!.Iclll}rr nDtr

Clvlllan Defoneo' tn 0oina4r

ciil?ili;;;ilxin:'"

i'i,LI':j;i,.tiTi.1 I

Itlfit..ti -..t: tinllrl1ui.1,.1,,.i.l u

i:r IV l:iJl'-ll.ll D irfrHl$:i ilt O iilt-;Aii}'

Ln Ihat catagory o.f *i.vl"lian defcnse crxtnot:Lir lrronn as irair raid.protoctioaB ttss .gtlm,'i.itci ihroui;hout #or:nr,rrryr ic paral.iel" thn rlevelop-nent of Oornr.rqgts i,lt' !rge, As ear)-y as tr9?8, propaganda, con**.rninithe ttrroat. to a p"rrcr-lrd6d Gor:irnny pointed out the poosibtllty oi''ai.Iattaclc and, sF.o1*:t:.d L'.r ;:arty londorso ;ri.r protcctloa organiaati*ns bcr;r.nto- fom thro,-,ry! :he r.qi;iono lator coneol.icated lnto tlrJ trHei.cirsLuftsiluts.-tluild" (:-'le.+*onil ltir-Baid Froiocticn Loniuo). In apLta o!" th,r tot"rLitarj.anforrn c.i'.joYer?nent, thcre r:'as consid.creftls scrrxpl; for p<x,rer *rr:n1i thcrar'{.::id::l,at the rnS.nigterial Levri. In thc LiviLian-cleferrsc ,.itg*",;n. c'"'.tRe Jorrlouslr of pa'ior r"ncr. rcsul'linr; cvorrnppint of j'\rnctiorii, i*rictrr r::i;l;atod e1;alnst an actual unified. ,ror-.q*rol tjrat-rlro.r: r:ueh to ba tlosircd.,'e',cordin6 to tho post-r.nr rstatorrcnts s:f tll? officlal.e eo:rcetrrstl.

2. fne ,ir.ir Forcos und.or Goorirg, tho porieo uni,*r. lti::r*o:r, 'ir:*ustry'lnrter-'ipgor, the ,tlr rralct rrotcction''in;:,:* i*ao" tI:.,: llazl 1,er-i;;, (ty;r.In,

.-t:"q',}{ s3rorsaned'by Gooring), thc ili.tler Youtir Lio.ror:sat wrdsril:s irr;ot13:erJl]-nsell'r tha Gef,r:frl liud Cross, e:racur.'.''Iicn anrl velf*re prcJecrls (u:rcicr rlrcrXorB) rr:rd th* iilnlgtrlcs c,f iran.spori;ation nnd Ctxnrunicai;icns -- aiL liadse1:orate {but ryrtia1ly overrr.pi.ir.i) rouponi'liil.itierr anc por.rorg i"-"oii--nociisn r:tth tho civtlian <lefcn-se prc,6r**, and each in hrrn exerr:isc-ii -i;hoso

I3.L:-::l_:"1y for honect securitSr uut *s a vcrlriclc fr:r tho doveLopi:iontrind oxercise of personnL po!?orr

- 3" ?hroughout *-ro entiro Frognm un;il rt-i,, Da:tnn thore vas dofiniteaad nctlvo rcco0ntttcu of ctvi.lir'::-defonce os a ru.jor activity .i-n eon-, neetiorl rrlth nntigol dcfense, not to bo releSatod to a poaiticn of ni.:nor5":porta*e- ?he lreat nist*]re *es thrtthc rcarizaticrn or rts Lni.ortance":': Frocrosslve only curin[ the tmro Fre-rar pkrm,ing ?:sd not ut,i'ri*ro"tfyevalua;"'d, its ex'';re!-TEpq_i+lnce, a:lri T!t'n'thc-ttne Gcmnn:r uas pl,neecl ontho d,sfongi;-- ancr uer cifo.ltan pop,:lafi.r:n g"ilj""ili ;;'#;;";;, *r.uo *..,_**uas at bost a dqac hcrrt for dcfinsiw: rm&sutoi to keep approxir:+tol.y abreast' 9i thc rapidly aceoLerattng tochnlquos cf ntxlera nttaek.. At no tinr: r.rosthorc En oppo:lti.ulty to on[icips.te'!t:,r: ;;";i.r""nts af t;hc no:ct dnrr, forthcy r:oro too f\r:.ly occuprerl ii, tryrnl; to ;;;; up Hrorr dofonsos to neetthc stylo of al-tqclr that hsd t",appeno<ltthe a^,y'bororo"

4' oao exarrplc 'oi' *r"':' grf,tu*ti.on r:ras a,Fprirent in the Gorrran shertcr' poltcy' rho pglmrte, publler'nri.l lnrlustri.ar'irrr raid. sl:oltcrs di:en3" 663-structed before rhe outbreirtc of ,*;, _;;;;"t;iit to resist 1lgbr bo::bs eadaff,orc protocti'ou a;iainst

',ear ::i.lqasr rrnon a rlicastcr ocburrotl, suclr {rsthc dlroet hit on a tirin*cei1ingeriif,IiUc"'liruitoo ln Col,og;r:o tlrat i:it1ed,

CoNfiD$Sr:sL

,,i

entl buried ?iunrlreds of c'i4.lions, c frryttic prolri:Il of r'*-onf,:;'cir:1ancl adriin; \:rycrs'br: ih+ tops ef shcl-tcrs';;culd onsuc, nct tt I'l'::-i-rlc ,:f,o-.tccilon ailni'het stll"L grer:tor bcs'rbs n but to pro.rido rnorc pratcet.i.o::. e,ir;ln*ttl:e ty-pc of bor:rb tlrErt caused tire di:iii.${:'er, ii}ren it r,zas 'coo lti.:rl i;o iceffected on,a cor:Plcte nni:ional sca1e, tho lar3e Bqr*:er Systcn i-rns iu-augur.ntcd and'soni strueturos s:inik:.r'bo thc iioly Ghost liunl:er oi iiar:,b::rgrlere conpLotedo .[t tho gloso of tirE-r a;J&rroriorlTlc'i.is tu:x]tol systctis r.li:::iI*rto-thL' "ilanor.,ag shelters't r;erc beinli tlnsted out of solid iocl:, :iil'{y (S0)

feot under grounrl. fnis piectlranl, ra.td,cr thr.*r truly prrrfirossiv':, pr:licycoet Genuny soveral bUndred doLLars i:cr capita, ,.1rd stiU provirletladequate shel-ters to oCIy e"ilorrt'L0 ':orcont of the poquletiono A lnriieJ'roportion of thts cost rrent intc cr:nstruction fl"rst rlas inadaqun";r: r:rnC

lo.ter atre-ndcnod ss use3.css. liision rnti foresiglrt rroirld hanE" furnlslledoffective s!:eltsrs for r,:r';7 tir:es ih.:: flnal capacl{r, and at }o.s* cost a

E. Lessons cnn be letrrned not ,an13r fron the failuryer r:nrl brrd. pointsof Gernsayrs civil.iaa d,ofense, but trlso fron i,ts tooC fcatures" I,iucatlonof gie pooplc yras quite ttrorou;h1y ir-cconplisltcd t?:rough instrueti.e::rJ-Iiteratirro snd technieal traininl; i:: principl-es of sel"f*dofenseo furnishedand srorrsorod by tite Air Raid Frote,:tion l*ea1ue, "'rl:icl"r vrao natie;rtiilysubsidized, All capnblo eitluons i.rorc requirod to pcrfor:: actual Cul4r

in cormcction tritli sone civiLian dc.t'ense actlvi.tSt'i Arrihorltail'rc ccan-

trol u1s accclrpliui:ed. by +irc rrntLonel"Ly or3a.nizod policc. lriro }e;pnrt-nonts, thouXh not nntionali.ac.d, anri i:hou:h cquippod. vl.tlt inferic:.' accog-sopios aaC eqrjipsirltr, 1',r6rc requ*.red to doviso ccuplings':nC otl:er {tcces-soriee tc pernlt t?:e, intsrc-lionge of oqulpr:rent for riub"ral aLd purn$ses.

6;Traes;7stenCI.fnEitionn1'1.ye.;rrircI,1cr1ni1.1taryanr1n!'}1tg.rizednobile rllsst:rss, tJreugh trastil";g *r:d beLatodlll or.lnnlaed, flrrriislr*ri riratIittlo sal,ration there trss to the Oertnn systan of ci'rilian clefensco inthe grea'i; cli.sasters. Util-'rtios nnti indu*:try cere ;ro vi3oro.ls !n *i:*irp.c*rsi.re clefonso pro[$r!:rs thrtt orcn ';irou5h tenrifieatl.y batterod by initie]anri continuous attael:, ttrtcy rrcrc ebls to con';inua sorvicc einC lroclr:ctiontoosurprisin;de5reoultiltl:"eendof'fitr'r1'r3'l'arnfactrixrc-;ision:"ndodvance<1 prep,r-rr.atlons r.stched their !,ngenuity under fire, prcclue'';ir,'n -;;culti

irave at teast l:ept ptrce t:lth nilit*.::ir utillzstion"

7. T,tre inovit*ble final" broai:rio'.r:, of civill'-tri dcfense r7B.s eartsed bytiri6 srga Llck of' -i$ion and l.acl'. bl' initial anci e*r};rr p1*u:5.n"; i.n anticl-patini: thc range snd n13!rt of prmno}ing air attaek -- g sQ,rle cl' r'.'arfArci.nvented by thc Gcmans fire:isel.r.csn Orcr3.*pping of gorerr:nento.l- autlioritylrith thc rlsultant dLplicn'i;i.on of efibrt (a r,'eaimoss glaringly nopnrentin tlr.e strJdy of J*panege anrl our cri'.'11 cit'ilinn defense nnciilneryi ts nlsonoticoeble lrere. th:ri it brought al:or:t i:rocresti.u,*tlen a*i evasior:, ofinportrnt responsi.bllitics at tlrr: L7r:cr lcvels is not surprising" i'hefeature oi controL oxorciceci by thc Gen:r',a regttlar lJolieo ri'as n valuableasset in t}e oporatloa of civiliaa d.ofansc, izhlle th'-, orlaniaa.ti':n and opor-ation of thc nationol nobi"l.e regervcg denonstrutcd thcir oivXllc nltd establisheu

i

,

1II

, .:,

Li-::-.1

t....,:. :rl

!r.i

'i

qO$FIDE!TTIAI

4^;-r'-l', cffilrIqE$f IAt

thq as a necessl.iy. Ilorrover, the cffoctlveaess of thesc rese:-'re; ljJes

sor,sr*rat hurpcrod-by tho g3ape in tha natl"onrtlly superrlsed pro;':rr"r:: sfttldooproad nnrttrol ald -- a nationaltaod flre serrice and aceorpm:,'.1liir1stands,rdt zod equitrreut.

I'InclLbnoraadra n0orranr Ctvil Defonse, It

prolnred by Str John itrodsol.L,'&ittsh Horm Offiao.

32

.-._:.:..:..-:

.::'t-:.:.:':.:.

EOtrTIDET?rAL

{iq!FID})!n'rr,1

Iuolonro to S&lbtt nDl|a-

TINUOBIIIIDi'IT

--

'0un-

uclxlil crrll. DEr.qr,3flr

Pretrnrod Sy

slr John trodsoll

&ttteh limo Offloa

I,,**t

;4

?

i.ifi.lonAi}I)ul.:,cnjillllTTtn 81" Iitgr::cfcfit s],,I]r.t]iL

GJ:iilJli: CITII. D3FI,NICN

T]:T31}DTIC?IOII

I 4 atudy of €rc Civil Defonco 0rganisq,tlon in Ger:Elr1r. Tire nrsblu::vrlth n Gerr:irri.y, o*'lithe rnoaerrree r'.&lch lt too!:, cr '..,l:ie[r uoro forced. upou tt by ttrc rvci5itt <:fAIIlod alr attaclc, to r..not theso problcr::s, mr,st for-n nn osientiaL pir"Iu<ioto'any recmroendatlons regarding ttrc future org...lnlsatlqt of, Ci"yi1 ilefencaln llritain.

2 &r this Fo.por a briof aceou:rt cf tlic Gemen or;enisoiion a,nc1 experlcac+r.ls 5lwn, drtrrrin; such corqnrisone'.Cth Brtttsh prac'L:.co as a,ra rsasfu,ablelu the lt6ht of flre dlffercat conditians and ctrctuistances Ln thc tso couatrios.

3 Cortaln Oo'r'nan easualftr a,ntl <lan*.gc statlstLcs aro quotecl ln t,d.s noEB-randus:.

- ?ngy.rrust bo troated'rvith groat reeorno, antl rogarded as regrrenent-

in5 an absolute ninfunm. Birey';rore ciirtatnsd, lbcm rrarious sources lrrilud,lugthe Oortran Atr iiinlstry, {lut h*C beon bubJoototl, e1rcn bsfora roachln,3 t*}atlevol, to scruttny b:r the Gcs'ta::o anci Gnuloiters. Iloroover, lt rre.s thcGerrzqn pra-ctice, not only to undorstabo the nurban of lucrm casuaitics,but froEroatly '* omlt uontion of consi.lorable nur:bcrs of casualt!.es unnc-colrltod for, including tlrose lc*t r:nd.er rrrecliage.

p/sr -r, c+rERAJ,j,f,;,I4irjl:rm or iifri,.prqlflcii

4 11ro dsv'elopront of Civtl lJef,cnce in Gerr:uny orm bo eonvcnientl;7' con-sl.clored ln three.phasoo. ?lle flrst phaso ftor:r-lg55 io lg42, governod bythe belief bel.d (as repcatedly stataiL by G0riq3) ths* Lar6e eca:.e a1" at-taol:s upon tho Rsicb rrera fi'.:praotleall.o, tho eecond phaso fbon 1g4p to1-943, governod b;r tholr realisati.on tlrat they had. nlscalcul,atod; thc trlrdphase ftottr 194$ untiL Oerr:ro.r:y cnpitulatod ln i.945, 6ovortrod. by tire er"er"lnoreastnl inpact of Allled alr uttncl:a.

5 Hrase l. (iE5 to-.Apr.i1, 10421. )rrring ttrls first phaso ln *es:::eny,cllrll. a Locar responsibirrty on sre assur:irltion thnt self irclp servlces, rnci roguLar looa1 forces, asoistccl" i.f neees-ga{Y, by rmtuol eld, arrc.ngenonts botrtccn nelghbouring areasr ?oul.cL he acio-quato to r.reot r-ny sltration tlla'b ni5jri dcvclop. .&t 'bhis staiioo thc ceubrs\LautJrorlttee $pllaaf to lrave oxorcisod !.ittLe nore tlurn a 6onoral eupe:rr$.sf-onoror tlr- r*role ori;anisation"

6 Phage 8. 194e - 1949). ft uas not trnr;il .l1.prtl 1.S4E, asovlde s in reoent alr attacksr -iseued -byIlfuunlcr, tlzit t*j Gerr:sn aulhorttios 1,roro flrst shalnln sut of tf*tr-i*r-

:;: ::

't

plaeoncy. -.The attscks on Illbec\ (l-brch 1s42), Rostoclr (April 1948) ancthe lirat utlrousend bonbor rald" orr Cologao (:-;ny 104e) ioi;;e ilrori icreallso ttret the Local syotem by itself, €rven vith nutual aid arraq$cnents,

OOgTIDPTTIAL

35;t.,\ .r. Iv t:- z! .t: ;:.ii i{ T :

nras lnaufficlont, and that tlrey ha<!, cor:rpLete1y underostinated tlr,= gcopeand urgoacy of the post raid or.ganisatioq:., Their approciation n,f grcnfl'r situatioh caused tl'ien to p"L ln hatd. the _oxpansion of thoir uri;6nni-eation uith tlrc. result thnt by iay l,$45 {i:re foliocrir\5 neesures had beenaddptedr-

(a) Tho Alr Poreo lre.(l taken cryer ft:n Hre iloliee s proport.ion oftholr Locnl nobilc air protoction bat*alions (I,ire-fi5l.rting,Rescuo, J\nti-gas) uhieh hatl, beor o'.'ai!able for ruturl."riti be-trreeu eities, en<i haC put rhorir under tl'e.operational ecntrol.of cors'.Landors of ttro ltir Fbrce $,)Sloas, loc*.tlng tlron in tuitableareas, outcido, but tactically related tc tl'e r.rai:: 1argot areas.

(b) Tlre organisation for reporting dr:nnge niie cal.i3g. for ire1p hadbee.n ovorhauled, fo-ca.st clnd extodded.

(c) Labour battaLlons heC been organiserl, in citios fo. despatch to .other are&s vhere raquired, anrl tho ':so of rmslrill"r* r:llitan,lallour rlag authorised-. d

' (d) t'Beliof trains" (UoUr roaC anc rail) for brinling pos.:aidassistanco to .any pnrt of &erriany had been devel.opod."

(e) Arr4r eacl Air Irorce ttl{elp Cor.u'.Dndostt irad beon orgauiscd s*.:trclined to asei.$t aftor healXr eir attacL.

(f) An ord,er had boen issuocl for o11 porstrrs ovor 14 yoa.rEr of a..,:to be tra!.nert in A.R.P.

(S) Strong forcos of tho ?odt organisation had been recallod {ton'Franeo for Civil Dcfence vorl; in Gcr3,rany, includini a !"roavyprogramre of shelter' cons'bructlon.

(fr) A firrthor evaouation of c]:Lldren and unfit f,crsono fron danger&r6as had been cffeotcil. .

? the obJect of tt tu ro-organisation rras to cna'l;lc certerin nEltionalsorvicee to be anailable to render offective ald to nny iroavily et'Uacl:e.!areas. Atso, tt had been realised that ad<litlonn1 nanporrer in thc fornoi labdtr battalions wo.s essential to holb to restoro the sttuation r.iter

B fu Brltain theso lesoons hatl been Learrred anri already. ac+.r'* upon Rs

.r'riteessgd lry tho forr,rati.rrn of llone tlecr:rlW l:iar Roon nnC Roglonel l,'iar

Roons in I9S9, of the ilational Fire tler,rlco ancl Queenla 1'ro"g6p'jtrF Convoysln 1961 nnd of Roglonal Civll Defonee Colurcrs in 1942.

I l.'oreorer, ln Britaln a practical technlquo for Tost-rald operatlons,rvhlch lncludsd t*lc provision- of unsl:tlLod lafour, had nueen <levc+lopod ass, result oll tho expcrionco gnincd, ln tho attacks c".. tr.nriztt nnd Coventryln pruticulor ln 194O arxt had been in gcnoral pra,cti "o ever sinco vheroroqulrcd.

1:+i' 36

10 .Fhase S._lg@. fire cir*.n6le in firo uir i;.nr si.tuatioairhieh EE€aFEa-E-i:'ffiilr+r1 tr i'ro"tr"o 131.v*n- in Borlln attlrat ti-s':e (.Itmo, 1|)4$) to $.lir a.rld Po1ic,e Cjrj"efst nro ipcJl";-;;;;;irr-"ruunbor of pcrsonl E]-tra by air a*taol: on i';'este:m Gcnr.r:.rf on-i,sas duringthe 3 yoarc end,gd-ifth April, 1!4ri. ra -nrc eight r,reoks ir ray-a,=: J*r;;:L945, he oeid, gr6',?s had becn l:iil"od. i1e adclel tjrat ndurirr.S iu+r ontyblocks of irousoe toro d.estrqred, nn: rcrole rtistrtcts of thc im-n: arr; rrlpsdout. rt

11 llororer, t"rrse 'i;qs to follorr. Flva cays aftor this statonrcnt 23or000persons $ero--6v8,:uaterl fbon Col,o:trro ss r. rnririt of orre attael: in niu::eo- ,Ju:enqlth later ilareburg rccoivcc threo najor attacks rdrlch rrere c:ttond.od. over

, ton days rurinS ulrLch 601000 pcopla uere }rrrnn to bo l:illed 1*rr-,fc:r is appio-afvl&f,qly tho sdI;I€ nu,lSor &s r,rere l:il.i.r:d. t*rroughout .bhe Unftca l!i.r,g*on durlngtdre -',$oic eourse of tho var). s?r900 rrure l.*".:nceo, zssroooil*r" rencored!r..r"e leFS o

12 In 'lprll' 1944, Iilrnich had to ca"l-I upon tt4roaa sol<liers to as$i.st in; elea}ing up after one attaei<. Durirg thret aays in oetober, rg44a coloigrelrad to donl t;ii*r 21640 firos. ---r* -.. ''vvvv"rt *,

13 I?rc above exanplos are not d.esc;:iptivb of ure senLe or the pL:t* ofthe rtlllecl attaci:, bit aro x,inen to co*"onstrato sor$ nc$ tyJ:os of rrobrensvhlch Ger*r'rn civi!' Dofsnce rms callod upon lo-i"*o cftrrtng iiri; il"li;,#;of the rrar.

14 Conpsriso+:*,*::yTr wsr,. subjoctoC to b:o :fcars of o"ror lsereasisgAl'11od-i3l-iilETcrnd attaoi:s uniil ihu nm*, aereatlo. Brit*in t,ns subjecteclto i:.eaqr air a'i;bacirs {}on July, 3940, *.tii-i.,i}; 1941" **.irp tiioy bogc-u todocreago.

15 It is cleor, thorcfore, tirttl; not cll;.r irecl ttrre.n"ttaclls bccn forcgccnboforohand in I'tu!.an<l anri wrior-estir:a'bod i" co*y, but Dritclin learnodaad apprled tiro lessons of air attactrs "i ilaolet. "6o,=,u*'t;;.,, cl*itscaught up ths .'y'oers J-ost b;,r j:er cvar-confidenco, ctnc r.ras f,[ualry o.r<lrtrlorned.bv thc Allloc attaclcs3 irircroo.s rritatn,-a*iiie"it"'Tr""iry't ii;, of the ,*ruas '1blo to talle in her strido tlts: z:c.,r'for"-L-I conti-nuous-eitaclc fron fryingbor'rb anc rocket (forh-rnatoly ccr:fined to l,ondon and ure lioutS-e:rct]"

ccStrIDEstIltS,

p..l,nT- II. ri}:',R,lT, ADi.:rlTSl}t?rct: ,)F CFJrt niil?:tc];

16 CivlL Defencs (as .ro traecn: it) r.;as, i.n Gerran/r organisctl under trzodistioct haad,s. Srose tr..ro l:eads rrel-or-

(t) ttl,ir nroteotisr'r which onbraeed A.R.p., l,.treCor:trol, Clearanee, Rolairs nnd Re_bufiafni;.

**ffi!ie}- s<iii?d6 ii - sf ffi

*f:iis Tirrir e -A 6

. g 00 ; 000 - or!d- I ; U00 ; O00'Td'spddtlviilyl

Defenco, Ii:bl.ic

COIFIDE!ITIAL

1 ]l..T; r:? : .\ ? 37

(:.f ) "IeaCe:rsirip of tl:e fi.r,:Liictr r',rhielr i::cluded eyacuaiio:.Post-P.aiel Fablic Tr'elfaro "

L7 Besponsiblliff for tho ad:ni:ristration of Clvll Dofenco ''.'re'.s

thus:-

tnt1,: a l I

*,1**ilgrgrg*{.1.

(") Air Protection at lleich Lavcl. lhe general respa:rstbility for.redeflned in a mr*ilrorandun by

GSring datod Becer.r'i:er }?'l;h, 1S42. Fron t'his it tras ap::ar'ontthdt at mlnlsteri:r1 Ie'.rol the responsibility f,or "Ci-vii Defencotruas divided batrroea G6ring', ond Goe'obolg.

G8ri:rg r.ras in char.fo 'of aII "air protectlonn so::*ricos (vartringorg*nieatiop, fire fightlng, rescue, medlpaS sorvices, repairs toputUc scrvices, fectory .h.R.P., donol.ltion, .cloara,noe and saluagei.Eertaiu of t?rose sarviies trere adni:ristsred b;y the *ppropriateGorernr,:enb deparhnents; ln r'.rhich cass GBr5.n{! r{ep responsible forthe :recessary co-crdinationo In tliie Latter cotegory oane tlrel.$nister of bconcnico (;ipeer) sho civore<l mjor fnAuir;1y throrghthe ageney of the *Roieb sadustrial GrouPt' and' fi:e lH'nisto'r ofInterlor (ftrst Frick, then llirs:nler) coverlug Follcc ancl, ttrrouElrits Eealth Deparbont, hotpital accormodatlon.

Gou't+.la speoialieeC eernice, o.g. Railrrayoe Pos*- Offlces,fiatonr+ye, eaeh hs,<t dtroir otrn tnrlepond,ent eelf-contsined organi-eation vrith HeaCquartere 1n Berlln, clnC other lndependent organl-' setlons worlclRg dlrect to,G8ring rrere thc Air Proteetisn leaguoand the Gorman Bed Crose.

Ooebbel.s nas rospoastbLe for l.eadershlp anrl welfare of thegenoral publieo includlng the provislor of aupplioso ovncuotlon,rohouslng, erxergency feedlng and r:crney grants. hr a.dditlur, heappeers to hane exorcised cortai:r f\rnctLons yrhich e:rcrcached onG8ringts rosFoneibillttese ocgc tho restoration of esscntial 6or-rlcos anC corraunioatl.ons,

.ancl supervlsion of casuslty *roatrront.

Brlefly, thoreforco Sllring rra6 responeible for thc co-ordi-na*i.on sf the Air Force s.'!rLch had boen givon a supen'isury rnissloa

, Ln respect of aEir-!frEec'tlonrr, rrlth the Police tilro wore respon-slble f,rr tl:e orga;r-lsatgon arid operatLon r?8. Eir Pratecttonliernices3 with the Rclch .Air.Protectioa Ioague r'"'irieh rta.s respon-sible for the orgarif "self'-hc!.p" orga-' nisatlon of the genoral p":blic end yrltir tho Beioh org*nieationscontrolllng fialr protoctloartt Ln Largo 3$g"8,, RalhJf.;ysn Post0ffico anri Tiater:rreye.

Goebbels had thei resporsibtli{r of co-ofdlnatlon of the fiazlhrty (r:ilio rnere responsible for public r-relfare arxl noralo) rt'ithlocel Govornrnonts (iriro vere reiponsibLe for ths exocution of thenecosBeiry rvork).

6OFTTD rE?I8E

':.

t

CCIiI'1$],IT. Iii,

It is obuious that crt tiic top i.evclj'Bre h:o prineipa3. co-ordinstin5 authorittcs overlapped. rllthor.rgh tAc Girr:s:ra lp6 noregLonal orgnnisation crmpa::abLo to ours, tircro ryere rt r*gion*I- lovel tlrrec authoritioe, i.e. tlrc Atr Force, ilre polica srrci $rollasi Party, each of r'rlrich uorl:od rithin dlfiercnt geograirhicalboturdaries, t'rhioh eannot havq raado the situation ariy eas:icr,

**"u,T,x"XIi-;::ffi I;,J;il3'ix3:',*lif T#",1rxixt"I"Jroil,;':::-curlty nas thc ono and only co-ordinutin5 auttrority for. Civi.l

. Dofcncs Peasurcs of evory k!.nd aru.l that $o had his countorpart' at Begional revel holriing sir:i].ar responsibilitles; a systl::r- rrhlch sras obrri.ously superLor to tho Gorr::anrs.

(n) 'tAi5.tojectigl*3,! 1_ocgl._1.e.,re1. the Folica Fresid,ent or, insr:af-l s pollce agent) r.ros respoisiblofor fair protection" at ti'r* locrl iuthority lerrsL. IIis-s.ppoi:rt-nont corresnor:ded ?ery nenerrrLLy vrith tlrat of a Civil lo{'encoControS.lcr i:r Britaiu.

fhis officer uas rcsp$nsib3.e for carryiry5 -CIut the lnst3-r1c-' tions of the "rtir end Polico Authoritics iyr. gorlin enil actocl aieoin a co*ordinating capacitlr at iris LeveL vith tho iraricus organi-satir:ns coneerned rrith ttair protoctiont', inc1urllr1q t*rose a<inint-stered, direct fron llerlla and havirg inelopond,ent stetusl oof,,.iiorlcs rtir ProtcEtion s.arvice' ile vas also diroctl;r linkod i:rithttro rvarninG syston r*rich car:rc unrlo4the Oemr.n Air"Forco. lianyof tirii local serrices rvere 5i-rrcn police- statrrs vf;riclr sirplifioci{lre problens of clrain of corrunci, rllscipllne, ar-rt*roriff, ueifor"gsend tra,iuing"

(c) nleader of ttre llrb1icrl at Roich Iavol rrrl-s tltc-) perscnnl rcspon-c' the ilazl hrty naehlne, uhich decentraliscd frdn the tlaui }Ei,rty -

chancollory through GauLeltsrs ocri -rocal

Farw chlefs.(a) rrlaad.ersh L of the Rrb!.ie" at Loes.l IeveL. llot onlrr r,ras the llazt

inistratiln, brrt spoeialordors trer€ 6iven ihat iiozi Farty offtcials co:l.rl nalc use of any

, locnl departmonts in tige dS.sclmrge of their Civil Defenco f\rnc*itns.

1B Thus at the,top lcvel-ta oer-any tlrcro rrero tl:roe dcminatiq perscnalitiae-ffl$tti, Ilfu'uler (tton I94s) anc *oob6ol.s, close co-oparation bo.triecn,tl:,istriurwit'ato vas i'rardly ltltely, ?Ior 1'ras thoir genoral tnproaclr to thcir res-poarsibllltlos very convLncing durin5 ti:e oarl.ier ;rear.s. G$ring d.*es r:otaeen tc have boen greotly interegtod tn his Passlve Defen'ce orlanistriion,not rrrulqtrurall;;, since i:i.s co:cern rJ'as to strilco d6n-rn his

"o,rnirytn onuoiustrll*: his ,tLr l"orco. Iie rr&ly' evon llave bolievecl Jris boasts that no ireistileaircrafb uanlcl ever cross tlre f?ontiers of t?re Reich; ilir,aler, th.at sinieter '

personallt'7, r&o rre"s olrrays seekin;; ilesh aad. ui.d.or por.rors! ar:ii Goelt,e!.s

,, rt.COSFIDEI{TIAL

tt.t -,-.'i-.

, .:..,.!

3S*Ur"1'::; Itjl;t*

r*,o "ras

ccncerned vitlr thd glorifica';ion of illt1er 4ff1 tho llaai l'erft;,hence !ri* resl:onslbiltty for 1:ost-ro"id ser"icos; a Elrre!'rd eelectio:": fto:::ric pi:lnL of vietrt, th,ough :1'b is eLcrri: that {rc r$gnttudo of 'bl:,-- p::c3rLorlsi

lnvoi*rer. hntl not, in tho 3.cast, bceu r:i:proclatcd until .,llIiccl boubirtSa&ntnisroreC e sories of rlde shocke.

19 I; Ls, thcrofrc, truo to sa;r tlat in Gernnny the trro r:riior aq:cctsof Ci,il Def,ence, 'viricir should be lnsepnrable, bocane Civorcod, flre olre

undor prof,essional. lnfluonco, flro otircr urdor poli'f:ica! influoncc, It lshsr4lp surprisirlg, therefore, to fi:xl. couplexlt3r, ovorloppilig u,r:ri conflletof plthority rriren tl:e stross of really hear47 att$cl:s 1r&,s exllorieneed.

ZO Co-ortltta*,Lcn ai ninistori-al anri reglonal levole rlas a real thinS inBrrtainn snii'the plano tred bee:r drarrrr up ui-th no ll}usions &s to tl:c inpor-trnce and seriousness of ttr* tagl:. Liistal(es rioro naden II} 3rltairi, as ln.:en:nny, thc conpLoxlty and scope of post-rald probloms hzrd bcen urCor-r;sti:-.s.tod, but.tirc leslcons uore guicl:$ learnod.'nnC in Brltain ti:e nnchlnery;los thero to re-orEanLse r:nd furproue, Ehe vellua antl stren0tlr of tire lpglonalrrga"uisaticn: in such ci.rcranstancos cri:urat bo over-esticrttod encl lts lack .

in-ilierr:any stancls out siiinif$.cont1;r rrtrcn thc strain came.

P"I'RT J Ii "-Gryru4r,. !'It rltrylls {1ry'jPnIG tl{gtg':rT rcli ry;i}-

Sfil G:{:::;niil" IlilllLfC

.2,. A baslc principle of Geman Air protectLou rns that tho ctvil populo-t.oa sl1oulcl be organS"sod an,l trelned to dofend itself. It v:as, in fact,t,, bG thc first Lino of defenoo. this rr$s a,ccoaplts:led throu;,h {*rc 'fse1f-h,rl6 6;*rnisatlont' uhiq-h rras appliod to fire 5eneml publict a1ci. tlrc 'rextendodxrt:-frolp organisaticarlr rd:lch rms rppliod to Ccr',r.rercir.1 urdertalringr, publicilullcltnSo anc sns}l fsctori.es. Tlre Gcrren &ir [rotectlon lcag,ue -thror5irthe Atr"Balcl :.,ardens (gho, in Gerurury, -rrorc agents of titis Leaguc) or6aniEcdand trqinod tlre 6enerel publlc :,;nCtlrc gcrsonnel of corq'€rctnLr etc., utrder-tnktngs to enable ther: to ftllfil thelr resi:srisibilities.

22 Roqular .Alr Froteci;iin ticrrl,cos vere provlded to support thc "self-helptt orrianlsatlorrs onri'to nininiso the effccts of clar:ago. Rsofitacks lothcravLcr anrl nore congontr*tcd, the_regular sorvlcos doalt noro an'J noro1';L'r,1" r-s!6rlrr1 da:nege, l.eavin6 tbc "solf-lrelp" organlsations no:e and norodepondenr. ..'pon tilroir cnm efforts to save therisel.ves.

23 -.I;t,t'eouor, the Cerr::an ilcnrices 'irerc r:ainly orgrurisod. os dusl purposeeervlces 1.> fire fightiry: ernl rcscue rrsilg3 eonsoquently as th.ry ear...e topay grcater nttnatton to y::ateri.*L c!.arago, less assistanco tras avallablo.for 11fe-ss..;ir.,r lry r.oscue servi.css.

24 Er Beltoin Ulc troight of ener:y attaclcs nevor approached tho scale towhlch Gerr'nny r":':-1":rbJectcai noreoier, .thc {Yre and-iescuo eorv:ices trereo-uito sepe-roto.- Lirr'',=.,,rLnf alrnys figurei as the principel objeot ofttro rescuo sorrl.ce. tx -r.'i-{nr L:.e"ofore, thc gonera} puUtfc i.lva3's lrad

C0?ii,''rlEffifi.tL

'ts:_'.- 40

EervLces at car.r for -1lf-eisavr.ng* .*r Gernan;r, ta,;erds t&c onei" f;he sey-vieets nero seld.on avai.S.ab3+ oxeJpt rr,b a sc*#'of i:oaqg rmie;i;i ,r.ar.:*go,or on occas!'one firee the genernl sit;:rati.on or*"1*ous.i.<llnect to bc r;e liopelessthat all hends Tr8ro corrcentrated.on rife-ea;i;, B.{o 1rr lianburg rinore itn,as sal'd thet'rin thc end. fire fi..gh,;ing,uuu*oi'io tiro boorr-ui"l*t alanclonedas hqrcless anc at'Lentlon concentiatecl"i:n r*n*"u-rro"Li.""t o"iio*,r.r pubLielu Britain rras never, thenefore, Le*t,to ,rav*-S.ts tr-.r1 lifc es seene to Jravebecn froquent]"y "bhc caso in Oe::::crrry - vhich lias fortur:ato as *nir-,]ofr "*"=training in Briiain 1'{as ne?er sori-cusly ur.euriit.*n, excep,t in t5e cs.so ofg1v6-gu'rds arxr to a r.!.ni.ted e:ctent i;p"rJ"iition to rpet rnvasi"cno

26 Tltero is a good cesr to bc sairl for the> Gerrrnn doctrlno of self-horp,lartic.larry if maryqrer robleql or-, ri:.oiy to'r*.,*o d.ifftcui.ty a-q isarnost iaevltabi.e ia r:ritern. it 1: ";ry j.p;itrrrt, horover, t?rert thcllaitatlons of tiris fgrn o! protocti.on

";! ;;;;ciated, an<t ttrat ac1equateforces are a-railablo to roinleree their off#[s. Tne Gerraan system do-feated itself in tho end *riry ,r; ;;i";;;;"*.0 ouonrhelrring solf-conf,i_denco.

26 i?arninr $''rs'ten. Eccouse of her- goographicol pcsition, fl:o Gerraan aLrrara ffi-!ffiffi-"";;;-#i to ono"r,-in-ieits of soconds as in Britatnaad Trasn in consequence, developed ; ;;d-;;;o eraborate *.nes.27 the actrral TTlr.g ey-stem sras based oq nuch the sar,lo prineiples as tnB:lts*, thorgh at tlre

-ortbreak oJ var Britain iracl tho boneftt ef radarr'*rlle the cernans praced reris,lce or,

"*""tfe ciroles of obsorver posta.At-this stage both sldes lrad two publi" uigi"i. - falortr anrl fej.l crearr -ancl orclerod the scne action @. rylerpt or [tre urort L.o. tlm cossatlon ofall activities-.. rn Britsrn nodific*tior,.o to'tr.:.o proced.ure i.rere soon naclein the forn of "tlre alarm trithin ttr* areiti, "o.rrrod

nittr a systcr.r of rai.d .spotters or ttJin crcRrsrt nu itrry vrere caI}ed. Gerrnny follo,rei. suit in 1g4r,but intro<luced sevcn types of i'rnrrring, oi-orri"r, rioo r..,erc puirlic. Differen-tiation .#as nace in accord.*rce '''rifir Iiro oii"-ir tir. attacking fcrce, anconly for'nass raicst'*ut* *tiritios to uo-ceasea. rt ls iiterestir:i torecal'l tl:*t a er.'=ilar tdea r.ras put fon'rarxl tn Britctin in 1g?4 b;. ti:o origina!.A'R.P. ,Sub-Con:niti:oo of tne Cod{tto,e of f*eu"i"f Dofenco.. -

29 A Gomnn raclsr systen rrns dovelopcrl-in due course rrhtch suppror:onted,their observoPst posts anri rrhLcir inclirdea *ouii" raclar <letscticln u.nits toroinforce ueal: aroc-s end rcplaee castraLtLos. Reports r"oo "lip" erri atrsoa serics of local observation or spottors posts around. probabl.e targetsprovided an additi!""L 1-:f slng]6ry"t t'il,o general reportlng systen'hich rras urc responoibiriw of-ihe .ttir rrorce. '

eg lhe Gorrpns- also, about lralftiay tirrough thc riar, bcgan tc broadcastlnforriratlort of tht: noiencnts of anol\y' airciaft $qd 9I flre progress of attacks,vthtch t*rey soen to irave fount useftrL i"-il6i;s'up the *or*1o-og tho pubric.

I18g_ fr. lIOTI.:ft clt rfutTICUL/i.R s:ffiircr.s

gOilTIDEI[TIAL

I .-: il li: i. i] .:,'I I, A i,t'

g0 Trc G r:':r:i:!:s lrc.rj- varioiis 1**r,1 exi:s,jlc*ts j.n r(,sorve agairisi; f*i5-reof *jle el*ctrj.* rj.:'c:i sys{:*i11n &r o-rr* '*ri,'rn, aftcf. e., }rec.,ry raid., fi:i1*rc ofa1l {;irc sisc}3s it.*t*:{ ftr r: n+nihn ii'r,::irina."o1y, i.rr Britain vre iiscr i1.} csrl-trremblo erpcrienee of iong feilure of sirongo

3I ?tre naia clifferalca betrrsca tho 'Lvo s3rsterris.o rihi-ch vrr:s ihf].u.or:ieed bythe difforln5 factnrs of tir:e ilr space, rvr"s that ttrc r.tcd.ificstir,ns *y:rcr.erin Britain ained at simplieity r:*r:1 tlr:e*saving, 'rhereas t*c Gorzrans.intlo-ductrd a Eroro conpllcated qrstern diff,e:'entiating bertryeen large wld erutl3"rilde; the obJect of bot}r eountriss rrs.s tho eire, l. e. to 6avo lif'l uiththe ninfuf;trn intorforence to thc rrar *ffort, In tlrc enrl, the rocl.re* dofeatodter:porartly t'ho Brtttsh l'rarniag systi,.n anrl tho inpact oi tacticaS. berrbingln the laat stages of the r:ar herd tho serr.te offect ln ercas behin<i tir* baEtlozono in Gerr:any rihore qn ad !r*c iruecltate dangier sigr:a3. r..rs.s iniroduced eethe urly wornl.ng of any kind..

32, n"pg* u** Centrol. frio Gorr.Hn and ilritish qpntrol rocn nachincrry wasvery @ rarlio r.;u.e uscd in Garn*n ?ontrol roorp, irut nit tntlose of Briteln" f}:o Polico P*esidont" (correspondlng to a Bri.tish Slv11kfenoe Controllor), directed operations ilon his nain control rrh.er$ he :mssupportecl, ac i.n Brltaln, b;r tire ltcads of the narious $ervices.

53 Sro &ernans docentralieed ta d.istric.t:s correopondin8 to. roport or sub-contml eeatree ln Brltai.n. th.o Serr:nns also had a further sub-divl:.sicndown tc pdlice nro-riet'ert, vlth rcportin; centree filr nardons anC pcS.iaeu

W Districts had regular^-Civl1 Defer:ca semices at tircir disposaS." Iireviorelrad cm.ly lrrrediate actLon ttseS.f-heLpr p+rtles. 3f ttre self-hoip orga.nLsatlonrequtred assiotnnce on ony scalo, therefore, help had. to corc t?on OistrtctleveI.. fee'principlo uas laid domr, l:oraerrer, ttrat asslstarico uould.'only be6lvea to tlle solf-he1p aorvlces, i,o. tho publlc under tho coatrol of ttcrrarlem.s, lf the situatldl'ras bey'ond thetr scope. Ito Brltaln flre arrangonentrrus alrnost entlrely-tt*

"gyurseo that ie to say the u'ardens, vhile dos.ng

Y3"! they_cculd, lad an obli6aticn to roport trrpetately I"n gre Lerorled[et'hat re13r1ar servLcee uould bo deoyetchel. to tho scene lr aon*g", e-s qulcklyac possLbleo

35 Gerrran r.rain coatrol eontre.e eppoar to have ralled rr,rinly for .i,helrXf:ry*llP uPoo reports sent f ron-obeerrletlon posts loca.ted-on ,che tops oflfqf luflai'ngs. this practice uas mly devcloged and uscC to any c:*ent inei-t"1" for repcarts of flrst flares ar bor:bs aid, <lurin6 tho flying banb erxtrocket attaoks. Inforratlon frorr obse::r'ntion posts ls ltable i;o 1:ternrntlouif thco Ls intense snol<<> fron fl.rc"

"1cj in an| caso dotailc as ,r; ;;;i;"J-t"p-

qeaed on-the CroYnc canrid-be 6iven. rt vras, Lherofore, 6ener*11y nocessaryfor 'the f.e:rrans to serul out r.ecormaissaaco oificur" uefir.i' depIrylng theIlocosEary servt'cos. It secns probeblc that t}rc Ger:nanst uatri ""rrtrf:. seld.onhad tho detailod piciarfe rrhich uas norr::aL1y arailablo to ControLiors lnhitaln. 0rr the otirer hand, the serriian oy*t** dld pronloe a verir effoativeffltgl to prevont thc r,sia contro]. bocomiiS choked. itth details as happonod,soretines under tha Brltl.r! glrsten. fhe 9i:3oct of the trro sy"iens appearsto have been tlre Bane, that i-e to cay to t$ ancL d,eproy flro sortrie+s,

OOTTIDE!TtsIAT,

i42

lavina ref:ard io thc principll +f t'trc ecenoBy oi- i:orceo the Bri-tisir Qrstcr,r,rri.r""J", 'Iirl,i*e cn g+1tin6 r+'ascnab:1i'' .istalls a::il lnforrrs.*ian frrm. tltc var*d;; to'start rdth; the C'c'.::*,'in systort rol.iod on'che self-lleip orleni:ti'bionorii,A"* on rurtil it becri;xs ovonrheitr"sC. ft ls probably true i;o sa;,2 ti;,grg

Lr."-biiiish r1'st"r, on t*to i'&o1c, entalled lesc daloy'bhan the Ocrm:m s3rstan.

g6 Uuder modern raidir:6 coni,itloas :;'b soel*s ecrtain the't a6ithcr-qrstoniI fn rif tro be w?roily aci:quate anc tlrt the guestlon of tlic nethads of re-p*ii"l iray treve to bl rr,eonsiderecl, l1ta introdueti.on of rrirel'es+ t*.'l'ephrorry,

i;;ilArrg "rralkie talklrst nay be osr;.:ntia1 in the frrturc. flle Ger"r:nrls wora

iii".A, -in

the hearry so:urrttion ratci.r., to rely a3*rost entirely o:: m,essengers"

g? Itrot only are there ror.srks tnri os regard.s the looruL.sihna:ionr \t tfie

i***i"s of reinforrorg<rrrLs fron ou{,sirle becare cquaily tttfficull: rrs aLnost

f"*.rirrtiy aIl rr:arx, of c.or.r,arnicatlr,n werc brolten clcn'm at thc be;innin5.of

" fr""":f *""ia. 'ihe ior:p,qrts do not s:em to ha're found any satisfector;,'r srrslv9rr

it "o"*n

again tha'; trireiess lvlli p':bab1y FroTo thc sohrtion"

Bg iotaL d,aoage reptrrts sont {bon :ities to Ber1in afber hoavy atts,c}:s

suff,ered fror overLalpfug in that Gtf ing-hed to be infornsd t!1ouSh polieo;;;;i; inC llirm-lcr iitso requirod i!,.rbot reports f::on ttro police. fuLl;6;;;,*r(, a1s* reet+!.ved by $oebbr-r.s lrorr IocaI, liazl Farty officials.fn'nuc"*ter, 1g4i:, thrtfafore, ve fir..; inslrnrctions fron G8ringi insistir:{1thnt toaltl ti.anag,,-repcrts onanatlag lrcn PoJ.ice nnd f?on llazi rartn; sourcss

*r*t to co-orJin'r"Led 1oca11)' before dospatctr'

39 Air.Errid 1lailons. Oertrqn air :rriC trard'ens u"Te the backbonc of the..ff-fAtf'ffi1iiffi!1. Un Lil<e th.: ; artlonst liervicr in l3rltain, administra-ti:rely tirero l.rrrs.1. diract cltrin of c,rrrrumd fron the ll.'use i:,arden to thr:li" tog"ctlc*1 lc..iue ln Berlin; thcr gh, for op,erationso th*: crardens rvorkcd

under thc g,ener:cl ord.ers of thc loca-.. controLlet". - The- ttis3srshy'o.f tlro

Co*r," iisrdcnst ietvice be;;an vith '*rc ilousO i'arden 1:ho t:&' responsilrlcioi u"-.fartrirent i'i:,rrs€ or S::oun of r,:srlL houses 1oa<11n1 up t'- tho 3locki:."4"" uiro had ten ;c fEfter;n i.ousort, 9r 1 3'arpe apartoent buj"riing, mderir;;-;t[r. Ee ve'r-rcd, to o

-$ub-Gro'.P Loador_vho eovered an ercs ':f six to

ten blockq, .u5o vo.*.ed, in n1s turn," to tlrc Revlere Utgt'P ttd:t rr I 6sv-

or.e6 t;c area of ; police Re'yiero :onprising-approxiratcly 1'5ro00-?o,oo0

;;;;;; ,,rro, i* !,is tr:rn, r.:'orkod t'o L Digtric{Group Ieader r';tro covor'6

l"- ni" i,rotectio:r dlstricl, ant! fi.re].l.;r, at thc local lorol thcre 1''sl3 81'

A"o" iro"p lcaaei (correspon{iry t. a dhief .rr'1r l}aid, IJarden of a CorurQr

llorrmrh Or count in girt"in). 'Iro:. adninistrative pur?o6es, hcrrevorr.ttro

ilffiTilra."trl*rchy ccntlmrod rip through a iro;iionai Grgup -I,oad.er

(uh'-r

covrrod e. pog-r.,f"o"i-ilCi""), flrenc,ito a i:iovincial SrouF leader (i:ho cov'

urrA-" p'oirino.sJ rrra, Iirr*iiy to tl:e ;la,tion:rL Group-Lea'ler.i'*ro-.as Presiden',-f grc liationrl l,1r Prctectitn leq;ue and who r"'orked dlrect to G$ring'

40 the functiilie of the hi3lrer uli.riens'ucre purc].{ a$r:.nlstro.ti'.re. I?rosc

of the 11cuse eni 3loclc i."arclens t:et'e concerned. irith Leadorslrip an<1 irainlng,or tto pirbllc ns an intogr*l part of the self-.ireLp orSn[isationo -{ pointof lrrtoi,est tc r.:to is thot the $ermflrl tarden vras under no obl'iRatl-cn to

-report cenege or *asualties unlcss nc\ey lrare boyonc^the-scol:e of !"'is Littlefolof s*,1f-iielp ;er{r rcS.nforced, by pnrtiec fi'on s'ijolniryi blocl:s'

xA3,

I',!

EO}IfTDEIqTIT'L

7

H-{ii-=89+!.rflf COETIDSFTTAT

41 In 1944, tlre r*role of Lhis orSanisalicn for eelf-help, incLutiil;i, ofccllrss, th:: t.;srdcns',','.r,1 :: trnn:lferrod t: tirr-'liazi P:lrtll for nCninistrr,ii!.oi1and eq1,tro}. frr Sritain thc trir raii uardens i,eye Ln cvcry resrcc-t n::r

integml po.rt of tlre loc$l Civil Dcfaucc Sorviecs"

42 In Gerra-ny the absence; oil aCoquate prorrisicn for r,.n orromil I::,t:irlentCsntrol Offlccr ::ppcarb to i:avc i:oen n tlofoct. Co:rtrol o1' an itr*ilcrr* i:e-;en r.;ith the rrerdos *r-ri p*s,sod up tl:,c sc*Ic sr [ier'.ricos arrivod, 'til:'oru;11i

the first po).lce. offi.cor on tfrc seonc, thon to the leaders of llcrriieer: asthol; nryirrod, tl:c ;enore,L irrincipS.c boin'.; that ihe nonior officer cf *iic{}erylce hovlng t}re ncst ur;ent task 'r.'a: to aet a: fncirJent Offiecn. Con-trol at tho ir:cident r:ras thcn irandocl btci: e.5ain as tire incldont c!..i-"-:+,i,*nC f1aa1Ly tcfb ;"ith the To'arden.

4B In Britoin selccto<l oft"icers votra giv<:n spccirl trr,ining in t;'rc tcch-nique of contro}"L5.ry en lncirlent, tnci {:i:.i.s tr;.chnlcue tra,i developcC tt: in-clude thc eo-ortiirultion of ail liervices cn ilre spot. Tlrc Incirlcnt (]-fficorprovi<icrl a direct l.lnk uitir thc Contr+l}cr on a1L. r:atters, iuclu-riin-: requestsfor refurforoor::onts Bnci ',ras supportr;d ',:;r ot |tenquiry polnttt, a nost raL'.rablcrle',rclopnent ir,":]a:a,:rn in Ger:raroSr* Erec"c tlr litiLc t-lcubt ihr'rt th* 3i:i.t3rshIncident Control proeedure nr:il tochnique '.'rero gre+t1y ln aC.rrc.nce cf tirc:Ocmnn r.yctlrods.

Ftre Dcfence

44 Althou;1h tn 19SB a 1su was f:e,nscd nat-onallsil5 thc GorT:an li.re Sonrice,this ::sr.tlonrlistrtion ditt not, i.n fact, evcr beeone a:lly opcrntivc. ilot're?er,the r:assirq; oJl tlrc larv and the 5-nnincnee of liar recultod in inprovenents,notal>Iy a national systcn of fira tr*.inirr'; standerdisatlcn snC incr:nsedquantities of equipnent. 'ft3 trc othor lurnd, the Gc:r:an Firo Scr.rice'i.'agcharacterisod bir the rrurl:er an,:: urrisrbiiins of tirc orfianj.gal:ions ri'hlch con-pritod it. '

Tlrcre tiere !-(a) thc fire-fightiai cs:*onerrts of ti:e ..\ir Protsction 0ettsriions

mawred by tlro Gerr::an .sir llorse I

(1c) tfro firo-fightio-: Js.ttlalions oi' eiir.: reSular police under- 'Lirc

co:rtrol of Cnief hspectors of' Folico Districtsr

(o) tha vo}r.rntary lrlre 0ri-6ndoa sf rural districts arr sr.urLi to.'insortanised to assist the Flrc Fi;lrtinl llerniees of nesrrby 3"ugoc!.ties:

(.1) tho locaL nr-rnlcipol Fi.re Sonrices un<]or the oontrol of Po1lco

. Prcsidents in larg$ citieel

(e) the Fire llenrices oil ir:clustrir.L installstions i*r.l.cir coul.d beoalled ury)o! by Po1ico Presid.ente:

(f) th.r fire servl.ccs orSanisod in eitics 'i:y tl:e ilagi Psrtrvtde si''ecir1 proteetion for buildinis an,:) instnllllionspor+"anio aecoiding {co tro vieu of lliizi Party officials.

CONFITEI{ TAt

43

7i:'t

j

ro Fro-of ln-

44

CO?Ii"I$illtT:.{!L

45 Thls llazt PBrW florrrice ((f) abovo) alono ties not undor +,hc controlof tite Pollee lbosidsnt (Cqntroller] - o, fact r.r]:!ch lecl to frequent bic]perlags. ?ho larty offici.alst vicrre of inportant tnstalLs.tions f.ictre ior-t*I1y thoee industrial anri camrercirrl undertnl:ings of ir:'rportanoo to ttrc1?tr effort, but in at least one instan*e strotcl,-ed to thr.: protcc'Licsr ofttrc 1636 oellnr of {i:e fi'sulottcr, and reeuLted in rotirlar l'ire XcrviceUnlta belng sithd,rarar, under protest*on fighting firee in dsrelllngs togavo t*re ltrroatonod stoek of rrino (ln l.lunlch).

& Elro Sonr!.ees rsers ruu on ntlltrrry Ltnos ni.th strict dlbcipllne.litill, the exoeption rnentioaed lu paragraph 45 above, they co*re rr:idor thedlroct ordsrs of ttre Controller, utrich tras !.ot, of courser the practtceln Sritaln vrhere the liationaL Fire fier"rlee operateri lndepend.cutiy.

ql It trI11 be notoC that no nention h1s boon nade of Flro ftre.rd,s. ?heydlrl not exlst as a separatt-'ontity in.Serri*rny. The duties of Fire $uarCios practlsod in Britain lrcre arl lnte,lraL part of t iro rosforsil:fIi.ties ofthe nsolf-hei.p" organisation under tire contro1 of the trarrrons.

49 lhriag thclrar the depletion in Ger:rany of Fire Ser:vice persornol bytrtrnsfor to the tighting $errrices, eoupled. r:ith the ur;ent n-ocd for norcfirer::en, led to the recruii::ent of youths r"ni. a15od peop!.e r.droso traintngrrae rudineatary anrl ociivity doubtf\:.l. Itx .rune, lsa3r-rr":"en of l? to 40vare r:edc liab1e for scl:vico la tocrl nire liighliry lforces.

49 lte p,rofessionul fire,rren r,i:o ronrrined ln chargc of the lrire lierytcesond a ca4nrativoly sr::411 eadrc oppear 'l;o have baon well. trainod anrl ex-collent firerion, bub rtore hanpereilby inoffecti.ves seat to thcn as roin-forcegrgnts anii by averlappiqq anC conflict o.f authorlty as betrreon pro-fossionnl cnC politieal leaders.

50 lto problens tlrey nsre cal}ed upon to face und,er saturation attacl:sfar exceod eveu tlre rTorst oxperiencos in Srltnin rrhich vero quita bad eaough.

51 tlrs follo-rin;; extracts frq: ropor'6o on the fires of rlor:burg ri:ichoccurrod bbtrreen Zatl .lut:r arri tlro 3rd fugust, 1943, describc tiiesc-piofilens:-

tr &t abcut tvonff ntnutes alter the droppinS of tlre ftrst bonb, accnfle8ration trns in progross r:,'hlch ro*cjretl its clfunx trro or tirrcehours Ia,tor, rurd ra;;od at fuLl foreo for abor.rt ttrree hours 'r:efore itstar*ed to strbside.

Tho trenend.ous hurricaae of firo causod tho a.ir to be drn.'rntcrrarde the fire fYon *11 diroetions r'.'lth such torri*ie volocitr fl:etIt tor-e treos apnrt and provonted firenen {Yo;r conlng rzithin ratrf,osifl:. hose etreales .... -'lecauge ol'tirn ter:.Lfic treet ancj :;hsrers ofenbers, oxistln3 open spaoes, even iarks, could not be usoc by theFire Dep.rtmcnt, and t;}rcy oveRtu::lly dlsoontinuod tlrolr effcrls toextingulsh or hoL<l thc f;[1e, us1tq ttlror noans to roscuo tjre t*roueacrdstrapped ln basenont siroltor.s in tire aroan Thc girc Dopartncnt cstfuutestlrat 55rOO0 pcrsons lost their Livos. Tnousa$ds of vtctir:rs later formd

I,tj

a:

fislr3'xpFit{tIAt

i

t:

1

lI!

l

I{..t.::

E

11

-r'. :.:,-

C-O$FIDE}TfIAL

in basonent ehcltcrs *]oned no lndtca{;lon of }ravln.q been burnad, butappare:rtly diod frsn Lacl: of c'rq/Cen, heat iniralntion or asph;xiatlon.1.nlusands thnt attcrpt:ed to escape frora giretters dfim flo.t:c o:cptEtreots 'rvere bu!'ned 'co deeth. 4$r0OO bodies I'lere reoovered., 1Br00Oparsof,16 l.rore resoued fron 'ttro firo &reoi a total of S.9 sqlia.re nileslf luiteinfis 1'ras totlll1y destroyed. Thr; iir:riiru,rg liire Doprrrtne::'L foundtt nocossary to detnil fifLy por cent of its porsormal unti3. *irreencrrths L,rtei to cr$in3rish reltndled fires."

Another raporb ata*cs r-

" It r':as ir::possibL; for persong to rer::rin al,lve oven at iistrrncosof 20O l'urds frqri tll:; noarest fireso In cne case 2OO inti.k'i.Cu*1s trho11oro sllrrc,und*d by firee took roi\rge la thc coatre of e for:i;bai.L fiold,but ttrey trera aLL kl!,l"ed by thc !:oaton

L eeptrrred Order issraod in llar:r'curg ai ttrc tine of thle ccrnfLagra'blonet&tcs significantly tir*t t'flre roseue squads for t!:rc .rocovorTr of eorpsesare to be cor:pLete3.ir equ:ipped sith gr.s protoction clothing. thc fiLters ofgas nesks slioLla be- soJl:+ci in rrrn or cognnc.t'

52 ,i.s a conp,arison betn','eon 'H:c reinforcing arren{lerpnts of ihe Gerna:rsin 1$43, and i;he ilational ljire lierviec in ilritain, it is intercstin3 tonote th:tt clurini, this oppalling atiask on Ihrntrurg r:trlch lested interr:lt-tontly orror tep days, 11350 prrr:plrrg unitg traro usod. Durl,ng the attockou Srotor ln 1$42 which Lastod onc hour, axL vas nnde by thirty cnor{faircraft, thc nun&cr ol pur:plng units anErilable or st.*rxlin0 by r;as 600 -aplrom!::ntoly lulf a'*iose availa.blo in llusiburg"

Iiodioal liervicos

53 T?rero d.oos not apfrear io havo becn a ns.tiom,al. lfuergency i:cdic.ll Scr:viceln Gerrûrny eorresponding to thc British organieatlon adninistcrecl b;r tlreLliaistry of .;ieeltlr an,J Depo.rhent of ilealth for $cotLand undorrr:ihieh hospi-tals &ni: inter-hospital iu:lrulences r:ere a ccmnon pool for Serrriso ant! cLvi-trian casualties, ai rrcll as orlitrt4T sicl: pcrsiclsr

54 In Gen:nny thc lie<iicnL SorTrica suffered consl.derably fron ovcnlapplngantl rlivi<led costrnol.. llospi.bols r-.'ere a lccal rosponsibility, i-Srore localr€sqlrces r';ore iuad.equote, adclition:rI hospitals $ore ofbon built i.n Cis-tricts surror-udfuig Large tsrns. But altho.r;h thr:y 1'rere Soner*l}y oroctodaaC {uraighcd bv the $tate thcy renained a:r satelllt€s to tirc 'hotrn concerrcd.

55 Flrst-aicl posts in Gorrany vero on a t::,.rch nore ar.bitlous scnle t'lranin Britain, conlllning bertrs s.nC facil!.tian for naJor operations. Llobilecolugr:,s arg! rruns Ttere froriCed b,,'thr: Alr lrorcc, the liod Cross cart theLocs.L i.ir tbotecticn Sorvice, though a.1ain sora* of then ';rcre *n a t'athernoro elabor*.te scnle thsn in l)rlteiin, con:prtsing, ns thcy did,, portableretal shedn, X-Ray apparatus, oporatiq faeLlities onrl a flield l:i,tcher.The valua oj n cloctor on thc spot $e,#il,s'to l:ava bccn f\rI1y appreclatod.

45

32

:': :1';:: .i

coErIDsiIfl.$L

flC}I?IDJ]I{5:IAL

56 Casualty scrvicee ,-corresconclin6 tp th:: orilinrrl Sritish first-aidparties, rrer€ provided 5y tirc riir I'rotcctio:r orSar.isotion anri tha ::.r$uLanccservlce seons to l'lnve bpen r"- psrrtioui.trr responsibflity ol't*te Gern,::i BedCross, thca.rgh ar:buLasrceb rrero protid.cd fron ctl-rcr sources ne uel.l., It isno;

"i*o.r r*iothcr thc Obrnnn tlurro scrrico r'.'Ro tau.;ht first-&ici p.r: in

"Britcin, but it ctocs not seen to is.rrc lrccn tiio norral practiee,

87 Ind,errendent or6nnisatious such as the i{ecq,r Inclrrstri.es, Railrrnys, FcstOffice c.nd lrrl&nd i:atcrurays r..cre usu&Ily self-containoC as rcgarcis i:ireircaoualQy onganisatlon, etoept, uon:-tiIy, in respect of hospitals.

58 ln acute shortage of lrospit:rl beds oceurrod, (hel.ped by orclors to e'rac-uate th;-, top floors of att irospitals) oo a rosult of iftiea saturni;icynattacks, deepite thc builrling of rcsorvo host:ita,}s outei<lo tlre r:y:jn da^r:.gerzonos, :urd the use oi echools or othcr suitrrblo buildings. A further d.e-velopuont "r':ns l*re provislon of liospit'r-'!- facilltios in thc largo &:nl:orSheltors and eadeavours to prcvide sircL-ber aecor:nodaticn in all. hosri*aLs.Thc prectico of noving all natienta to shelt*r ort' {rn alanr lrns cox:ic:l.

,59 the l.'orl;traly Servico in Ger::T:ulr "ir*s :ln iatc;ral parb of ure Iry;alcasu.tlty service, virorein it differsd fron Sritish procedure. It seensto }la:re l.rokcn dcr.tr cor:plotcIy, as r:e13 tt nt6ht, and it vill" bc recalLcdtira"b ir Bri'bail'r ssri.*""i.s rl,iffi.culties nroso alio.

Resoqo orgenis*ioq

60 C,enoratly spoal:ing the Goxnan Rescuo liorvico tr'$s inferior in techn!.quato tha Brltish Rescue Servi.ce. ?irls uas parily beopuso Ure Gorr:an Itoseuopaz'Lios vere La rrany e&ses but n co!:poneni of .,'l.lr I'rotootion Units trith aetrong f,lrc figirting bias. In othor iu.ste.nces Resouo tr'os but one of thef\rnctlons of the Beptrir fisrvice. fl:eir sldl1ed c,rn* treined. strer:gth 'ira.sless In proportion to popula{;ion thaa tho British Rescuo Scrviee, anci theyrelicd for reinforcerrent upoa tho buil<iing industry arul the TechnicalLlnrergoncy Sepvice. Ttris latter organiss'Lion did not belong to tirc localeuthorlti.os but cculC be cr.lleC in by them on rascue uori:. Frequcn'c rofer-ences are forlncl !.n rcports end d.ocur:Lnts to the enplqrnent of solCicrs,labourors arrl anyone" in fact, r-riret'irer t!:ey uoro ski!.1ed or not. In onlyorne clty - Iian&urg - cloes the scLentiff.c study of trescue problor:s soo:: tojrava beert syster:srtica'i.11r'pursr.red s.nr1 teugt:t. Tlre stren5th of this llpn"iss(sl:Ill.ed *nd unsl:1LLcd.) r'ras 11296 rrcn o::6rn5.sor1 on n rilitary !:asis for aporpulation of Just o-.rer 110001000. Ji ccl:farablo torm in Britain is Olasgorr,tlre strength ot' r,.'hose Rescue Scrvice ','rc;s $80 sl:illo<i r:en"

61 British Rescue llervices, on thc othcr ?rancl, ilad as their raain objectthe savlng of I.ife, arxi vcre not regarded as conponeuts of on;r otlrcr ser-vlce, thou5h first-aiil ser,=icos night on occagi.on lre bonsiclcred. sr.s eon-porento of ther:. Rescuo tochnique, es1:ccilrl1y tr:rurc1ling, ve.s s+;[Ciedand rpplied tuiiversali.y in llri'i;ain, ".-;here tt l'.'ss rocognisod, at an'earlystage that ilnen tr:rined in the buildinl trade <1o not reguire speciaLRcseuo trninlngt' l.s a fallacy - rrirlcl: i,t seeris rras provglent in Serz:nr.ry.

46

CO$TIDESTIAL

47I,,.r ii ir I 3 i; i; .cj I .4 L

Post-Raid

(a) Clearrylco, d.oTgSitlon, rel,alr-s, saLJrage

62, In pe.regraph 33 abovc, the polnt was uscie that A.ll.P. Poilee iieryiccsteadod nore tlrt(l.:trore to deai rtith r,ateriaL de.mgc, leavlng the eitiaeucnsglf-lrelp' organlsation nr:rc nnrl. norxr io !.ook aftar thcnsclrrer-r, asslstetibir tho liazi ParQr l\:blio iTelfare r.rre.hlnory. 'Ihis polnt '.';as inereasinglye\rldont in Post-8old rnoar:ures for olcartnca, rionol{tlon, repair a*:d salvago.t1rc FoLlco Serviees rrore responsiblc for elecrrance and deraolitlono but estfte attacka 6ot honvier, t*rcy eonfined thelrsorl: to openiql lersnagos fortire services .qncl to denollsliing buililin6s drurgerous to thoroughfares,lesnin5 tho finrrL cl.ear-up and street ;repeLrs to tlrc nons,I laeal autliorltyssrlrlcog. I'!re Locnl arrthorities cJrC tho citLgons also attonded to tirerepeir of horrcs, ar:ci to saLvngo of horsehold goads o,rd. r,EtorinLs,

65 lollce Serrrtces d.rctr upon llmy, PrLsoners of tiar, s1swc labcrr, ntc.for their cleararrce r,'ork, thc norrrnl Iocal authorities could obtein labourfor cloarancs qnd first-aicL repair r.rorlc throu4h tlre }iazi official"s fcr ttroClty, fton thc i'olit;ical diatrict arul, as a lost rcsort, frcn iiaai hrty

'Il,eadcuarters in Borlin. lrs attae!:s becanc heavier nnd Eoro freqtrc:rt, tJrerrholc first aid ropalr eeririce becane co:iplctoly orcnrhoksd nnctr thc taslcopilears to heve bco:r abandoneC. In th,o .end the populaiion soeil l:* ]:.avscqr$ed out in tho ruins. British e:iporioncc durlry; tiro f1yin6 "ucrb *ndrocl:et attecl:s '*'i11 be reealled tiren first-aid ropairs becnrp s nrsjor oper-etion not yot conpletod

S4 Cl.earance anci repairs, etc. la industrr includlng RaiL.rays" I'ostOffice anC lol.antl l{atorways! rror€ thc rospoasiblllt:r of industry itscLfholpod by tho Rclch ladustria!. Group.

65 Tlrerc sras-one orgr.nisation ccrrcsrned rrlth pos!-3gri6 rcpoirs idrich rrslspocullnr to Gerr.nrry. This tras the Teoir.nlcal lhorgency Service. Tlris orga-nisailon 1s said to 1:avc boen oreated in tho form of an association in 1919and to have consisted of onginocrs, technicLans, foremen, craftsx$n, otc.,uho banded together to gi.vc vohrnts.ry servicc r*tone requlred to preeervoinstt:.114{:lons erid uiilities vit;:L ta thc publlc durini. the econcai.c crlsLsln Gortrany follouing the *irst norlcl rvr.r. Under llazl l-arty rule Lt rsasd.ecreed th*t they slroultl bocerie 1*.rt of the l)olics Force ani bc rrnde nobileto deql with nny encrgencicn in Ger*iqy. laris tochni.crrl Fo1iee llnit bccano,thercforn, iR* of thn Police rr,ir I'rotcctlon ServLees nnrl units trere- sentto ntteckod to'rns as required to sssist locr1 authoriti.es in ros*ertingpubLio utilities, etc,' af*bsr heavy a.ttack. ihelr e.ssiskmee to the RescueSenrice ?ras also been roferred to in paragra;rlr. 6O,

(U) flelfare arul ri\racuatton

66 "Ieaderslrip of thc public" inclu*in3 I'ost-Raid I'fol..h.re anil iivo.cr:ationlras s. firnction of tho iiazi Farty riachlneo

8? To rmderstand tlris lt is rtol]. to considor Brittsh Post-Raid i'Iolfareorgo:risatlon, nnd cor:p+re ite adntnist!'etion l'.iirh that of the llaai l,arty.

UOi{RIDEg?IAt

$U

${rlii}ID}i3{tEAI'

68 lbe prtnclSnl dlffarsroe lteo Ln tire fact that a Brltlah [iaglcma!.0f,floor of aqr Govenereu& daparfueat mas there to glve asslsta$ae *ad edvt*eto the lccal autlrority as a'trl nheu requireCr rhereas a Easl hrty offlr9lalsarld tsll tho loosl authorityrftat ltjras tod.o, ard would orgealso qadorder leal Dar+y msldberg to do t*rls or thet.

89 Ia Oercny t&e. repreaentstltee notrg[ly correspond,lag to or:r r.eglmalttef,fs rerre all, p*rt of a Pollt!,oal party uachlno, and could cel1 utr:oa t?relrmdera, requlaltlqr tdrtalea qrd, m,terfala, 6tc. r*rllst ths loeal auttrortttetdaaced atteudenc€ upoa t&reoa.

?O l{atun}ly" thsrefc€, nb€re loeaX. Aerry of,flolerle !n6r6 good orgarlEorst*I€!r arteagenorrta B6fit Irost sff€otka, es "sry of t,}re publlo were hri;rlmber* aad rmder gtnl.ct }grty dteai.pli.:oe. Srey oould ccsnnand resgttrcecfroe a[Sr araa throrglr par$ Ohprrnele rvhlch rrene out of reach of a ].ooa[eulhotttttrr. llrwe utro dld uot coaf,ora to Psrty lnstrusttcara coulei. eaallybe lefb out of, Post-Sald Eel{ltre beneflts $'lth l.ttt}o redress exeogtt I}athstr looal autlrortly **roee reseurcea raore fuI1y strotohed to moe"b F,ertyraquirer.to.

?1 rn thle way rest ceatres, rehotrslng, enacuatLoa, erergenoy f,eecltqB,clottrlrg aad al"l. orti:er es3:eots of Paet-8a11 lTalfare wers ha.ndlod; *.rslhaudled. rEost effiolsatly *rcept rrlmro EarW lead,ora woro toefficlent oroorrupt, e uhere utrmg 3,ooa1 offlcials eaw flt to ohallenga tlris authorttycr16n oonflral.on and blokerlng result€d.

?2 &re dstatleil arrengenents B,€re narctr tha sarm es ourB, thorgh therea€tro uo rost aentres as aroh' Insteed, oolloctd.ag stattms rsene organlcedto nhich tlra booabed*out populatlo oould go, eoulfl get food ane a trc*drtnk aad, rrhere al.L theil needs ocrld be attenCed to ln cne pl*aa; a p+lntto r'*rtoh egual impor-tance $as ettached. in Brltaln.

?s E\raouattq sohemoe wora oarrgfully gonhd ort m ammhat alnllarpr{,nciplee to ourg ao regards ssleotl.oa. of 6vs,ou6orr But t}rts orga"ulaatloooaae to grtef, eventuallgr beoauss the orlglnal plans r,ot ely arraagod fevsrXr lq dtatanoe sreouat!.on, e.g. from the Ruhr to Suetria, but clld uotseoIr to have contemplated tfuo poaalbflfb of later:feroaoe to corunraioatlmaand plana due to eEeqf action.

14 X?ra sare eort of r€actlc,as ErBre fc'utrd ln Ger.nany as l,n Brito,in; a,g,poopX€ rehrra{ng rr}pa raldtag tonrporarily stopped. Iaotjhsr oauss of rtlffL-sulff me t'be lbst {hat tlea Hltler Youth Ongantlsatloavee nade reeporetbtefor the eryacqetr.ot of eshools, youths ead Srourg gld.a of 18, {draraf,one,uofe lefb ln c&arge r.ri& crrerrldlng authorLty over tibe regular teachera.thetrr oeenr fu have teLsu a q>eolal delight ln Lnternrpthg tho uomnl, rrorkln order to deroto ae ruuoh tlme as poaslblo to teeotltng the otrlldren to b€good EarLe. fho parents of th. clrtld,ron fu m,uy cases sens reaentf\ll ofthla reglre ad reluctant to lsgrt thel.n ohtldroa reder gnch Lnf1uencas.

?6 Urdor the stress of a:,Iled heevy attaoke these lag raage olracuatlcm,plans brobo dolm aad tbe (letmans revertod to a systen mrstr moro comparubleEtfir orrd, tbor*t o'uen tfits appieero ftually to hi.ve dlslntagrated,, -Peoplo

rero at all tlresr l,t eems. rehrotant to leatt evan t&CI sksteton of Urelrhquseg.

OOBNTDE}'TfIAI

iI

I

--:1i'-=-:-={ffiE8ffi'=rr.

-

COI{FSDEIIfIAI'

COSTIDEHTXAL

49

,I J:iI€!:."€

,atir€

€,=E:=E:BEE

fE

L'

tI

t,

.a

?6 considorabie uso rr03 nado of spocinl.ro1lof ntral'nstr for facdlnl ard

necting thc is:s'ir"t. """a* or- !tre-!oq*\'!ton;^

.d t31pical railuay rei'ef

tratn had rE ";;-;;i i**"-*"p*ui;- "I-?;*d!q;

BG,*co ieapre at s'ov ffia *.g&L'

,t?Ascherrofcepens*llulforbothForsonsantlproportycxietorlinGer=rany, as in;ri;;'J.l! i" lnteresti* to notcr'horovc:'; triat no

'n-sursnco schcre ,"" f"rtftdfud foi-ftop"rty aot*'o os in Br!-':in' tirc Gcnxtn

State urdertnlring to accept ti,.: -?f"ii

*oo1"' mt"-C*t*on sehcno elso sont a

*ttH*'.--,t'#:li:l:;,f ;W;:li:t"lf elil'::;i:,i:*i*:i"tt"or prodr:cts of *u*i"*i*".

'soitt {r";oit vor€, l:'erriver' }redSod ulth ,,ar{f

ra strictiorls o.

?Bthofiguroforrrardenagoc}airaspaidort.inl{nmburB$as3bt}}lgtnartcs ord the toi*i a,o"r*e" i" tt i,-Caty it estl*atcd at *g bill'ion narks'

Shslters

?9 DLfferonces in GeIlma. nnct Brltish strelter policy provldc-*n i: tcrestins

, oonnaflson, Gven flrou5h thay cali;;; pushed to a final csnclusior:' as

nrilisU sheltor policy rras'not;;;i.t1-ti tno sarc c>*ent a' t!'rat in Gomarry'

B0 Brttish po).i.ey rras based prirnartiy on d'isporstbn atl:1 the prorisl.cn of

stre'ters in *ro hoiro. rfiroro -i;t;;;"i.;-;i lr:prectlcablcr sna3l rmit

surfbeo s?,"rterrr ;re nrgr!$q*; 1'"'t1*'?iylilero a'rrailatrle bv larser

sheltors urrdor"""iLr'r! r"'i:'it"gu'-tr' (as.ln London) trto trrbe oys:ton'

C!.risLahurst cavos an* ot*rer *[i*f or *rtifi*i*i '""**odation' ']ne of

thc chief orrf**il il t; orooia"Iyr*-*orgr.gati.rn or lar6e nt'utberg of pooplo

ln axry cne placc, unloSs the protcctlorl too "*"'p*-lcnaIly strorql' and to

trT and provfAi-itJt*, close-ot-:t"tta or tlre *toiuoptlon ttrat the 'iarnlngperiod. srould rr* *r,ort. 1,ru ,roil*1--"t*i""4 or-p"oioct{on o'as against b}ast

iic-ifrrrrtu", Ir""-""; J;t f"sr'er 500 Ib' b.Eb'

BIAsaresu}tofexptrr!.tmo?"t,,J.94o-6lrtherrajorltyofsurfacosholtorsnere strerrgthui"a-il-;r-" "o,iitr"""r-tr:ruro1

srrs'tirs verc pro*idod, e'g'

tn Lmrdoa o,xtonslons to tho d;;-;;ten, "nn G ti* Elsor: ncrms aroo an{

at Sirl;ouhoad'

82 l}ofore the tlar, top rr+.nking Gorr:*,n. offlcial.s hac pronlsed safe she].tors

rvoull be av.*iiablo ior every Cti'"t' citlsen' -ft'

rcAS'" t6oy laid enphasis

car largo prfrrii-Uunr*i *,*-;;1;";", and ln 1941 seni out spocifieatlone

for eraborato rarltlotorqir *rro*-gir"na,nuntorsi-irr** grurnilbeiinS preforreo

i"'a""p stort"r" on tho grorndo of eogt'

Bsgytt}eerdofthe.garapproxirrat-c]'yIpercent.of&en:nnylspcpulotionccnrLd bo slroltered Scasat-h t1,}'; to forri fett- oi "*t"1uta,

an4 15 por Gent'

boneoth six to ei.gfrt feet_of "oaoroto. nro gtron8estltype of Brmi:er sholtcr

ap,ears tu riaic-r&Eu*a airrli-r.itr-i*oo sro00 it. u*,{ri,. -n1} suc}i ehol.tcr$

*ti,l" s*"-prooroa. trro osttrEai'Jl*:1"##;:t-ffr:::flgost slreltcrs

u"",*i"a to LOO, and tlreY toc

-,L

..: I

i

l:

50llfiiIrI*$lttxAL

\

84 Ilrore 1.r{rg r1o coutrtcr.:-'art in Gerurry 'Lo th^ nndorson or llcrr"is+niiheltcrs, but s policy of strorrgthcnsd baserients nas *lCely dev':i:'1:ed"

i""ioatC thc brlddng-dai,;n of iarty r';ulLs and ttro prorrioioa cf ir-'c*ilL

;;;il;;l' 11rio type of sl:elter provod genorr"lly-inadequnto eg'o.ir:::t sat'u*

rati'on att*clts nriUr U* rosult lha* tlio populatlcr tended taeroud' nore

*a-"o"o tnto the Errnker sl:altors rihero lhoy oxistad. An outstin'Jir3;;di;-;s a Br:nk*r in llrrr.rhurg buii.'i: in L9i?'i:o acccr.a:iodate :'ii,C*O peopLe 'it f.io bse$ gi1..9n, as o consorvati''re ostLr.ato, ttiat lt harl been c+c*pied (

bv 5O-60rCOO persone tr1 noro than ono occasiono

85 Iadustrial pror*isos, railtmys, etc' providecl their otm eirei*ersn Itis intorestlng to "rt"

thnt foroLSn. tro'i:els trerc not norr:411y allcn'rs4 fu1ts

Ilurrkor siteltors.

E6 British shelters prorrod ressonably accquato for'thc forrlr o'i attscl:,rauai"n"uA. nre Oen:ins erlarlnd er_a-Progro,=$e of vory stro*g nrrfbco,,*i:r.i!"o""a a-:rd tunnol shelters, lnvolvins iumsnes labotrr and cost, anrl

cn a sctle !!o'yQr coater:ploted by us. Tiro prog'go;mls ttas luver corq:iotod--

o.Ang-to sh*rtrigo of Uioo, andrBterials aud transport Cifficu3-tlee' It.*ol"f" fact, efurkd too iate. But ';ho :rhole conception can o:'rly b. 19-u""itoa ae siupcndouo. therc !s nc doubt tlpt r:'sh life rms eaved b3. the

shelters prov$'dod'"

Ggg Protegtlojs

g? opini.oa ia Gorrnny traa strouSly diridod-ss to thc lllcotlhood, of gas-

uarfar'e, thou*r. ii-A; rsrr.li$od Ulst tiro l\}Ilee rtere rnost rmlilce3.1; to tako

the inttiative.gg General.ly ttre orgaalsatl.crn and orrrangemnte for tlm protoction of the

civff pcpufati.on *o*"fopottded-vith those in Britatn. ft seene elear,ric*rr,roi.'t?rat the freo Lssuo of respir"a!?ti lo-olrory porssrf inci'u<itng

[if*"'n1.ocie1 t3'pas, rtas r]6'y€r acco:plished tn Oemary,, o?en if tt vai

.ewr contenpLated.

gg ,ar!!r;!s,s ingtructi.on forr':ed an inportant pert of thc traini-ng and

eoulrr,.rorrt of n1l air pnotectron s€;;"i", rr"t ft"orn vss roluetance to;ffi$f';Ii *io"*tloar of trrc pur:iic-ou srorrags ttt*t lt nrr'ltt friStcnu.,e,n. r re.bhcr surlprisirlg. vlerr to harro iloen held ln Gertnny' LYltaln

definltely ,rorrt orrirror tfror, c'err$.ay in thls. rtrapoct, but t! ls'prosrrrod

ttrat if the Gal:maas -had

decidsd to i nu gou thcy i*ould have fflrst ta'l"on

steps to eaucatiJrietr puulio. - ii g"9 iiad becir used *lrat by aav of tlto

llllies ure resuits on tie Gergro-oiiff potr>u1etlon nlEht iuvo boea <lis-

&gtrou8.

Fsltq$.rqstrtatloilggo Black-out proced,re !g&lo a rqi_{ ln Gerrar6'.tas not-qui*e sc stringea*

. as t$ .Eritat:xl llii""* #fuf!I;;Er"". tho oerralnty of long rnirainfi toconplete the Blach-out beforo iire attack doveloJreda I'lqual inportence rlas

attachod to this form of "oo""tl"*nt as ln Britifno The adrrent of the

mechan1oal wonpon has, hc*re"er, gi"tly chaniiea tfro lhols pictUre '

COHTIDEgTIAL

51i:clii;':..}r*i?r.iL

Oneratianer

91 the rlLr Protee'*ion servLeos, gt$ iras been shcirnr, opcrateri. gci::i:.ri.iy o-the sacre linee as ifl Brita.in. ril+; 'tho arln*.} ef satuyatloR a**aei:s,harever, a flnd$rrntal c?nngo in proc*dure developed anl it bacan* therractlce for overycne to trge to grorurdif rrhile tha rel6 r'ras Rct"ual3".',r !pprogressr $aticnnl ordors a$Bre ne!'$r issued. ta this cffoct, bui; l't rzasaecopted as ths rtSht ection prosw:atr,'1.y on the gror:nds cf holrry r",as.ba6eof persernbl arxl rs'terial t.itirout oorrespoadlxg bonofit"

9z rt !.s cloer that this po1lcy nust ?urvo oost r.:any trapped personstheir Ii"rcs a:nd. nllcrred rn.ny inclpi.ent flres to gnt cut of ?rand " th: bal-anee, ho'revoro in vigr; of the dov*statLn5 rrelgjrt of attnck, lt is difftcultto crltleise thl"s policy. Itre Civil Osfence $orvtcos La Britain cperatedthrorrghout tho *ttaeke, but gonorai.ly not undor eomparabLo co:rd,'i'iiii:ns.

95 Reinforccnonts rrore nor:rnI1y ho3-d outslde tlre attacl'-cd araa 'l;J"3.L thesitustion oaaedi but it is lntoresting to note that thcro rzer6 ve:"y nanyeorplalnts as to tho latc arriurl of thc aoblle colurms end oti:cy ioin--forconents.

94 In the flnal ctages, torrns ln Ser.nriy r,lare subJect to tactiec.l as wol.Ies stfirtegic '*onblng, an lntcres'Li.ag exar.rple betng 3ad C3.dealceo a srm.l}tcrrn of S,0OO popu3.ation L4 nlles south of Ierlrock and 26 nortit.of l{enburg.torms of conlnrabl.o slse i.n Great Britain belng t.hrket ilarborough artitlehfield.

95 Prls torur apparentLy *onsl.derod ltself lrsruno fmm borrblng a.nC itapopulatioa crs,.e incteaaad to over 15"C)ffi by o.rrocuoos. ft rraa aa i;lrportantrallrlay junction.

96 Up tt1!" 'uhe 34th Apr:iL, 3.945, its total borslng rras 18 ILii" axrd ZOOincoudiarlesr at a oost of 12 l<l11ed e.nd 6O nurndecl., but cr this date thatectical. air forse put dorm. 3r0OO II.U. bambe, ]:111in6.?0O end rxaunding 3O0"fhc air protectlon organisatlon and arrangononts secn to have ber:r: rrtterlynoglcctod, and rYlen ttris Berlere blcrir fcl1 chaos resultod. Al{;hcilfrh gcaledderum, Britaia aluayo iaslsted on e iircpor Civil Dofedco organisai;ton every-r,tero3 o pollcy fitlly Justifled b;; attackg dolivered on snqll ter.'ns lllsSherbour:re and Yeorll.

9? The erletence of the i.lr }rotection Icague nlth the authority it do-rlned {?m. Gdring and t*tc liasl }art}" crgaaisation r.rlth its lassion for in-doctrlnatiag ovaryoue about evcq*h{ng sinpllfled the organlsatiorc of atrslning systen, espoclolly for tho goneral publlc. .&s olaborate ssriesof schools on a ratimnl, rogional arxl local-basls tras set up, tirou.5tr *'ltha tendency to :mltiplioation, €ogr ttpocial gchools itero ru:r fer li.a:,gc in-dustrial undort*kings" In Ba{1a1r, l*rc school.s rrertl all er$raci.*6 rririchgroatly slr:pLlflod the teac3rlng of ccrmoa doctrines.

COBPXOEilTI&L

3t

'. I

:.:L,

::r

CS,$;ri.i,XiiTi-itLgB fhere ls no doubt, irr:l:evor, ttrat ths Gerr:p;e trelning oysten r'.ur:

offictent and its i-tqrortanr:o rcaLlserl. at ell levols. It stood. thcr: ingood etead vhea they recei.ned tho 1'u3"1" wolgltt of i;trr.e A11ied att{rt:-'!ir:'.

i.'sR? Y. .Iuil.-J|tr

gg As an introCue:ion to this suxsras1r tte foI}o,:rlng approxl"xs.tc; flg:;resgive a gen*rnl ccrporison of the seales of attaek upcr Britain and Gerrrany"

rotql ,clnJliaa Air 4rd @r-Brlttsh kiLbh 601000 Oorrnana l:llled 26O'000*'

n gerl.ously rroltndsd 86,000 r serlouely trounded, SOOrOOG

Ior,;rage of Bor&s Dz'oppod d*tiog tToftt P"-tiglrt-

On Brltein - 26 nont'hs JuIy, 1$4O to Septorebor Lg4Z - 55 ta 60uOOr) tons

0n Gemrury - 28 r:rontirs Janunry, 1s43 trq -rprilr 1945 ' Lr??0..000 tono

!I.E* dropped.

hrachuto !.!ines droPPeC

i(tIterl

Stetistics of 6 i?orst .fitta.cks on

E,E. droppod

l.lines dropped

I(tl1ed

3r490

156

srlBo

e5rm0

lleoo

60r0o0

10O 1yr t,ris fltrl::.Bry it ls ylroposed to focus attentlqT on five f*ndsnentaS'pointe sh!.ch otiorgo fron t{:.is recorcurgr.ue, t*rlch, nay be. of- value in taldr6prf*r"f deaislons upon thc f\rtrre of Civtl Dofenae lu Brttsfu" Roflcrencoto a nrtOor of fr:pcrtant subJects vhich, thcnrSh dLscuesed ln thc nenoraadtur,do not hanre tho aa,ne ircxedlate bearing upor theso prlr.rary docisiorle, arothorefora ffiltt,od.

1O1 The flre {lurdanem.tnl polnts aro r-

Defenco (in *enrsaytop Lervel).

(a) Uftfnato resp€R1atlillty for llatlorsl Cirrllthls robponolblllty vras sharply ri!'r,'l.ded at

Statlstlce of ? iTorst hids on tlnitod

@f-(Seo paragraph 3.

cOtrFtrDENTIttL

3J

c0F'Fr3EfTU.[r

(l) Prtnctples ad,optcd for the coatrol an(l coritrinnd of Ciwij. Defence "

at local. authortty lcrvel"

(s) Dovclopriont and oporatioa of nobile reinforcenents for Civi-l Defenco"

(a) Orgaalsation and training of tho goneral public.

(e) sheltor policy.

Resp-onsibilitlr for Civil Defctce :-DritalnIOe [r Britain, nany d.eprrrtrrnts hed Civil Dofcnce responsibii.lties; a].1

.$ore oo-old.i.rp,tod srt nationaL lovel by ttrc !,llnlster of i{one Security, ardat Rogioral levo1 by Rcgional Ccm'ri"esioners, ';;ho uore glvcn oxcoptlonalFtFre"s in tlna cvent of belng cut off from tJre Cantral Governnent.

lOE At local Ievo}, local authoritios, publie undertakLngs, fac'L+ries,etc. each lvore t€sponsi.blo for appropriate Civil Defsnce neasurese beingco-ordinated by an enor$ency corcrii;tee appotnted by €re looal euthority.

1O4 Cor*ai.u Civt1 Dofonce functions vrero operatod netlonally" i.a.cludlngtihe war:al.ng eervics, conceal:nent,senger Coavoys, RoglonaL Coh.mns

onor6erlcy nedicel serrlces, Quoens l,-'oe-and liational l.ire Service. Cc-or*inaiion

botmroen tho Iiational Firo Somiae and l.ocal outhorities rtas arranged 3,ocal1y.

Relponsibiltty &r Civil la{cne€ - Gomsny

lOE At top levol irr Genre.n;r, Civi3. Defe.nce 1'rss I tluaI responsibi3.ilry.BroaCIy epeakfug Air Protectlcar netrsures and serrlces, fire figlrting,sefoty rrcasurosr etc. rrere the respoasiblltty of the Utnistor 36v hlr(Coertng); publlc velfara af'ter attacl:s, and enacuation trere tho rcopon-siblllty of tho Hinlstcr of Propeganda (Ooebbols). lihen lllmrler beca:nol.Iinistor of Intorior in Lg{13, he, too, bocarso an lnportant faetor at topIeve1.

106 At ragLoral LovoI, Oooriurg "f\.tlfi11od. hls rosponsibiliti.cs throrgh AirForco Regioual Ccr.:and,ors e,nd Chtef Insl,ectors of Pollae Dietriets.Goebbels oporated through I'Iazl Party Gauileitors r.tro had euthortty to glvodlrectlons to nunicip.l authorities. th.us, ln Ger=nany at regionaL lcrelthere rrere three aut&orities, Ai.r forcc, Pollce aaC ilazl Far\r, e*ch havingtheir crm &reas of rospoustillttyl,rhich rlefe unco-orrllnated srrC srhose fLmc-tioarg frequently onorlapped.

1g/ /rt locnl Level ttrc Polloe Rresldent (14 citles) r'ras Alr Prote:ctionController. Ondor hin rrero tJrc Alr Frotoctton Scrrricos; hc aLso eo-ordlnatod.tfre locol Civil Defence aotivitles of l.Iazl Pa,rW offlcials, mun!.cipal authori-tios, .l1r i'rotoctlotr Idague (respevngiblo for the n$elf-Ilolpn orgonlsationof l*ro public), factories, rail'rays, rost office and uatonroys, eaeh ofrhJ.ch acted upon lnstn:ctions serrt dlrect to thcnr by parent orgonlsotionsin Berlin.

COUFIDENTIIL

l;=:l:1

COiIFTDETiTIJIT

Control anrl oonrurnC at Local auflrorl levol - tsritsin

-Ccmtro1 and. eorsnantl at loeal authori lirsol - Gc

54

1oB Dll firitatn control s-rd conuEnc of Civil Ilef,ence scrvioe, uas excrciecrlby CcmtroLlcrs and other spocir:!. officers nppointad by tho Local" nuttrority,eoP-Ifs n? cl.rrll Dofcnoc Dlsciplinary codi^*a u grlat doal d.epended upor:.Sooduilt aad upoa the personality ot' the solecteel offlccrs ayril .t,lreir rel.aticn-ship with othor loeal nuflrorltll of{tclaLs.

log Ihader cond'itlons of attacl< it eoo::. bocone o.pperent fleat ar"1.r*:g.e11e,31tsTrere noqlrlrod for ir:provinq the eo-orclLnfttlm and control of the lrariedassorhcnt of sefirices at the scene of a sorlous iaoid,ent. A {ocirntquo oflncldent control'FB!r t?Er€forc,.-developod in Britatn nnd spoeiol offieorsrore tralned f,or thie duty. Coetroi. of incidonte tn Britati eventrrallyroachod & ?ery high standard.

11O ft nes al;o soon dtseovare<i tirot co-orclinatlon ond controL of thrr fargreater assorfunt of services angarj€d. m post ratcl opora.tioni also requiiedlrprovemctrt. Tltis was ach.icvod thr*uiir splcial adr:inistmtLve nncr intclli-Sence contres set up by locaI. aut\crittes lrmedintcly aftor a !rer:.r"3. ettaek.

I11^ In G-cy.rany a nodiflod f,orrn of Pclico ranlr arci status r.lras gi:ren to crnrlrScr of Air Protecticar servlcee, ineluding for oxeuple, public utilitylepalr ocrvices artrl even eortai$ sectir:ns oi tho builafn; to"A*. si:rcet'h''r Poll.co lresident rre"s Air ['rotcciion controllero Lt t*r uirrpae to arrforceccnntml arxl cormanC ---':i'

Ile iilttr ttro Alr Erotection sorrrl.eoe untler ttre Polico llesident, aad thopost rald tielfbro servLcos undor.ere ].Iazl Irarty loader, it nae sfu:plo toco-ordfuxlte al'L tha eLenpnts of_tire police arut p-+.rty respectively, underttrrc rlgorsus oiman poliea anrt xarby'nisclpiLry systenso

113 llcrreverr-rvhere co-otdlnatLon nss :'equirod. betmoen tlr,e poLica on the onehand an<l tho Farf. on ihc othcr, f,t ,:,'as not so ein:ple. coering foregers flrisdifficulty and rrrote a cher:acterlstlc direetivo on ttro l?th Dolonrl:*r, 1948vrlrich probably ag;ravatod tiro pooitlon. Ifu urotcr-' trClTl1 Defeaco shief€ (Pollco) aro reoponsiblo for ol} noagurcs tel:enln ttroir &t€tts . .. . .. . . . o .. &e ilazl I'&rty alone to re*noneiilLc for

leaderyshlp ontl rrolfaro of . €rc pooplo ...,."..... r r aen.rnd. it as a dutlrof aLL ner:bers of the llozi Farty anr! of tro G6vsr-ru;i, L irorl: to_gothar in harrrrony.,.. r r ....._ibr? 'f€adors of rogicnu fo* usc of allpublio serrrlcos .......r.e -!roy i,r"y "oi lszuc *ii ""a.il*il"ii

*'-Defonce G:l:.lefs (pollce) deaLing'vtth *ir rata Cad*o.;

IL4 Under thts rlgorous f'or::,en disciplinary codo, the neod, for d.eveloplnga tochniguo for incident control tlns not so"a!;,arent to the Gonasrir.e as itnes to t}e Brltlsh r:ith thcir characterlstic iivrl rlefence nethocls. rracl.dcntcsrtrol rras not therofore drvelopori in Gor:rany ss Lu BrLtrin.

OAEPIDEHTIAi.

*':}}TI+IiNFTIAL

Develpponlglnobik' reinforsgqglrtg - B,rltaia

1I5 Thc Britisir forsrsd a L-etionsl Firc Serrico, Regionsrl Civt"l }c:,]*neeColurlro, anrl Qlresns ilesscltgr:,r Ccnvo;rs3 'they alsc or6anised FoS.icc r:cin-forceuor$ sehcr:ec, public utility rclnir toans, eto. besidcs a nurl:er ofEog!.crral schenos for providing relnfor*er:rduts, rellefs crr oxchan3es forsuch sorviccrs as adninlstrotivo staffo, uardone, nortuary staffs eto.

116 the l.'rtalstry of lTorks anri Bulldings and t*re l.ltntstry of llircraftProductton eot up organisatlqra for 5rlovldlng rel.nforccr*nts Ln m:ttcrials,equipont anc labqr, rirlcit includod t'f15rlng" labour squaCs corprisfurgabout 4r0OO r:cn reloasod for ttre purposo flom ttre arrry. Jrrrangom*ntswero also ra .e for ailitary assistense in easo of nsod.

11? the operailoar of nl.L thc above ::las co-ordlneted at Eeglonai lieadqunrters,

Denelq)r:ont of n&ile rcir:fbrcorpnts - Gerr.,rrrny

118 1?ro Gorxrnns organtsed -'

{") Al.r Proteetion battallons anrl. nobilo rredlcs,} units of the fiirForgo under thc op.eratlon:aL contrroL of Alr Foroe Rogion:"rl Connandors.

(b) Firo Prctsction Pol.ioe battalions, LiobLle Policc bettnlions aadtocl:nLcal ltnorgency Corps (onEiinaers for essontl,rl ser.vices) trntlertlre opcratlongi contrort of

-pc3.lce Dtstrict cora::.andereo

(c) {ooC rclief trains uader thc operational control of OauLeiters(liazt PerbJ')

119 As an exar:rple of thc eonplicatlons iu Gerta;rn.operaiic.na.l corl:ml ofrelnforcouontsr,thoy_hati six difforent tSrpos of fir.e fi$rti4 scrricos. to co-ord:inate (it5 'po""e, Police, RuraJ.r-iJrmlelpo}, radurtri.e,l a;1d

liazl farp]. For tho rrorst alr raid i'iroe :l nfstoq,r (liramburg ,luiy/Jtu1trrst, 1943) tirey hed. only lrli50 pur.rptng unf.ts, r'rlrsieae i.n L.r::italrra{'tor a one hour attack by t}rlrt,r bor:bers on I:reter tlro lIaticnaS Fj.r.ofiervicc had 600 pu4pB ln acticn +r stan<liai by.

120 t'bbll'e labour bettellons tlor6 org*niaed in Gelrr.'ru cltlos fcr nritrralald, arC arrsngeEtents rmde for ttrel.r despatch, transport ancl reoeption.

tel Arangormnts vore mde fbr nilltary asslstaneo on a Large Bc&lo, o.g.44r0OO soldlere nere erqplqrad tn ltunich after cno *ttack ln .lrpri3., 1:g{l="Strotg forces of the Iodt organieetion 1'roro recr:Llad flcr Frsnce for civildefence sor]:. Prlsoners-of-ry4r, slave labour aari politlcal prisfilers .rror€alrso orqrloyed in bcnbed areas as rcquired.

satLoa and

55

of lic - Britain

gOTiTTDEI{TIAIO

i*3ry €

56.i:0$FX:,,8i{tI&t

l,Z? Iu Brttata aa efl'ective Fire c'r.rard wag organisod. Cortalp specialservlces rters orEonissd a-nonilst the .Sonerrlt prUf-r-e also for clutj.ee in caseof LnvasLo'. oh911igo, opart fbon lectures arr(i posting Eruii* s.nstrr.ra-tl'one, thorc nas littl.o or1;ernlsa.tlcn and training of ttre general puhlic.

IZq The organisatiffi, of thc g?lsral. publlc lnto '!s€1f-I1elp'f ssrv1ees r,as &nqrtstard'lng feature of Gorz:an Cirril Defenco. Fsr Dcro action r.res oelpocted!f thc Ge!,ma public tran tras expcctod of the British publ,lc. Corro*iecly,Geran*n cltlzen expectod far loss 'perscn:n]. serrricc" tt'cm ttro CifiL LleJ'enee$errlces tiraa did the Britiah citizon, Tcs Gerrurn cit{.zon kne*r h+tter u:eato ask for official_help if thcre i'rero roasouable groundc for expc+tin6 i.i;to look aftor hinee}f.

1B4 1hese r$e1f-i{olpt' services riere crganised. lrnri tralned over a periodof yoars.b;'-trg ilatioaal Anii.P. League aud greatly reducod. thc-strnln durtnghear{f attacks r:'!rsn thc "&ir laotoctlon ,'ir:rvlcoe uorc driven t* use *.L1 tfroirefforts to conbs.t r-ratcris.L darngo in particurar parts of ihe cii;,", ilrtrl ltnot been for thc officlent Geman "se1f-Iel.p" orlanisat*.oa, l.i.ttt+ o* ,rottrio*trould probably l:ave beer: oone for n+ny *esuoLti*i ttrroui;trollt tt" greetcr p:riof theso herruily attaciled cltios.$hol.ter policOr - BIit€rin

125 Brltlsh sholtor-policy';ias dict*ted b,r reaLlsefi.on firat si.e" &ttack{o:}d J.aevltably folltrr the outbreak. of rigr, by the equalrty of evcryopeln their rlghts to roasonable protection (viUr'speclaf

"onsi.1'r*tfcn rorfe;r persorurel on-d.uty)-ty tf*tatiorrs in iabour onci rm.tcrlals available,dus to thn denrards of Britlsh reamermont, anC W l*rc shortnerss of thewaralng perl.ode"

.1?6 The -?ollcy. adopted r:,-as dispelsal-, i.ritl, ph.,""oicol protecilm eg*inst!!st nnd splinters fron a neer r:iss hy a EOb 1b. bcri, ns a star"r.d.ar6.&.il pol.iey tras fuplenonted by the provt"lon or Inaeiei*-irr"ri.rs, ilorrisonsheLtors, protectcd

-"g&.*, lTit suriaca sheltcrs, eupplorented b;," pubrlosireltors rrnd"er suiteble i:ui3.iings, in tunnels, !.i tuies, in ea.rce anrl inothor :rpproprlate pi,ocee.

Shelter p.olicy - Gomprff

t27 Ere Gemnn Autiror{-tles startod lry pronisr.n: safo sheltcr for al} grelrcitlsens. 'rlhon they boSan to bulLd si.sltera they ostablisSecl a ttbonb p;;;ftl@d"Id:. I!rq/ unclortoolr a vast prcSranre of ccrnstructlcnr of zurf,aeo &rnkerfipe sheltors sdveral stcreys.htglr, iao corpleted eaoqgh to accormoeateabou! 2O per ""tl:_of t&$ popul.*tioa boforo labour a.nd m1torials ran mrt,anrj trangport difflculttos intcrvened clue to ltllted alr attac]:s. For thereealndsr of tlrr: pop.ul:rilon'they rolied upon a shelter poficy *irilar to .

lfat-tn Britain, trlihout, honevlr, aur cornt"rpart to tlre lkr6or-""-*a--lbrzlsoa sheltors.

a-:

:i-

.n.:

z

co$trrDE!III.f,L

::.'-.' a.

'. . t

i -it i'

FiU$ VI. C0::CUrSIfi;ll

128 CmclusLon I8ro prlnolpal rrealaress irr Goman Civtl Defenoo rsrs due to dividsd,

respcrslblHfu betlroon .Air Forco, Polico nrut llazi lbrty rrith consegucntocmplaxtty, ovrrl,applng and. confllct of authorittrr.

129 Ccrclusl,ur 2

Both Brltaln anC Gertiany vsre driven by forco of circur:eterrccs to re-adJust tlrelr organisatf.on undcr ttrc strecs of attaclcs nade upon th*r:.

lheir mthods yariod ceTslderably due to differo$css in t*rc sizo ofl*rsir rospoctlna problons, ln nattoaal orgrrnleatLon, charaoterlstles andtouperanents, and. in stratogtc a"rrl other esrdltions. It ls, hmrcver, anotable faot that, although t?reLr nethod,s rrarled, the obJoots r,{rich thoyntre drlven to pr.rmre rtoro tho sBJEror

These rlare t-(") To tnprovo tha eo-ordii+s.tlon ancl ccntrol of a fer l.argor assort-

r:snt of sonrices argagod rluring and aftor on attack, thon hndbean rrl.srrall.ssd beforo,

(t) To obtain reliefs anC rclnforcenents lor any or o11 of tireseassortod ser,rLees fron tlrc length cnrl broadt?r of tho countryl.f nsed be, includiag speeial oquiprnnt, natorisl and largoforcos of labour. Jtlso to includa a repcrrt onrl contrnL or5r,rni-satLon at ltegional and aattonel }a''rel to onablo the roquironentsln reinforoenonts to bo foreeoon rurd npt rapldly, adequatoly andeconm:ioal\r.

(c) to raobillse, oquipn organise anci tratn t*re civillon populatlon tolook ef,ber itself so as to rollerro tbe regular ser:rrlces as ruchas posoible.

lSO Cqrclueion 5

Brltlsh gholter policy gras ad.eguste for tlre attacke nado upcr Britaln.E}ere a sl.nllar poltcy ras nppliod, ln Gor::iarry lt brolce dourn under Alliedsahrrattoa attacks, nnd rrrsultod in death traps r*rore oxtenraLvc fireg os-currod as in llar&urg. ftr!.y the Gorr.nn rba:bproof" tyln of shel.tcr ssens'to havp baen sucooseflrl la prorid.lng protection agalnst thoeo heavy attacks.Bunlmr shelters rosietsd dircct hits fron BrO0O 1b, borssi ttrcy al.so reel.stedttre f,l.eree effoets of rearb3r ftrnos, but they also raieod top costs of pro-tectlng one person to approxlnately I80.

57

,e

I CO}IFIDENXIAL

151 Cqroluslon 4

98.1e.45.

C O $ F I D E.I'I T.I A L

COgFTDE}ITTAT

5B

rt ts aotorp$iry,l,hBtr retther in Brrtaln nor r.n Gemaqr, did thealr attacks to thrch ttro- pr*llc uas "uuj"ctuaouao a pq>ular dornndfor &aoo. h Trylr, trcrnaror, trro psii"tr*, i" certarn {Lroas vororoduaed to e state of conplete agnthpuioaurirq ln sor.rs Lnetancos upoaa ynthological condLtlon.-

ETBIBIT

Civlltan Defcarc ln Grctt Bnltd.n

COUFIDEilfI'AL

'. .' ' -'11.='.';:Fr?ETEa- "-'' ..,#r. *. .- .(rr""Ia Yf+i

53

E".

OU

0 u.;i'.i,-i;.r',IgL

ETtrTBIf ||EN

-

O$'IIIA}I DE.trEFISE TN GBEAT BRITAtrI

I. INIIIAIIO$ OT AIR RAID TRESAI'TIOIS

lo nthe nesC for theac Isoagurss la no T.rey tEPlloB r rLak ',.f uarln thc rioar futurc i | * I thc ltaaauroa t * &ro wholly Precsutisuaryr d: + r * tha Qorernsont rrould be neglectiag tholr duty to the a:vtlpopuletlon lf they friled, to teko i;heas PrecgutlotrB * a t * !t ls i"36=

poi:elble to Euarant,ac lmunlty fron attaok * t * + ao loug aB the p:r'r-

ifbfffty of attect cxistr, it ls naoessarJ to sreate organl*attong t''rotllrnlzo .the aonaa{[u8nc68 of atteck and,e aa it rould not be poasiblato laprovlso cffaoi;lvo moasutsos en the apur of the tloltorrt fue tir* cfo43rggn61r, ?reParaiilon must be nado in tfune of peaceo It ts of the

"e"o;o" of ,rry suclr preparetioa that the civil populatlon ehculd be lui

forged of tho prsE{rnt and futut? poaslbllltles of alr attack srrd llr-structed in lShe pracautiona deetgnad to nEet i"to!'

2o Y{1th the r-a wordps ths Brltieh Ooverlmont, t}rrough its l{ome

Secretrry, ,iook tlr.r peopt6 ot' ths nat'lon tnte ita confidanee, 3'ai-d itecardg odtUa tabl.s and provisred ln a calm and log,lealn but e.*-tliE eatE

tlns realtriic wayp lts conoepticn of what the future nlght ?.e14 for therurtlouo rhe gtetrrnsnt v1gs.made in July 1935, rhsD the world uae in agtats of reletl.gr; G&Irt. Lltler had beon in porrer soarc trlr.o years and raeglrirrg lnrlicatiocs tl$.t ti:,6 unreet ia Genarary, rhlch had l:esn preaontI""r itnos thg riud of Hor,ld X{ar Ia nlght be stabiligEd and thr'.t tho Ger-rnrn nopullio mlght r.inite with other natioaa in reatoring tlro badly ups3t

**"ir, cgutlliriurt of the worlel,u fhe inv*alon of Polaad vae usthought

of at tlia {irco Ihe eonfar€xrce at iiu:riah, whLch mads uar -inerltab}e, rasaore tlr"s:t threr; lr$ars Bsfl,St fhe poestbll.ity of arnsd eonflls'i:1 seomed

exoacdlng,IY ranote

Bc Cisi.l1r..,.n doferse fiaB an i:ahnown e$d E$ r:nshsrted phrr*e af xar*farc rtr*a tho $r'iiish t]ogle $ffice uudertook itn thero Ears 31o Brocs-aenia to u b!, Its egui'pment3 tralnlng and, frrnotlonlng had t';o be

oioo"tv*r'-*11a p.ianned sattrsLy by ltr orlgtnatorse alr'd thon f::equeni;|tr

"frneee as ooniitioua rarreatad or ao thoory fallod to be affeotlve ln

piloF;o". [!oat of aIXe tha cltiaene of Great Bnltaln rere ln nc &oed

f,o-icoopt enythtag rhich rayored of waro Ltke the peoplo *i' the United

it*ta;r'thuy bad iettled basL lnto a Utoplan dreen of pernanent norldJe.o"o- Eotir nationa were ucwilling to a&nlt tha paisiblllty ef anythlngllap q11O oy dlfferostlata botween preparcdness for rar arid preparednaasa.ral,ugt rar" tho' nlsei.on of ths *ftirh llorne Oitffce leg, thevefoge, aotfifcsoru of lntroduelng a rs? and rntrled produotn but alao of roll'laglt to a alientcls uhleh had a hlgh dcgrce of aalee rccLstan+eo

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*o Istar oyentr atryly Jurtl*l.ed tbc rlsdon of rettlng up an alrratd procaution progran !o far in. advanor of lta antlolpated need, andthe roagnffloent defeasa of tha country, to rhich the Air Ratd Protcc-tl,on Sarvlco ooatribtrtcd eo groatlye rhorad thr good ugo to rrhlch thclutcrrmLlg yoers nn pute aot only tn organlling and tralnlug thcpemonncl of tho verlou! groupc brrt ln praparlag tha wholc! r:atian amo-tLotally to fase and rithrtard tho shock wtrlch, tfien it eanoo axceededLu force ard furly arybhing tlle rorld had evar lcf,oml"

5o Ths clrcular entitlod oAir Bald Precauttonai rhlch tha llomeQfftce lssusd tn July 1936, rae the firat publlo annoralsrment of adecisioa4 uade in April of that ysar, to atudy the poealbilitlos offirture cq6ry attdcka frosl th6 eir and the organlaatloa, aquipnaat anil;rreon:rel requlrod. to mialmigc th€ d"nage rhich nlght reeult f,ros thsnrOf naeoaslty, this atatenont had to be couohed ln gontls terngo It racosaentlally a rtateneat of Ilooe 0ffice polloy aad h8d no auihority lult bayond tlu authorlty inhereat Ln any pronotrnaeuaat of arry Eovernmaatoff,lce" It saa ia no aenge e dlrootive bub rathsr an iafornai;lons.1 dLr-sulalon of a problcn to be faced and of cartala rtcpa whloh had beenqJed rould bo takon" ths Brittah Horna Cfft:e conceincd the problen atone ln rhloh thcre eust bc natlonal ooatrol and dlrectloa, but loeclreaponstbillty for exacutloao Organlrlag ths Air Rer,d Preoeu-bi.ons Dc-pertaeat tn thc iloroa Off1os cloarly indlcri,ted the natlonal natrrra andColIloaslbill,ty for tbs prograno At the srno tLB t t provldod both baok-bonc and control for tho nor orgeulaatlon bacauas of flcru 0ffioo re-sponalblltty for pollce admlnlstratloa ts. Erglard and tlaloa" Tlle pla:m*lng of looa1 organiaatlona of clvilisn d'r,fonsc raa dclogated to ooi;n\rand eubordlaatc u:ritae but et ell' tinog bhs Alr fid. d Prooautlona Dcpart-ment kegt a oloss auparvlaory oontact to laaurc rcasonable unlforroityan& aoordLnatioa throughout the oor.urtryo

6o A8 an eppendix to thlg clroula,r, ';hcrc rra publlghed s. rproonLalonal Sr.urrar3r of Prlnolpal tlpca of Aotloa rrqulrcd for pu.rpoaca ofAlr Rald Preoautionsio In subatanoeo thoy rerct

eo Aetlon to bs takel by the 0oternnant-*actlvlt!.es '*hEchehould be u:rifomo throu6hout ths Eationo rucb ac ths air raid iraralngayatoe llghtlng restrlotionse tralnlng ol lngtructore; and aetivitlcaxhl.ch couLd be r:ndertaken more off,ecti'rcly at tho ne,tional :'atirer thanthe loaal lsvclo suoh aE scotsulatln8, rceolrrae of eguipouai anrl rnaterlalsand furniahing adrsintstratlve and taolmtoel advl,ce"

bo Aotioa to be takan by locel aut;horltlss*ptcparsti.on ofplaaa of organlcatLoa arrd proccdure" reoruiinent a.ad trelning af volun-teor personael, lartruction of the gcnar*I publLcs augeatlug pcllct indf,lrc aerricese protcotion of gublic bullrlingrr ltoo

eo Aatlon by ornployors lrt induatry and csn+rereo-*'prctection ofporlonE€l anC prcmlreeo Orgaalzatf,on of anrrgonoy ccrvloea arElag employeesn

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do Aotioa by horraeholdors and rucrnbsrB of thc publtc6*p?.ot6o€tlon of honoa and fanlllcs' Pamiilarlarti.ou wtth rulsB of condu+t durlrgolr ralde and 1rr caet of Lajury" Voluatccring for alr rald preoeutionsacrrl,orrE c

1o lhi problarng whloh tho Erttlsh Ooverr$lsnt faced6 beqauso af thoabroasa of any preoedcnt to go by, aro hst Ulultratcd \r. tho polLey szr

Eaa rttaolc dcfcase, on publlo alr raltl sholtorol ad on proyisio$ fordcfcmc agalust lnoandlary bonbc" At tlE vcry outseto tt wae docidcd,that thc rcst probable weapon thLch mlght be usod rgalast tiro .:l'nl]lnnSnprrlatton lrrao gaso Oonrequoatly, tiio first sebool eatabl.lsli*d wes thrCtvll.ian Gae School to traln poliee and flra perconnol tn dsfe::rse agalnrrt5ar a;ttacko Lator, thl.s cours€ rtaa expanded to lnoltrde civlllane to betraieed as {nstruetors of loca1 ci.vtLiarr dcfeagc organizetic;?.s" Thegovermrerrt sae dotorurinod to give a1i possiblo protcotion tralrist gaa tolts aitisanao lt oponod a. factory for the aolc purpoee of nan':,rfacturingrespiratore auitable for clvillari rcgulreuentro Tira output of thlsplant rl*s sufflciently largo and ::apid that by Jr.rne 19,59, th-rerl santhsbefore hosttUtiea startedo prectica3.l.y -Gvory mlute tronsn ana enild intho oountry waa 'eguippeci. x'ith a nursk and tralnod ln lte adjue'taaent andtl36o

8o ?he problsm of pubiio air raid shelierc raa eleo o+risld*rod l.ul9S5 and raa dlsmlsssd aa inrpracticableo In thc flrst circuls+.:: *e *,$,rrald preeautions lasuod b]' tho llo:re Office in tha sumtrer sf ilrrt )i6ar,thc queetLoa rag dleouee'sd snd lt raa pointcd orrt that ttre eou*truotionGxponEa of shalters ctrong enough to protcot agalnst dlreet hiîe wouldbe prohlbitivso "qB Bn altsraativas'i.t tea paiirted out thet shel'borswhioh would bo blast and splinter proof.oould bc provldcd at reesoaeblcooet, *nd honrc op.n6rg and buetnegg nsen wcro advlaod to crect sueh shalt€refor their fann:ilies end eaploleosa Slncc the iionp 0fftac statod tlrat oostand nothor oonsideratloasn roado govesrmsat prcvislona of Eui.ta-5].e shslterrprotrlbitlva, 1t is poasibla that oae of thceo oonridarations wae the fcarof publio reactlon to aqy auch expenelvc and forolds.blq erldr*nee,e of thepooalbillty of rer" l'fho:r nerLoua seeticns of the oountr"jr d*.cplo;,red prc*notmced, apathye lf aot entlpetly, toxard ove* the nslS.ag cf pl:na, t'tmatrr have gce:sod wLsor Bo dafar oe:reidaratlons of ahsltere untti tha pub*l1o ntnd tr&s mors rcoepttrve a:ad tha r:sed nors appcreato

8o 8y L93?, ttro lrcaro after tho inauguratlon cf thc Air :?eid Fiia-oautLong Dopaitnaat, rar elc,uds rlera begfunfu:g to gathor" .itaiy

hadaubJugatad r1thloptst Jap$t ttar cncroaohing furthor upon llanchurtag eivilrar rrag ra6in6 la Spain; and llltler was talking nore ].otrdh. a:ll norebluatertagly about trlahenaraumn" lha Goverrureat folt tbate &B *, r'egultof thb prelininar,' vrori< of tllo procadlng tro y6ira, tha public uta,s nosnentally condltlonsd for tho poritivo ectloa trh.tch the oltuetion appearcdto rcqutreo t'tan3r 3.oea1 authorittes and lndivlduals had coarpli"*d rtth theaetloag aqggeated ln the 19SS olreulare but a fcn' hnd beea c*r:np1eto1y tuto"

rcatrnaalvo snd thc tlna had arrlvsd for oompuLrlono Coaroquently, thc .l.lr

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f,ald Prccautlonc Aot of I9U? ras perled by Parltancat and becarne effec-tlvc I Januqr 1988, lhrough thla .[,ct, thc llopa Offloc and its Alr Bald 'Prcoautlone Departreat recalvcd legal authorlty for tlre civlLlan defonsepaogrr,ulo Whsraaa prevlously they had hsd to roquoat tlm cooperatlon ofooratlor aad ntnlolpalltlerr thia Act nade lt poealble to order thereralta to eesi.me thclr proEer rerponalbllltte*, E[ lt, all cor.rntv Gaul-ollt end coun\r boroughs ln F,ugLaad and lYales, anrd ali eotmty eouacilgand large Eurghr in Scotland rere declguatod ag 'tiohana urakingil author-Itlas and rarc giwn def,lnlts ro*ponalblfi$ for drarlng up aurd a:rbraitt-rn6 to ths tloua Offlcc 5encral plaaa for alr rald prcoeuttoas vithi.ttthelr rergactlve Juriedlctionro the oounty oounctla rrre rcqutred toomrdlrrrte the plans for the nEriour arcas trithln tl:e cotmty *.rrd tlwyrcre glvcn tha dlsoretlon of drarriru up a count5r-rlde plan themselves orof hrvlug the craaller polltical eubd:.rlclona dreir up tholr owr plans forsrrbd.ssloa to and'coordlnation by th.e oor.rnty colacllo

loo Poaeibly tha uac of htgh explortvcs la aLr attacke ln the $pan-,Lrtr olnIl rrar had aoru rolght ln ca.'rring tlrc IIoils Offtoc te e'e"rise itapollay rcgardlag publlc eLr raid eheltcrs, ?thatevrer the re&son, tlre AlrB,atd Preoautiona Aot of 193? nads Looal. governmatt retlrcrislble f,or pro-vldtn6, guoh ebcl'bora, lf they tpro doenod necosrary. 'hwevor, beyondrurYry and plannl.ng, Ilttlo Bat dona ln the wey of constructlng theuatmtll rfter the lt"qtdch agreomer.t ln L9$8o

llo In Fobnrar3' 198?e the Somo Offlos foracd a Firo Brlgade* Div-lcloa to suBorrlae the oxpanoLon of flrc brlgadcs to ruot tha scatfu.Son-oicr of rmro lhE Act ef l9$? nade borough and rrrber .dtstr"ist o*ultsi3,sratponslblc for proparing eoparato flre precautlon plana for thalr &.roBEo

In addttlono thc lloro Offtee agroed to provide addltional oniergencarcqullmant raqulrod by thaso planc and lt adnlnlatored thc truxillary ELreSarrtce ttren belag forrcado lhls action, too, ulght havo heen lnfluerrood byobrarqrtloua Ln Spela and tlu uae of lnccudla4r bonba thereo Sufflce ltto la;r that in the ortginal clrcular issuod ln 1958n ao arenti.oa tg nedcof precautlona agatnrt flrc beyoad the oagual stata,nant that 'rtha FiraItrlgadc Serrlec w111 need to trc etreng*,h6nsd' and that a coslittee wouldbe appolntod to 'exploro this problenru

L2. From these for.srdatlonll al} of rhloh lvere lsid dovm f,rom tmo to.four yeers before aotr:al frghttng begane Gre*t Britaln built up a b-uga

aad ltlghly afflclent organleation rhich plryod tta fulL part ln the warand haitaaed the day ef, vlctoryp lf lt dld not retually ctevrn off defcatoSrrbrcq'.rcut devaloprnentg, both ln activi? and ln loglrlatlox, wâra re.ln3'ysx!,a^ru-lon or Lrnprovenent of thia geural plan and, exoept fa;' ihe r+ver*ral of polioy in the quoation of publlo alr raid aholterso na netsrial'chengea rure mado:

18o Tno ycaro laterp thr CtEll Dafonoo Act of L959 rras anaetEdo Hebarlc changoa were na'de exospt to glrm approval end authority to rsgLt-Iatlont edoptado aubsequaat to thc Aot of L937', to protlde for publlodr ratd ahcltors.

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.14o The Aot arao e:rtendcd ata.tutoqr dutl.sr lu regard to air raldprsoautl.oEc to lnduatrial and oouomarolal organitrttoni, requlrlng ilrento provlde ouitabls tralning aad eholter for thcir oropLoyoos" ri esporcrod local authoritles to ront prl.vatcly onncd leaa aia bulidingafor ltr rald prccaution purporeE.

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rI. TM AIB EAID IRECAU?IOIIS DEFERTTffiTT A}ID 'JHEI'I{ITED STA?ES OFFICE OP CIVILI^}I DEFEI{SE

15. Sinqe tho purpoae of thla analyrla ls to rtudy the framerror|1alrd tb6 geaeral polleles upon whlch ths gritish Alr Reid proteetLon $er*rlcc rres bullta it is not necescary to go lnto tho dstalle of its organl-rrtloa and operatioao Bathor, lt le deslrable to oonparB and contraotth! Erltlah syeteu trlth that ln thls countrln ln order t*l deterrnlne ttrertroag and ueek features of eaoho

16, Civillan defenes ia ttde oor,utry, not startlng rmtil six yearcafter crcat Brltaln had takon lta inltlal stepse had tho advantage oftlu oxpertence gelaed therao !$ot onLy did thlg hold tru* for th* pre*paretory anri planning etagoeu but aleo in the opportudq shi.ei.r wag*fforded to obsorvo'ths practical operations of thc varloris unlts duringactua.I ononly af.r attaoks" IIor closaly thla wee observed rwd etudlad lsbest indloated by the way looaI Citleetle Defensc Corpe rer'e pattoraodeorga.trlaod and trained after the Dritiah organlgation" At bG lsEal loveI,tha vartous servlcea rrorc almost eaactly tho aam la thia (iourrttrv ae tuf,trtgla,rd, ln organiaatlon and functiono Ia tratrdqg, tooe u.?tar6 wa! aeloss rosoEtrblanco, so much eo that sono of the tcchniquea vrich warehigtrly sucsessful in Great Srltain vlero adoptCIs here witlroui euffLcieritstudy to find oub rrhethor they uere prsctl.ceLo Utren thsge lcchniqueo lreroappl!-od, Lt lrag fourd that different condl.tions nade then uasuiteble foruse ln cltiee in the United Statoso

I?. One of the'chief re*emblances iu oporntlon betreon thLa cormtryand ltql+nd traa the uee by locel commmltlsl of tin pollce ,topariaeats,s the kayatone of the locaL or5enizetlonc Frequontlye thll trag duc toths comlnraication ayatem*-talephono, talogr*ph and radio-*si-i.*Pi 5ia11cedapartrcnts already ha,d" In other eooaEe it rcas infliaoaeed ry tlie fectthat ao muoh of, the norneL polico tralning and oporatioaa ra:r fulea?Lce.}rlth proobdurcr rhlch rould be fol"lowcd la tirno of air raid t:*,* Ehafardllarlty of memberu of policc forcoa rrlth thoae preoadureir ::iada tliasomn valuable ee iastrueiorsc

l8o It rar ln thc ht6her eohelons of oontrol, progran na}*lr€e andpoltcy thst tha moet algnlfloant coatraett'appear bctrrecn ths ireo syatomsand tt tri rorblqp of note that thres of thc trajcr $eaknssgoe ot' the UnltariStrtsa Offloe of Cirlltan llofonls rerG oa vltal polnta ln whl,rh the firltlshproccdurc tes :!ot follorado

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l9o Elrst of these uaa tin long perlod of proparatloao l,Iore tirsnforr yoara eleprad betraeu thc tlzae tn .IuIy 195Se rhon the Hone Offlceannorncsd tho organlaetlon sf ltc Alr Bald Preaautlone Depa,rtnen+. untllthc tlns rtren ttre Alr Raid ProteotLorl Serrlco ras arllcd upon to firnctlono?hat parlod of tioo pernlttcd th€ Govcmcnt to btrlld rlorly and roundly3to formulatc plans sad to nodlfy them aa further stu{y indies'bed noo€s-Baryi to try out rarloua procadtrreg and'technlqucs, rtrcngtheni.ag thogsrhloh rhowd thelr rorth and dlccarding thoss of all,ght value cr offco-tivcnaas; to aocumulata and dlstribute aaaentlal aupplles; finally, audLn acraa neye noat important of all, to lead ths thlnklng of, B?ery matr,rrcnen and olrlld tn Unglendr Scotland and Eales toward a calm but roalic-

. tl.c rccogrritlou of tho ap;;roaohing 'danger eo that nhon lt cania, ths3'narc nsntally and ecotlonelly coaditioncd to meot ito

2Oo lhs fact that thla cor.uotry *ne not called upon to face air raldeend bonb attacke does no'b arcuse thc lack of preparatloa to rneet tho con-tingencyo the .ettaok on Pearl l{a.rbor night juat ar rrell haqe besn cru

ller York, oA lTaahington, on $an Franclsoo, a,nd it night oqually ao rrelLhavc ccme any tlae xrlthin the preceding tro }reaiao Evan if i$ hed corcela non'bhs la'ber then it did and had bosn ainrod at aoms objecti.ro s'lthlathe oontLnontal Unlt d Statcse there ir every roasoB to belie've that thocitlacns of ^,,ho cor.int4i riould have beea equally unpraperod tc' neet itoAll of thc bonbia6 which Eurcpaan countiles lrad rrndorgonc for ft+ yaarobcforc Pcarl Earbor had atlll not arousod publ.lc tlrintdng to tlrc reell-rctloa that lt could trappen hsrco To bs Bur€, after tho ehoaS{ of 7 Doce!:!-bor l94l had gubaldede paople literally flookod to loaal dsfEnee corurollgto snroll itr thc cinflia:l defoaee unlteo But no orlc can aag ti:at oncnonth or three roonthe or arrea six months Latore eqy olty of ar4'' sire ,'uthe oountry had a civlllan defengo orgaoizati'rn and a ctvll populatlonrbtoh ras traincd and eclulpped and dleolpllncd to naet cYsn a er:dorato el'rattaok aa rere the poop}a of Oraat Britetno

elo A ecooad vital polnt ras thc lcaderahLB, both ln i;hougt^.t and ln*otionu rhich thc Britlsh Ooyeramo:rt crcrolsod, artd tho legal euthorltyrlth rhloh lt olothod lteclf. and aubordlaate r.nlts of govera'nent srhon tltsased for authortQr BroEoo Ttrs fl:"et Brttleh Gnnotarcerlaat that etapo eereto be takon to preparc egalnrt poaolblc {\rture alr attacks atrogsed thsfact thet thsro Trere no signs the,t euch an ovantuallty ndght core" Itranfi even furthero It reetated with eraphecls iihe. intentloa of tho Goncrn-rent to uss €.rrery posolble and reaeonable affort to maiatain paaoe, notonly withtn its otv-n bordsrs hut tlroughout ths rorl.do Sonethsloes, thdplairs aB anr'Iotlncod shffiod that already coneiderable aareful thoulght andituAy had bean put lnto ths:l befbre they rere presented tc llry natlon anC

thqfstsrted pclple thlnkiag. The period betnsea 19SE aad 1957 rae matnlyooc-uploA tn pieperatory aotion, broakl.ag dowa prejudlgo and apatlry andcaff-sttug thl ooeperatioa of local aubhoritieso UeetinSr a:ad confcrencegrere ll6ld lu varlous c€ntere throughout ths couatryp attend.ed, i:-r' IocaLeuthoritlea ard other poraons and 6roupg sho would be lntircote.i.y ooncernad*AlX of tlia hsd tro valuablo recultco Elrst, suah aotlvlty as ws.8 undcr-takan by groupe ard, incllvtdrrale sae ooordlnatod under I{oEE Cfflce guldeaaoo

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;il.l.?iilaii.i.tal

(tbrc ret Do toll-tntontlonod but poor\r, dlraotcd ladtvldual nork onthc part of ovcr-rnthuslaetlo locar group!, auoh rc took placa ln theUslt d $tetcao) Scoond, public oplaton ras Eolded to tha point thEtorlta thc Aot of 19$7 gavo ths Eoos oft:loe authortty to auforce tta plarsrd to oqrand thcu furthrr, tho Ldea dld not cons ar a chook and publlorcactton fiac oooperativo snd baged oa oonfideiloeo

Z2o A third outstandlng foaturo of the Brltleh program rae that ttaet for ttaclf onLy one obJeativo--ths protaatton ofl tti civtlian popula-tloa, thclr horos and thetr busllsnseg frono dsrnqgc by afr attaoko llorhersla r4r of tho olrculara, neuoranda, handbookan atoo of tho Alr Rald Fre-oetrttons Dopartnent la any othsr aubjcct dlgolrseodo So mentlon ia nradcof es3rthlog rhloh did not lead dlroctly to that crdo Ia coneequoncoe rlottnc or Donsy or 6asr6y rnas ragtcd on rurelated aotlvitlea" $o doubtoprovialoa fies mado for euch acttvltles ag rare ncoded, but thstr' asy6tnder othar end nure strltable auapLcoa, end ths thlnklng and planrn{ng oftha Air Bald Precautlons Dopartnont, and of'a11 of tha peroornel In aub-ordlnate raoLta, was focused on 1te oole olrrlono

III" CIVItISfi DrT'N}!SE AI{D TTTB }IOUE CUIRD

25o Tbe guoatior nrlght be relsed aE to rlry Great Brltala had bothths Atr Rsid Protectioa Service and the Bone Guard; rlSr those r:nlts eorenot sonaolldatod; or rrhy ono of them ras aot elirninetod and the othoroao &ssuma t;lu dutloe and rosponalbilltler of both,

24o lho gero qucry mlght aleo be nade ebout the civt}lan defeuee andtho State Gtrrrd organizatloas la this ooultry; *lttrough the State Guardhore novcr eaarnsd, [r&tsrloally or otherrlec, the proportions of theBritlrh lloue Guardo ?he latter had a atrcryth of 1r?0OrO0O aa agalnat apsdc enrollroat of 1?lu0CO ttt the oombtned State Quarda ln the UnltodStatero Alaoa the'flomo Guerd rero Crorca Ibrcea, but tho Stete 0uard resexaotly ilhat ths narc inplles*eaD or6rnis.1lon dtrectly uader tho quthor*lty ard oontrol of lta Steto Eovern&entn rtth dutloe6. reeponsiblS.ltles andaotlrltlea earel\llly olrctusorlbed5 ao th&t lt alght akraya be arallableto tho State for emergencl,ee nhioh nfght arlse ?heretno

25o The bcgt roaron for keepi-ng the olvlllan defonce organiratlonsoparrte from the mllttla organlaetiona'ras tho dlf,fersnce ln thalr rta*slonr--a dlffarence ro sxtrerne thet ar{r conbinatlon of the tno grouparorrld laevltably haw weakeaed thoir perfornanoe la both fie]ds" fho :

nirsion of tho Fiorns Guard raa prlnarily prevontive, that of the eir 8eld.Proteotlon Serylce sas a,nelloratlve or curativeo Thc Eom Guard rraa' ,'ar:ned, tral.rred and equlpired tc take diroct eatlon egainrt tha euanry, {f'tro@Blery. lhe atr RriC Protsotloa Servlce operated oaly aftor the cn6rybrd aoted, and ita J\urotion.,reg to mitigr,t6e BE mush as pose!b3.a, the'cfEcsta and rcsulte of euch actlono ths fioue 0uard raa a]ert to preventery attenpt at lnvaalon or attack frcm rca or land, or ary subvorglvo

7

CO}ITIXSITIAL

d !--.arrEwry

C,J,iFi t[]i{liiL

aottvl,ty ou th6 part of elrcry ageats rrithin the courtry. The Air RaldProtactloa Serrlca srung lrto actioa r{,on attaok, or threat of atteckelrorr the Elr. The effectlwnosi of the lIone Guard requlred thet itglnrrornsl be Ifultei to thoso rrho oould noet ccrtaln rlgorous stsndardaof p\rslcrl rsonditton, tralniag ard disclpllno, vhcrcaa ego, eer andpllpelqua rrpre of alight oonsGqutnco Ia'clvlllaa defeneoo

?6o It would.harc beon lnefflatent and raatofirl to havc provlded roneSTOOOaOOO olvlltan dafeagc rorkers rith thc aras and oqulpnent neodsd forthan to perforu IIoBE Cuard dutlse alsoo It rould havc been equelly in-cfflalcnt to have aaked Bone Guard peraomel to carry their arms and cqulp-Eont rhllo performlug clvllian defenge dutioeo It rould have beei') tepractloablee lf not tnpoeglblce to havo a unifled ooma:ed vlth nllslonaud rcapoastbilltlcE ea Eidoly di'rorgont as were thore of the Hor:ro Guardard thc Alr Aatd Proteotlon $erulcoo Ilatly, th. atrongth of the lloneCuird lay very largoly tn lts poaitlon urd prestlga ae part of tho CrornPoroea ard dcfcnderl of thc hplro, lf nccossarJr" Thc hlgh esprt'b do.oorpB of ctrlLlan dofeaae rmlts oane from ths local and personal nat':rcof thalr obltgationao-a Eroup of nelghbors rorklng togetber in tirotr oracorrur.ol\i." to aaclet each othcr ln tho protccttoa of thelr fer.rllt*o,thstr houee and thstr propcrty"

2'l " Conqlugionoo

lo ll}tl.Ie Slvtng aLl dua aredl.t to tha indlviriuals whr *unnrrdths Alr Bald Protectlon Servlcaa, lnttial crodit nust bc glven to thstlorilo Office for ltg foraslght ln yleualicing the poesibility *11 alr at-taoks and ln plnni'rr1g to tcset thom"

bo $duoeting aad prbparing the general purbllo for the poa*elbility of v'ar is just ae fucportant as training any mllitary group forthe taging of lt"

oc authorlty and control must reat i.n tlu htg,hsct echelon, but:tt nr.rst be gonerously shared urtth locr trnltt"

do lhs rcflocted authorlty of tha Hone Offics geve the Air ttaid?rccautlons Dapr+.s€at prortlgp and lcglttmacya' 6T6n bsfors Far}lanenteryactlon recognized lt"

co Loag perlods of prcparation and trainlng are cuse*tia}ppartloulerly rrhare volwrtoer Pereonnel are lnvolvsdo

fo gy its vcry nature, civlliar defensa murt be separete lnorganlaatloa and operetioa ibon ary othor turlts organized fer carioustypcr of dofcnrou but thlo acparatloa lncreagca tha lmportence of andtho recagclty for top coatrol and -ooordinating authorltyo

a*rt*l}tl

ISOI{FIDBNUAL

riI

t

.ij.. i::.,..-

't

+.=-*

C {.ii; l': :,i.iif T iAi:

tro lttdtr' of thc Alr Eatd Proteotlon Scrnlce of Orcat Srltaln muld,bc oqrlete yrithout Paytng trl.bute to tha mn and ronan and boya andgtrk rto oompored tto llever la tdrtory har a group made a more gallantetaad ln dcfenge of their honea and thcir oountryo tha3r facad tba sacttnrdg rhtch leuaborc of thc erned forccr faced, br* rllh tho addcd lrndl-oap tlrat thoy could not flght btak nor could thoy protsct thsmselvagoT-hclr rob dofotuo ila8 thclr abllity to duoLo

f,o onc oaa Bay how uruoh they contrtbutcd to thc dsfence of thccolatry rnd thc morld--but no ono can dery that thclr contrlbutlon rara 5rert oueo

9COIIFIDENIIAT

-

I6B

: :',': F-f -r*-Er:Fi=!sp:F,fl:ffi mll l'l

gOIT'IDEMIf,,T

lre egldzttlm aerd Earfcnnoe

of, t&e Offloe of Clvlltan Defeusc

Ilurfng trcld l[er Xf :

EETBTT IIFO_

OffiFiDEMEi,T.

E[,HI8IT *F,

'EE OBG.qXIUATIOI{ &HD PMFONIIAT{CE fJtr'

?EA OFFICE OF CITTLIA}T DEFEISSE DURII{C ilOflI.D ?rAR IX

I. UISTOST AHD BA,CTGROUilD

l"_ fhs htttory of clvtllen dcfencc ln thc Unitoa States roall3r' atarts ln Grrrat Britaln" Thc oonataat aad terrlflc boinbiuge to whiehthat sotuxtry, and particu}arly the clQr of London, m's eublected ln 1g4Oarrc 1941 qutckly shotod lt to ba a phyrlcal tnporai'bllity for the amrcdforcoee togathor rlth tha rcgularly oonatltutod poll.ccn fire a*d h+apl-

<-tl tal faclLlties, to copo to ary aoeoptablo tlcgroe wlth thc denaetati.oarhloh uaa beiag heaped upoa tho oountrye

?o fYhtlc thc uultad stataa lookcd on rlth lncroaring adrriratloaet tha cowagcous dcfcnse thc pcople of Grert Brltala were ms!:lng, 1ts,leo obtcrvbd thc rtcadlly grortng organlcatton of cltlsargg of ail sgcaend oooupetlona bendtng togcther ln protcctiag tlelr llvca aad theirhoncr aad thclr brr"glncgseen E*nkorg, profetatonrl nca, indwtr.ie.Liataoclcrklu horrcarlvoo; tcaohcra, Becr€ta,rioro-cyotloBc--porfornod rlho norual' dutlor of tholr govorel occupatloaro But cech L"y, .ft"r thoae *asketora coqPlctcd, thoy bcoenc air raid werdcne, flro ratohore, nurssaeldere rrrxlllary polteca. control c.sator op*atbm and othor vltal perGoll-nol of rhrt xas laorn ra fhc.Air Ratd proteotion Servlceso They argen-lccda ttrqr trelneC, thay driLlod***nd ui,th o*eh nau rald they b*c*re roraproftolcnt ln thclr dutloso lhelr cotllritlca, lupplomenting tl:*sa of tha' rogulBr protsctlve forcee of thc cor,ratry, mat far torard redui ing fat-

y.-.\ alltiap aad prop;rty Loarceo{ - ') $o At th. ier rprcad In arca end, laorcaeod la fuqro tt bese.mo

obvlour to ell forcrtghted pcoplc that thlc oountry nlght becoi.-:a involviad.,ft rac 'cqually plrln that rmhts r. foLlsmd Groat Britelus a oxanrp).c laorgrnlzlng thc olvtllan po5ruiatlon, r,s would bc crpoacd to simXS.ar or" grurtor Xo:r and danrge.: At a rcsult, meqr lood courualtlcse antlctpat-tn$,Irotglblc alr attrckg on tldr oonntry anlil laaplrcd W thc acttvi.tlaaof thc oltllanr of Oreat Brltala" cpbarkcd upoa thatr c,rt! clviilan de-fcnrc Prograns" VoluntGcrs rcrc raorultcd, organiaede and traln*d" IaEonu, casor, large guntitlct of cxpcnaiva egulpmcnt yrar6 pursiracsd*

4o Thoac cffortc nerc prrkettrttryr, ru.l latcr oa aueh com'.lcrttlerrorc.of lnvalueble arsietancc ta acrvlng ea fscal polata aror:nd shlohraorc rldeepraad ratlvltlca of ths counttrr and etate could bc riavelopodoBut thay lnckcd ota crrdlaal virtusl thcre ru,r no coordinatica endrqlatlvely littlc coopcration bttnycca tho prograrra and pollctes of

ICO}TFIDEIffI',L

;-::: I .: :,';.:

adjacont statog and cormulttlee, The indivlduals and 5roupe invoi.lred.nrorked earnostly and plannod, diligently, but thoir efforts-were aomewhatweakensd by }ack of adequata guidancso Each comrwrity was a lam rmtoltgolfo rt pl.enned ita oryn progr&me rt providod its orm trainf.ngfactlitJ.ee" It adopted lts firn procodureeo

5o 0a 2O t..ray 1941, the Preeidoat iagr:ad Seoutive Ordor IIo" 8?5?creating the Offise of Gtvi}iaa Befense rithin the Office for ElnargencyL{anagenrort of thn .Executivs Offlcs of the Presidento The dutiei of tho0ffice of CiYllian Defeneee broadly statod, wore ilto aasure eff,*etivecoordinatlon of F'odorsl rolationa wlth State and Looal governrneats oo=gag,ed ia defease activities, to provi,de for necesaary cJoperaiioa withState and local 1;overnraenta in respast to noaaure.-a for adequate protec-tlou of ths eivlllen populatlon ln omorgenclr periodoe to faeilttate oor!*etruotlye oivllian partJ.clpation in tho defease progran and to eustalnnatk:raal. moraleil"

TIO I$ASIOIIAL ORGAB{TUArIOT

6" the Offloe of Civllien Deforse thus i:ane Lnto belag so*re trrentyno;rtha after host:-lltles lcgan in Europai and .a lltt1e r,ore than half ay€rr bsfore thls oountry entered the raro Tha order creati.ng li pre*sarlbcd that lt'ro headod bg, a Dlreotor, appolnted by the PrasiCent, nho

. rs)uld be aaaisted 1n detertolning po3.Lcl.ee and progran by tro groupeotha flrgt .of thoae6 ths Board for- Cirillan Proieclion, rtra6 compoeld ofths Dlrector ard representativas of ths lfarn Naqy and Justlce bapart:uentermd tlte Federal.. Seourity Aganryo deslgnated W ths heads of tirose depart-:ronts; also re'reqeatatLvds of the Ocuncil of State'Goverr:menteu thoAnerLcan ilrmtcipal Associatlon and the ltnlted Statee Conferenoe of t,rryoreot?o n6nths tatsr B r€preBentative of tho Aperioaa Etrd Crose wae addedoThe drrbiee aarigaed to -the

Board n'gle to "advise and assist in tlre f,ormu-letion of clv:.I defeaae prograru and ae*sufss approprlata to the veryiu6

- {leede of oaoh part of tho nation, d,eoignad to efford adequate protectloa, ) . of 1lfe and yrroperhr in the svent of elnergeaG1rilo

-. .- a ?o Thlr qocpbd group, the Tolrmteer- ParticLpation Corr-iitee, f,agI cosrposod of the Dlrector and 'tnot nore than trenty nromborsr. repreaenta-

tives of t]'e varioue rogions aaC intereets of the nationro ?he ntenbereof the Conrrittee were to be appolntod b1' tho Preeldeato and ln June thenrnbor rae lacroased to nnot uore tlran forty*five raenbora'ro Tho Connit-teo tas Clrestod to nl€rve as arl edvlaory ead pl,annlng body !n coneider-ing propoeala and developiag prograns doslgned to euataln natloirnl rnoraleand to prrvtde opportunttiee for conetructivo olvillan participati.cn lnthe defonss effortro

8€ it should 'oe noted herop ead firther ooment u111 bo mado letera(paragrap} el) tirat ln preooribing tho dutleE of theae two groups, theTorda uaod are tratlvlBonl, '&Beiotrr, lradvlaoryil, flplannln6*, trprorlde op-portunlticaao Norvhere ln the enttre ordor rae clthor of thcse {:roups or

a

COIFIDM{IIAL

*',.., - .._ ._-

')

5.-.r-l?T itE!!€!? r 7l#Uld * *-.': -; l ;i:4r

1a

th Dtreotor giren any authori\ro As thc organ5.zation grenr and the pro-grans dorelopedo thLe Broved a tramendoua hondloap to the Direrctor andthe llatlonal tkadquartera e

g. Aa part of the organization of tho llatlonal lleadquarters, aTralnlng Sectlon was formed to prepero raaterlal for tke gui.danca of Stateand loeal eor.rncll-s; to eonduct ressarch into mothode of protoctlona6,ainet alr attack; end to lnaugurats gtudies of staps to bs taken toproteot aush vital facilltlea aa dnnge brid6oe, turneLe qnd forestso InaddLtLon, comrittoes of experte la epeclalized fields rere formed toadvise on problorrs poculiar to thsir partlcuLar fleldso Theee includedcolIsgoa, sehools, hoepitals, vital facilltlcag ooununlcati"one, healthutraffio and flre fightlng" SpociaL atudlos wero atro urado of typce ofcoastrgotloa of publlc alr raid sheLtera, msthoda of cannouflag5.ag andblacklug out publlc bulldingae factories, railroad etatlons a.nd Efunllarlarge and oonaplstrous lendmarks"

10o A soriee of plenning guidea, trainlng rauuala, handbooksp tsrt-books and notion pLcture fi'lms $are proparedo At tho CheuicaL HarfargSohoo!, at Edgorood Arseaels trLarylandn

"" apecial courro rn4 given to

lnLlce and fire departmant peraonnol in the harrdltng of explosivos, ln-cendlariss and rer gaeeEo

llo Oroet Britain fouud that lts greatcet havoc fron alr r.*,ide reawroug,ht not by the bomba thsmaolvae, but by ths firea rhlch rosulted frontheno An lncendiary bomb etarted a flre, possibl,y tro or three af therntn mo bulLdlng" .4, htgh oxplosive bomb, whlle raretry starting a firoltsclfo upaet Etovor, ehattersd boilorse broko gae plpee arxi oi.} llnosagd in oonbtnatlon thcaa elsente atarted ftrroeo And rrlr1lo they mayhrvc bacn leas numorous thErr those rceulting from lncendlary bomba, .theyrriirc both potantlally anC ectually far morc d.aE+giag and more difficultto combat€

!2, In anticipating thc offocts of bombe tn thls country, itqdckly becaure apparent that fow, it' ar5r, cltier rltb S,OOO populationor rnor6 had enough fire fighttng aquipnent, partioularly pr:npers and hobeoIn thogs fm clties which oay have had onough to carc for thelc' ona needs,thare rlBs nono rhioh nlght be epared to aid nelghboring oorz:ruritiaso Ac-oordlnglya agtimatos rroro made of the addltional punperB, hose and othsrsqtrlptrant required, ead Congrooa approprlated $57rO00rOO0 for tha pur-ohaso " {ddltlonal fimds a$ounting to $4lr000s@ r€,re 6,ranted for theprrrchaae of gar naoks, decontq-iaation clotldng and natariai, nedlcalatrppllos, and othsr ralscellaneoua oquipmento

15o ?{hen lt ease to tha dloposi.tlon of tho fire fightiug equlpneat,lt delrqloped that rhils oareful atudy had been giveu to the a.raor:ntneodod and to tho genera). typee eone of the lmportant detalle had beenoverlookod arrd m4'ry citiee foutd that for the nomento at leaet, thceqrd.luont ras uselcea because of a laok of etandardizatlou eraoag thevarloug marlrfact'urcrs and usem of firc flghttng equlpnent" Chieflyr'thla

3COUFIDESII]\L

,}

,-?4115?*+!i1? I Tq"'u :',,t L:Jilr. : r J--i.L

dlfftculty lay ln tha throeClng of hoee and couplers, but eorns dlffersneerrag found ln glses as wello Of oourae this cogld be aad was re:aodied bytho uea of speoially m*do oouplem and adapters but this neelt more deleg,!!oro €xpenaee and roquirod oue aoro crrsrbergons step la the use of theequlpndnto ldost Bgrioua of all, lt gave the crltlos of the Offtoe ofCtvtllan Defeaao oae mora oecaolon to bLaet agalnat lt publial3r"

III. BEGTOilAL ORGA}IIZA?ION

14" AE the llatlonal Headquartere of iho 0ffloc of Civiii.en Dofensowas organiaod and lts ectiyitlea expanded, it bocs.m tncreasingly Erlgentthat a connectlug liak betwsen tha nstiona,l office and ths indir-i@ddafonse co'rncllg was esasntial to snooth and harrronioue operatio:r.'''

I5o In July L94Lr. it nas dectded to docentrallze dnd to eet upCiriliaa Defense Itogiona throughout the country" ?hese rrorked under thodiraction aad by ths authority of tho llatlonal Readquarters ln [faehing-ton, but thelr prirna4.' funotion wae to aaelst State aad Iooal defoaeacouncilg with thoir prograins.

16" In vier of the fact thst ths varlous Corps Area.s of the Araqrhad alroa{,, givon coneiderablo thcught to the question of ai.r raid pro-toctlon, tile Civllian Defease Rogiona wore mado to ooincide gaographl-cally rith tbs Corpe Area boundartee, Reg,ional lleadquartors rr*ro eatib-lished in citicE !n the vioiul$' of'oach of tho nino Corps Area Elead-quertera; e Ro6lona1 Diroqtor vras agpointed for sash Ro6ion; and ReglonalBoards for Cirlllan Protection and Volrirrteor Farticlpatlon Conunittees$Dr6 organiged following the general pattern of their rstional counter-parta. In the caee of the Re6ional Board for Clvllian Proteotlon, theComandlng Oeneral of eesh Corpa Area rrrs dlrected to detail an officerof hla connand for fuII tine duty at the Reglonal Ileadquartore who rculdroproS€nt him oa the Board and aleo serv6 ae llai eon betreon tira CorpaAroa lbadquertora and tho Roglonal lloadqurirters. tho Alr Forea CombatComnander ln ths Reglon also dotailod an officer to raptelreuL ?r5:n onthe Board, but ttris sas in acdition to othor dutiee.

17. One of the najor prrrbloms whlch facad the Offlce of CivilianDeferse rae that of arousing ptrblic opiniea to tho evar rlsaring nertaceof ener6, attaok and of dissipating an alarmlng degree of public apathy.ParticuLarly tn the interl6a gtates 'r,lrere iras a fl.at refural on the partof mary people to accept the f,rot tirat, in air mlles, cortaiu importantcitiee and'industrie,l instalLstions rlmre ectr.ully nearer to anery baeesthan vnare sone on the soacoaet.. Sven in States and cities borderins ontho Atl-antic Ocean, snny people 'flers rrnable or rurwilling to rocogniaethe fact that SO0O luiles of lrrrter vuas no longer a natural defenso. Uanyof these peopla lgnored, if tLey did not actually gcoff.at, preparationefor civil defense. If thers'n€re any heroee in civilian defonso in thisoor.utr5., marqv of thenr nere insludod ln the srall groups of .indlviduslain narious sordnurxities who picaeerad in their loce1 org,aniaation r.nder

4CONFIDEiITI4L

i++.i++::

:'-:::--'1.:.

:s;-iq{+}irr1!'::i:i{:":'j

sxtromolJt discorsaglng condittons" They had no more deqire for mr;i;-;;y;ae else dla,-Uut they ertlnated the pre-rar rituatiou morc

;;;Bil"f"tiv, r"*a it gr1nly and cest thalr 1ot with tho ,lnority'

lB" Fith ths ettaok on Psarl l{arbor a1I of this tuag charqsd and

voltmteere f,or civiLl8rt dofonee srar"ned to Stete and loca1 oormcilc toauch an extsnt ttrat tege than tto raonthg later (51 tIrYBrl L942) t!eu'-lyg500 local ooununities had onrolled more than 51000,000 personB'

19. By Decerrbor 194i, Hatlonal and Reglonal Headquarters xtof6 m11-

organized .r,a *"lu-.i"rti"! to funotion" nirtfy as a res,It of aoer.:nfortunste otatsm""it of iolicy and,'some 6vo!1 ElorB doubtf\r} cholcos ofpersonnel, some:roi"r" ryori railed !n favor of putting civllian dofsnse

iir."tf, iato the-U*a" of the nl).itary and under tho IIar Departunnt'

irr""irl'"aftor the ent,ry of this country into the yar, po8sibly in an

effort to disaiiate ti,Is fee].ing but aiso, -no doubt, becauso-!19 aua-

;;;i; *i6 si".tiy incroased rorfload d,e:nandod additior:al quallfied per-

sonnel, the n*"-ir"p"rt*rnt aosignotl r.oro officers to duQr 11 tho Offieeof civilian pefelsl bringing tnJ total number up to about 75-

IY. CIVILIAII PHOTECTION

2o.Jenuary,194?,probab}.ycanbocalletlthemoathwhencivlllandefense really riartsd to-functi-on on a nation-ride acalo' The exclte-

rnent and trru "rriuf ii-tr.,, ;day which will live in infanytr had died d'orvn

and p6opls sattiea thmsslvso in Srim detornlnetloa to raoet rhatevor

GBiuEr fho ArmY offlcers aesi6noa-to l{ationaL and Regioual fleadquarters

roported for duty and took aâpeciat inteneivs oo"ui at Ed6owood AreenJ''

co.irering oot oJ! tUu t*rr.. of lhe regular Civtlian Defoaso Coures incherlioal *arfara"aubjocta but, ln addition, the problema of cirilian fl-fense organization, iratnin*, ^}j;;;;;iio"t "t i:'" st*tt and looa1 lTe1e"

el.Ithaealroadybeonpointedout'(P"r'8)that-one-ofthemrjorhandicaps rrnder r*rich tire Offico of Clvillara Defonee labordd .*s ltilaok of true authorlty. Its only EolrEIB ovsr state and looal couarJla

roere tact *d ;;;;;"ioo, u"O {ftl i'irst of these nae aot a6uys usffl'

lIational a"a n"giorr"i lf"taq"arters coul'd advlss, racomord' sugge'rir

wheedlo, *.a ""ioie - U"t ihey could' not aay ''puat'E llorevnr' tJrr B8-

aigrunent of Arry officere-t? Ie;i;;I fl3adqlalter8, and thclr siosequent

direct purroo*icontact 1rith $;ie ana tocit defense offtoiala' rent far

to rnake up for this lack of authority. 1n sgmc eaEe' at least tha Arery

uniforn holped ir"""" tha foeli* "t- diairugt.a'd disfavor *rjch the

offico of Civili"o-puf"""e 4ad biought uPon-ltea1f by initiatrnE' PrograslE

of doubtful valua end.propriety, poiir"tti*rly in the Volunta'rr Particl'pa-

tion fiold.

?2. Theee officors rent into the Stetsg' rnet regulariy with Defonae

cowrcilo, hclped in plannloS .rrrt organizlng training progra'ns' conductcd

COBFIDE};TI.6L

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iosr::iiElr:'IAt

sohoolar arraagcd and ouperviged traialng sxorolsea, rcconoiled dif-fergnoes, coafllcto, and duplicat.'rone betreen noighborlng statss orcomrlrn:.t'.c8 arll in oountless wsya gave the oncouragenent, tlre assist-anc6, a,.d the guiding haod rtrlch wel}-meaniag but ineryrerionaed andlrtthsrro rxrguidcd Broups groatly necded. ?ho.ir actlvltioe aarved tocllulr"rtr rruch of ths naeted tino, &ouofr and offort whioh irievitablyreguf;g fron laok of a clcarly definod progranr. Their rork aleo fro-{uar.,ly rssulted in bringlng to the Regional lteadquarterg, and ultiraatel1,to .rltional Ileedquartors, eolutions by Stato or looal councils of prob-le'rr rrhlch htgher levels had failod to solve

2{). Agothsr phase in rvhich the Arry; t}rrough its representativesir Regional Baadquarters, rondered'lnvaluable ald tras in the natter of'Iackoute end dimouts. Rogulations'govorning theso rrore prescribed by;he TIar Department in consuLtetion with the 0ffice of Civilie,-n Defense.Proutulgation of the orders and oporatlone under then were the responai-btllties of Dsfense and Service Comnranders. Ilare again, while liationalaad Beglonal lleadquartors war6 usually in cornpl.ete spur.pattry rri-bh thesereg,ulatlong" thcy rmre powerless to snforce tham. Il6wever., officers 1nRegioral t{oadquartors rrore able to persuado moct Stete Cormeila to drawup ancl have enacted State lawe with penelti.es roquirin6 conptrianee, thuaplacing on the Statos the roeponsibility for enforclng the rogulatlonoand at the sams timo preserving to them thoir rlghts to reg''rlato guahmattors rrlthin thslr onn bordefe.

24. one of the moet valuable contributiona which the ffar Dopart-nont clade: to the civilian dcfenae training prograo ras ln tho establish-ment and operatlon of iTar Departnent Clvllian Protcctlon Schools inselEctcd oollcgca and untvereitiec in vari,ous parts of the cotmtry.Tan-day oomprohenelve and lntonslve courSes, covorl.ng all pheoes ofcivillan protection oporetions and aotivlties, nore offersd to intrl-vidtrals for the purpose of preparing them to 6crve as lngtructors intheae eubjccts in their home eorrurnitles. Drurlng the lntervaL behreencour8or, lnstructors in those schoole roro made available to State andlocal cotrosils to conduct brief training courcctr.partlcularly in themore technlcal subJects such as exploalves, incendlarios, anC gasos.Another important training course in the handltug and dleposltion ofunerploded bonbs rras given at Aberdeen Proving Ground, l{ary}and, andin at least one RegLon. e orc or tno-day condonsed verslon of tliie couraarme 6ivo'! ln looaL conrnunities to neet the nood of peraonnel vrho couldnot glve the timo necesBary for ths Aberdecn cours€

26. ?he foregoia6 ahould sorve to indicate clearly that ruhilipolicios aad progra:r.a for civiLian dafense or6anlzatton anci brainingrrsre inltiatsd ei the lfatio.ral lqvel, the offective and practical ap-plioatioa of ttren resulted rrory largely fron the efforts of the :nllitaryperaorural at the Regioael leve}. I\lany inetancos of highly effestivecooperation between Rogional feprosentativos and tho State and localcounclls corrld bo citod, but in the naia, tlley uould be repotitlousand beyond tho scope of thls Burvey. tforeover, they would lead only

6

CONFIDENTIAL

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dfl!= =t/tilril l.;JF"ir I I.,l&

to conjecture as to the effeciency and extent to rchish civiLian defeneailDuld have boen developod rithout the aid of the .Br Departnent anri ita

25. By the early part of 1945 tha tlde of battle had turnod, and{hil€ ths ppssibility of eneny attLcks stilL sxisted, t}re probabi-litlrgrem loso €ach day. Furtlrsrr:rore, tho likolihood that an attack uhichnlght come rould ba an3'thlng rrore than loca1 and sporadlc rrnao practieellynegllgtble. 'Such an ettack coulC lrave affected only one or poselbly twecitlcc, and &r$' atteryt on the part of lfational or Regional lloadquartorsto fwtotton would probably bave served onl.y to confuea rather than tohelp th.e sttuation. fhe sork of the Office of Clvilian Defenee oontinuedghotriover, at National and BeglonaL leveLa rmtil the office utsts abolishedby order of tho Prosident on 50 Juns 1945. By that tiure the activitiogof both headquarters had driudlaci to elnnet nothing, and many poreonsrrho wero in position to obgorve the work and to evaluate lt obj,octivelygaineci tho steadily lncre*aiag iaBraaaloa that rany of the ac;ivitisswere "na\tl rork approaching, if aot actualLy la, the ttboondogg}.ingrt

.clasa.. t.

27. It ntght be notod, altl:rough lt may be purely coinoidentel,that tho poriod during xhlch the Office of Civllian Oefenre pcrformodLte groatost eervico araB bet*on Docenber, 1941, and Doconrber, }g+UThat uaa tho perlod whsn the largest number of trrny offisors rrlsra ondtrty, lly thCI end of 1942, the Tfar Departarent had transferred precti-call,y aLl.of ttrego officers to other dutlss and vcry shortly. aftorsardths usefulnesa of tha 0fflce of Civllian Ibf€nBC, particularl3' in ttgRegionel lleadquarters; etarted to dscllne

28. If the objective sf civilian defense le the protection ofLife and property against en€ut]' attack, then thsr6 c&n be no juntifica-tlon for the inclugion in tho civillan dcfonBe progra:n of most, lf notaII, of the activitieg carrled on under the euspiceg of the llolrrnteerParti cipati on Corrrittee .

29. Only dfre broadest intorpretatlon of that objoctivo el' civiiiandefonse rrould perrdt it to nean such activlties as aalvage, v,ar bond andstanp eales, child care, horsing for nar workerS, aad it i.s riifficult tounderstand how fanily security, nutrition sorrrice, ballet dancing, co!r-Btarcr pro6raf,Is, raoe relationg, and library Eerric€, anong sthor thingr,can la any way be relatod to civilian defenge. Scither do nenl' of theseactiwlties corro within tha acop,e of the objectivee rhich the CitizensServico Corpe (tha looal tnit of tho Volurrteer Particlpation Cogmiittoe)set for itgelf. lhe handbook of tho Corpo etatcs that it rie cirargedwith rosponsibllity of leading tl:o figlrt against lnoffI.cienclr, insscr.rlty,and lroor health withia the couulrnity." fha relation betrueen thesg ob-jootivoe and tha aotual prograna of the Corps ie indoed obscure

30. It ts eignlfiaaat to note also tirat ln no other couqtry whichhad slviLian dofense organiratlons, and this lncludea Gernan3r and Japanaa rull as Graat Brltain and Russi.a, did'bhe progranr include any sueh

7

COtrFIDE}ITIAL

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activitles. AIl of these oourtriss very properly conflrpd aLL oftlmir time and €aors' Bnd ugod alr avaiiaire porsoruror di.recti.y oaprotoctivo aotiuitioa .

51' Ilolvcver, sinco Vohmteer Partic!.patiop rlag atrnclfically pre-scrlbod in the Exscutive order setting up lrrc Office oi. ciritian Defenseand slacc it ms a,ade eoegrral dtii Civilien protgction, nsntion muatbe nada of it in this study. rt wi.ll. serre no ugeful pr.po"" to da.-ecriba the specific actlvities, bui tt ray help to avoid frrture raistakestry poirtlng out eoso of the rnrlnsrable features of the llrogra,ri as & whole.

52- One of the chief critlo{ana which ni$lt be directocl at thelloruntear Participetlon prograra m.a the hi6h aJg.eo to rhloh it dupli-Catcd moro or lesa the rvork of, Federal arrl $tati a5;encloe and of axiat-tng volunteer gioupr. ttith farr -i-f 'ay, exceptloni, uoury p**u of theprog,ram rae already boing coversd by fideral, State, Iooai ir privatoagenoler all of r*ru had tralned pe*raonneL far bctter guallfiei, or thcr*to1s, to hand.Ie auch probl.',',a thar rcrc ths peld and iolunteEr poreoruralaveilablo to the effice of Civillan Dsfeasa. Ev6n ae oarly ae nino nont|.gaftor the off,lce ob-ei"tllaa DsfeaBe xas *ir.t"a, ltg first Diroc.tor,Iionorablc F. II. .LaGuerdla, recogntsad thla *d."". In his leport d,at*dl0-Pebruary 19{2, coverlng ths iirat aight months of tho Office of ClviltarrDofenre, he oaya: EA sound theory of goicrwrsnt auggests that periroar:cnta5enclea of govarnmont ehould take *vir lnoreaacd acttvities ciuead \.-an otlorgency in tho rolatcd fields of thair req>ectivc actiniiies * r *o!{ogt of the actlrities nor caaterod ln the voluiteer participatlon DLvi-sl'on.: * *^ni5ht rel1 have beoa, an! pelhaBe errcntually wlll have to be,tra,nsfa*ad to existlng portraaeDt divistoui of governnant. This wouldlsave the protective activittes of ciyiltan definae ulrsre thesr b61en, -in a-reparato egenay of gorernment-cloeely tiod iu xtth the mifitary-andnarral forcoe a"nd cooperati4g rith locar nuniclpar governrontg*,r

35- Anothsr gerloug objection ras that, at tho tirre rvlen therelE,s a distrcgelng shortage of both aalarlod ind volrmteer rorkers lnall fields of rar activities, th€ Vohntcor particlpatlon Dlvisiin

-

ualrtaiued ggdd gizod paid staffs la vrrloue hsadqr.rartera, and itcruitsd for itg voluatoer aotlvitioE rr&ry p€rsoaa -rrro xlere greatry

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ro-nseded by other grouPs end who rrpro a8 rifl qualifled to be air raidrardene, nurBoE aides, drivers, rx6sEons,ers, coatror canter workera, aEthay rere to do tha work arirlgnod tirem ln acbivitios fer 1egg asso"tiof .

54. Huch of tho criticism whieh wa! directed tomard the 0ffico ofcivlltaa Defenecr.partlcularly i1 lts earry daya, ras dua to ths prograngend pereonnal rtrlch rere inoluded in the Votuntcor partlcipatiol Dlvlsloa.It les tadaad unfortr.mate tbat aa rgsuc1r rlth tho r'afortani protectivcrork rhl,ch tbc Offico of Civlll,rrn Oeeealr had to do and rlth the euomousl."I- of treintn8, la a brlof tlae, Ilterally nilllons of vo1rg:teer pro-tactlne rorkere, ahould hevo had to coateadEt tho se.,B tlme rrlth thenillstotr€ rrhlch yoluntcer Fartlclpatlon provcd to bc.

ICfiqFIDIITIIAL

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35o ,Ionathaa Danlors, for sotra months Aeslgtarrt Dlrector, 0ffloe ofCivl1la.n Defense, and ltr cbarge of YoLurtaer Partlclpationn in wrltlngabout sorre of his experieneeg ln Weshington in The Saturdey Erenlng post,S0 !,ferch 1946, har thig to eay ebout hie sojornln that office, tfttU--otrt ths axpreaeloa of urdue prtde, I think I oan say that I partieitrratedln bureeucracy ln ite aost difficult forra ia the 0ffies of Civiliar Dc-fotrae. * * tt * I how that in the ohaoa vtdch grcr rtren no bosrba fells Irvaa luoly to get out of OCD'"

VI. E\IALUAfIOI

56o There lE :ro latentlon or doairo in thLs ctudy to gtvo th€ tepreaslon that the Offloe of Clvillan Defena€ ra8 hopeleesly inoffloieataad sseoplotel.y inedequateo .Suoh an lmpreaaLon rotrld be both rarfair anduntrugo lho purpoeo of thc study ie'to provido ratorlaL for the dovalop-nart of a PIED for ,olvillan defense rhLch rlll bc roradly conceLtred andprotected agatnst e\ora of the pasto If lt appoars that more cmphaslalr lald on miatakoao rt la sorcly ln the'hope that they nay serre tofooug attentioa oa Dar conccpta and procedurea rharc thay aro rcgrrlredo

3?o Daapito a few ehortoomings, the fact ronaine thAt ci:rtLlan de-fonso atands out as probably the greataat cxamplc of nase nobi.liaatlon,organlaatloa, and tralalng ever undorbakca voluntarLly by citlsens of adorocratlc natloao Furthornoreu tho rhola Ldoa *as so nos end ao r,atrledthat la cvcrtrr oountry rhcrc olvlllan dcfenao raa ret rp, the oparatlngpollcy rea of noocaalty illL]-gsasoned rlth trlal and crror" Ta be auie,much of value wag Isarned from tho exporienoea of Great Britain, but therelBre 8o nary ttnes Etloa cordltions ?nre far fton ldontlcal that It eoonbseariir:evldeat that ary opectfic aolqtlon to a problem Ln England dldDot ry e{r rtsanB a8aure that thc sa$e goLution rould trs the beet ona for

38o Probably the nost outatardtug aooonpltahnont of civllian defeneorns tho tromendcus unifylrrg lnfluence rrhioh lt creatsd at a tirae rrhen .

that tuiflcatLoa wag of vart lryorianoao Durlng the flrat eix months oftho exlatcnco of thc Offiae of Clvillsn Defenscn tt falled to eapture thclnagtnation of the peoplo a, a rhol.c, cteeped ae thcy rere in roluctanceto rocognlso thc oacoming rugh.of waro But once thc r:ation sas comltted,olvllian dafenas offcrod tha opportilnity for llterally nilllcne of oitl-zeas nho rere not ln tha atmed forcts to take an. active and usef,ul partln tho nationd def,eaao prograltro Iho a:rtsnt to rhloh they sreloorootl andobraood that opportunity ie lndioated by tha fact that betwean Sl hoen-bcr 1941 and 5I Ja:ruar1' l942a the ourber of voluntsera enrolLed. In oiviL-ian dofenso eotlvltlos inorsraed by uearly tno nLllloa"

S9o Mcatloa hsc booa r.radc of tho fact that narJr couriunitles atartedthclr orn'olvlllan dafooso prograns gome tluro beforc Pearl llarbor ard afcr cven boforc tho'creetlon of tho Offioe of Civll1an Defonseo llatur*l1y

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thcy worc foroed to lory vory largcly oa thetr oiln roBouroee for pla4send tralnllg materlaleo Thc 0ffloe of Ctvfllan Dafcnae xa'B of greatEsglrtenoe !s state end local corrrrci.Iso ftc aouroc of reliable,anc up-to-dato lnforustlou about alr rald protcction and techntquo were fartnoro auglorous and far bettei thEn ar5r State or local council couid bom-nantd" Ita production of tralnlng:aanuala standardlzed ths nany differentthaorlee and procedurcs which wcre being hetd and taught._ And'throughthe exlsteacs lrf a $at1onal Iloadquartere of ctvllian defonse, State andlooal oounrclla eould foel ths,t thsy had tho presti6e, if not the author-ltye of tba Fedoral Goverrnent back of thar.o

{Oo One of tho 6reat trandicaps under whlch the,StatE anC loca} coul-olls hed to rprk trag the lack of suffioieat and gualified lnstructors totraia the hundradg of rrolrrrtsera rrho auddenly offered thelr cervicea aud'clamrad for lnfortatlon on nhat to do and tri:r to do lto Thc Red Crooe,of oorrrae, had baea glvtng Elrst Aid lnstruction for nany nontha and thcChamiaa1 l7arfrrc SchooL et Edgewood ;l.rgcnal atarted lta flrgt carirge forcivillen defonse workora in Jt.rne I94L,. Hormvoru thls courae rraa confinedakaogt eatlroly lo porconnel of rarinicipal pollco and flrc departnents.Thers ilero no echoolg and no goneralry orgarrlaed tralnlng progre.r'c ortraining opportunitleg for air raid werdeag and otheru who oonetitutodtho groat bulk of the civllian defenso organlzatlono ileithsr was thereany'greet aLrpply of instructors avairablo to the averaga conmtmity+

{Io Thc prcparatloa and dlstributlon of trsinlng mrnualrs r*,rflo ttpolalblo for looal oounolls to place then in the hands of, tcach,sls andothera haviug tho nocsceery qrre,llfloetlous to lnrtructo Lster onn thelnruguratl.oa of the Clvtl,laa Protostloa Schoolc tn tho oollegeo aidedloca1 coutolls greatlyo Reprcaentatlnco rsrs sent to tako these souro€srho, ln turn, oame back to thclr homc comnuntrtics prepared to instructl,n cona of the more tsahnlqal phaaes of the progran end rith er rnrch battaro"rer-411 pfitr.rc of the operation of clvilian aifense at the lcca1 lcvelo

12o liluoh of thc early trainlng of roomberg of tha protectlve ssrrrlcsshad to be based on Brltlsh experience" Appltcatlon of eoro cf the tech-nlquoe which met with succags i.a that cor.urtry sh.orad then to ba tn*dequateor itraPpropriate for the rsede of thie onso {iith constant roeo*rch andoxlnrirentatiou, nex and bctter toohniques rure developcd by ti:e liatlonalIloadquartorso trlora tlran oace the Office of Civilian Defense r.rr,x placedlu the erilbarrasslng positioa of havlng to ieverse ita orm teachinge and,of corrga, thoro changoo called forth aonaid.srable criticlexro ?o thccradlt of ths 0ffioa of Civllian Defenro lot it b€ raid that lt r.afuscdto ba dtrtwbed by thto oubarragrmeat and ooatiarrd for nany moat;hs itceffortg to lmprove protective nothoda and tcchnlquoro

*so h the other sido of the ledger 1r tho fact that fron ita vcryinoegtLon, tlre 0fflcc of Civillan Defense cuffercd tro serloue irandioaptoFlnt, ree thc abaonco of aay legal authority and., leoond, tiro incluaionof thc llolunteer Partloipatlon coroaittae aad the progra,n rhich itdsmlopodo lfary of tho othcr rsahesses rhloh gave ground for criticismp

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rnd rtdch caused tho 0ffioo of Ctvillan Dcfonse to loac publ'lc confidenceat a tilrc rhcn lt was most lmportant that it choutd eaJoy euch confidenoeenry bo traced-mor€ or leag dlrcctly to one of thoac tro hsndteaps?

4ilo Re;poaslbiltty wlthout euthortt3r: tnpvttably creates an anonalougeltlratlon and sitlsfactory rcaults ara difficul.t to tchioveo -?he absenooof author!.ty reaulted tn glaclng a Federal agon€y vcry muoh at thc meroyof tha stateso llro laGuardla, la hta roport, comcnts on that eituetionla thcea rordr; trtfhtle thc Presldsntiel order put the reeponsibili.ty ontho Offtcc of Clvlltan Defense to care for and coordlnate tho lmpact'ontho alvllian population of the rtatos and mrrnLclpalltlacr'no legal. author-Ity uaa girren to the Office to briug this aboute othsr than by peieuasivoueireurec. lsst of tlre otatcs recognlaed tliolr fuIl .reaponsibili-ty andkept pace rtth ths progra.ui devbloped by the Offlce of Civiliarr DofanscoSone" aot ftrfly conscious of the *eceealty for a firll davslopmont cf thoproEf,an, atood on the prerogatlvea of $tatoe Bi6hta and a for doclinod totraned.t ths offioial pamphlste to thelr voluntoers or to oarrir out thetraining program urged b5t the Offloe of livlllan hfonseorf It is truathet ia t{-e. most of thlg roEistanca broice dova, but the bi6 rtlek rr}rlchnust accornpsny ttre soft volce sas 'concp!:uouoly lacklog tit tfunos whsn itwaa most needed"

46. the obllgatlon placed upon the Offiqc of Civiltaa Dafenso toospouso cauEaa ln nc vray rolated to lts priuarlr fuactlosa, was in naqr;ay! en cvaa grcater handicap becausa it waa a aituetion uhioh stcadilygrcs yor3ro the ruletakaa aird revaraalc phlch rqr.c lnevltablc i.n theoarly phaacs of the'Protection Prog,rart rirrc underrtandabls and forglvablo"lhogc in the Tohurteor Partioipattroa Divislon rerc note bocauso thoy rv6lspot nriatskee but dellbcnte actlvltiee rririoh aroatod conatantly 6ro*lngotuplclon ud itlatrust ar to the rctlvao yhioh pronpted thce"

46o leetly la th€ feot that tho nilltary aad otvllian defensos ofthe coratry are tro entlrely differont functloar, but thoy muat bo closelylntegratcd and thc flclds of reaponsibllity urd.arrthorit3r olearly doflnodoStatarrrd].ooa1oivt11errdcfensoofftcia]'gcennotbcbIaradifattimasth*y bcoamo a blt confugod aa to tholr rclatiors, par-blou1arly uith thcntlitaqr rutborltlaro If thoy had blaokout or dluout problcms they had togo to tho Scrvloo or Dcfcnae Command with thcn. If thcy mnted to havapracti.oo blaokouts or dlmouts prlor to tho fa1l of 1945e arrangensnte hadto clear both th€ Scrvico Coumand rnd l;he A1r !'orcoc. If they raq'lircd.trainlng or organtzatlon aasistance" thcy turnad to the Arry officors

.'statioiled at and rcrldng rarder the Ciriillaa Defensc Regional Ileadquartors.the ef,forts of oivillaa dcfense offibi.aig could hava been nade nuchelupler a:ad morc cffective if aII of J;helr rclatlons rtth the Arny couldhavo boan Etth oae slngle .heaCquartorr:o

11

colrrrpqilTlAt

ri#*:-:.:

TIr" COilCIJlSIolE

47" fftila tha offico of Clylllan Dcfcr!8€e a8 it rraa orEaniz€d end

furstlomd ln YTorld Var If, hd numcrous handlcaps end ahortcominge, end

,f,fiu, happlLy., no oicagLon rrolc to teat the effcotlvenesa of tlp civil-lrn protoiifOi orgrrriretlons rDd egulpnent, there osn bc no doubt thatthe Lagtc concept 1g rotrndo fho eipeilenoe of natlons, both alli-ed and

cnBEJr, rhtch 6-ra cubjcoted to slr ittaots and rhioh had wclL-organizedotrnliod and cqutppcd ilr rtld protcctioa abrvlcos, aply provod thelrvrlueo thctr xor16 out dcrrn verry strbataatirlly loes of life and ciarnaSo topopcrty, Enen rcre, ttrc unlty of purpoeo thloh drot thcse workors to-logirer in thc ooluton dcfonaoe rrcat far- to birild up and to atron6then thciadto',ar moralc ud thc rplrtt of dotermination rhloh thc cnauy rras trylngro dcalnretclY to dcstroY;

t8" TEth tha ncr oouccptr of rarB f,ith thc probabfLfty that anyfgturc trr rrlll. oonnsnoc rttlr lightnlng suddsnncas, and rrtth the r{}&8otl-

eblc rcauf,anoc thet tho ftrst blor will bo struck at thc &ritcd Statos,r rall.trrlncd and wpll-equippcd sivil!-an organlzaticn, prcparo<l ta pro-toct civllian ltfo and propeily, aust bc an intcgf-al Part-of a.nationalprogrsrt of prcparadness--proparednces not for war- but agalnat lt"

49. Thoao oomtuities of thia country whiche during war, suffercddlsastcrs ln no Iay comoctad rith the rraru dlsoovercd the great valuaof havtng organlzci 6roups at hand, trainad to rondsr cffeotivo and mrrch

needed efeistaroo to thc regularly conetituted egauclol at such tinegoBoeton and fiartford, for axerrplea, w111 nevcr forget.=t&s tlmely aidi""a"""a by atr raid rrardonBr-nurrca aidoe, doatoras-arailiary fireacaancl othcri at the ti'ne of thsir C.ocoanut Grova and slroul tcnt ftreg"Practloally crrury hoapital ln thc oorrrtry haa anpfc r€aton !o b gratr-fuI to voluntaei o,r"ai" aidca rho gava a m,rch rpcd€d trand vhcn nurslngrtlrffa hed bcen deplcted. by tho dcmanda of thc arned forocs"

6Oo Bgb if clvilian defenae ie worth havlng, it nust-bc raestabllshodon.r tound bratg and must fuactlon rrnder oapabla and rigld controloFurthcruorcs lt must concsntreto all of ftr rtrcngth rnd rctivities on

thc objcotlvos for trhioh lt ls iatondedo lt-nr.rat gtndiously avoid belogdlrcrtcd luto unrclated proJceta, no mrttcr hor rorttSr they n1y be lathsnselvese but rhich by-no-roaaonabls stretch of tho inaSlnatlon sculdbc onrldcrod g havini autrr ucrit rrhat€vcr ln terpr of clrllirn def,onago

51o ff thcrc \YPothcacadcfcanc orgarrlz*tloa rnuat

arc tor:nd, lt foll'of,l that argr oivil"laa

to Dc adrninletored ty an rggncy rnd by lndlvlduals lrho 16i}ILntplrc p'.rUffo oonfidoacc la thc nccceeity f9r e alviltan dcfonea organl-zetion "in ftt thc roundacct and good falth of ltr pollolca end prograon

bo Savc clcarly dcfincd responstbiliticae obJoctives.and limlte'11ojg*.bh3 lact to prevlnt prosaure for the lnolualon-of artrffi'aE--Ef[Titlee,

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oo Dc ubdcr the control aud dtrectloa of that dcpartnont of thegovermeut r}lich is prlnarill' q6t..rnad rith thc daf,ensc oi tho countrJragainat ereqi' action, so that civilian protoctlou activities may boeffectLwly coordinated nith nilitary activitlesl

do Be oonatituted rith atrthorLty rhictr rr!11 reach dornr to tholormr levels of the organization with ao intervantag or corpotlng author-ity'

co llavrr kcy pereonnel at nAtlonels regl.ouel end etato Lewls,thoroughly qualifled to plan and dj.reot rrpld noblllsg.tioa, organlzatlonend trainlng rhsn6'and if, a situu,tion arl.car ntrLch rcqulrce or threstcnato ragulrs such actlotrt

f o llrvc unlform orgq,nl aetioa rud trainiBg pro6rrns for oaehcolrelonn but wlth gufflciant flexibil.ity to pcra,it rceaourble nrodifl.cirtio-to maet locrl conditione, end

go 'Bo authorizcd to roqulro rad to accept tho cooBeration ofothcr epproprleto fod.aral egenclea es ty€ll ac "qtata end munl,cigl*i 6ovorn-mcntgc

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(nGA}IIZATIOII ATitD PENFMSSNCE OT THE ST&TE GUAAD

III TI{E I,IITTD STATES DIIRI}IG IIMID ITAR II

1. A firndaarental concept of Anerioan govemrnent slnce lts be-d.nnlng ras ths reaognitton of the r'lght of each State to have rO}[-tary foroos of its ornr--to peraLt eaeh State the prerogatl"e of ertyBorr€rcl.gn to havr at its lmspdtate and excluslve dlsposal troopB toenforce soeurLty rElthln lts orn borders. -Tbte rtght ras Lncorporeiedlnto tbe Constltution of the Uniteil States ln the seeond Anendment,,rhlch provldea: ilA leLl regulated mlIltla, belng neeessar1y to theeectrlty of a freo State, the rlght of the peqple to keep and bear8rtrts; sha1l not be LnflrLnged.tr

. - 2. l{eceoaaqtly, the use of tbo trnllLtian of a State ls conflnetlto its mn tsrrLtory, an essential factor ln the prese::vatloa of thesoverelgnty of the neLghborlng Stetee. And, equally necessaralyr thefederal goverrment, as the supreae sovereign rlthln the scope of ltsconstitutlonal powera, uust have the po;er to regulate t'he State forces'and, Ln tlnes.of natlonal emergency, to cal} t'he ullLtary forces of theStatcs lnto the sgrrrleo of the United Statee. These coneideratlons an:etha basta for the ltatlohal Gualrcl, and the etatutory and other nogtrlatlonsrhLch provlde for tbelr nfederall.zatlonil as a vltal. par{ of the arnedforees of the United States in tlme of natlonal onergency"

3. In tlaes of peace, the l{atlona1 Gua.rrl, or State d-11t1.a, ls,as tb€ Constltutlon lndleatos, nnecoosary to the secr:r!.t3fl of the State.It ls obrrl.ous that rhen the !&atl.oaa1 &rard ls taken flom the StEte forfadsral ser:vlce, ln tlne of war, the $tate loses an lmportant part ofits secur{.tr fo1e1

lr. Urllcr these clreumstancee, in. recognttton of, the fact that tbedemands of the nation have lefb the .9tate rsith nothl-ng but lts ctvlllanpolJ.ca to asgure lts sobr:rlty, and in necognLtlon of the provi.slons ofthe Constltutlon, the Congrcss.has cononnly grented the States the rlghtto'natntaln troops to take the plaee of the federatlsed $atlonal Guard.Thla ras doae ln Horld'Sar I and, aga5.n, ln Sorld Wa.r II, in the latterc&Boe thc neccssary leglslatJ.on belng lncorporated in Seetlon 61 of thetatlonal Defenge Act by approprtate eapndment, effectlve 21 October 19/*0.'fhs follo'nfu€ lnportant features of the enablLng legislation are rortlryof partlcular nots

E. fhe foroatlon"of a Stato Guefit by any $tate uas not con-pulagqy; ln enery lnstance, the gLze of the State Guard and whether ltrould ba organLged rerie conpletely dlscr..etionary. Four Statei--ArLzona,l$evada, llontana and Oklatroma--chose to hape no State Guanr:lg.

CONrtDEMIAL

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' b. State Guarrls could not be caIled, ordered or in EaJr nannerdraficd as Bucb Lnto the lrd-IJ.furiy eervicei of the llnlted States.

5. l{atl.oaal Gnrard rnlts begaa to be federaltzed ln Septenber LgtC tand the last unlt ras taken over ln October 19/+1, Fer States had en-8ct€d thc aecesgary leglslattor to autbor'lze State C'uard unlts, and rhenthls ras acconplJ.sbed there rag f\tAher delay tn recnrltlng, eqdpplngard tratnlng. It 1111 be notad 'bhat the r:eerulttng and eqrrlpplng ofStata Ouard unlts sas corducted at a tlue rhen evury able-bodled nanras prepar{ng for lnduction under selectlve qervlce or tas lelng ab-sorbed lnto vttal ;ar lnduetrLea. Thle coatrtbrrted to a great loeE oftlno. It ts egtlmatcd that at least 18 noathe alapsed afber federalLza-tloa of the l{atlonaI &prd befors any State had recnrlted and tralnsda $tate Guanl organlzatlon able to perform the slenentary securlty mLe-plon for rhlch it ras created. In naay lnstancaso the perlod was closerto tro y€ara. EquS"pneat of State Ouarrdg uas ne"Er adequate.

6. Harrprer pnoblens nade {t entremely dlfflcult to procnre suf-flclaat foreos. Fqul.pment flom the federal autho'r{.tles was a.lnost non-edatent, ard, untLl the neede of the arned forces xore net, eonststedof obeolete or re-elafunad neterLel of .no'use to the mllltary. 0fflcersrar6 equalty hard to f[nd.. Tralnlng ras runder dlfflcult conditlona and,because of the heaql turnover of personnel (oft6n more than 1006 eachyear) was eporadlg ind rrsually lniffeatlve. Caln appralsal of thecapabllltles of State Guards lndlcatee that, ln the nala, they rereLnadeqrrate for any nlcslon of irnpo,rtance. In the Detroit race rlorts ofthe sumer of Ljl+1, the State Ghrard ras used only to guard the motorpools of the federal troops gent ln to errrb the dlsorder.

?.. State Guards Eare na\rer dLslgned for any other than short dutyof an emergent nadure. Exbended duty ras not praetlcablo, slnce tleofflcers nere ofbon luportqnt erreeutr.vee and the men valuable rorterstn pr lndustry, who eorrld not be spared for e>Sended per{oda. Theori.glna1 conceptton of the nlEsion of State Guazdsl rchen these Stated.tl.tary forccs were flrst formed, lno}:ded only the uEt:al peace-tinearnergency dut!.ce of the ilatlonal Gusrd. Upon the outbreak of rar on? Daeenrber 1941, the f,ar Depar-bnent called upon the go\rernors.of th6Statoa to usb thetr Stato fLrces for contlnuous guardlqg of rdtalfactlLtLes agallrst sabotage. Thls contlardug rolssloa they rere urableto perforn;1th any aprprecLable degree of effectlrrcnese due to the.personnel dlffLcultlea arrd lnadequacies deeer{bed above. By memorandunIlon lhe Provoet liershal General to MaJor ('eneral John P..Snlth, Chlef,of Adnfids+"r8tive Servlces, fl1e EEG PlilG 323"8, subJect: tlExpanstonof lllsgion of State Grrarrts to Inclrde Assistance to Federal For.ces lnDefenae Agalnst fnnaslonrn dited 12 Harch L9t&t. the Lncluslon of aoonbat f\actlon, ag au:dllarles to the fleld forees, ln the ud.sslon ofthc State Guard, nas urged by The Pronoet llarshal General'as belng nostdesLrable, bacause, anoagat other reasons, 1t would serye:

o. To remove the atigna of ttre antl-st'r{-ke ctraracter which

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ras attechod to the State nllLtar1r fsrcee upon thelr lncoptlor,

b. fo broadea the popular eupport of such forcest

;. . To relcase flteld foreee Ilon stat!-c Jobe, slniLar toIlone &Iafifls in eghndo rho servBd as amunltlon handlers arid loadersfor antl.iatrcra{t and coaEt arttllery grms, ard

. d. To affonl ths Iqar Departtneat batter controL of sone ofthe eporadlc aovenente to fom prlvate asrteg.

Thle rccomelldatlon ras adopted by the triar Deparbnent Ln the forr- ofa lctter l}sn the ldJrrtant General, fl1e AG 32L,5L {t.-lO-p)U0-,SP-U,subJcct: nlJileslone, Tratnlngr and &p1o5meat of $tate Guardsrn dated30 Aprl1 L9l&t par{lcuJarly paragraph 5y whlch reads:

nEnplo:rment, 1n Cooperatlon wlth Fcderal Hes.State Ouards shsll not be called, ordorod or tn aalr manner

drafbsd aE such lnto the nilltary servtces of the Unfted Statea.ilercrtheless, Ln the eyent of e:<trere €nergency such as threatenadLnvasl.on or dLeaster, tauaed by hostlle ac{5.on, lt can be assurredthat pactlcal aontrol nay and wllJ. be exerclged over these forcesthrough vohmtarllr and rholehearted cooperatlon. .In order to pre-pare Eor for Jr:st such errentualltJ.es and ln o:der that State&rards may be lnc}rded as an lntegral part of any plans rElatlvethercto, Corpe Area Comianders n111 contaat the goveraor of eaehof the states la thelr respocttve Corpa Areas requostlng thatState Ouards be asslgned Lmiaslm olcooperatlng *lth ippropr{.ateFederal nllttary authorc.tlss Ln the event- of extreme emergeacy.Ia thE accomp'llshrrent of cooperattve ulssloas, tt ls not ion-tenplatcd that State Guarrle rl1L ba elther erployed outslde tbebourdarleg of thelr reapective states or com"nded W Federalnr]ltary suthorltles but, rather, that they rlrl rmdertake and '

carry out such nloslons as may have besn prevlously pllm'ed bymrtral agreement or rhl.ch they nray be requested to urdertakeat e crltLcal atouerrt.n

The uost recent regulations upon the subJeet, AB 85o-z5cr 21 sopternber19,&5 (RegtrLatloas ior State Guardg), lncirporate these prov!.sLons tnpar. 6 (trErployrent 1n cooperatloa rlth Federrl Forces. - a. Asstgn-nent of UlEatoiren).

8. The reaknesses of the state eilard, corrprl.sing L?Lrzw nenbersat tts pealr ln July L9lr3, rhen compared wlih the grea{'bodi of cltlzenrygl8antzed lnto the Hone Grrard of Great Bri.taln, nrtmberlng 117001000 by

-

the d.ddlo of Novenber L9l+ot bebome aparent aimost at onee. rirst:+,urHke tha Hone Guard, rhLch rag a part of the erom forces, statecnurds rene Eet up to !e and are stghg nlutary organlzatlone, a ILni-tstlon and a rcalcaesg (t>on tha point-of vler br unrty) shloh naturally.aprlng lloa the Anerl.can slrsten of dual soverei.gnty, and {bon the

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constitutloaal conccptlo outlJ.ned ln ixr. 1 above, that reeognl.zosthe rlght of each State, ermn ln tixro of rar, to have troorpa of 1tsom, for domestlc use, if Lt Eo daatras. Tbe Statee have nover teqnorderod rtat to do or bor.to do lt by tbe Federal forces, ln keaplqgrlth the rell-elnnclaietl pz{.nclp1e thet nthe $tate mtl1tar1r'foree(Statg gua:d) contenplated by thaqe reguLgtlong, orgsnlred.urder theprovlcloao of ths foregolng atatutory author{ty and of the constltutlrmand lars of the State eoaeermed, le oolsJy a State ailltary orgardzati.oa.It ts not snbJeet to cal1, order, or draft, as such force, into thenlllf,ary se:rrlcE of the Unitoa $tates; nor le lt subJect to Sederalregulatlon sr o'oatrol other tbaa ae provlded expresslyr or bY reaoouabL'.lryl.lcatlonr.bf the statute abova quotedtr (par. 3.ar ln 85O'25A). InGraat Brttalrl, the Eone Guaril uas aB nucb a part of the Arury as theGrensdler Grrarilsl dlrectly uder the central government, rrlthout tbetntarpoeitl.on of State arrthor{.ty and agencles as conflsrted State Guarrdsh thl lhltsd Statea. secoadly, the Hona Cuarril, a strateglaally etatlatrnnlfe.n forco, eqrr:lpped and orgaalzed to flght In rrcr? enall noblle rmltsat geograpH.caAly UoLt€d ard asslgned actlon statlons agalnet eneulFmtor{.zed and parachrrte detaclments, ras so eoncelved and deolgned aato eonetltrrta aa effl.clent yital arn of the total defenee of a courtry;rhlle State Guatlt, eanE faderallzatloa, varied greatly la all eseentlalsas bettsen Statee and lacked a rrnlty of.tralntngr ccunand, or control,ercspt rhat could be aranged on a pereonaL basts by the varlsus $er-vlca Coruranders. These weakneeses, tn addS.tlor, to nany othere, wercpolgnartly emphaelzed by HaJor Geaeral Sherman lltles, Cormrandtng Ceneralof tbe tl.rat Serviee Comtard, ln hls lpurorandun nProPoeed Pemanent0rgpnlzatton for Interrral Seiurttyrtr 27 Decenbet Lgt-3 (See lnclosrre).Slace the Elrst Serclco Corurand collaborated trtth State Guarrtls to agreater degree than atry othe Serrrlco Comraudr es'babllshed the tLrsttralalag schools, irote the plan try whlch Stote Gr:ards could operateln eoordtnatlon rlth and rader the dlreetlon of the Sederal troops andheld a loag serlee of naneurrers, the rrenorandun contaLns dlscusslon srrdcvalrratlani Uas"d upoa consldarable e:cperJ.eaco and nature ref,lectton.Orc of tbs rsqlrnesaeg CI€nera3- Sl1ea poLated out ras thatl nl dangerouspgrtd of tLme el"apsed bEforo State Ouarrgs becane avalLable. It wastro aronthg after lhe calltng out of the l{atlonel Guard before CongressarrthsrLzed tha ritates to ralss State. Guarda . . . Another consldErablericlay occurrcd before the States, on thelr lndlvldr.rel lnltlatlne, ob-talaed Gr.rsrds of any consequeuce.n Tho An'arlcan i.dea made for locallza-tton, dlscnepancLee, epeciaL pressrrreel lnefflclenc r and vastage of nan-porar. n0nly b3r constant effort eould ayen thetr enUsted strength beroatntaLned at an affectlve f!.gurai the turnover ras eo great as to renderprrogresslne tratrdng lmposslbla. the re$rlt, afler tm years of var,has beenr corglooerailon of forty-odd tndcpendent nlnor forces, vary de-tlclent ln eqrrlparent ard tralnlng, nhoLly r:niler State eontrol, ard dlf-ferl.ag tn orgprrlzatLoa so r:adlcally "s to render lmprobable anSr effectivetactloal dlrsctlon b3r Faderal autbor{.ty ln the evcat of a ger{.oult €tror-gency.n fbe nsakneages of State GuarttE so dedslvely outbalenoe thelrdcuonstrated rcal rorth as to.make thelr coutrlbutlon lroblenattcal asto rbat they rould harr besn able to accoupLlsh hed the contlnerrtalUnttcd Statee teen attacked. Tlrsy rould be eqr:ally ineffectlve.today.

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9. Btrally, lt gharld here bc potutcd ourt that State Gtra,rdap 1nacootdance ritb thc provlalona of sectloa 61, I{atlorraL Defenee,Aci,go o'db of e>drtsnce qpoa t}re explrrtl.on of d.x noaths after tUi teiutm-tlm of the present trar, or at eucb earlier tl-re ae the Coagrces by cou-ete€mt lesohrtJ.o:lr or the PreaLdent by proclaratlon, nay d-ailgnatrr.-nbLle Sectlon 111 of the Act povldes that follod.ng'a ped,od of feieralsarrlce, arl lryllvlduals and untte of the l{ailonal Ouard rortrt to thelrStatoe.

IO. Coachgloas3

a,. Upon a natlonnL elnsrgencJr, the Satlonal Guard d.It b6lrdtrctod tnto tha ntl.ltary serrrlce of the federal gorrerrrent antl,hcuoe, 111L uob be avaLlable aa a unlt for contlauous ctvll defcnssactlvttles.

b. The State eusd cannot ba tralneci as a unlt du{.ng peace-tlEs, because lt hqs ao e:dstenco aa snch drrtng thls pertod.

G. Steps shouLd be taken aot mly to perait forutloa ofStat€ qrard ualts lnredtatelv rrpoa tha. fderallzatlon of ltatd.onal Ouadforceorbut to coapel all $tates to orgardze Eirch rurlts--by coastttutionalanendnent, Lf neeegsary.

d, gteps ahould be taken to asgure that each State have a cadrEof trral.ned oftlcirs t'trl non-cod.ssloned offlcerr--tnmedtately ""*f:rtfito traln State Grrad unlte ln the accoopllohnent of tbt prlira4T se-cur{.ty rd.satr"on. sueh cadres rlgbt be part of the Hatlonal &rard; h$eo organlaal th&t they are not tia,ken luto fcderal senrlce because of

.a{Icr phyalcal condttlon or otbsrrl-ge..

G. Stops Ehould be taken rlthin tha frar Departnrmt to 1nord.de,arong the etrypllos evallable for use Ln an emrgpacy, sorrnd and adquatecgd.paent for State erarrll unlte.

f. Stcps should be taka to pnolrlde Eaaporer for State &rardegad.zatlons. such personneL Eight be supplled ftm the leaa plyslcaugguilJ.flcd mm called tbror:gh eeleotive eelrice, or be nade a ooidittou

g. Tha lLnltattone of State Ouardg ahouLd be r.eeogrrlzd aordthe d.eeloa aeaigned to thea coafl.ned to secrrl.ty actlvlttei rlthluthtr lcEp€otlvB states. That tbey rlll not bs able to 1nr-tlelpate inooatlnroua clvil defsrsa acttrrLtlEs se.Bns clear, but'thelr abd.llty toperfm grrard duty afber an attack, to aet aa.arr:dlLarT police, or lnotber ouergeacy capacltLeal ohanld be recognlzed.

L Im1Imredun, nP-notrroecd Perraneat-&ganlzatlon for Irtcrrtal SecurLtyril -

by fal. Cr€a. Sherman Xl1es j

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tnm@ PEsuAnErr (nG$EZlrIGI m llffiltAt Smmrtf

ht of thr eJbr Isaams of iorLd lbrr iI hss beia thq {erastatlagrtfaet of grlfi, aurpr{ea attaoke ln the t?af of, clgadt€d defEmseg.Iary of tbssc attacll f,€nre Bucoeesfifl, botb tn tbe largar Bc9p9 of la-vedlig .sd.cg rrri lu the lLultad obJectl.wa of, couardo,or alrbornel'rildt. ?Ile ultsloo ,", ths sattri - Ifer-rrytlq of tbe corplJ.cated Ln-. '

tcaal ayrtaas lndrrstrLal ant po}ltncel, or sldch the ramalcLng poxerof ldc;i nd'l.;as 6o1rtds. lay lnterrptlm of tlu eneoyts prodrrctlwoapad.ty, o;r' dlacganlzatLoa of hls tranoportatlo andl oonurtmlcetl'onslanf acJiaUiatton of f$" polttloal atnrctue or ble odvllLaa populat!.oncuta lnto ld's rar cffort or h1e rl.Ll to rla. f}la ls the mllttarlf phaseof the attaoh-on-the-rearr as differentiatcd flou brrt aryplerentery tothl flychologl.oal and polLttoal phaaea. It ts bssod on reakenfutg tloenrmf by errery p6sdb$ means t It has reaolred. a hlgh etats of demlry-pcat. It ts app15.cab1e to ralds as ralL.as to lavaslor1g'in f'srce'

Dlcnptlo of the anenryr a ndlJ.tary noblll.ratlon on the artbneskof rar ta an old strategle concapt. DlanrgtLon ol trls lndustr{.al srobl-llratloa ad lda golltlcal stabiJlty ls the rnodera csncod"tant of total!18!o

Ttre d.1ttar5r attack-Gt-the-Dear delleruls on apeed and suryrr{.se. fleuust es3rrc that, 1n the Ilght of prredlotable dewLopuents- ln the me-

obaatcal matra to achlew bltU epeed and srrrp:d,oe (alrcraft, hrotolrrld.olsa; agburr{.iea, radlo coonrnloation, eto.), tre odds. ln favor ofruoocolt\tl attaoks-oa-fJ39-t681 should p,:rogreaEltu\r lncneasa.

Thc pLanta and facllLtles rhlch nake orr comtrT etrong lndnstr{aIIyars vraLnarablc ad relrureratlve obJecti,ves for attacke-an-the-rear. OsrhctcrogAcor poprrlatloa laIr re1l afford the ea1eqy effacttve suppgrt -*ou f{*l-co1i&1atg. Orr-denocratlo for:u of got€trnsttt ls pecullar}ytqaelttvu to olvlll.aa deusrda for eecrrl.ty. The oooblaatlon Ls otvloue"

Itc rbould not agaiu take the rfukg !e ran h 1941-43, It ls lntsr-estlag to speanlate sn the probable atrates gnployed at the oirtsot of& ral lag€d rg"r!B! us elfire by an €nery Bu,oh as the Garnany or Japanof 1939r-*rong ln the alr, ott- sea agt oa tand, ilth a rel}-lrtegrateduadscqur orgaoiaetloa to parg the my for coamilado landlngsr pars-troo? aotloa md ftfth-cohuur aetlvltles durtng tihe vltally trportantlnltr.Bl phase of the conflJ.ct

It ls aot dtftLcrrlt to rrlsualJze a rell-arnsd and tralned raldtngpartyl torchlng froo sutraarlnss noo!6d lir s'otl6 rtnorts tnlet and euter{,ng

89

COilTIDETlITL

,++" *lf-:-r-:-''ry" --

90

- dvllLra crsl ooBT'raletltly parkd ncer at h.nd by ttfth-cohrmilst oo1-

tri6a6's. $lncc spod ls-cre of the frstora of trhdr Eucc€Bgr tha -_

rsduu ;..1d Bssuri theoselvrBe of hlgtr nobd.Il$r. t9 be,tter rrse colrLd

b. d. of f1&h"co}nurlatg thaa to provfda t&ls- cluple fom. of roblllty'U.tl"S-ft, tb" ral.dsrs couJ.d none rapil.dly lnlaatt to at#ke at rlilelyGfit"i'rfl"f fnet*::attms long 6fgrg aay. fle]d forees, conceat'ratcdfi'trrfung Grry";-"quld bo a1ert5d aod atspatoheA to the scene' Alr orrrt-36,6 iafaeis, plrrs urort6: tranepoutatloa'tror:Ldrd by flftlt'ooltmlata,1r a parfcst aoreinatloa for an attaok-oo-tho-tlctf' '

tor la Xt tryr any Bers traposail.blc for atd.lar uf,ealons to be 96,-d.il gq$ Mild; olnllca tnilrnd, by heacfly slsd rqlttere borae !atr*.DG,i nfama flrfuB a greaB circlep or paetr+f,ne-radar-1blhd!pr;trt, or rftn arfhclalrt-acab+eed flgtrter !ryofi to beat off such

3fordl aa oald haptllt be nobl]l.rad sgafnst tbn.

It ;otLd be rpedLcss f,or the anery to pl.an for ttre returrr of theilfdc;. 0'€ such Elaglonl vel.1 perfoimd, totld aupl,y Juetlfy tbelrlmrradlr -.and a safe prleon carp for.the regt, of the rar.

It 1s frfnarlly at arrd shortly after tho otrttrealt of. rar t,t,lt -

oqg. babltuaily rmpr6pared natLon 1g nost vulaerable, ard- tha!- attaeks*o[-th!-to8r rsu],tl'pay tnefr r{.ahest dlvldande. If I oa tbe other handtqr Atfonstrc qrgairliatl,on ls rsasonably oonpl"cte in peace, the ahancsa

d bstllc cuccalg tn that srttleal pe1.iod riulO te nlnlnlzed.

II. qpR rRovrsloffi r.oR, rltr$Rxat.sEcpRrTr I!| rfirs-TlAB

Bo f,ar 1n tble narl fo have not beern oubJested to attael<s-oa-tbs-1r!ol1., Brrt the anrbJect of trrtorrral eaorrlty ln firtrne f,ars ca$not bg

;*1tcd bt so etapie a gtatonant as that; Se are lgnorqt lotlt of thepoauftU inecults Lf such attacksn hatl they beetr nader aqd of t}4r theyiii-not red,c. fhat orr defenaLllr; D€aaltrea, Euoh es they rerer sanad

* i" higrl{/ q,eatlonabte Ln the ltght of 'm

tardLnesa and dlotaity Inorg*lrf;! Lur d"ftn*". It ts rnore-probatl9 t'!at,.lt"-Sf-preferedtJattacliour flrrlahed rar mnltLoo en route to thc flghtlng-lloatard,hcr tlran to r.ald ths sotrises of our p,raductlons partterrLarly_at--;tI; agalust oru..corrtry lUself rouldt-haw unlted any curreatly die'atilmt clcwnts on a colmtcn front. lls nay harrg oled cone part of otu: \fsrnlty to ornr ora 'att{kca.

. fgafu* attacks-on-the-r3a!'re had llttle potcctlm ln ttrle rar,partffiarjy fn tts early and crltfoal perlod. Qr combat troops rereirrgrly oouieutnted ln the so'uth and aotrtlrlest ln Dccember, 1941r edc'rid iram bem pcoupt'ly geut therc for tralaing bad t}rcy not beeaprwfogry aaUit orrt.

-Thls ln ltgelf left our nore Lndustl{.all.zed;l3ctp ard-thoia of rcet d.pd populatlons lergely uieor n'ed.

cci{FI.*;r:i;?3Al

2COIFTPEilTIAI

:':-r':. -

rlr. DEpUCtIgES

h'tb€bealaqftheforcgolagrtlBfollorlngrorrldaPPosrtober-l64tlCr

1cor{tIDstltIAt

S1

firthlr!'Dce, oor$bat fecgg a:FB uqt of thsnselvca tbs an$ter to ralds;rr'Guitrl"r narnesrlngs. Proupt looa1 reaetLon to srrch ralilsfr r"""*"tlf. Coubat fircoe, cmcofrattng or concentratett tn largst".fnfrg-r#t"*;- g"n.rf$-it"tatrt 11.oa tfu vufnerable lndustr{alg;a;-Cd *erori"i fn fnti*lve tralrrlng fg other {gs{oner -rouldt"-Of llttle-use. Thoy rauld aqrrlvr long after the ralders had ac-

trytLata tbsllt ulas1o. they'rcrrLd tlnd oaly tt8n8.

trm mre the State Ct1gt{E Plue dUta4l polt'ce baita[onar'as*gdli-ilr.t"g thir *", an aitequatc ggruugn to th€ -problou' rnatr]-15A pfaoal a daagcrlue ped;f of tlre elapeed bofce tll3ryr b3-

cm rreLlatls. it .,,i tro nlnttre afte tUe caulng grrt of th3.i*bi@l cruard u*one corgreaa arrthor{.rod the $tataq !9 t*:9 stateirus{".. Ihrdor nq-*f coadltloaso_t&e calltng.out of the l{atloualG.C-rorrfa hE"e-bgen ap,lrqdna61y colnaC'deit rftn t'ba outtreak ofG. "U ttra !.ntrr.vaf o:f tro uoaths tould harc baeu ln.actrrel ser..

Ei#oil"fIei"tte-aetay oo"tr*"a tefore the Ststee; otr t?f"-U-af*aGf fr{Uatlves, .obtilned OuardE of any conaogusnc€. $1$ffrili;3-ris a lapae of-ibort Bcven nqrlitra,afber Pearl'Harbor before ra1g- p""laea iltfr evsn a dnLmm of d.lttary po!1ce battslLonc ofary cffletsncy.

lrldc f,rm tbe dangarour delaya lnoElrcd, Etate Guards aDd tnl}t-t.tv;uce httallona iurc, at be-atl brut poor lnpleuents-of lntemal;ftritr.--Ixc-rfuLturlf pofice battai.tbas rcro to a coasldlerable er-tet;a;"lzed and traiaid f6. darloqs ottrer tihan tbat of engaglng

iU ookltloned and oqrd.pped raLdlrsl tleLr perssnrel and tto aras.rrltU rfrf"l tfrey *rB p"*lit"d rouLd uot bavc enablcd then to neet

bor*t rqideri on anyU,fng tJ.ke gqual t€t,t. Ihe State &rarrils ware

not i.arrall,zed; theavarlod gxreatly ln al.I essentlgls as bette€ndtet"sl thsre ri" no rzrlty o1;tr.afriasl cmnarui or control, exoept

ri;t ;uld te arauesd orra p.r"oaal [isd.s ty vardors Senr{cs Cmaders"hry t;onetanileilort ;ou* even thcil,r enligtcd strengtlr be uatntslned

"t ;n iffcettvg ftgqrsc; the tumorci leB 8o grcat ae to rencler proSses-

cftr-t*+i'l'g fnp#eftie. Tho reslt,ltp afteftm-.trroara of rarr-has been

a coaeiffia[fon-oi-io:+y-oaa 1Srf.S*t. dnor foroes, vetT dcflcdentf" .,ifopnt ard trafrrfair_*ro1ly haeq $tete control, and-dlfferlngO ;friu.tt*r-uo-"*aioiify,.e io rendcr lnrprobable any effeetlvtsta"tfE"f directlon by Federll autJror{ty 1n the event of a seraors ener-

$oa$fr

]4F 'COIrtrfDE$fIAL

COTIFIDENTIAT

s2

l. Ib atta*-o-tbs-!laa! brs bcal ?ui otn,bc an ll.p6t.art tcTbod of oarfasr t

!. Itc €bonooa of crrest lilu lncrrast d.tb- firbure dc-r*a4rrrtl-ta t}: ftcldg of omraicatlqr oril tnaarportetloa'

g. 'Il}r ocraag rd uere dlctuca, tlu toltry, offer enell:tllstlrr Enrlr .S.f* arch ett€ot

g, Dlarytton of tndustrtal rctd.ttretl,m, rlth co'aco6lt8rtlottttorl ErraUt tir tAe dlrrrritoa of, ooulet troop! to lrterul' se-ffity, og|ild scrloully pqralyza our lEr Pory, atut irboltg! ourcffit*t rntt no0 tamdsif ty a aaJe hortils fsu.

!. I rlasorable dcgrec of lnta'aal, acrrltf- ryuhot be tatnUrff* r?tgl tfu otrtfurcaf of tarr arctpt-at.rcltqr 1,f3k6r altd ca!-irhtl Ft by tha rathoda orryloyccl tf ur I'n thil rar.

t. at ard shtrtl,y after tl1e outbrtaak of ral tE thc partodof Cretpi n:InsreUlity to attaolcs-6-the-Fet,

IT. Es,ffiIgE

t'!!qc rrAms Sal4t to a logtcal coaoluai.or that lt * are tohr nasoublr fniat,al1 secrrtty, ritLoh ln trsa rlLL affc* q1. lara*,,!t to e'cEmtdarabla degroer'partlsul;r.fy ln the lultlsl atagae(ilr*t n*trs ooafUct, re rtrt_airelop md ustItqfil lt tn tfune ofprcor-rr oanf\rlly and'thc.oiryfrfy 95 re do-or offonriva strtklttgfu.oa. fbat tasgoa re a}or1d-suro\y haro lear:16at ln thta uar, svaa

tlofl3! "e [arra tt rrfcrttorsly ftoq elgltft, ta'+rr1retl ad aubJugatedDrtfrE ao rniter the Goc:EBn treif ard aot tbtrot4h ori wa auffenlngd }gt.Uatlon. .lnd pt ths lessm ny caEtly be fcgo0tqn, as srcs E 'that aro aot the rssult of bur orn erycrt€tlclr

Itttcrau1 leourlty rs ,trires trc types of troopst t

!r A kloed pattcrm of loca1 ceorrlty rmltal ri.th rtattonsr}t dfuea;cd to obtaia rrrlurm gpogtq}tc gotlrag€r and uanaed bypEr.Ea }avlrg ertcnelv€ loca! raprrldge,- lllasloD - to coataat and

lrUU b6t11G raidcrg ad/or fiftb-columlatr.

D. A baokfry of Bsgulgl troopar cqdppcd ad tralnsd foroolibat, atiltaetoapy Iooatcd-tn rcletliciy BEa11 g3oupe (preferablyt*trfiol) eE cuffi,af.otly oloec to pnobablo potnts of attack to be

*tr to 963153 rlte r.aeroreble rapldtty, Ilc;lm - to dectroy trhe

ffir

I

=

;

:s

'ff+.*€=COT{FIDSSfIAL 93

?rc'rfd.oiq for t'!re !.ctt€" ttlc of trooBl & absil) rtll al€PGld

m tfrr d.tgrttm rtran aa urlgenc? faor usr ad th co'useqnnt dr-d.d n of ths trar Departewrt. Eroo tho regulê feots nal:rtetncd

.d.th-

!a 0ctlreortd hltcal Strtca,^ re should ehryrr bc able 'to f[nd, Ln !d-dtttn to tbst rrequd.tEd for othery Fqpotltr lttnafEt t,rootrs to pro-d.ib ,u. rtatewr bacld-ng of local acerrLty rnlts by rsgplsr unlfe i,stt tfic tdm Aoartatsrcdl reocaaar':f. Edloal no fwlal,oa for such reguJaruafta.n!€il be raie far tn admncc, Dub the eglrttageroy ehorld raaa! rurcl ood.dleatloa ln tgtlnatl'g thc re@rt strcnglh of_!b9 ncglr-Ir try. thCI fsaal aeartty udtt, Ej tho otlur ba3dr strould be pr9-vtd.t t;r b, Congrraes, es pafi, of thc dUtt.? rstabllsbrcat sat rp latlo Ltlfia1 Defiusc i!at, - they 1111 acrt otffise to otrtalnable lnti*.

It la not upcgagstlr, 'qd Lt roul,d be ccadcally uaeourd to nalr-'trh looal acotrlty ualts tn tlre of peam oa othcr thett a part-ti.nbads. &rt thay shoufd be oganluld elrd tralrcd ln pcace urdar uiltflGddfieot'l,m; thsy should bo Gqrdp/p€A rltb beslc tafrntry raapqns odsryatefe ttclr d.sri,me, and tbtr peoreoancl ahould bc plrydcally anil sriall.3rooryctoril, ad DatJltalned tn adaquate atrength. thcy aborld be t€ctla&llyhfgblt uobllc; though otratcgl.cal\r statlo. Iblr oblof mltre la rar1111 lle la thslr rlde d!.ep€rE1on throughout ary threatened araa, Ltthlr rody arratlabl.llty ntpa usedcd, and la tholr ln0lrrate fantlJ.arttydth,Looal tnlralnl poryu:.aos aud codltlonp. By aoutectlng ths enqr,rrpcUllg Lla'nomereats and delaytng Llur loca1 scorlty forceg oanrutralla the enryra laltd.al advantaga of mnprLse ad speed. fhcrast rdll dcperd an the ectltvas of stratcgfocUy loeated aad hfiifyrctllle regular unlts.

Lstly, glnce tntcraal aecuilty, ttrLle aeotssary, ts eolsly ayrarcntlw and dofensLve masrre, lt sust be reasoaably econorlcaltplrti.qubrly ln vl.cr of the extendeil dlltary oopndtmcnts rhtch thrtlos'thoodrg poeoc rllt frobebl.y tupooc oo urr It mat llt lu as apet of olr ullttarly aet.abxlsbnartt as a nhola. Our local saarltyiorma ahould therefore bc obtalncd flon ths ncm,l ,lrrgsrngs strlchuu dlttary establtshunt, ltratever lt uay bc, rt11 1troduce.

v. PGCC&IEIOII4OS

the follorlng nccounadatlona arc Dssed oa tro rd.dely dlmrgemtprdser 8s to tbe poat-,mr d.lltary cstablllhnnt. The tlrEt le thatttc ,[ry of the lrdted Statea rrtll netaln a lolrtrtesr Hatlonel Gusrd orltc cqd.val€uti tha sscond lg that rnlwrEal rlEtsry tratalng 1111 beailoptod and 1111 prdvtda a large reeelruir of, qprpo!6r rlth ai leasteo ycat of fLeld tttalnhg arvi mrbequant lrcla!'rr sotrtce on a courplr*y bagts.

5OITIDETTIAL

,..

f?$FIl.T}T,PTAI,

In ettber case 1ooaI eecurlty troops ana be egantzed wltbla tbe$a!€rstcr ilhloh the prttculgr eyetcn d1I produoe. The uleslou of thesetqpqt ln olther ease s,bou:d ber ln pea66 to stard at the dlspoeal oftb s.l6"al Ststo Goteraur for quellrag elvtl dteorders, suppleueatdnglooal DolLaor end gtylag agurtzed nflltqry ai.it ln th enent of cataa-troges- aucb es eonflagratlon or flood; ln rar, rmder eoapl"ete FederaLoorytrol and dlraetlon, to provlde the looa1 seorlty fc rhLclt thelrorgantratloa, traLniag Bnd cqrdpureat has been drslgnd.

' l. Seerrr{.ty troope rafusd ! .

Ibe l{atlonal C,trerd of every State shsuld b€ ittvldod Lnto troasapatcute, aacb faderally eqrdpped atd peldr tratn€d undsr Fedcral'aEorVfdonl trub ta State-omed argotlsq fi' g{rl{.ler faclLi.t5.es. Theffrst ooopoent shofld b. th. lS&BSr to be lmedl,ately lrducted l.n enlrrggncy tnto the fteld fotce6. Xha seeond eouponsnt shouLd b€ theUO-Stator avallable La rar for loeal securlty ulsaiolrs, on a 51L11-

tiuc or part-ttas basle as the sltuatloa 4rcktae. ,PrerequlaJ.tee toorlfutuent lu the fiO€tate Ebould generally be grLor serYlce Ln oreof,. ths ar@d forc6s, lnaluillrrg the NG-IE, rlth exceptlond La favsr . l

of rca rhoae phyatque does noi perult of f[e]d ae:lvlce but ts accept-able to the llG-State. Peacetlne transfers from the l{G-lE to the I{G-Stator aftor (""y) a yesr ln the foruer, ehould be flcely perrnltteil,oa the basla of ths ladlvldualf s" civlllal obltgetLo,ng and oco.qratlon.

Train{ng ard equlpcut of eacb couponent abortd differ to thssxt@t of thetr dlfferant nartlae nl'aslons' erd orgrrdaatloa of eacbrhould be acparate. But both sbould bear thc seap reglnental dealgna-tloa, aharfng cqually ln thelr reglmntrs ttredltr'on ard tdstory.

I clty errch as lfccsstcr, ttrassachwetts, ln rtrlob a Hattona}GUan{ b*ttalLon ras etatioted pr{.or to IIorId Sar II, couJd, fotr ex-arylr, hansc a battalloa of lI0-$, aad aa attachcd ooupany of l{O-}Iass.Ihsse unltg rould dr{.lt on eeparate evcrdnge ard urder dtffereat treln-irg dlr€ctlwol Inrt rndcr the same add.rdptratlte oontrol.

. f}c plan aa a whole sbould conterplate a mr$ng ratlo of N0-Stateto ISI-IISr based on local condLtLong. Its appUoatlon shsrrld varJr, Ilke-rtee, rlth the aeveral afiDs and bnanchea of ths oervloe, for tn thof0-gtato tbere rcnld clear\y be no aecd for Flr]d Arttllery or forcorpl'etg unltg of the Slgnal Corpa,, UedlcaL CorAc, Quarterrnaster Co,rAsor sld,Iar apeclrr{zed troqrs.

fhts syatcn tould prorlde adoquate forccs for paacet!.ue erergencles,botL the lI(}.tE ad lfo.$tate. It f,ould also prwlds tro cla.eses of trocpellqutild for ra:r, la thc tlreaters of operatlq alrd'for local securilty.It Errld eaf,.tr1{6a loaa1 prlde and tradLtloar to thc fullest posslblecxbart, and dcrnlop a atroag esprlt-dc-csps bctraen.the tuo forcoa.sbouLd etta'oks-qr-the-rcar be aaedc beforc the t{}-IS Dorod orrt to lts

6COITTIDET{TIAI

94

c0r{FI0srtIAr,

tldnfug earrps, EanF of ltr reglnenta rculd hc btter able to copert{& tbose ettacks by reasoa of harlag ln thelr eganlzatlcno Mi-$tateultg rlth ftoss local acorlty duUics the rcglnent uould be at leastpert "elly fad,llar. The ayltan mu].d aLgo offir oae tSrpe of serviceattragtlw to the yoteger rncasrubcrcd mn, armtlrer type errltable tottrs older rmn rhose buslaoss aad fantly tles preolude actttrs f!.eldgervioc. Haay uca lea"E th€ &rad upoi narfaga - not beeeuse thsyars ttred of ttrs d.lttary, tnrt bacauso tbey qtd.to reasonably fear ooa-codteut ll.aHlltdas. tlre prcpooal lee adrnltt€illf,, subJeot to the ln-trlnslc nealnogs of a\y roltrrteer part-ttrae d.lltary eyetem - the d1f-ftsultt of s+{nta}rtng aulhclaedl otreagtb, sndl the acolJary need forooaprrcifsc dth efflcieney ln order to Ineure a flcn of re,placenrantao'&rt tbat rSrstea ts tot hgtln rmdar dlaeusglm.

B. Seg,rrrlty troopr r:atg# throur& a svgteF of rfi?ersal d.}lte{rrlrdnlrs.

The trar Dcparturaat, in conanltatlon rltb the States, uhoulddotorui.ne the uuober of local eealrlty nnlta rcgrLred'in vrarlorro !€-glma of the contry, togother wtth tbelr Sablrra of Organlaetloa.81nc'c tD. Stat€e rould roly oa theEe tulte ln pacc for tbelr nd.lttaryrequil.rarlantr, they sboul.d pnovlde adequate armor{.ee and r{fle rangefacLlltlss. they ohould rlso provlde pagr of grade whan rmlta ar\ocelfod firt ta State eerrl@. In Eore cas€s Fedsal requlremon&a foplooal aeortty urlte ln rar dgtt excecd $tate rcqrd.rercuts for thoseralts Ln peaca. Shorrld thl.a ocorr, tha Fcdoral govormant ehould as-stm erl cxlroasas lncidsnt to lts addtttsral reqrd.remnt, axd the aoces-ra4y ultg shorrl'd bs matntsl.md fut poaee. 'In the rawrse oeso, of $tatercqtdrauents cxc€edI'ng fcderal, thq State shdild bc nrthorlaed to naln-tata the dlffer:arrccl at Stato Gxp€us€, ln tihe f*.n of $tate Gualds.

It the ad of hls yaar,a aetlw tretnhg, c rhatcver the perlodof that trralnlng uay be, arcry nan not exonptid" fe phyatcal relsotraehfifld .pesa trto the Ftrgt Bagern for the !or!'tod of years allottsd tothat ooupment. Tlhen thls transfer ls nad6, thcre shouLd be eel.eoted,for'pbyalcal anl other lrBasoas, a sm,L[ propottlon of porsotnal suf-flcleat to ran ad nnlntata the requlned looa-l eccurlty utrltt,s. Thepersuol of theearntts, both cod.ee!.oned aaC aarlisted, rould then bereseryists reaLddnt vlthln the partlcrrlar $tate and rrithln a reasonabledtrtanoo of the etuor? to r?rlch the untt la aeaLg ld. the eesentlalr=qtrlrcaents of the locel securtty urlts - that they ba reli disperaedand bc eompoaed. of persounel coulng 1!oEn a elagle locallty, rLth con-aequilt extcnettt ,local Inmledge - should be olre of the eontrolLlngfectcd ln the seloctlon ,of tlrst Besertlets'for assil.gnreui to localaecurlty urttg, Thlo personael ehould theneaftor zut 1n such ttm lnddtlt and cxerclasal appllctbla to tlrelr latcrnal seeurlty ntssloapas nry be pnesor{.bed 'for the Ei.rst Raser:ya.

,

Upoa corylcttop of hio per*tod Ln thc nlrrEt Reaerve, en offlcero eerllatad mn aaelgned to a local aeourlty unft Bhoulf pasa lnto theSecord Resetrg for the pcrrod of yuara altoftrd to that coruponano.

7COITIDEI{TIAL

95

96

Iho Second Reservel both of, t?re conbat forces and of the Locel secur{.tyr*rlts1 rould f_orn reeerrrlrs of nanpmcr for t'lietr raepectlue f,orcee.

Fm eovreral years after dmob1H.zatlou ard tlrtll the systqu !.4producliU poet-mr Seeod flescrd.stgr nB mIEt obvlouly depend m on5.

iarge mr:rrUirs of dearoblllaed vetarans for such lrBB€rrsa ae a subeeqtmatsmigpney d.ght rcqulre. Dur{.ng thla per{od ra atrould seek ard aceept,Ure inffitrneit of iar veterana is nt,rst Reservlsta ln the locaL seetrityrntta neareat thelr hotre3. It rculd alao asgn advlseble, durtng thelruecllete poat-rar. Pedod ard eubseqrsntlyr h per:adt angr youth olrsr1? years ol aga, pr{q' to ltlg year of actj.rE trfr.:ftary serrlce, io €tr-11g[ for pafi,;tip3 tratatng ln the local secrrlty rrttt nearest lrlehoaa, the per{.oil of sucb eirtrlce to be doductcd f}:on that }atsr re-eulrcd of hln la the flret Resqrtra.

VI.W

the pnopoeal heredttr preoented ie essEntlally the organtaationof tntertal iecurtty forcea parallefng and congtttutlng.a part ofthatgrer allltary eetab}[ghnoat, ottrer thaa the pemanent Eogtrlar Arru5r,

rbay bo adopt€d alter ttrls rar. -1he obJectlvae-should be the eptab]leh-

reLt of reit dtspereod Local'apcrrlty imtta, allocatsil prlnarlly wlthrlEBpsct to the dlgree of expoerrc to ettack of var{'oue areas of thecouirtry, thelr tnEustrlel tuprozdance ard the eoupo*ltion of thslr popu-fattoaa, and second.arlly rtth reepsct to the pelcotLuE neail*l of the$tatee. The orgaalzatlon of theae ual.ts ehould be as slupLe a$ poo-albla, battalLous betns the largeet deetrabla taetlcal txrite.

Effcctlte erd eeonou!,cal urllttaqy fuees oould tbus b€'provldedzboth for tha Statee la tdne of peace end Co. f€der,al aecrrlty ln tfueof satr. Tlese forcep rctrld be rmder Federa.l arrpervlston and dlrectlonat alt tlmsl and under Faderral cortrol ln ttnc of tar. fhelr egaalze'tl,sr and traintrry rorrld be urlfomn, alid they rould be capabie, o-f rayLdexpanslon lhsn niccssarJrr not through the 3.ovy of rar recrrxlts q*-Pyrclaft to tha colors ol ren atroady tral.neil for tbelr specL.ftc utlJ.tarydutlas.

SUEilAI{ TfiIASllajor General, tnltad Statea ArmyComaadlng, Flret Serclce Cmmn{

?7 Deoanbcr l9l+7

ICOIIFIDEi{TIAL

/.'*,t ,-)

EEIBII IE'3

&rtsraal Seeurtty ln tLe htt d Shtot

Durfrg neld.ITsr If

COTTIDEDITISL

9B

EXf,IBIT rEn

': )

I}ME&$AL SECTrJTS IS THE M{ITED 88ArESDLffillG SffiID lfjrn II

tlatlonaL OreanLzation for Internal Securttv

1. Internal $ecurI.ty, Ln tts broadoet asns6, denoted the pro-tectlon of the lnhxrbtturta, pnerd.ses, utLlltlea, naterlala, iresources,ard productlan Sf'tbe ce:rttuental Uatted $tatss agalnst all lrazardsnot roqur.rlng organlzed irilllta4r'offenslve actlon to combat. Becausaof lts magnitde aad the'dlversl"ty of the narr5r problens dnvolved, thetratLom'e ovgr-alL lntertral. eeeurlty dsELon becam s cosrelated effoltof ntBtary' and clrrtlSan agencieo rhlah uera chargod Ly Ian rlth dta-ctrargtng opectfic soeur!.t3r or protectlrrc sdselons.

. 2. The Nationta i.at+rraal escu.lty urioelon feLL, ln general, tntoforrr naLn c'etegarles: (a) the safeguarding of ntll.tiry tifor:rration,(b) the lnvestfgation of nlleged acts of eabotago and er:spected srrbver-ai.va actlvltles, (c) the 'pr"otectlon of essentlal pnoductlon and dellveryof, aatcrials reqrd.red by'fhe armed forees agalnst phyrstcal" threats andhazards ss rell.as agaLnst the efforts of d{.sl,oya} erlil gubvrersl"ve in-dtvtdriralsr EEd (A) tUe passlve p::*toction of the eontinent&tr iJnltedStates agaLnst Bnerny attack h/ kmd, Bea, or alr. Ce,tegor{.ee (a} ana(b) tneludod many sacrrr:l.ty fimetLons rhtch normally were conrlucted, a1-thottgh to.a rrodtfS.ed exl;ent, Ln peacotS.ne and whlch often extended tonllltary on olsi3" actl"rr{.tlee outsLde tho ocope of interaa} se*urLty.On the other.hend, catsgorf-es tc) Gnd (d) rr6re Bpeclfle war{lme protee-tion dsgtoas. Tlrusr o.tatErrnaL oetnrr5,tyn b6ca-'ie a rnuta,ted tem rntrtchmoet oft€n refeusd to bhose eict.'r.rritles shlch had beea estabLl"shed solelybecawe of ner;-f .8.1 1r' referred to aII actlvitles conducted unier cate-gorl.cs (e).ana td) but uornrally only to those speclfle actlvltles under(a) anA (bi tuhicl'r diroct,ly affected those perfonned under (c) ana (a).

3. $upnem,* respo:tsiblllty ii'or Lntoraal socu:*.ty restorl ltJ.th Oon-$lnaso and rith the hes:i.dent who, ln his duaL eapaclty as Presldent andconmaader-fu-chtef of i;lle Anny and !{auy, e*erelsed extraordtaery rrarpoters. fha dtscharge of thla responslblLlty for,internal seeur{.ty wasprartded f9r !Y the estubllsbnent of compleneatarSr u$ncteaL, aecur{.tyd.as1ft1s lhl.ch werr: chr*ged to those ageirelos rhtch-Iacl the gneatest,lnterest ln the ermcu'hloa thereof, or f,sne best adapted to perform theudasloag aeaLgned" Tltose miselons nar.lcd greatly Ln ecope-a:nd lnprtanceand rene eo dbslgned 1,hat, togather, they issured the lnilusl-rre lnternaLseaurity of ttre countty. Slnce a-prlnclpal oaaurtty nlEelon,normnllywas €pncraL ant conpoitLte Ln charaeter, the top-echelou agency ueuallysubdlvldsd lt lnto'!.tl naln compenents and delegated reeponslblllty forthe oonEtttrrsnt nlsslrms tb lorbr echelone.

CONTTDEMIALh--i.

ffivF:

,,..E:...I

99

&. lbe nost lmpor{arrt nlegLoa ras thst eEtebltshed fur Executlve0nder ggl2, 16 December 19/+1r uhlch arithorl.aed and dtrscted the Secee-tar'les of sar and ltlavy, ?hsa€rrcr lreo€BBcrtrr, to os?abltsb and maLntatnguarrts and patrols and to take other appnoprlata masures to protectnatlqal-dafense nater!.al, prerdses arrd rrtl}ltJ.ae. tlat osrter, tgr 6x-pncss lauguago, dld not, l1udt or modlfy another authorlsod pr.lnclpalsecnrl.ty nteaLoar - the lnvesttgatlon of atloged acts of satotgge afifsurpectcd acto of subr?rsl.ve aotlvlty * rhLcb raa obargad, by.lar tothe Dcpartneat of Justlec antl dcl.egated to ths FedEral Bureau rif In-ttetl.gatlon.

5. Ihe ltavJrtE lntemal sectn{.ty rospoaslblltty rae ll'mlted WE:ooutLvr 0rdar Wlh 25 febnraly L9l&t rhleh.epecdflcally chariged theSecreter5r of tbe Harg w{.th the eafaguardiag of rrrssels, }rarbore, 1nrts,and ntarflunt facllltles, sxcopt such raterflonfi facllltlec as nereundar the dlreot olnratlon of tLe IIar Departneflt. An 29 Febnary L9&tthe lfary Depertmnt delogated the naJor portlur of lts responslbtlltyto ths U, g. Coaet Guard, retalnlng for ltEelf, horerrcr, respono!.b[11tyfor ths. lnterual seeur{"ty of ltranal Shore EstablLehilentel naJor s}rtp-brlll"dlrrg and old.p ropatr facllltlea, anil a Unlted nunber of otherfaallLtlce of prttcular groorLment Lnter.est to ttre llavy. The de-ll.d.tatton of the l{aryts rcsponslbl}l.ty, as mutrrally agreed upoa bythe IIa! ard $eqy Depar"trnentg, and a clarlfl.catlou of the charactorand acope of, U, S. Goaet &prd protectlve f\rnctlons rere ou0lLned tna letter froa the Secretartrr of tho l{av5r to tha Secretar"3r of l{arr.lL Jutp Lglr7. Io .ellnlaate even firrther tho poeelbtLtty of eonf[ct,tbe Har4y Dcpartnentr by letter dated 29 August ljl&, rectratned theII. g. Coast Guard flrou latertral security actlvlty at any faclllty ap-pcarlag on a Sar Departnent Inspectlon RaeponalUffty. Llat. Astr.ve,hamanloua Xf,ateoa ras naLntalncd betreen the .firary, the SavSr and theU. S. Coast Grrsrd, arrd resultcd ln a cmplete poteetlva coverage ofall fectlLtles of luportance.

' 6. Another prfnifpat oeourliy rd.geloa - the proteetlon of vltalForsr aupply - had been charged to the Fed,eral Pocer Coml,ssLon; Byagrccnut, horever, tha lfar Depar/omont and the Federal PmBr Connd.eetoa,estabLlshed a Jotnt potectton prcgranr aubJect to Ear Delurtneat polt-oleE and proeeduree, ln rfiIch the Arry perfomcd thoue lrrteraal aecurltyfrurctlone *hLch pecultarly rcre Lts onr (sucA ag establlahlng gusr{ foreesald Dalclng loyalty lrmsetlgatlous) and the Federal Poner Comnisslonrs 6x-porLB handlsd the technlcal aspects of prcbectlva {qapecu.oae, Ehle ar-rangenant rEnal.uod ln effect tbrolghotft the var, fhe Provogt BlarshalGGnoraI erBrcislng ldlreat srperrteioa ovrBr ali Federal Power Gonmle-simrr proteetJ.orn aetlvltLes.

?, Sttll anothcr, but letser, p:lnelpel cecurLty nlsslon rao Ba-tabUshcd by Emcuttw Ordsr 9765, f9 Xay L9l&t vtrlch dLrected theOffLce of Civl.Il.an DcfeasQr ln conJunctt on rlth the S€crstartrr of IIar,to eatabLlsh a Faalllty Securtty Progran. Ihat pnograar ras coxnelatedrlth tbo lnotectlve Frogradc of tho Arry, [aW, and the Federal PowerCd.rd,on and ras daaLgned to proteat lurportant faclll.tles not of

2

9olrnrpsrfrlAL

i$lffiIli::Ji3.d*&

dlrcct d.l^ltar7 lntercst lrrrt casentlal to std.llau sccurlty ard hoalth.l{lna desl.grated Pcderal d,lpartmants and ageaeles rcrc dtrseted to effec0trrdsr tba-sr.rpervtsl.om of ihe Offlee of Clvl]taa Defenee, the developnentand e:iecg0loa of the ?aslllty Securlty Progran as l.t relatcd to t&efaalltttcg ln *rLch thcf olp.o::*ly oatntatned pmcdoninant lnteraEt.

8. tbe reepozrelbtltty of the offleg of Olvl}Lerr Defense f,or dlg-ehstd.De tbe d.aElon rerelrsd to should not be oonfirsad ultJt tle {tnc-{lonilftarssd undcr Erecrrtlva 0rder {l!7r 20 llay 1941. ?hat &der,rhlcb creatad the Offlsu of Gltilian Defensc, cbarged lt rlth studytngand plannhg masu'ree destgned to affqrl adequate lnotectlon of clvlll.anI.lfc ed lroperty la e'rmrgency penlaie, rlth suggecttng and proaotiagaottrtt^toa deslgned to sustaln the natlrul nsrale o'rd prorvldo con-stnrctl.ve eivll{riln portlclpat!.on ln tha defeneo prognm, rrlth aasletlngstatc md loca1, dafaam eouncLls Ln the organlzatioa of vo}mtear ssr-vloe untts and uhs dorelopmant of thelr acttvltlee, and nl.th eoordLna-trqg fecleral, etatE and 1ocal ctvl.ll.an defease relatloarbilps. Arithorltyfor the dLschal'ge of theee r*rsponslhllltLos mr Bo nebulously oxpreosodltmrl ao nerqr of the negpoustblU.ti$s rsro theasslves aubaequantlry par-ecllsd oEtr tHat the elnillan defenEe mlgsion c]rargetl to the 0fitce ofClviltau Defersa u:der B<esublve Order gTVl futnly nrraata tha etatugof a lrlnglp3l eaaurlt:f dsEtoa. A detalled staff study dascnlblng theorgaulaatlon and operations of the 0ffice of Clvl.llaa Dafense epfreersoiaefrare ln tkie repcnrt. .

f,a.r Dalrp/"rent Oreanluattm for Interaal .{eqlrit:r7. Tbs lnternal security restrrcnslbtJJ.ty of, the SoctoterXr of Sar,

ap cs*alrll.ohed by Executtvp Her 8912, ras del,egated W lrln io appro-praete utllta:7 conmaudersS chlefly, the comandlag oenlral-of the-aruyservle4 Foreesl the Comnt'rdlng GeaeraL of the Amy arr porces, and thacomardfqEi genarale of, d-efensi eo$oends. ?he Comiani[ng General of theemy ffi.ce trorces ras clrarged rlth borth the mrgency-aad contlmlngp:rotecrtloa of tnstallatlonar-faod.1J.t1es; aad cuoodrtlle lmportent .to-the proeec-utlon of the rarr-exeopt rhr6 euch responslblllty speclttcallyraa cbarged to other *ra]r comanders or to the $eeretary of the ldaqy,Tbs C-sao'anrtlng Generat of the .tray Alr Fqcea ;aB o.trarglA rlth thE ia-!g*al seority'of hi.s lastall,atrlns and prd.nate fedftlee e:rgaged lndlrast' and uaua1ly--sxolusl.ue productlon tir tfre Army A1r ForeeEr-'exept*:T sucD respouslblllty ras aa{nued ty tha comoanirag Genera}., Army's6rvlce Porces. Itrc oomnandlng generali of defenge coilurards ,e"e chirgedvlth tbc defeneo or rronircrar-r[rch entailad *up*ruru;t i;; executlngpasoiw dcfcnas Esastass ana ior restr{ool.rrg accoEs to area-E detemlned

19. 9ped.fl.c respoctld1lty fon oocqtlng the eqrre v3r4ous com-ponelrtêeaulty rLseloas ras dei.cgeted to thole oo*rfr"ie uesi'adeptedto pezfm theu' the Provost xarlhal General rca charyea-rlit the euper-vlalon of tbe fntemal Scorlty rrograu-oi-th.'4ry $srvlcc t'oroes, rlththe foturlat,lon of lfrerul gelurfti po3J.oles ana iroceihare", "rna

*tu

3coilrTDErflg+t

,.l;,,.,, ''.1",.:

,,

_-.' J00

101

--. :- :- :... : ::'i

' :. ..ig

tbs coof,ltlaattott of the Latonral soeuttty actlvltt€e of 6ther alenclesboth rftdn and rlthout the $ar Departrnent. ilnder sldlar dlreetlon,coomandtng generals of service comnands ad chlefs of eertaLn technlcalservLcog rsnE chargsd, ln raar1rlng degrees, rltb tha operetlon ef theIrternal Seeurlty Prograo tn ttre fi.eld. [o decentrralize lnteraal se-gqfty. acttrrltteh stlll firrther, eounanarng genills of ;;fi; comrandsle1egBt6d autborl'ty to dletrtct-connandersl ;sch of rhon actod for aadln behalf of-thelr sirylc€ coumaclders rlthin ll,d.tcd ""d,

-.-

ltr . $lc Iry Air Forces' organLuetlon for !.atarnal eecui{ty sagsiElllEr to tbat of the A:'ry SerrJce Sorces. Unler the dlrectlqn of tbecomnandlag F+"I* of rhe_ ir:ry-err Forcesl tire inle;"1-;;;;ity f\urc-ttons rlth rhteh- hg o! clrargEd .oere srryert"teed *d- il'dil"dd ty {ueAtr Prcvogt Sarshal. ?be lnienla.l eecritty aetlvltles of tle errf ser-vlce Forcee and *rmy .arr Foreas rere coor.ainsrca cros€ry.

12. GomrandJ.rrg generarr of defense comaade, in rccogzrltion ofthe lredonlaarrt iataraar eecwlty reeponeLbcLuty if "r-*rrfiros

generalsof stlrrlce eomands, delegated ta the' laiterr-oartein regpoaslblutleasublt es (a) ragtrrc{1ze

"dcess to productron'aiiJ *a'iff-ffi;*&x,rs

co,upllance wlih paeatvE defense reasrJrtoB.

13. The fornulatlon of str tgp*r'tmnt pollctes and regulatlonsrelatLng to the- oafeguardtng of u5.litary lnfomatlotr f,as raiatned aea flnstlon of tle T{ar Departnent GEnerai staff rarder the dlreetlon ofthc Aaalstent chr63 o{Etgfr G-2 (lalurary rntetligence rie;l";i.--Such polloles ard roguls.ttoni rers-bladlns

"il all-eLernont"-roa per-sontroI of tlre @r' Stmtlar {\rncttous reL irerforued for tAe Xavy ne-partacmt by the OffLce of t{aval Intel}lgence'rhoEe seeurlty aetlvlttegucre coudlnated eloge\y rlth th,oge of tlre Xtlttary tntefilri:ace Servlce,{t tE genre tiuia, the oi'iT.ce of [ar lnfomaai*, ud"" authorLty derlved

ifi r*rff:'r"ff :t3l:f;#:'itl*l:i ff ffi 'r*xrm"iEi"::*--the Eer ant lfarEr Departmants, rere bddhg ,rpd all civrrian-reae*tSguelee and personnel thereof. _ a securtiy iavrsory ,;.*;;;ilt".a!y th* Jolnt Clrlefs of Staff and conprl*tof-offtoer-nenbers detatledflon the sar and. flav;y Departnerrtsr."is-;s{abu"ma dthln the 0fftee ofltar rnfo*'oatl.on to sarre-as an $g"ory "Ld

;""drrra{rry a;t}ror{.ty oa

*l tffirtl3{"yl},tt"ir$*i3*rrnrene s[ to -tr,.e

n a,l Ae-T,,y T,ipn.[*"nt.

q' -$eanfuattoP for lntettal-eeorlty efi.sted 1n other ageaclee.charged rlth p'rlncl-pal secrar'lty d.sslons. -rt-"oryp1o, lateraal aeclrltyacttvLtiss ln the ltraYy rec guiervrgeai-,ra"r the dlrectLon of the cliefof fraval @ratloae r bY the ruierrral securlit scetlonr Eese [alnteaaneeDlvlsiol, cud mre epeuted ln tho nera ty-[tr'r"rru* oomd.antg ofnaval dletd.atsl ln the II, s. coast cuadr-ti"r rere supervlsed, rndertbe dtrpctlon oi trrc coduaaui of the 0.'s.T;est cnranr, by the port

..1

&coffirrpEtfflA!

t

LU/.

Seoir{ty Dlvlslon and sere executed tn the ftald by.Dlstrtct Coast 01ra$offlosrgi andr ln Federal clvlllan ageneLes, suoh ae the Federal Porercouulselou, they E€rs flip€nrlged try the heai of the ageney and riereexeqrted tn the gleld tty hf8 RegLonal Dlrectors rho natntaiaed etaf,feof erperlelcsd luepectca. Slnce the secur:tty ud.sstoda of these slherageaol.ea rera less conpl6x than tbose of the Aratr, so also were thetrorganl.zatlons fm dlocharg{.ng thern.

CFasactgr ?nct Ooefatlon of the naf Dcns+pg&t- IatarnFl, f,?graltv prpsqgg

15. Ihe Iatarnal Socrrlty Progran of the iar Dcpartnent had, aslie plnaryf obJactd.ve, the po:ortectloa of coutirnd.ty of pnoductlon anddell.vrrry of aatertals naqulr.ed by the arnsd forc6s, Itg broad seop€ard far-rraachlag rard.floatlons resulted l.n Lta geueral recognltLon asllg pgfuctpal reans by wlloh the orer-a]r lntaraal sceurlty of ttroItlltsd States las asflEed.

16.' As a resqlt of thc lntagratlon and rroluntary suborrdlnatlon,of tlre interzral secru{.ty actl.vl.ties of other agenclcs- rlth those of iheIIar Departrentr aod beeawe of the aaeunptl,oa by thc liar Departmlrt ofrespottd.blllty for supernlslng, coordlnatlng, aad conductlng arl buta fs gpeel.flcal.ly excepted lnteraal seorlty acblvltlesl ovei-all oou-trol bscenr nore cantrallaed, coael.derablc drrpllcat-lon ras e1!.Dr.nated,a-greater ecoaoqr and ef*l.cl€racy Bas realLzed, and, cpeclfl,c responel-blllty ras establlBhed.

protectlop o{ vlt+l facllltles, 1Frogtaa corpr{.sed of groductl.on socurt t3r

1?. Ttre f,ar Depar4meat Intarrral Seanrlty ho1Ity prograue (rhlcb concerned thoLlatlons; counoditleB, aad the lt

Ura.u ras a ooupoolte(rhlch concerrred thc

ILkeqg&tnet(rldc,h tbe

and persgrmel secrl{.ty prograirson of slutlar fael}ltles, lnsthlLatloaa,

osmodltlog, erxl the }tke agalnat thei iltsruptlrc effortr or jsfl$diltd.

- 18' the flurdanenta| trentae of the IIar Departnant, drrlng thecstabllehrpnt and secutlon of 1te Intemal secirrtty Pr;granr #s thatf{ryry respoaelblEty for protcctioa reet€d upon tle o$rators, orn"rs,and l,oeal arrd state gorenerents. tha san Depaitnentta legpon"r6rUty -'rag srrypleneatarSr.

-9he ifar Departmentrs acti\rltlas, horeGr, serwd thelnprtant p.qpos? 3r es@sg that the prrnary respiucrurud or op*r*-tma; *I!l.ard 1ocal au state govrrrmeats Baa carrted oui. pri.aarypenoqfbfllty at mllitar1y lngtallatlons regted upon the 1oc61 coumand,-lng offlcera.

19.. f,ar'Dcpertroat lntcrnal sccur{.ty actlvltles fsLL into threene{a oategorler, naualyl- ("} pt"lt proteol,ton - prpvlsr.oa for the ade-quatc pnotectlon of facllltres, lnsmffi, and oomodttles oi sucborrtgtaad-lng tnrportaace tbat thilr danage ora""irr"tion worfi hawhad e aubstantially adrcrae effect upoi ttre proaccrrtlon of tho ;ar, suchprovlaloa taoludtrlg reesuros to grotict operitLrg peraotrnel flou ha6 ortaJury, tton prnduotlou bazardol- carreler"irese, ;&i;"trhAi*-or rooa,

103

ratcr or drrrga, or ftom any orther caus€si (U) Egereenax Frgtpctton -povJ.rl,;n for flrrtlshlng addltloneL protection to aLl fadlttles andlnstalfattong ln enorgency ELtrratLonel lncludlng ctvlL dlsoldors,natrr.al ot E&r dlsasters, erd ox+"ensl.vs actlvltles of organized ElftbCol:mr grotryEt and (c)'Pasalvr Sotgct+gn - pnottslon for defense qgn,rastenory attack by l.and, saa or aLr, and to prolect facllltles, lnatalla-tioalr serviceg and parsonnel flon such attack, by practtcal".strategletneasulias not reqrdr{ng orga:rtreil mlu.tary offensLve act!.on to lnsrrceffestlwness. ALI three eategortoo had-the Eane general prpose - ttratof asaur{.ng a contiaucus flm of rar natertalg.

l-

. ?5. To aeeure a contLarrlty of ess€ntlal producttou and the safade1:[var1y of t\e roaterlals produaed, l"t ras neceEsat:r that adeqrute pro-tegtlon be firrttl.shed (a) p,roductl.cn, po$€r, eomflInlcatloa, transporta-tton, and other nltel facd.lltl.esr lnstallattoar or servlces; (b) stocksof rav erd fl[nlshed, strategic mater{.als; (c) persopnel ergag'ed ln rar '

podrctlor or other essentr.al honE-flont actlvLtles; ard (d) arw othervltal corponent of the nast lntagratcd uachlne supplylng the nater{.alreqrd,*tes of tar. Hazarda ilicluded flree, erryloiioirs, and accldents;nattrEl or ra:r di"sasterg; clvll dlsorders aad actlvltJ.es o.f organlzedElfth Cohumr g&uFst aabotage, esplonage, cubtrrslda .antl dlsloyalty;,couproalslng of nl11tary lnforuatton; and other deatnrctivre aets orod.6a1ons. ,

21. Product!.oa and lrreoanel securLty Lnapectloas rere the chlafnearro by rhlch the Alry sadea?ored to ald the oraers and operators aadthe oomaadl*g of':f;Lcers of certatn lnetallatl.ons l,a carylng orrt thelr'reoponsiblutl-for protoctlng tholr properales atrd pcraonnel" A pro-dlotlol aeelrlty lnspectloa ras eonductia to deteruine tba adequacyof pototectlrc and preventl.ve neasuras taken agalnst fln, e:rpLostoiand aocldeatr to asaro eontl.rudty of operationsl ar:d to provlde foreEor8snoy-eltuEtlons. It tnclrded a pereoranel sierrtty hepeetloa, thepltlpoao of uhlcb rag to detErmiae the- adeqrracry of reasires tat(en toaafegturd tnforuatlon, to prerent rmarrtbor{.aed entryr ar1d to ;rotect theproductlon or aert{cs of the faclltty or lnetallJrtld f}on salotage. ltcgrtat^t3ryee of fectrltl.es elrch as faci.ll.tles engageil solelry oa iltgh\yeLasstfl€d researeh xork, a persoanel sectrllrl.ty rnip6etloa i'16ae ras per-

n,. Facllttles aad lnstallatloae to recelve seopr,lty lnspeetl.oasernlccr te$e 8E1eo!"9 W Thq Prorrcat larshal Gemaral rho-pez{.idtcallypubltahed clatslflod ll.ets of'alL euch faclltties ad last;I1au.onE.Seorl.ty lnepeetore norrnally rsr€ tadlvlduals rlth previous technlcalor lnvestl8atlE oxper{.ence.sho ftr-bhsr had been trilned, under theaupervlslon of Tbe Provoct liarehal Gaeral, ln oorrntor-siUcrtaggr p€T-aotrnol .tnwstlgatl.onc, flra pr.otdction, and lndrrstrlel aectaeit'pnBvaa-tl.on. lheu a aecrrlty lnapectlon urcovarod unsatkfactorly secr:ritycondltlons, rocomeudatl,one for ettalnlng a nor€ satlsfacior.;y seaittyetattrg rue arrbd.tted_ to-facltl,ty unagement, The procE,BnEit agencylaa resporlribl.c for obtalnlng conpl{.anoe.

6q-0ElpEilrrat

{ UIT

: 23.- etargelcy protectlon res supervlsed and operated by TheProvost ilarshal General wtro, prepared snd firrnlshed slrvlce coiimandersllth cumentff qafatained emergency plans to put into lnrnedLate opere-tlon as requlred. Due to the charaeter of the rar, those plans litrgelyrcre utrtrl.ed but the neceselty for elnllar emerg€ney proteitlon pteia ina firtrrrc rar te rnquestloned.

4t Peseive pnoteetLou, Lnch:ded such'measures as dln-out, bls,ek-out, air-rald mrafag eystcms, tone-dorn palntlng, oamorflage, itnretrga]"proteetlon, persondol. sh61ters, a*d all stnllar Deasures.. Becauee of thenan;r eleureuts of th9 Arny, $arry, anrl other agenclee charged 'wlth narytagresponslbllrttesr the polLates and lrocedrres rretre establlshed and pro--mulgatoil at the Sar Departneat lornel. Defenso conmandera l?6re chargedrLth ercratsing sul],rrrtlslor and caatrol ln all broad aspects of pae-tveprotcotlon. Servtee conmarders here charged rlth detemlnfng adiquaayof paeslne protectl.on neasur€a. Tbe trtghter Comnandsl ln aafutton to-thelr relsted tact:ica1 defense responsLbt}lty, Bere responstble fortrangrtttlng alr-ratd rarnlnge to etvlllan dLstr{.ct sarni.ng centerslestabllshed bg agreenent bet'*rgen the Flgtrter Counarads and approprlaieelvtU.aa defanee aqthorl.ttes. The Chlei.of &rglneerB ias cirir$a rrrththe technleaL plrumtng and exesirtton of stnretural neasures foi passivcdefonee. ?he Frovast Harshal GeneraL wae responslble for malat*infogcoordlaatto! on paaslve porotectlon measures sltb the Offlce of CtvlllanDefEnse aftil other laterested agenctes, mlHtar5r, nanal, or elvLlia3rasregu:lred. Publj.c announca$ent of paselve protection rigul.stLoae re-$,ltld elearance by the Sar Department Buneau of hrb1l,c-Belatlons. Inaddltlon, th9 Offl.ce of llat Ipfcnatlon ras responslblo for gtrbl1cltyof nrch regulatlons $hen they ooneemed nrrre thia one Federai agency.

Pa:*lclpgtion o

25. Sooa afber the ITar Departnretit hod asguned responslH.lJ.ty for thebulk of the l{atlonf s lnternal aecurlty responslbtllttes, ft m*"*6 appar-ent that thls requlred a trenendous out:a3" of uanporrremhleh, *.f drairiryho$f ftom ths

"Ar1mf !.tself, sould leare very lltile of a flffrtfng forcela the fleld. Furtherurore, eff,Lci.ent and *oithrhtle protecii*-fisp"c-

tions requfu'ed the serrrieee of exper{.ended. technlclani poseesslng an:xp?* knouledge of $.ehry gomprex nachlnery and proeesies" sfuoe pro-ductlon-cgasclous lndustr:ta1 faelltties, as reU as federal and pr"LiateagencLes, rere conpetlng strongly for those experts, the amqf found Ltselfhard-pressed to eournldsr.on, recrrrlt, ernproy orothe;dse engi.ge trralnedperaonnel to conduct lnspeeLlory 9f war- produetlon faailltlls"r,.artantiugsuch serlrl'ces. Aecordlngly, The Provost llarebal General, to conserrre t[ery:e nanpower-, arl(l to assnre tbe adequate dlscharge of the lfar Depart-nentre reeponalbllLty, enlisted the al'd -of certaln itvtttan federal-$en9l96 eapable of pnorrldLag conpetent Lnspectlon servlces. Precedentfor thlE had been estab}t shea Uy ltre alrangir€nt rmder rhlch the $ar De-partrunt and the Federal Porer Colrunlsslon iuecessf\rlly operated a JolntS*r:ilhfqilffi E*,i:i,F:l"l:*'IE.isi::'3L:f *ll"-i:**t"irii'r"

7

$rErDEI*TIAL

1U5qpilI3p'iffr$.!

parttclpate rero those whl.ch maLntaLned staffs of tralned technLciang.ttre lnrterrral securtty poltcles and pnoeednlcs of the Ear Deparbnentgweraed ln thosa cooperatlve arrangaments, the'partletpatlng agenay

. actlag aB an agent of, for, and In behalf of the ltar Dcpartuent.

. 21. The, more lnportarrt "6f the cooperatlvo arrangements, rhi.chlollmcd the gmcral pattern of the agreemeat rlth the Pederal PorerComrd.gslon ret{B those entered lnto nith the Fetroleun Admlnlstratlonfor Xar, the Br.rreau of Mlnes, th,a llef,ense Plant Corporatlon end theDefencs 9upplJes GcporatLon.

n. &rother w'lde-spread -use of elvl}l.an lnspectlon sernlceg f,asmde poaa+bl"-by and rcsrrlted-flon the FacllLty Secrrrtty Program, rhlehwas-operatnd by appropr{.ate cLrll_l,! federal a}encies uiaer ihu super-rrleion of ttts 0fflce of Clvillan Defenge ard wis subotdlnate to aricoerllnatcd wtth ths-ITar_Dep,artment raternal secrrrlty progra,m. rnJmc 19&[r lhe FaclJity Secwlty Progran ras ternlnaiea aia the. Statestrar Inapeollon Servlee nas estallrshea by the llatLonal Assoclatlon ofIneurance Conrn{ssloners Ln cooperatLon "itl the offLc" oi-crouiea De-fense. trtiltatrrg the rrclrrntar5r servlces of .lnsurance coqpany lnspec-!*", that set:rrlce_yas e:<pressly subordLaate to the lrar Dlpaltmentfnternal Securlty Progran and ras coordi.nated therewlth 6y.ilue provost -

[arshal Ganeral, rts'purpose was to pnovLde Lnspectloa slr*cos forfaclllttes rhleh ryrB Bgt lnclrrded tir the secrrrtiy tnspectlon progr4r,rsfbr rhlch the ffar Department had delegeted seeur{iy :.#pectlon'respon-tlbtlity ergerhere, The s:ttrs progran, as lt ras ciueal neputedlawaenot generally favored by faclltty naaagenents rhleb ruairstinaatf!reaaoned that, lf their facilltl.os nera of sufflcient lnrpoytancu fothe-;ar effort, they would be renderrad lnepeetlon serdcls eltber byan nTqr ageacy or by a federal agency aittng for the rrrnlr.

28. Certaln conmerelaL and trade organlzatLons nelntalned prLrrateprortegtlon Progralns rrhtch Dere Eupplenentary to the IIar Department In-tsrtr"l Scolrtty Progran. fn eorne. Lnetancea, sueh aa the lner*can ?ele-phonc and Telegraph Conpany, th9s9 progtams lneluded securlty inapeetloa.senrLces utrlch f,ere so coupitent tfrit fire Prorrcst l{arshal Geieral author-fzed the eubstltutton, at epeciflcally deslgrratea facilltfesr-of certalnprlvate sccr:rlty tnopectloa serrrJ"ces for those of the far Oeia+ment.As another exarrple, the l{atlonal Eweau for Industr*tal proteetloa f1rr,rllshod the !5ar Departrent rrlth lnspectlon neporbs "*"fae i""irrtr"tfl! :ggptr, st913ses inspectea ry rts renblr rnsrrance iory*r"sl irr"vlar DGpartment utlll.zlng that_prtyate lnppectlon eetrrlca as i suppie_uentaqr aid. other comnerclal ard trade-brganfr.ti;;-"onirtu"ted 1n-neaaurably to tle dgvelop,uent and nalntenanie of lntennal eeeurlty W- firnl'ghln8

-the I9t- D"pllnent ri,!h reqrre*.a ,errro" oo "r"t

rrty standarris3ntl--poolosed pollcLelt W grovt-dtng te'ehnlcal and otber .""i"tl*e bothto lhc f,ar Deparcment and rrraustryi ana uy arseenlnatlng to uember con-panlcs or other asgoclates qrreniiy el""ined-lnstnrctions concernrngItar Departnent lateraal seeurLty poilcles. parilcular asslstance lnthls-connectiga sas render.cal thl fl;t;p;r"ot ty the Assoelatlon ofImert'can Ballroade and-by the Petrrleun'rnausiry fi." go.r""iiru-corrrtt""on Proteetton .of petrolerur facill.t{ea.

Ico$rIpErqTIA!

!)

gg#[D.s$Eer, 105

29. Perhaps the most lmpoztarrt servl.ce rendered the Sar Separt-nont ln connectLon rith tts intersal seqrJ.ty actlvltles uae tho- e.ral-,r-atlon fuhc lon performed by the Eesorrees Frotectlon Board, a federalclvl}lau agancy except for certal.n of lts asgoclate-nenbers. The Be-ggute€s lrolectlon loard was conprtsed of e:recut!.ve repnesentatlnes ofthe f,ar Productton Board and of irdulsory reiireientatrr6i-6r'ifie-war anat{avy Departnents aad of the 0fftce of Ctvtli.an Defenso. That goarrt ob-trlo4- supptf an{ reqrltranerrte lnfomatlon Jlour the IYar Produetlon Boardand other federal agenclase f?on prlna.l;e orl3anl.zatLons,

"na-r"* trpprocurement and requLremouts serrrlcefi cf th,: Arry and tilavy and coa .uctedlPeclflc etraluatlons.of all types and elaslas of-trdlvrdu;l i*uiutlu".fhe results of thesa evatruatl.oas we:re l\Errlshed TUe provost U"r-fr"foeneral rbo thr:s *as lnfomed not o:oly aa t: those factlltle" *hi"l,raEanted llsting tn the tsaster Innpecti.on .tesponslbtll.t;7 i.fEt t,u.t afso3s-to the appropr{ate relatlve lnportanco.nltlng to aeslga to eaeu. Thislafomatlon enabled. thosa agencles to establish-inspecit[" uofr"airfes ,na1!,andazrns. of protectlon comnensuraf,e rLth thr, lndlcit"a mportance ofthe speclflc faclllttes. .e,s a result, more .qrrltabJ.e p"oii&inn'*""rendered faellttles as a nhole, vhiLe'arr over.iall worfioe,A o*Jo*tfon ,r,obtaLnsd thror:gh the more afflcleub r.'.tLllzathn of in"p.*ifonr:aai otUersecrrity persoanel

, 30. It nust, be stressr.d at thls pcrlat thai; the Satlonrs lntegratedorganizatlon for intertrel ',ecrrrLty drrrtng [r:rld,Nrr II, ard ifr* cfisefy-coordlnatad operatlons tbsr€under, represen{:ad ths.t orilr.aizaiiou analhose operatLons whl.ch edstsd when elfectlte lnt;errral e*cuJty- *s atlta prlre - a state not reached urrtll maa3r n(lntr_rr afger i)ear1 Sarbor.Confirslon, dupEeatLov of activlttos, conilic,s.'il.trns tn ju.r{.sdlc.n::.oa ananaay-other rmilesbab.l.e fastors erdsted desprte the faet t1;{-.1i inter-erted agenclee ue-re^prannlng and operatrt!'rn r,t"

""i"-rf u-cilatzyPhyslgally untsuchsC by war"'---,

31.^ Dl"tag the years l"ruredlately precading-th9_presldantr*i proela-natlon of an rnu.rar.ted ne.tronar. g*reilgl. practrcauy *rf inJoi ii;:=-legtlorg lnspoctlons of Ladustr{.al raltu}rei rere *o-.{ucteo'"rilir,"Federal Brrreau of.Investigatl"oa, bg! rhea o"ff up91 ths-specj.:rt* requestof elther the Offtce of Hivar literrrto,rc" or"raiui,,"y-{i;iili;r* $-z).Althorrgh nuelear rplant protectloatr *7:rctl.ons had r,eei iier*rt"i,laup.nd--cntly-by both the tsar and Naqy Deperiments 1n t{overnber ig.,,q;i,ele iiaaba? larg€1y of 1 suporvisorly naduarir |rad per+$nerr soreb, [o-'frcntatnde:: diract contract rlth elther j;-re l*V or l{arry, a1d hfu bg;; cor:rc€nFdprlnctpa]ly tritb the correlatlon -ard utllizatlon 6rl pr"ni p,.i*otrotr ary-veys conilucted by'agencles such asi the Federal Brrorir or liiresiigatlon.+ th.-t etate, netther the lta-r DeT,ertnent n"=,try lrrry-DrilJ;Jil op"r-ated plarrt proteetlon lnspee';lon iervleea utl].tuirrs ilrEilHffider Ltsdlresb-coatrgl or suporrili.on. J.n llay_19&1, the uir'eis;;;"# of lrarchargad the clrlefs of Suy,rty amrs and- sernlces ri6r trre-rie;;itton arraolrratl'on of a plant prr,toetl.on lnspectlor selrrlce nrd r?lreeted that the

CONflIDEMIAI

c:ffi{s3s{trAl

10

COIFIDEITIIAL

107

t\mctlon of plant proteetJ.on be delegated to procuratnent dLstt{.ctg"Ttrls tnspoctlon progran was llnlted alnost entlraly to plants ufoiderdlreat contract qtth the Sar Departmont. $lnl}arly, 1n Jrrne 19,{p3.rthe Off1ce of t{avaL lftelrlgence begaln an active plaut protecttonlnspeetlon earrrlce at facllitleg rrrrder dlrect coatrect rith ttre UavStDcpartraento

32. flth the establLshnent of Tbs hovost larshal Generalts Offlce.o3 31 JulV 1941r that offt.ce E{rs charged rrlth general. responolblllty forthe protoctlon of facLlltLes such as rallway br'ldges, ratlr supp].iel,comnulcattons and stoek-pl1es of strateglc naterials, fhat oiglee iagalso eharged rlth provlding necesssrlr po,tectlon to aIL factll.tles LnottDrS€ncy sl.tuatlons ln rhlch the u.se of Federal troops ra,s necessar?.

33. Peerl Harbor, theu, found the lTar and llaqr Departments oper-ating four nelated but neverbheless independent proleatlon prograns.lro 9f the pograms - oae conducted by tle chlefi of. suppraArns andSerrrlces, ttre otler by the Off!.co of i{arraL lntelti.gen"j I ir*n.tp.ftyconeerrred the protectlon of facl"llties under dlrec! contrait m.t[ ttrl$ty "te

ilavy, respectlvely. The other tno programa, operated by The'froret ltrarshal General, concernird the (1) protectlon oi those dtarfacll-itie! !g! r.urder dlrect contract rlth tle flar and t{avy Departrnentsard (2) the rendez{.ng of protectton tn gl,L e&srgency srtu;tlons.

'31+. the adrrcnt of the Untted States !.nto the rar reeulted ln anoverrrlght mehroornlng of war aad other essentfal paroductlon, ard Ln aconcurent raallsatlon of the necesolty for adeqrrate poteeilou. TheP"ogrlrlas operated by the f{ar and NaqT DepartmentE snddeuly found then-sclvus not, only ln dlrect competltloa rdtb one another bui also nlthgther alntlar pnogralrg. rndustr,y formd iteelf hanpercd excesslvo}y Wfrequent and dupllcate Lnspcctl.ons

35. rhe flrst step fui the integratlon and cosrdlnafi.on of thrrygPorytbllLtlas and of various lnterested protectlne agenctes occurredrlth the tranefer of_responslbllrties, fizrciloas, and nlch or the per-souneL of the Plant hotecttm Dlvrd6n of the Oirtce qf tha undorSugI"!ryV 9f,!o to The Provost Sarsbal Gemeral on 28 ldarch L9b, Ln-gediately {o!1o{.ng^the_re-org4nlzatlon of the IIar Department end thelrny. A 3O Blarch- 1942_Sar Depqrtment dlrectlve gave irfffdat roeeognl-u'on to a ceatraLS.zed IntemaL secur!.ty Progran. That dlrectlva, fhargadthe- Cournandtng Goaeral, Serrrlces of suppfy (hter Amy Serrrlce r6rees)-St!- th9 nrotectlon of facllltles, tnsiltiattons, utliltlee and naterlal.sln the llntted States aga{.nst -eaboiage and tnternif tbeais,

"i"upt shere

gfeolfl'aally charged to other connranders; desl.gnated The provost iilarshalGeneral as advlsor to the conmandlag General, Serrrlces of suppiy, oolntenri]' seeurlty natters and authoil.zed hlrn to coedlnate and "*"i.f""qgryqal eupervLslon over the rnternal securl.ty prograrn; chargad thecll?fs of srrpply Arrns and servlees, through tlelr !ro",h"r*[ dlstr{.ct9fflc9s, rlth the fuplenentatioa oi the piogran lrthe field lngofsr'as!-t re}ited to facllJti.es under dlrect contrict ulth the ltry; charged

p-f_i- ler.'.T.i^Tj108

cqrps ersa aomsnder'3 plth sLullar respoustbtllty for al1 Bucb otherfaolJr+.ies a$ ser6 not rnder dlreet contraet wrtir ttre Arry; *a ,rrtlreepon,rlbtil.ty f+r,enelBeacy protrsctlou; and sunnrar*r*a t'*g"uenent4!h- tlte Iqry rhereL'v_ttl 4try agsu$€cr.iesponsiblEry i; p;il;ettngall bqrt a fsg excapted elvr!.qg fael}Ltles producl;e ,"t;ri"i"rtt.r mthe Hery. fhe aev3.v-ereated rfrtenrar $curitt-p";H*Er i;;;;,; a uosa!.eof al:reedy exlatln*i; plens- an! procedures ydgir, thlnselwe

-uartergorng

ao taterlal ehanga, rers borded tc,gether @ dfiectea coorafririioo rlthtna uer devlsod framesort of cent.rralfy oontrilid supsrri;1;:-'it 6rulrll?.r$ou }u9l, the rirrLf,lcail.oa oi the varlous Furpoees, ranptmsl_blutles ass fiatetlonrr df lnternei-secrrlty ias na{"'q,,rii ,o*}r*t",!otr.3t th9 aperatlng Lever, a di.rrls{on or'rrry slndlar operetlonalI\srctl.ons betreen tha pz.oeuieneat dtst*tate

"ai if;"p;-;;;; provedadnrard and l€d to Srsa*6,1etio:aa3. ard other <1if*1c*1ti;;: - *

%. A fltther rqtflcabion.of Tiar oepartneat laternal secur{.tyactlvltles resultfiJ floa a r-oallg:rnont of'the Ar:myrs rateinei-securtyorganlaatlon aad. ri r-eaaelgnment o.r responslblgttis aro n r,"tfoii-t3-'varloue aoupcinea'irs thereof Ln July lgte. Thls ras mede posslble by thelesuaxlce of a 2? July 1942 tfer nepsrtmeat AGsctrw rhtbh r."affl, d. thelatErral aecr.rrL,;y nesponsib:lljtLes ,rf tbe Oo*,aaAflrg C*rili;*iervteesof Supplyr_S, l.a effe-etp,g&r/6 E, u tnee-hnnd tn Erserra"lirig. f.hoserespoaslbd.lltlas as he beet Bar flt. Stuultaneansly, Se ErrEr:.ar l[o. 31les lsau€d thr,-ch dlrectod the trr*rsf'e.r of plant proiictf,oa ins'ecg.ouaottrltles {iactuding lnternal. se*urlr,y pd;"dui ,u ;ilrd;iio thecomlandlry gBnerals of sevvlce coma,rclir'excapt that the ChCsi's of ornd-narcr ar$-gl,:*tca1 sarfarre senricp vo--o-chare;d ,riin ."oti*"ro! trr"treeponsibf?.lty for auch actlvltler; at trc rairutles or lneterl"latloasunder thetr respeetite Jurlsdictlon,y7. It rae aot urrtli 1Il Februsry I?/+3, at rll.ch ttne S0S fre,orandlgSSSO-4-43 (nReeponslbilU.ties for IateLr"i'i;;;tyl,) res lseuec.i, that thetrangl'ttm tc the aav uranner of operatqG ii;";" Departuent rnternal ge-eurrty /,'rqgran could be consid;"dr;;piEtJdl "itrttoty, lt ras not rmtilabout 'rhat ttre that the ltar Deprrrp,en! u!*i lo rnake f.ulL ui,tr3.zatloaof the seorrrf,y persmna3" o{ arr:u* F"d;d igoncr.es. FrrrLirer, it wasnot urrtl'l that eane ped-od that -tlre Besources Ploi:ectlon Board beeairesuffl,$tently oxpe*{enced arrd efflefent-to G-oJ *fe t; ih; I$;r iapartueat,ln parovldlng.a couprehensive Llet or racru,ir*s or sueh lnporganee as tadeserrra lnotcetX.on:

3e' Jugt about ttre t^Lne that the natlonta-l.rteraal seetrrJ.ty orgurrl,-zatloa hed rcaohed a rrl@ star€ gr "irlctgiWr-y"i il;d iI#i"u*l paesedflon the defenslrre to t[e offensr.ur ,"a trr"-ii* ul "r, e*cr*il.ngry con-prehm*rlw rateryra] gecurtty pnogl',anEr"d."-ilo, rate gumBr of 194,3mtil tha erd of ths rar, tlo nrJto,ry'oi-iniaraar ,;;,;;;;;ii[tr"" rnthe llnttad $tates rai on6 of coatfnuif

""ti"**iil"nt ,rld retroffas$lqj.

11

c$,rIDElitL&

Ccro1ugr.omg ,

39. Tbe-coaelrrs;lrma appe"flog hereafber result f]on a stgly oftbe scErel elonante o:'lnternaL aicr.rtty rtrlah o"" op.r.Li, ciorahateaand aupervlced, dl.rachlr or Lndfuiectly, E thg w"r o"pirti*t, ttey d; --1ot, for*atn to those ehleh r*e perfoiiia-uy -tne

offlec of Civrliaa De-fGnso.

{o. ro p*F u,','r, e aoullEy,s ar@d frcee are dorpeadeat gponclvltl.u factlttlee rrdch povtde ard ,raintaln essorltfal equtpoent,auppl{.ee r'+{'sr:rvlcge' slnce tboee faelll.tles ariE l"A[d;t"'t rg"tsfor eiaemy attack, adeqrrate advance noasurcs Ehorrld be-1,geetr-io u.[fgatethc ragulta of ene,;,J attaok tbencon, slph a Frogran ";qift; bng ;1,,n-',lrg! orgarlzaltr orrl eetabl,lehreutr._coodinatlonr-teetfudr-;d dlreetappl'*'catLon befors tt approacts. Fgq*oy and eiyoctrwii"ul- Aceorrllngty,an lnterrtal gscrrrJty prqgla$, }o^bu aaeqirato and sffeothe-rruEt qe esiiti'l.lshod 6rd srrrrantly uatntalucd drrlng the yeers .i-pd;: -

.

41' --Tho War Departaertrs ntl}lzatlon'of aelected qr:a]Igtod clvllla'ffiry;i * r:H5*#{iffiffi tF,tys}i}**ffiiiffi'*fi:,,:Hffii'#pp,rffi Ft#ffi :#ffi

"ffi *tr"#ccoaomr and effLeleac]r. rrcorate, nrr;; ffifilrd be made- to rrtlllze slslrarredcral arirt oavata;i.;{il;-L"""ri" I; "1"." TEe ;*d;-oi-irrr,t p*-Pf*, to ito"rae tecnar..rl-reee"retr analoi,trer asststance, ad to

ffiffi "ffitl:,'ll'gnffi H*;;Sxg*;ff:ff ; ;i iloo,,"r-

- !A' rhs Re-aorroca hote*lol Boartat rsrdersd lnvalrrable ald as an

:Hrlil.rtr"i*Jl;u:m"r i6,,?ffi_*1,ffi:3 :ff ,*"

ffi Ha*;,{i;"H*slr#g"ffigffi ig;;'F#.***torrtd be establtrffi;-6i-l"iry rrtun-tillt Departamt. rue ac*.v-ltlca of crrch * G"""viJiii?*u" vralrrable g,ldce forr--'--=t. protbctlon of aocurlty aetlvl.ticgrb. pleut enpanelo,

c' stwage ard rtocrrpd.lee of cr{.tleal ru.ter{arsd' 4llocatton of cr{.tr.car nater{.are ard uarrporcr, ando' other actlrrltlea of coneern to clvll Defenge.

l*3' rho natlo'ra Eorrd Ear_rtr orgaalsat!.m. for lnterns,l, sacunlty,;:ffi frfriliti";, Tg;";ffi?'rri"if; T[*.i; ; -;-ffi"; ci,,ri.

ucolrErpErmr4&

,t

, a,. Bg sgeray thsuld be authorlzsd to oxercis€ aentraHzed

aontrol and s,perfr;i;; il;Li-ererents of an integrat€d ctrtl Defense '

;il;i;"A;"::ii;-a;";y snorla G a hieh echeloa of the propooed alngle

Deoarturent for Comroi"Oeflnee, lf and rben created, and, [n the interlnt;;ffidT;]"-iiiro hreh ochoroa r''irc IIar Department. (opera6on !g

ffi* *n";**1"r""fr'H !ffi{iffi'ii}il#ff:'"tack. In tSse ;"r""g"nctr, tle acccpt irce and executlon,gf n1lne re-

anonsl6g.tr"s 6 ;il &;;U, ;i tbr-;G""*ut shourd be dlr$cted t4t

cirnpetsnt anthorl'tY . )

b. Conamad, srryervlslon, and coordl,nat,lon resp.ons{b11lty,

ahould be Yest€d 1n the same authoraty'

c.UobilereEertlgrrnltsforflreftghtlng,eBergencynedlcalserrrlee; errpfg6ncy feedlng, I"t-;;-;r.*if"i-t"paIi a* dhe 11fe strouLd

be hclited ln modern clv1l deferrse measures'

d. .rrcivr-uan d,efensen should'be a couponent pa:t of uodertr

troad-forur 1nh;;1 G"',trti, r'';:; tt*l Defenie'-.nt should under

the sane eentralLzed mtlltary-contfot and superwlilon as other elenents

oi fntegrated orrcr-al1 Clvil Defense'

CJ

.L3

CONIIDEIIT.IAT

: '.j..... .1

COITIDTilITIAL

EMIBII FXi

: Cooritnetrlsr cf lalertel $eou-r'{ty lratln-{ttee

. tn tho Unltad Stataa &rfrg f,orli ltrr ff

.rl.],f. :-.l

aud r &rmarly of tlre hlaolpal lgenolpr

hr*lclpetfrg fr Srore Actlvltter

t,1l!

COINIDMIT'AI.

6*=ryr-*.._-*dr

B,BIEII NIT

. .ffiDII,'TOf, OF IllrESSAI, SECI,MITT T.CITYI?IES IN ?EE UrI?ECI S?ATSSUNilO IIOBIJ' rrR II ASD A S{'T.{!'AAY Or IUB_TUBCIPAL ASETCIES

l. tbc latloaal. grgan-fraifol for lntcmal rcorrltlr rar' not rarll.kor olorc\r-*olf efq3ptLo web rhloh aprcad ltr all-covcfifang pioteativaarry}tr ovqr tb6 entlre ooutry. Tha ndn rrdlal. nqlhcps-6fnL trte-:ntrd rtruoturc of that organl.aation *src predod.natcly ntrttary luth*roterr lrcaBthE onty thoas ldentlflcd'irtu tha redlraL pcmrar oou-€taloa rad th'offloc or ctvtttsn Deforre, vsarur trn rryoiiaat lu-*r*wtlftg tirarlarsc'd€Eberr roro rr prodoraluetcly clrillan, ?ho

=?l$l orgrnlratl,oa for laterral loourtiy, baoerrc Lr tus roary ramt:fl*tilmr urd tht l,aoluelvs scopo of ltr oiir-aIl utcrlon3 nooeaanrtlyar aoupllortcd in rtructtre, but, ac a rulult of effcottio ooorcl!"na--tloa rhloh brought about a ol€ar-cut dcllnoatlon end ilellnttqtlon oftho rellrotlva firnotlona and rcapouotbtltttor of thc yerloua elameatathcrcofe lt proned.lo!,rûnduly ooip}.tceted Ln oforation" &ti;ipuheidoonfllotl ln Jurladtotloau rrialrg flom a ri.nilgrtty or an ooeriapBlng

9f P rerpeotlrc- l,qtarael-sogrrlty rctpoaelbtfttlci of varlour aginofur(ruoh ra rt crrtalu rrtcr-frodt fastlltler rhera thc ffqro ifaryp orcErrt Guard caoh d,ght have rorpco'{ilvg raourlty lutcrertr). rerc pr€-wntad b3r ooordlaatlon end rcrultrnt agreenanlrtrcnUy roi'e reeplncl.blll?y:rrr 4okgatcd to end aoccptod tv urre onc of the latoroatedlnrtlclo llrfororocn oonfllctr ln 5wliOtotfon vicre rcgolved, afber thofrot, ty ttnllar coordlnetlon ald igroanoat"

' g. detforrt-lcvcl soordlnr,tlon of latcrnal aeourlttrr actlvttSesnr- 911foted W the Provost l'{arihrl Oeroral rho rrer partteutarlyqurllilad to claotrte that T€tlr i.Benttal finrotlou brciurc of othar rs-rrhd rerponrlbllltlcc_ chcrgod to hru" u*loalyr (a) eupervlaing ttrelhr. Depar-tnant frtsmal SeorrrltSr Fr.ogram (rtrloh nai tfrl predonirant andoqotroluug lutomal reor:ritlr gotr'dty of

.thc Untted statea) and (b)

fotulatlrS garl prcuulgatlng the polleies and procedwea gorerni.ng itatFoEra!. fhc coordlnatlon ectlvltf.eg of fha Provort ltarrhal Ganeial sx-tdd to nore then 60'prtnclpal agenolcr ar rrell rr to nery othor sub-ordlaate Eroupr.

!o ths Provort lHarrhal Oenera1o tn lrla oapaolty ar authorlsod'eoordlartor of latcrnal aeourlty affatnp perfoind I ruaJor rol,o !,nprrtrutllB or-rorolvlng cgnfllolr of jtrrirllotlou, tn etiotaattagdryltortl9r of ocaurlty.actlvlttca @n ouc hand aad lrlatur ou tha ertharela aolrlerrlug r grcetsr eootlorv and sfficleroy ln nrtlon*lde lntarnr,l. laegurlty olnratlouc, in offcottag a ooaarrinrttsa and rnorc conpleteutlllrrtton of ooqrtrat roowlQr pernornolo r$d ln ucldlng tlo severa1

I 1zI

COITFID$NIIAL

-

*".f, .

COXil{IDii;i,IiL

,'

dlltdry rna.gf{Ikn ooagorrtr of ttr artf,olrl otgenkrtlon for Lnpt .!rl t arrlty lato a tnootbly-opcretla; iatcgrad *olcs th. .rduult rlt r oegrrxearivc arotrotloa prorru ior r.ll frolrttlsr, trrtrll:?loqre firrlou rad so@Ottt t nfhl to tb progqrtlon of thrB!r

lo -fE ryralaltton firaottoar pcrforncd, ty ftr protrrrt tarahrllgrrr ladtd. ury lryo*rrt rortrritto rtrlo{ irtraarc iar uryoaat-b rsofi of, tlort ioralffy rrroslrtcd tdth ooonilartle, Dr addltlolrto- *ordtrrtl+t th. ruttiorlrll poultty rotlrltlrr of othar-e6cnolerttb thorr of thr f,.r Dapirto.rtr Ihr irrorort hrrbrl Coarat-oftcoIr*rd,ptad? rlth thr ooqrcnt or upoa t$c rlroiflc rcgrrat of, oortair{ tlr_4raolcr ooaoalrcdr trr th. aotrrrf Crrifoprt .fr c.t lltrhnaotof thrlr aour!.t1r' rotlvlttcr aa{-, thcrcrfter, ti tbe lndlrrot Bupotr-,Ylrts ?&roof. -

EaFplea ncrc tha aotlw gdtfofp.tf"n of ffr-provortt*rihr 0oural,ta the roor.urltlr actirdtllt-of tbi'Ddarar ror"r couJ.r-ds, tb PoErolcrn, ldr.rltrtrrttou for lrerl tho Bumau of ![near. theDrfarc PlrBt Eorporatton, thc Publls Boedt *dd.atrtrrtlon, ths &gso-glrtloa of anorloaa Rellroadr, the l,atrorern rudurtry rar io,ructtrrGd'ttcc oa ltotootlou of Potrolcum Faollltlerp rd-naqr othsr Fedarrlrad gftltcêganclet. Ia bthar Lartaacosr iooordl,artloai urant eofvfrythc lntcrarl lacurlQr probletrr preronted Qr varlour lateroatsd agoaclcror fraLlltloro corrlng ac iat€r'laodlary or Loaclllrtor battpen ttlserglaoLor rhorc trra llalsoB rtt def,Lctoat s rtosc rarpaotlve prcrotr'tsf. appcarcil to tarliug€ ulloa cach othsr, and rotlEA ir norilcbullder for ccttdn ludurtrtal groups oolduotlag prfvatr rcourlty ao-tlrltlrt'of rrrlrt*noe to tho rtr neprtuat. - -

. 6o llrtcd on tho f,olloing prger ar. urry of ttr prlnolgalrgoolcr rltb thtah ftrc Provo:t lIarsbal (iancrale olrlcfly tfrrou6tr lrfuIDtcr$l Scourtttrr Drlvlriorip nrtutalned oosrdlaatroa, togctuor wrtlbrlrl rrfrroaotr to ttrc nqror rubJaotr ooordlna.lr{r

COXFIDEUI?^L ,

-'

11q

| ' :.4? ;-,ffi--'-:-- --:

r#-*j

rc$flgr

XEMIS|Jr

-

eo!trIDF$il'IAtry

114

IlJgi SUDJ!C!r 0r cooRDrrrllotr

( Pflrlagr ntrbllrhEoht end mordp( frrtfoa of trtrr:ral !.surlty( polfcfr. t.ad proocdurcrt llilsol( rAtU topcohrlon egcnoicr outr( rldc thr lrr Dcpartmant o t

(t

((

( Scorrrfty of smrmioetlorrro(

Proourcuufi rga[gtrr aatloa oE rtouprtty rcaomaudatd,onrS rerolutlouof rocrrlty problons; paultt de-- foncel ooordlnatlon of lntemal..at.rlty poltotae aad proocdurcrof, l.ltr rlth thore of ASF; frotlltycrelrntloal ctoo

farulrr dclaurel dcrlgnetloa of pro-ldbttad md rertrlcted louclt georal latcraal reourity rattarao

oornDEiltut

---T_

fr fpcta'Uc holudlnrr

O{flc of th. Saomt*y ofBl-

Oftlor of thr lhdcr Scrc-ttg of lfrr -

nt lbprttrdt 0onanl ardEpaofrf 9tlfi?r -

fr Drgrrtn*t ?rlfflo Seou-rltlr Board -

frrqy lf Poroesl taoludlngr

V.rrlour Etrff Dirt-atoaE -

Of{llca of ths .rl,lr Pro-tuat lb,rahsl -

tcohnlarl Scrr,l.oor -

g.rvlaa Oomrradr -

Dcfcnrc Gomundt -

lrry Sarrloo Foroog, lacludingryerlour Ererr,trryr- [*#l1im;"*T::*ffiThiltloas - i f"r rnd proocdrlreao

( Proorcut rBCEo1r estloa orr.acu.( rfty rromoadrtlona, arryerrhtoa( of tutcmll rrourlty asttvlttcr of( oortrh fi:rln*'oo Dcp*rhoate( ?rrnrlnrtetloa 0orpt and Clalod,( ferfrrc Scrvtols feolllty orrrln -( tlon, rto"

( SWarvfiloa rnil ooordlnatlon o!( prrtl of, latcnorl aacurlty ud( mlatcd lattcm"

.+3 j 't:i:*. i !*, S.

co$rlrlEliuAt.

tgU'fff r (CouttAl

31vxr Eprrf$l partloularlyr

Drtarrrl Saourlty 8co-ttonl 8m l&trtclr*&rlrtoa, Offloa of tb0hlrf of l{rrrl grcrrtloal -

Ur 8, Oorrt Gurld,-

r

--

B*rtisulrrlyr

Port gcourlty Dlvlrfon -

flqr-911trt Patrclels Board -

,l'EF-SarJr lttsltlonr Bolrd -

l

.ln$r-Saqr lbard for, Profiro-tlou Arrrda -

rlolat l,rry-ilBTy AnrnltlonStonga &rrd -

(FIrnXUrilErr, ,(9*lI3)

Sfloc of Clrtllrril lbfara -

Frtrolrtn tdd,nlrtrrtle forBre tnoludlngr

ttrotllty Seotrrt ty Dlvi-doa -

Pro&Ptlono Brel4fury Ptpr

roEsr

11s

tr[I0B g!B.tEo? 0r coonDlulllor

-[tr

Foowoaut rgonoy actlon orr lcouFrft3r rreodatlous ; ooordlar,-tioa of lntcrnal abourlty rni rc-lrta{ tttcrur sraluetloq of rltrlfi.olllldct.

0oordtnrtlon of laternrt aeourttSrrnd rrlrtcd nttcrs and rcrolr*"tiou of rry problems rolatlngtbrrrtor

Srourfty of productlou end atorrgrof vltrl trrtrolcun produatrc arrdoonps.ntr thsrrof, roqulrrd hgrth. uE d aerrloaci utlltarypctrolcra rcqrdroents of tbIlattrd Stctst eud its alIloo"

Erpadltlo of rclcaae of srltloelplaat protcotloa natorlrlr rc-gulfd ty th. moct *ruportalrb xrrfacilltLero

Srcurlty rtatur of nar faotlltlagrpperrlaG on llrEter fnapectloatrrpoulbtllty Llrt noalratcd fortnqr-gllr .iEt Arardo

( frotcsaffr of, rtoragor of rmral-( tloa"

Suporvtrlm of F*otllty ScourltyPrognn r-d $tatst lfir IarpcottorStrlcr ooorrllaatloo of latsrurlrowlttrr'rnd olvll dcfcr.o (1*oltdtag purlvc drfenac) lnlloLcro

( Sr4orvldoa of lnrpootton progrooorrrtag vltrl potrolern rrf,larrlaellpcliaae, rtora6eae oll' f,1cldrootoo, rourlt3r of the lrtrohta 1r:*{utry rnd nlntod lnduatrarrl do*nertlo ud foreign ptrolcra prrdurttu eld r.qtd,rcnantrg tcoluloalprobht3 crnlurtloa of trrtrolon

((

1t!. .ni. otbcr Dtvlsloah( ftofllti,alo

COETIDI$.IIiLH

C{HFIT}#??III. 116

}OJM SSBJEUI OP COOBDI}IATIOU

$uprrutrlon of lnapoctlon progranfor rloatrlo pote'r 'and gal eya-tog., t.gurlty of elcctric potlrend grr ut'l.lltlccl evalurtlono.

gulrrvLrton of 'larlrotioa progmnoov.rlag vttrl nlnsa and rcletrdfrelltttcrl tvalt:atton urd laolr,rlty of euch laclLltlesI problaasrclrtlag !s adrnrntrtratLon of thslcdarrl Exgrlorlve! Acto

Erpedffloa of rtleeao,of orltlcalplrl$ protcatlon natcrlalr3 rual1rrrr rad rnnltloae rtoos fr-qtd'rrd tsy tryortent xar faollltlte;ooorillrrtlon of scourlty pollole*rad opcnatloar of IIFB rtth thogsof thr Far Dapartnonto

Evalrutloa of tbc Lrnportanao of sarfaotllttcie rGrvlceu, Etoregossosuodltl€r3 ctoo

$ror:rtttrr of oomodtty etoragrg; os-trbllabont of gtoragc apcolftca*

.tloar"

Scourttlr of oredlty atoragca rndunuf,sotrrrtag plar*s cilmod orooatrollcd Dy lta rubaldlcqrr$cttrlAro

Smurtt5r of uauufacturtng aad ttor-tgo feotllticr for orudee ryatha=tlo'rnd rcm?'rrrbbcr aud, Irtcro

SrourLty of ltorager of orltlolLarrtela rrd rlacralro

Oounl rcurlSr of orltlqal oomo&-' ltlor ilrrd rnd rtorcd by DrfcuEaStrypllrl Corpoi tupcrvtcfoa of .1,r"'aPcotlon Progran oovorlng dratg*artal S0 rtoragcro

Oracnl..rourltlr of DPC trroJrottglildlmat ful,.rylrloa of tarlno-tto progrtn covlrl.ng dcr{nrtrd0DC froflltlrlo

roE[cr

oovHmrEm^r (cr"+!33) (c"d'.g)

Itdtrll Porpr God.rsLon '

Brceu of tEqrr -

trr EoduoGlot Sotrde laoluitagr

Xrlourcoa Protectlon Board -

Stsaga DlvLrloa -

f,roqrtruotlon ftl,nsnoe Corpora,-ttroa, tuoludl4r

$&bcr SmorYs Con;r4r -

l&trlr Ecarrur 0oryr4r -

D$rnr Srrypltrr Cotpon-tloa -

Dfaar Plrtrt Corporrtlo*

(('(

(((

COTTIDEMITL

'=l' -€'-==ry".--_ .:* :r*

r0ffir

-

117coxtrIDEiSrra?.

-

ll

STlol of Br Inlotatlon -

Ug 8. trcuuqr Dltrtrttns!$r f,a,olryilrEr

Proouroant Enlgtoa -

trrtl,orrt Emraroh Corsoll -

htbllo Butldl4gr *dntalrtrttlorr -

ftr Eorganoy plpollasrr Iloco o

Irfi8 il'B.tBcr oF 000mIuA?I0d

( Sr^?.ggrrdlag of d,lltery tnforur-( ttoar rcowlty of propr8anda( broedoutlug feoUlttorr etao

( Eborrlty of gotrreat-ormrd( ooodlt3r rtoregea=

0fillm[tAt (grvruE) (coatr d]

Ildarrt g nunlEstlour Cmbrloar ( Srfc$rdfaE of oeruloru.otrto

( npcrYfrloa of tarpctlon pffigrrui

Itrblto Bords Add,otrtrttloa - ( oovrrlag Yttrl hfgtxly brldgcae( vladrrotr, trrralal ottoi crlfurr'( tlon of auoh froilltlcao

Lradphuc Slylrlon - ( soourrty of lra&hrlo nrtrrtrlra

onilm or $oroatrfle B*c*oh I tT$ig *;il!filt"U*";:'*r-artd Ibrtlopitrt o btologlog nrfrrcl inlurttoa of( rcrcEsh fisllltlcr"

( ncrcaroh ooaocralng entl-btologlor.l( rrrfrrta

Drpefut of Cocroco partlo-ulerlyr

( Srourtty of rlrqy oomrnlgrtlonClrl1 Aoroasalor ltrloolatlon;

I Hillttcri a1r traffto ooap

( frotcotlrr uagurer rclrtlEg toIntrrtato coloorac Cd,rd.oa - ( crplotlvcr, polrorone gqrir asd( *rA,oalrl ctoo I

Burru of Rcoluetior * ( seourtty of dana, porrr groJaotre tt*Otllsr of Defcnrc Tranrportetlou - ( Scorrnlty of oormodlty etorlglo

( Srourity of prrbltc bufldtnge; peulv,:( dofcnrco

( ercurfty of, iBlg laohi rnd llj,ttll( gfg IDohr plpc llne lyetcnro

mlrrD8iltIrLk-

118

rOEET

courlps{1I&L

III.XA gUBJEgt ot OooRulrratlor

-rr

[ . ,.. .:)

Of,IfilftIr^t (orvrUrs) (Cortta)

-

lHff Eos do ldal,al*rrtlon -ttr?lr* ft 3roptrty A&l*rtrrr

BE-fpc&t of lgrloulturrr

l"Bluir4r

Amdfty ffs{lt CorporrtLon -

ht Food tdd.ttlstrrtloa -

S, ir Ftbllo Esalth Scrvlss -

Xrtlorrl X$tltrrtc of balth -

Prrr lrood rrd lFrrg Adrnialrtn-tla -

rsrr+lE

lno.lrtiqa of fruttotn Betl-Ssdl -

lrrll€il3 Prtrolan lagtltutr -

Fttrolara Indnrtry Err Cotnaoil,' prrtlcdellyr -

Omrttce oa Protaotlou of?otroloun lbclrltlss -

Illlbref Bucru for Indrutrhl?rotcotlm -

htio!:f XLre Protrotton Alroa-lrtlon -

COTMDEillIrL

-

(trorrftf of osrodlt3r rtorrgtro.

( Scorrrlty sf ooeodtt3r storlgcru(

( Srcrrlty of omdltgr atoregrro5

( Orototty of foodrtuffos ttbenu( aevrf rte6s rnd vcgrtabls otho

( trotcottm rgrlart lnduatrlal( huudr;. problme 'relatlng to( rntt-blologlcrl uarfarc"

( frotlcqr conqaralag lnduatriaL( lLs.rdr aad eatl-blologlaal( rarflrt"( Urttorr'ooaccrallg entl.-blologloal( tarfrrco

'( gcoudty of "ftd nllroad frotl-( ltlcro( Iln lnd raoldmt prcrrcntlon la( tb lrtrolcr.u lrduetryo

( Srourfty, produotion and othcr( uattcrr coaoorala6 the petro-( Icrn ladutr1r.

( Scor-fty of thc trntrolerm ln( durtryr

( Ianrrarca larpoctloa roporta(: ooltrlng frollltlcr a*{ comodlty( rtongcl"

( Ilre lrrlntdou and proteotlon .

( probtor.

CO}IFIDE}I?IAI

-

AT}EICT

IElYltE (0outrd)

-'_

Gouaoll of Elaotrl,o Porcr0prratlng 0orpurlea -

lnerlorn lrlephorc aad frlf-gr.ph Coryary r'

!EEg!H,tlrl Srowl,ty Goordlnrtlon o

ilr trrffLo Control Board -

lallroad Scourlty Coaulttcc :

urroB g{r&{Im 0r coqRprnAT.rof,

( Ecorrrlty of clcotrlc power( frollltl,ceo

( Srorrrtty of aomsrtoatloa( frollltler

Srourl$r of f,rotlltles ln tha U" gournufrgturlag or atorlng oqulpg.lrtud nrtarldr f,or Brltelno

Ilcounlty of vltrt ;ar faollltl,ccaadangcred by fs, flylng alr-draltl ltoo

Soouritsr of vttal rallroed frsll-ltlerl craluatlon of rallroadfaoilltt ea o

(((

$t,trottgh thc sooPc and otntrcter of, tbc rotlvltlcs of ths IntcruclSror.nl.ty Dlvldoa ettabllshod lt ar oas of tha ohlef ooordlnatorg of tD,tcrarl rcourlQr'aotl.vltles, both t'a tbo ilar tbprrtnoat aad ln ths netloa,lrrgc a'arlc ooordLnatLoa alao res effcotcd W thc PersoarroL scourlty Dl-drloa rlth regard to iatomal reeurlty reattem rpcclflctlly of r trper;orurolreourltSri uaturco Ia addlttoa to ualatelaLag ooordina,tlou nlth oertala oftlu rgcaolca fndloated abovc, th6 Pemounal Securlt3r Dtvlrton (asarttrealrf ooaJuotlon nlth tlro Internal Seor.rrlty Dlvlalon) rcrLcd oloaeLy rithrmrrl othor rgcnoler6 parblotrlarlyr

lcdcrel Iltroeu of InrcrtlgettoaFrr Bcloortloa euthorttyTrcmurtrr Dopartanerrt (Scoret Srrvloc

rnd lutclllgcnoc Dlvlrtoar)DrBartmat of, IrborSclcotl,vc Serrlos SyrtcnIrxbornrtloarl Asroertlou of Ctrlofo of Polloc' Uo S" Strtr DepertucntUo So eploynant gcrvloellar Shfppfu$ Add,nlrtrrtlonInlgrrtlos and f,aturl,llretlon ServloeAlLen Propcrty Curtodlur

ths firtornd ScourlQr and Pcrronncl Scourtty Dl.vlrlona actad Jolntlyor ln olor ooordlartlon oa nrtten of. oitdant or poralblc nutual lnteresto

COIrIDENItrrI.

-

lbrdc tu

n..l?lt?n4!!c:. i- r r,:'.r lL,tJ..r .. alliJ

%e

rEfIl?8Il nJi.-

Co.racotloa rtth Clrrr.l.lan Dcfcnrc

t | -t

COBrIDETrIAT

EXTIIBIT ltJN

M0RALE I$ e,Jli3{SCfIOl{ riJltff CTVIIIA}{ }EFb'l{SE in

. , t

1, gne of'tha img;ortarst faetore irl tha oar3.yo ovsrrhala$rrg a!^ro$ersof thc Haci ssr naohino nde ths lirtlerlan rccognition, wtderetatdi.ng andappllcetion of the prinolpLer of noraioo Ihase principles Hars l,earnsdwsI1 ln advenea a.ird applied lcng beforo the m*chino plr-urged folv'arC, todo its rorko Ihe Naals larcw that i;he arlppllng of the morala of an la-tended viotin vauld open thc gate and paT;-the way foi ita nnnlirtlatLon,Low morale, rlth ita eyapions of la,ck of r:nity6 no confld@BG€e tgnoraJoocof true condltlona, Lncular conplacenoy aad potential onorly-fgd FroBt!-6snda, TaB reoognlced as a <iiaoasc aad used as e reapon by nitirlasshordea of ilagl agents sc*tterod throughout tho worldo ?hc plarr ainost -euocoededo It {'ailod-*'b6cau8a the prlnciple* of morele Eere esught andadopted by (lreat ilrtrtal-n La tlns* and by cur ormt qountryr. a!,raost tco iato'.through e tremendoue urifieetlon of purposs snd cffort to otave off acataatrophe ts wlil*h ali. tlm freedom-Iovlng pcoples of tho sorld hsd beenalortedo

2" I.iorale is nct nabulouso It ts uot intangible" It ee.n ba eoen;it oax be lreard; anFTt: csn bo Ceritroyodll-IYa knor that a::d e* dees enypotentiai. eirer+r" "$. pla:rned enery attsek wil"1 gtriko at nerill* first*-ys&rs before o.ny plryaical attack lLashes out againat ue ln ite full fury.l,lorales -ih.srefors, is vital ia pl.rpr:rLng tiefense again*t elearqg e.ctl.ondirectod at eivilians atrd auai bo devoloped aud Fsrfectod*-boginning aor.-,Later, it eeuld he e,oefuily and tr*61ca11y ueolasa*besauso it ssuld betoo Letoo A poteat*a1 enem),-n'il} act $anl us to dsvelop and perfectpsrele norro trdore than that,-, he w:LIl be aet upon dolng cverytiring rvi.tirinhio pawer a,nC gche*ring cururingp aotlvely and dlsbolically, ta praven'b ltoLforale is no nora tin3r portion oll ttro glant fiold of civtj. dofr*nee" Itis the front gete"

So Cisilian'dsfonse ie i.a tlre grtn business of proteoti:rg and oav-ing llvos snd sr5xtitriring the effecta of onoqy abtack on c:.viiiailoomnrunltlee,, lnduotrLal plente and cther inctallatione, except thoae ofthe armed forccen ihereby ientrtbufing to thr over-al} rar e-ff,*r* of msntlro naticn.- fi:oee e*re i';a priiur obJoctlves, tho achlerr$ilsrr? +f elthavof which n'ould +oaatitr.lte a:r effe*tLva *oconplLahr:ento Def*n** aga!.astcneny actiorr dlrectEd s*t olvllla.rrE thst rl}i rcqulre tho raas'sire-tl1:rg oftlrc offorte cf r11 'Nhe pcopSe ls at bgat an ldEa}, tanl,aee it 1= dire*ted\l a rmtflod, caffi.ad* OazXy a. uni uy* of cor*mand caa produce e urlty of thepeoplEf-#ffi'E'o*Iffi asmunitles end rorkag civllian 'lefenae :'.s dasiga*dto prote+t *md ss.?e,: i.'urtirsr, li aust be a.mit1,'ricrr--eot iatere r}:anavallab1e ovldenaa indicatsg tha'b minutes could nake the rery tilffcrerros

1

COI$'IDE$'TIAL

L,)

E'' tlroro oaufldonce tn defensgonly froa rcallrtl.o

L22

::3::-t1i" ,::l_u."Il:. -Inl: T, bosn abundant]3, ltruetrated by rhi ax-H:liff '"3', j.l,l,,*"" lylff I5-::":: :- :i :$l;ii"

-i;?ii"*"i' H ;;:";I:;

ffi:::f ::,:",r.?Ix":{ l.n",,I**:l-sfato3 it'*i.iro ;ffii;;";;;;v,$H:"*"ylx;-t't-"*:"L.:^::H tl{.:: " +: ;+1},i;;;ii ffi ii ;,,rvl?f :^Tl _ : " I: g- :r?t*he . "

oou l

d e.re d at,; ;hr ; r'iirii "ir

;i; ."ffi"Jl";"iLtondo Here aro ths diffieuttleg he pointea;;,

1. _llo Fower over other departnentg--ea6ao 10B6Departmont of Oomxorceo otc.;

bo Fractically ao cooperatioa fron. Arui5r and

Go llo csntral control olrsr Eol,errrorc of the

ovor Arrgro !$aqyr,

lleqr;

prcfecture*, and

andton

do ordere aonfllcted slth autl:,orttlag frosr othcr doparfunonts,loadlng to uncertainty aad non-conpJ.ianceo ---

rt le small wocdcr,-., th6a4 that poopre Ere aonf.used and periahed ra thcbcmbing attaoka, vhsa ths liome isfeou" i"og"u*-oot".."ted to tirorr goysrn-rneat lost all cenblanco of a coharont aa,tliaal ryetan of air rald pro-toctlono rhe }esaon yss learned tilo rrara-rs-y-trrlt a ooherent er;rat*,se orelvil defEnse is inpossibj.e of echlevenent rcit'j1out tire dlrectlogi sf etuti.fioda over*s.lL sowaand,n

4o rt ts tho recogaltion of suoh a necd for r.nlty that ied Joeephstesart Jiiaop to say rn thsir s0 rlanuary 1g{6 cohi,rn ln the wari.rng_Poetr

n?UE BE$T COtrs.IWf,0Ry cn the smblttered ArnSr_tle.ry controvarsyovor defeaee tmlf;S.oation is to be formd ra a oinlro, eiapre tao}osix manths havo perased since the bonb fell. on nflosrrfna," sirmnnthe $v+ paesod siaca.tho atrateglo posltioa of tiria caurtryrtas completel'y rovolutloaizodo tEt {h. ierponaiblo iresds of thearasd serrlc€g have not yat a6reed on en .ovir_all dsfi:nsa Flaafor the unltod $tatos, rorlsed in the light of cagabii1*tc6 orthe aew -r{eapon$., llo ouch plen exlateon

Of courao, befcre- a:ly af,fective plan can oyolya, ceroful s,nd dsLibes.etestudy rsust firEt be nade of the ifrectg of ths bombiug on iapau a:rd Ger-rnqrry-€reports aEd rlocunents of eupportiag materlel uruit be cigolat*dsevaluated and l.nte:.polated in the fignt 6f encriaaa condlticne bef,r.)reeqr cffcctivo plan can takq sirapou iho publtcu horrcvers tc sntltlad tolmow whst ir b*lng done, rhet prans Era ioing nade for irot*eting thelrIlvra"

be no noralaagalasi oa€q,thinkiug ol

c-

rithout tha publlota coafldene*6 *qd con*aotlon dlrectod at slyitlans oa& aprlng

the part of both tho Govsrnraht end thc

eeoilrlogsfraL

123i.','.... :. .;.,u.. ., . ;

peoplo lt eeryoa" ?he deetructlva po*err of the aton and othcr lnaidlous$sapons of rarfere, ruthlesoly' cayable of ravag,lag hrsan llvEs and cbl,lt*eratlng a natiosr B rosoutrcosr) sr* no IIIsro ftgnentr of an Oo llo;uty tnagla=aticao fhosa xsapo&r ara rcal and blttoro Ths terrlfytag posnib3.llQrtltat an uf,se€u ono,ntr mry bo fought i.n a bettlo of gcras eb tira genc tlneas hunan fooe ere belng ongaged war coatatned ln a full raport to thaSeorotary of "ffar by George TI. Herokn Dlreotor of thss f{ar B€ssr4rolr Siervice(aoa *Blological Export Forseeaa Sattlc of Gorntg*o Arqr ead H*rry Bullc-tlao 12 tlanuary 1946)o Iu the faae of nodsra w_es,.pongo r:o rell.sn*t cen boplaoad upon future oontfu:ued obeory&ncs of tho hulma.illterian prrlnclpl*e,as ya havo l-nronn thsmo Thc lnplf'ohtlons of thrae ttor forces uuet b+brought to ths, attanttoa of tha publlc by thoec u1n tho lrrono., ?he laa-eoas le*rnod from'Japaa olearly demonstratc thet nor ic nr tlna to d.ovelopaa tagrained reluctance to otlucate gufficieatly the lnrsrlcgn paopla lngrfun realitloE of thelr eituatlon in the torldo ?he etretagic menr:Lngof the'nir.t wuapona ahould.bo the subJect r:f aeriouar parsonal songldEra-tion by sv€ry.thinldng Auerican, in view of the. dlrcovery that the sFeodof nodern attaok, corabined xith ttls terrlble, a1uoel; total destlruotivsforco of the stcraa riakoe aurpriee the declalrre faotor" the poesibilityof eueh * aurprlae attackr.xlth the reeultant shaos aud d:laaator" ghouldbrs guffioient-to diapol any cornfortsble ldeas of relerlng lnto thc earynegllgsnoe and corr4lacerrcy of pr€-Psarl Ilerbor dayeo One of the probleneof rroraler, then, 'nili be tc eti'"rcsto the p',tb}5.c tc th* traggdy ,rrhich caafollonr ite failui:a to *atoh the sobsr noto of atock*taklng and F$-of,dsr-lrrg of responeibllitias ia ths face of, recsnt developroenta. It iB s. ocn-mon sl'rgrBataristte of 'Lho Ar^:srie{*r peoplo to ehy a*ay fro:n aryt"h:ing f}*tentl.aks of antlolpatlon crJ'Ene. preparation for armed oanflio*" $lgn{fi*cenbly, howorere theee pesra individuala are ths mcgt voolferoue lnsev&ro criticieui of th*lr gorornnonts rtrsn tha tr'agody of a Pearl }ierborhar taken pl,aea' thls i.s rlrere educatlon shsuld &ake lts e:ltrene6*'-1a*'ltla,Ityp ttrrcugh an annouslcerreat from the Bureau of Ptrbllc lieS.atLoncthet ths IlBr lbpartm.ant hab forurula{;ed plana for dal'endlng the peoplo,brrt thnt tho oxeoution of tl:oge plano ulll roqu5.r"a the nupport of the on.-tLre countryo A portulat,r that alearly rocr[6 pretQr geacra]ly aooeptadls that thers sust bs Graatsd a faallng.of oonflCenoc cngendorort by thetnowladgo th.st e oor.potent organitatlon ls on hand to deal rlth ang

. 6o Our bagio obJeetlvo*-towards ihtoh all otharc lead-*ts the pro-teotlor of tlu couatry not only agalnst rhat probebly rl}l happon butrhat oould raasonably happon ln tho cvent of E-61Elt-It ls nonherccuggai6il-1n thla atudy that' tho paop]e be parrlckod lnto hartry etopo,but rather that thcy beoele grlmly rcallstto and be rnuacd out of aphllosoplqy cf l,ethargy rrith tho holp of a blg puch from their oarvantotho Govsrrnent, equally roallstlc and cqually rouaad", O€r.ora1 Andoe lnans.rror to the lnterrogatioa doacribsd abow, alco polntod out; i:hat bo-tween 19Sg and 1945 ths ganoral publlc lu Japan xal uot luffici,entlyeducatsd ts tho seriougaees of protootlng Japan, bscauro they did notlmorr the t"*th--!hff@"th".ttr*- It sa!

3COtrFIDINTIAL

: _ !1.' t/4

not rntll Jenuary L944, rhsn the relds bogen, that tlre Japanase bcgan totakc 61tagur63*-too lato ln tho B&aa horever, t'hle }aokadalstoal ittl-!"49 on tho part of the Japanose gooBls !,as *Ieo doscribed by llr. Klngollaehimurao llead of the Follco $octioa, Alr DafEnse Gensral ileadquartoia,i1 the ?oJo cabinat, dr.liin6 the courra of the lnterrogatlon cariiod on U1rtho UaLted $'"etss $trate6lo Bonblng Survey" He degcrlbcd the abecnce ofpubltc conftdonoc ln ooptng ri.th ai.r defedae, daapltc tralnlng facllltlos,uhich tgar due to ths llaqrr o attttr:do that, rlnoe no onsn$r planes rrorepoasi,blo ovar Tohro, llr dofcnae by civIllailr rBE urxlcoorsary, coupl,*drrlth the fact that the Arny took r:o porttiw ttepe tsrard,proteotlng thsslvl]lenrs Our Govsrndmnt cannot afford to naka e slmtl.ar-mlatako"

. 1, Tho cry of nelsflrlst, and, "tnrtrcngcrttp micguidcd rcpns,nta ofpr6*Paar1 }lartror deya, uot yet diealpated, rrllt be ttiraulatod,o of couris*It ig a cry thet will ba snoouraged ard nnrturcd by potaatial cnony agcats

, from rithta and those rho rotrld umltttngly eratat thsa" If preaohi:rgpreparedncse aad fcrmflatljg a plan that 1111 sara Liyea constttutc a]arm-lem, thcn lt lc alaratrm thte study advocetea aB an ovsmhclnl*.g aholeeorer the el.arrolean--tha'traglc, rt+t leten alarml"aa--that xould Joms in thssake of a pcncododly aurprieo attaoi< againat en r:alnfonnode rinprotrnrod andhelplass trpericr,

8o The otrjoction may be raissdo ae !.ndeud lt has alreedy, tha'U thcdeclaratlon of a Cic-iLeen Defeuge Progra* or oy€n platform rou1d trndlrrataa legs of faith la tlia {initcd Natlons and that thc reporcuaglons wou}dr.mderalne lta atiuoture' theruby crtppLi.ng the iroafidenoo and npralc ofour poopls" $uoh a Progr&m, tt le nalntalnod, conatltrrtee gabar rati;Ilngsnd-a challenge--alrord,y;,.*to rnrld. pueee., Thls olJcctlon La *lufralen! -to e Bosltlvc regertlon thb,t thc tioct q,ffectlrc flrc prc'rtntlori proErats*Ya{}able rould JuBti.fy thc abollshmcnt of al} flra fightlng doBartnanttoIYe shoul.d prepar€ for a.ttask by nc on$ ln partleu}ar but agalnat ar6ron+ whcrniight attsok us. Tho polioe ara not propared for a arlnlnal act on thepart of any rpocifio evll door-- thay are prcparad end ae.nsd againotIo_!_BlLle Grlefgqqgo AE oao edltortal mitor has oxpreated lt, otha flrc@et up to flght a partlcular fire-but auSr fireil*Dnrriag tha period in rtriah'ths peoplea of the' rorld arc ?ffilcTfftoxard antnterna,tlonal organlzatlon stt'qag onough io-pra.rent atord.c lrar !.eachnatLon nuat prepara ltoe1f to m,rd off or'rcslct attackno Doctor lrthur.Hn Comgtan, one ci.f the leaders on the atom{ e bonb proJcot, reeontly saidln addresalug * aeetiug of oae thouoand mubarc of tlu Alrorican Pt1rotcalSooiety. In dlsousaing the soala,l inplloatioug of nuolcar cnorgyeIloetor Conpton Snintad out t'hat unttl an'lnternational organiaatioa isprepared to fuactlon Ln a pol.loo capacisre ro oureolvcs muat at lcaltsnlntain tha partlal asauranac of paqoe that our orn prcparedaore oaaprotddco In uaH.ng the Unltcd llationg offcstlw, l.t rill be lupoeolblc'for our courtry to fulftll its obligatloae rmloeg lt planc on e etrongotvll defenee, Suoli a riafense;, far fron crlppling tbc norals of ourpcople, 1111, Eu the contrartrr, bolcter and aalntaia it so it$rt tt willrscet tho tort of, any onsrgenoy rhioh may oon{rs Ar rBt ao aucclaotlystrted tn tlrc Uatted Statrg Stratoglo Borubing $urvey Sr.uaaqr Rmport

,{t

CO}ITIDETIIAT

12s!sgI s#

(Errropeaa Yfr), s0 $cptaabcr L945r nprcventloa of rar rlll not couofrou acgloot of rtrength qr lach of foreelgtri ;r alcrtnesc o31 ogr partorhose rho aonteaplati crlI and rggroralon .Ilr*d

"aoouragcnont la suob

go theree thaao sro thc'saltoat clencntr, conaLdcratloue apd ra3i-floatlonr of moralco onlI conc of d:lr-ou bc polntcd out in thlr etu{r,Ilo aqanoy ts.b"_otrargad rtth rcrponaibrlrty foi nrturc ciriL dofauseplaaning an!- rnrrgnontetlon of, suoh plrnr ri,tt havc to tioria -rirr"oruotll problcrn of noraLao rlth wtrtol rt rtll br oonfrontad, affeotivelyand rlth ro dalryr for moralc tr tha vcry kcyaoto of otvil icfonse andupoa ttr ruooarrful plan tho rafoty of oirr oiuntry rrlu rcst.

l0a Conclustoao It lc abaolutcly orrcntlal to norala tlrat lihsrebo orcateEfllilffiEtrrltlaa populatroa, "oarl""iiy lopt firlty tufornadno feellng of oonfldeaoas ergandcrsd ty tt" ]mcnrlidgeltut Joourpctcat

lgcloy of Sovernnaat, rcpreaentlag aL ovcr-dl udlicatlon, iu in runa!o d:P wlth qv ewaluarity ana {rrat tho sountr? k readSr-and preparcdfor tbo pooelble rrmruto

6COUTIDETIEAL

.ila+_.-, :a _ -? *. ,g-1_*-{t",a:

CONTIDTMIIAI,

ttErBrf rE*-

Our!,&retlo of, Vttal &dugtrlai Saotltttee'fr Ielrcbll{tttlm flrrurtrrg

*_"rr-

CONPIDEII?IAL

*44$g- :^ r, j'.' _:l '

eaE t I Il'a I L. ,4 iirA t.! 127

8Hr0s 004 lE Augurt 1p{5

IEIIGAUDfl FOn,rBE DIBECfOA OF PI4I{S ASD OPERATI0f,S, ASS'r

SUBIIECII Conrldaretloa of Tltrl Indurtrlal Facllltlca ln DcaobtllzatlonPlrnnlag

1o Scforsuoo Lc sado to Hcmoraadum for Thc Frovost llarshal.0mralu fllr SPOPD $?oool (tp,luf 45)o rubJcot as abovc, datod ??July l9aEu rhlch lc roaubnllted for rcooneldcratlon rlthout amcade€Extar dlrsottd 1a rlow of tnfomiatlon rooo!.va'd froa ths Undcr Scarataryof ltar (Lt" Col" Eeadrtoki that ths orlglaal roeomondatlon oontalnadla tho atudy rBE approvod aad that a requoct rac oadc on I AuguatI94E to tho llar ltoduotlon Boerd for ttro traarfor of fllas aad rooordsof thE Sorourooa Protsctloa Board to tho Offloc of tho llndcr $ocrat*ryof traro Copy cf that Latter la attachod aa Iacloauro ?o

2o At a ooafaraaoo hold tu the offloc of tho Spcolel PlannlugDlvtrlono fu Dopartoeat $pcolal St+ff (Lt, Col, Bollcraa), attondod bytho Dinootor of P!.aar and Opcratlonl, ASF (IaJor Satth) and lhc FrovoatIarrhal Ocneral (Colonirl t{111er), the gcnarrl purporo of thc ctudy rearovlcrod and all proacat agrood to tho fol1orlu6 prcmLrcrr

io Tho preoent aotdvlttce of thc Rsaouroea Protoctlon Br5ardof oolleotlou and ov*luati.oa of tnformatt.ea ahould ba ooatlnuod"

b, Tho'so aotLvLtlca rhould bo rclabolcd rtth looo morodororiptlvo .tltlo, auoh ar Rceourocs Errlurtlon Coumlttcs,

co Thoea aotlrltlos rhould bo plaoad ou a levcl'oufftotsattyhlgh to pcrnlt aocolr to laforaatlon rlttrln thc trar Deprrtucat, thof,ary Dcputnont, othcr federa!. agoncLor, and clv111.- agcaclsto

do thd laformatlon oolloctcd and lho ovaluattour of 'cheoomlttco should bo eoooselblo and avaLleblo aa rofcrenco aatorlal to'aL!. rgcnolor cagagod la auoh aotlvltlco aa rtoolcplllng of rtratagloaad sllcatlat naterlala, future plant arpanrlonr, allocatl.on of -orltloa}aatcrLr,lr, allooatLon of manpotrcra protcotloa of crltloil mtcrlals orprealrcao or rnlr other raJor agoaoy rhloh oan proflt by thc laforaatloaovalurtcd by the oommLttcc.

oo Tha aottvlt!.ca chouS.d not bo pleood lrlthln aay cubordlnrtooperrtlng rtoaoy rlrogc !.aterost nay bc oonflncd to ono or noro of thc

128. CO}I!'IDBI{TIAT

sPtlGi o04

aotlvlt!.oarofarredtolndabova.Thefungtlonofthooomittcuahould uo aoloLy o""-or coTlcctlon ead ovraluetloa of taforuatLoao

3o It should .also be notad thtt lt ts advraabla to Srovont any

brdak fur tho coutlnulty of tbc gatherln8 of .laforroatlon and ltp gveLua-

tl.ouo

InoIg-iI- iu*o sFoPD s?oooL (1g .lut *oi

to m0r dtd 2? .*r1 45(qA lner ao llatad)

2o Cy ltr fr BS{ to HFB, dtdI Aug 46

ARCEER L" I,ERSE

llaJon Ooncrcl, OBA

Thi Provort ferahdl Osnoral

COI{TIDB}ITIAL

1 Isol:Icao 8F0PD 5?0"01 (e5 tlun {S)to Dlr of llatcri.cl, dtd 4 JUL

lr/t lncl aa rrrtei) n t/t tad. ? Corurcata

"

! : g'r:i-::;

OHFIDEHTIAT

8o Lo S0brrIaJbr Ooaoral, GBC.,Actlng Dtrootor of Plnne&.. Ofaratlon!, ASF.

St6ard ' '

,rn F.o gAIitrmIfELto CoiouGl, GoS.Cokecutllvo, Plaunln6 Dlvialoa, AoSo F,

EI[TIAL

s 129

sFoPD 3?0.,01 (r9 rrul a5) ?7 &rly 1945

TIEONEUOIX F6T lIE PROTTOSf .UARSEAL GESEAAL, AM{Y SERVIG FOTCES:.'

. SubJcct: CoarLdsratlon of ?1.t&1 Indurtrlal Faollltlogla Demoblllaattoa Plaaolng,

l. Referenca La mada to:

Er Lottar to Dtrsctoro Speol.al Plannlag Dlvlelonu {lar Oapart-nmt Spcclal Staff, flla SruCS 0O4,, rubJoot ar abott, datod 26 Juns 1.946,rtrtotr forrardod a ataff atudy on thc aubJoot nattcr"

bo 3.at lEdoraeaout from Dlrcoto.r. of lfiatorlctr to Direator ofPlanc and Oparationa, fllo SPIIPE, datcd 13 rtuly 1945. nblch ooacuro tnthc rooonuondatlon ttret tho Roaourccs Prqtcdtloa Board bo carrled for-rard undor Jolat Arry-tlarry auoplcos, but doqa not conour iu tho Fooormlcu-dctlon that thc Arny ladu6trtel, Co11o6o lc Etre nropar vchlclc for thltpurpo!co

co Coooest Hoo 2o Dlreotor, Control Dlvlgtouo Aruy $oivlcaForecf, fllo SPICY, datod 19,rluly L945e rtrlch concurE lu goneral" rlththc oomantr. of the Dlrootor of lrterlol ar outllacd ln purgraph babovc, and raconnenda that Arry-Eavy Urinl.tlour Eoard bc darlgnatod-lnatcad of tho Aruy Industrlal Gollogoo

, Za . lho attachad etudy.wlth accoapalylng papora 1a roturnod for rc-conaldaratlon and rcvklon !.n vtar of tho comaatr ar outllacd Ln ps,r'agrapholb and o abovo and tJra lafonml oonuontr of SpootaL Plarnlng Dtvlrlon(Et" CoT, Holloran) I{ar Dopartnmt Spcolel Staff .aa' dlrouaoad oralLy rlthCol. I111or of your off1o6. on 2? JuLy 1946,

5. It ia roqueated that tho amcuded atrrdy bo roturncd to thlc offlceo! or bcfore lO Au6utt 19450

r[5and

COtrFID

. t:'!:::aa3-:rc":: '':'''' . . ; t'T

o?Y

., ..r:.i=,1188ffiffi .-l1-a -

130

lltsonAf,Dltl rCIR DrBEc?oR oF tla1ERrBto ARlrr sEgvrcE FoRcEE(Attentioar Dlrsotor of rndultrrir ncrour.rraattoa)gubJeot: coaar.daratroa of yrtar. xnduatrtar Facr.rltlesip Dcnoblll aatloa phnrri.ag

srcPD s?0"01 (aO .run cO)

1o BofcroacE la raadc tolndultrlet faollltloa of vltrltraEr

:

2 Iaolg1o Ltrp fllc Sptt0$ O0rt

frn pt[0, dtd20 .rrrao r/e Ino}ras lfutod

2o TS tr pttrO, filo$P0PD s70.o1 (eS Xay +$)dtd e5 fay withIacl aa llrted

thc'attaohad ftLc of. corrolpondcaoc ooneerulugluportanoo to thc futurc,.i pioo"ctlou pi;--.

4 tluly 3,945

/ri1 go*8" EonncdyLt" Colo, AUS

for DAIIEL TIOCE

llaJor 0eaeral,, OSCDlreetorn ptraaa aod Oporatlnarn ASF

2o tt ra rcqueatbd that thtl frla bq rcrrqod by your offroe aad youriiTfrJ'rilulo"o*iunoc dutJtt*a-i"-;t"-lo'llior, trrri orircr-aot larEr thsa

c OilrIDEil,TrAt

131'i a: i,- ,T

Pi,,JI

SFTIFB $ubJ*+ti OoneldeiatLos nf Vltal. Industrlal Faollltieri :ii',. SemcbL1lsatlon PS,anntng'"

llet "3rrd,

Eetrdqu*rt*rEe Arry SErvlce Forcsso

to; Tho Dlreotoro Plans &ud Operatloae,, ASF.

.rr;. 1$ { 5

1,o ths follorlng csmB6fitB ars rubsltted rlth rolPect to tlroBaffirs,nd,un datad BE r}.rne 194& to *;ho.Diractoro Spaclal Plannia6 Dlvl*loao6ar Daperfuent SpecL*l Steff, $ubJoctr sEonlldaratlop of VltaL lndulrtr5'.*}.Factlltlts ln Dcmobl.lLretg.oB P1annlngei

arc Thie offLo€ ocn$tderg the etudy of the IYovoat !trershej.Gsneral to hs a raluabla oEG is cortaln retspoct! and ooncurs ln 'hhe

fqoa&ilendatlos that the a6tt?ltl.os of tl:e ltsaourcog Protcotloa Board b€oarrl6d fogard undor Jotnt Arry aud fa:{F Burpl.ooio It doee not eoa*ur,hoeeror, tn thc rassalao$dat!"on t&at the Arury fudurtrtaX Collogt lt thenrcp$r.volrle].o for" hhtn Furpe*eL'

bo At at*ted ln tha **o"n*d,* (Fara,graph loloao) tho Reacr.rsaJProtesttoa Eoard of the iTsr Froduotlon ilcard r*aa catablltht;d prl'oe,rf'Ly todatsrni.ae the,, reletJ.va i.nporte,noa of all *ar f,B,olltt1Er and &etsrlm'}* fronthe ctagdpolat of aoourltyo It rao not ae'ba.b!.l.Ehad for tha purpose o.fd+tenulnla6 tha prlerLty of, raqulrmcnts fr"oq producttoo Bo{ tc mgksdsto:alactfl.ose rcapeotiag fae5.Llty txpaflcl,oaao ft ts bcl.lored tJrat e

jolat Aroy $*vy crganS.aat$,oa ahouid bo de*Lgaatod to tako ovcr tho i'unc{:!.onsnnd raoorda of tho &eaourcoc Protootlon Soard acd, to ttto oxtont sdvJ-sei;3'e,,

ts cerry on thosa fr:nottona ln soS.l.aboratlon rlth rpproprleta ontltl'*sslthln tfuc l{ar Departaont oad thc S*vy Dcpartuouto It tr ruggeatad *hettb€ Arry and fiavtrr t{r.aaltLoae Boerd ll an avall+bla vahLcla f,or thla ',pr.rposs

*aa oou'i.d oreeti a 'rfiEsouroaa E?alusttoa Som.lttootr conprlaad of rop;:'e-Eastatlrrcr of tho l{ar and fevy Dapartaentg Ehtoh rould bo.euthorlaad es,rl

lnatruotod to carry on tiro f;Hirettonc sf tha txlatlng R*rouroqa Prete*iir:n,Boardo

oo lacloeurs 3 (Tau B, Paregyaph 6oa') prorldoo tho f+ttr'qtr8tice'plaoe for the Protost t{ereh*3. Ooueralo fi rocorlotndetlona thot e [Rsoc:ercos

Evrel.r:at$.on Borrdtr bt crcatrd for tho purposcs outl,tncd .ta dctatl ln ins:.o-ar.Ee So fholc pur:)o;oa nsy ba brlcftry utatcd at an orirr-al} cosrrli.=r:rto::of Etudler ralattag to ead {ton rcqulrenoato; natertalt and coupoacur ba

requlroaaeatrl. frollltlac and rtookptltug lu autloi,patl.on 6f a futurs -r?er.

thlr docunont (Iab B, Peragraph 6a(9) {e),} ltatotr

, 'rgy&Luatloao of fsollttLas rhorrld bo conlldorad a produatl.*n. rather then a protaottro funEtlolro tho Iuternal $oorrrlty' Dlvtalon, Frovoot Earrh.a]. Gereral.sl Offloa,, rlth tlra tsvl:rtlu-: cble aaaLatanos of ths Boaoureas ?rotaotlsn Board and Hititora'';

rhtoh lt oould aot suoooacfuil.Ly hava dlrohargad tta mlesloa"haa bcou tho only tfar DopartEont eyaluatlon agcnoyo - Thoteotrltl'- taf| lai.il*ES€g tho productlou dog, -A piotccrlfoaagc$oy nhoul,d 'oo to}d xhat te' protoot"

CO![F*IDEUTIAI

oPY

C0litr'IIr 8l{IIAt

Irt Ind. tq Dlro, Planr l} Oporatlonr, re 0onrldcntlon of Vltr} IuduatrialFrcllltlor tro Drmoblllratlon PlannlagrBFUFE, (Ooutta.)

ft tr obrrrn{ tbt tht Bssouroor Protootloa Eoerd funotloa rlth thc adrrloaaaA rirlrt aar of the rarl.oua lu&ratry dlvlrlopr of tJrr trar Produotlon Board,.rad t$at tbrr lrilurtry dlylaloal, apootallrlug la ruatcrttlrr': ooopoaantanrni md lt rr. ria la tunr rtrrlcod by raprercatetlvrr of thc irr Dopartogutlr{ 1tr1 frty Dopartuoat nho aro phyotoally loortcd la ttrc ef*larr of thc F?8,thrrl d,Iltary rlprcctntatlvor harl thc duty, rqoag o{zhcrr3 of Lcoplag thcrctpaotr,?o El lrrdultry dtvlrLoar fully loforacd rlUr rogr,rd:to t.ha rogulrc.:B?r ol t&r dlltary aganslcr (la toras of ttra natrrlrlr, coqlonontr,rab-urtsltor qr aad ttml rlthln tho prirvlm of the retplotlyc lnduotrydlrialoar) for t$a prolceutlon of tho raro It 1r olou tbat ths RsrotrrccrPretcoti,oa lort{ har boeu told rhat to protoot rBd thrt thlu advloo hrl}tlm 6lta througlt crtebllchad oharash. Thc Far Dcpartacat rtprcrcatatlonoa tlrc Rrrourotr Protsotloa Boud. provlded by tlra Provolt llrrthal 0aaera!,rrOfflao, ni prtruusbly to f,aollltrtc adrlao to thrt offlor rcrpootlng thcplutr to bs protcotcdo Inforoatl,on oonooratng Arury rcqd.roaaatr rhlohtnr bcoa nioor.rr? to tho l?rr ProduotLoa Eosrd Ln arrlvlng at dcclal.oaarcrpootta3 rtootplllag of orltloal ead atratcglo netorlr.lso lnduotrtelfaclllty crpaarlona, allooatloaa of mrtcrtah rad oonpoaatar, ha! boca inthr part and la aor betng frrn{.Ehed ttrrough thlt 0fftcc. Sl.ntlar Lafors:r-tlol u rcrpcotr tha trarry and othcr clalnaot agcoolcr !ta.r booa furnlchod totha trrr Produot{oa loard by auoh egeaoLor ttrrough approprlato ohaunclt, fheProyort larrhel Ooncralo theroforc, 1r 1a orror la ooagludiag that thlrproblca hat bara noglootod;

do lt'rpuld appoar lnooagnrout to trkc ovor ths fllct and fusotloatof ttro frrourau frotcctlon 8orrd, plror tha rnrdor tho auporrltlon of thsArry Indurtrl*1 Col,kgc and thoa broadoq tho lhnotlona no tirat they w"ouldao"qrg ln tla port-rar porlod, subctantlally thc ovcr-all funotlona rrhlchh*rt brra dlroharg*d by tlra llar Produotlon loerd'durlng bho pcrlod of thspioamutlou of tht rar" tha pro-rar plannlag ooatcnplatoa, tlat tho Ar^ny aadlery Iualtl,oar to'rrd rould ooordlnato and corrcleto thc probltar rolatlngto rrqulrruntr rnd produotloa,,, lnoludlag studlcr of rnil thc ooapllatloaof drta m.plrotr roqirlrod to ashtcvo that produotloue,uttll ruoh ttac asr qtvlllaa agnglr rrc ataffad und tralaad to aanuu thld'-rcopourlblllty;t&!t *tE ruoh olvlllaa agonoy dld alsuao tho ratpoualblllty thr Arny aadfrly huLtlosr Eoard rould bcoosc rclattrsly lnlottyc, aad thnt ar thc pcak ofrer ratLylty rqr pratod and tha oivlllao rgaao1r nt oD thc ;rlt tho Arryrad trrry ltmltloac Boerd rould agela plok up thc rerlnarlblllty rtttrrugrot ta t&r oror-all shldlor rad orrry tlrcu oao It lr bcltcrod thett'hlr plra rlr r round onc end Lt 1r trsdaratood thrt tdc lladcr Eooretary ofkr 1r oirrratly aonrldcring thc rcqltallaEtloa. gf t&a {rry ead travy llrral-tloar lotri Lu rcsordraoo rlttr lto

.i

1. faolrnlo

/ngOTARD BRI'otsDlrcctor of llatcrlo}

3'COHFIDEilTIAT

,,:'.,

,g.f,!

€.,.r -".f'

./:\'!- "'i

Sacurlty SLagslflcatlo4 (f* any)

COI{EIDEItIIAI

arry $orvloo ForcosTRAHSSTT?AT SXEST

Slreetor; CoutroX. Dl,vlrloao Offlco s.f tJrc CGTASF 16 rluly 1SASASF

.

FITETo]*-SPOFD g?O"01 (fS aut +g) tu Douoblllratlon Plaaalug

re---fE--E6ffi -iE6;-T:----Jse/aelasse

Lo - flef,orcncc La nadsla riarpblllsattoa plsnalng"

tha trttashad sorruapondesoo on

1 ''r ?r. Tour corcacnta and f€Gorlredtrtiatloar aro roduorted on ttre probtam of eqippropilato locatlon f,or e roaaurcoa ovaluatf.en agruoy ln tho poatrrhr arned foreea.

5o It 1o requcatrd t[a=, }'our-cow,eatr aad rooommdatioaa be roturnori tethj.e offl.co by 80 July L945,

!

,to lndrastrlal. f ae llltltis

n/L Lra aqd lnotr, aa llatod,

so Lo gcortollaJor Oeaoralr, Go$oC*eActlng Dtrcotor of PLaus

' and Opcratl.onc; A,oSoFo

.ho1"$uao, BPOPD S?OnOl.to Dlr of flatcrlol,

(er Juadtd 4

49) o

JuX. *sn

/s/ worrY Ao Bogart

FBATf, Ad BO$ART0olonel, Go So eo

Dcputy DirootorPlannLng DIvlalonn A$F

C.]{FITD.!TTI.ri

gEICrI

10 Dtro. 3lrnr * Opcrrtloua FROI Coatrol Dlvo, lgpDATE I9 rluly.19{6

..-ffiffiffi ':'n#Et?-r€q"E=F:'l+r';:+I i I : .'s o" .r;t:"ffii.-=.,,13 4

CO$}'IDEHTIAI,

that durtn6 p'oaeo tl.m raeurtty lnrpootloaa of prl-shoutd ba llnlted to faollltlor ;agagcd ln hlghly

lo hoblsar of oonooatrat!.on of produotlon ta e rlaglc or a aanllarEb.r of [tratr rhould bo netterr of pollcy'to ba datcralncd b[ thc Aruy-

' b, . th.t tho Arqlr'-f,ary ttrmltlonr lorrd bc rocordcd thc opportunltyof, lfr*l*fEf tU. f!.br of tiro Rorouroor Prbtcotloa .Boerd for artraotlon oftuoh ntirlrl u my ba lrportrut 1a port-rar pl*nl,ug of dlftary procura-Itoto

cotitfEilT s0" 3,tg,y'ssg./*zaa

I. lhtr dlvlllos coaouru la guerel rlth thc comcntr of tho Dlrsctorof Ilttrttl rrld doal not ooaour tn thc reoofucndrttoni of tho Provost ltar-rbrl Oeorrrl tihrt e Bcieurcoa Enalsatton Borrd b catabllrhcd undor thoruprrvbloa of ttr 0oooladaato Arry Induatrlal Collcgo, or that a lcttorbr dlrprt&d ry tho trndor Eacrctnry sf Far raqrnetlag trrnrfor of thortsor{r of Ut. Euouroo; Protcstlon Board to thc lar Dopirtnaort.

2. It rpptarr froa thc attached flIo that thara ls confurloa es totilrc firuotloaa paforaad ty the Boaourcca Protpctlon Eoard ead aa to t&eralettourb!.p of luoh flrnctloaE to poat-tar planela6.

) : !,o It 1r tho undorataadlng of thls dlyklou tlrat tbo RcsourcaaPrbtcottoa-board, rorhlug through tha roopocttvr agtaolet of IIPB., provldedrtatlrtlotl lafornatlon rltlr roapeot to tlrc tqrortrmo of nar planle to therar affort in ordcr that 1lnttod aocurtty lnrpcotloas oould bc proper!.y'eon-oaatratcd* Tbi rettng of planta tnvalved deterntaatloa by roprcloutativaeof tllc tmsd Foroor of tha relatl,va Lnportano. or GGronttattty of ths e:rdgroduot ooablEad rlth rtetlrttcal.dlta ar to tht proportloa of the total.produotLou lsoatcd ln a alaglo faolllty". i

!p thr Rcaourcor Protootlos BoErd ratlaga rera aqploycd by thaProvort feFrnrt Ocueral Ln ortabl.lthln6 Llrtr of feittttlcr rirlstr rera ac-oordod traurlt3r lurpootLoa by roprortatatlror of tho Arccd Foroqso.

-Ec Thc Rorourcca .Frotcctlon Board did not hrro eay firnettcn rlthrclptot to-tha dttcialaatloa o.f, procurcrtout polloy. thc cataf,]lahnout ofa pol{oy of dlrparalag produotl.oa of a aluglc itrn aBBaG a auabcr of fecl.i.l-

I t'fur l,r r rrtt* of prooureaoot, ph'rnia$,

$o It tl batlcvadrriDc ooatraotorl o plantaolurlflrd productloa.

a" Ii tt r9oordlngly recorirnondad thetr

COtrtrIDEf,TIAL

. 0o ThatofoBo prse6durss LsdBoard durtag ttrls rsa.rany eubctquont rrarar

fon pl.anntng purposelsr. a memorandun outS,lnlag the potl*msthade- of operatiern of the Sesou:lcoE .Protootlion.anof1] auffloo tu pLannLug aCaqtreto aeeurlty durln6

Slgned

C" F'; ROBIIiISOilSajor 0aBera3.,, USA

Slraetoro Coatrol. [itrtEicn

Iactr " q,/e

c orlrr

':.:. :;.: : i

DE'!TTIAI

1s6ilTIAL

lO Dtt of P1rnr * Openoa, ABF FBOII ?hs pl{O.fiElUs Dlr, Planalng Dlv

0mplotad study, raquoated by Cor,ment [o.rardlug.

FOR TTIE PROVOSI UA8SHAL GEIIEH.{L:

DATE 85 ilun {6 C0I${EI{II.N0, eCol &gelhart /,talaa

is lncloesd for for-1,,

:.: |.

I Inola' 1," +/o2, Scoret PffiO ltr to

Dlr, 8;:co P-l.annlngD[v, tfDSS,' w/A inclo

0E0n0fl It" Ett0ELIIAnf, Co1, GdpEpco Anst to The HtrO for Intorzra,l Seourity

COTFIDEl TIAt

a.

': -

ASff gEATICE TORCEq

TRAMIEMII, SEXET

=::-.-ry-="-.'-.. -. I,J r

BEsTNICTED

Ooasidcratton oi Yltr1 ladurtrla,l 0qlt,ElfT.F0.Feollltlcs ln Dmoblllzatloa Plannlng

,jmro uro.ol (al ry lo)

Ih EaO (Dtrotor of'latcmrl Ecorrlty)?trrur DCofE for- $.Q.

Offloc of thc 0O,ASF

gE ilslr {6' '

rmro/sl"/ruos

l. ,Attentlon te dlrrottd to attaohed mfiiorardu[ frour Dlrcotor, SpcolalflIrnllng Elrklon, Itrr Dapartrntmt Sprclal Sta,ff, datad AS Uay 1946, to-Corana:od-tng Grutral, iqy Bcrylor Poroca, aubJoot r ilConsldc,ratloa oi Vttrl Induatrlal Fa-sllttlct ta Dmoblltratlon Planulrg,tr

2, It'ls raqucrtad that a atudy po prepared, xtrloh ulll furaish thc Lnfor-nattop rcgul,rod by pafa6raph 5 of attaohed momora.adum, a,ad thEt thc nama end tcfu-phour r:*eneeion of, the offtoor eaalgnsd to thte study bc forrvardod to thic offloc'at oarltogt detco

5o It fu further rcgueotod that a preLiarlnary roport bo gubnltted to thlaoffloc by 2? Juaa 19{6, ard the oorpl.atod rtudtrr by BB July 1946.

ffiARIAS E. SHUPEEND,Coloucl, 61. S.C.,Aoting Dlrsotor of Flamrlng Dlvklon,

A'. S. Fo

-1. IaoIr'- 'Ugno fm 8PD, aubJcot ar

dborro, dtd e8 Uay 4r.

138HESTITICTED,

rAR DEPAftTHBM

OITPICE OF T$E CTIITT OT 8?ATF

Yir,silierdt{ 25, D. c.

XDSEP Bt Uay 1945

rEmllxu0u l,.on f[B cGswomc GEI{ERAL, As(ittattonr Dlroator, Plannlag Dlvlalon)

SUBTIHTT Cenrldoratton of Ylte,I ladurtrl*l Foollltiea I '

l. Ar pErt of the tTllar. Dqrar-buront Polloles aad Araurqrtlons GovernlngIndustrlal and Haterlel Donobll.laation,n lt la egamed:

!o rTha Unlted Stator mult bs prcpared to mcet an outbreak of'*rr at any tlu6 efber the complatloa of tha prccent ryaro

b. rltre Ualtod Statea w111 iie ltteakad rlttrout friruel dsol.ara-tioa of. rrr, rllj. bc thc ln1tia1 obJeotlve of aggreasors and xil} have nonaJor al.Ll.ar for at leaat elghtcm (18) noutha,tr

Z, Ar of 13 tay lSie'tho Rsgourbeg Protcotion Board, S[PE, l.lotoci.73.* prtv*tcly orntd p1.anter. aaoh of rrhlch ropreaonta 50;l or nor6 of thonrtlonal produotlon of a alngLo vltil oompoucnt or ond (itmo

S. Xn rrler of ttre above, t*rere La a .nced for a apeolal atudy todrtsrmtnr *loh tndustr{.al faoillt!.se ere'of vltal Lmportauoc to e poaetblcI\rtura nr rro&ratlou Frpgram la order to lnsure oad ltan'produotlon fromrctaLacd fr,rl.Iltlcr and araenaLa ag ve.Il ag frou peacctlmc lndrrotry throughrdequata prortcotlon of sush key plante"

l. lt,a Srrourccs Protaotion Board, TIPB, lr nida up of rcprcroutatlvcsof th. I{ar Deprtncot (thc hovort Uarehal 0rosrrl), ttra l{avy Dopartmmt,tho Offlor of Clvlllrn Dsfenae, and ths lifar Produotipa Eoard- Thta Boardhu drrlt rlth thla probl.an for prcarut rar purporo.i rlmc tho aprtng oflSB rhra tha. Bar Drpartnent took ttrc iultlatlvc tn catablkhlry lt" It fuualreod tAet tha Sctorrroerhotcotlon Board rl11 ceere to oxlrt onos daagard dlrcot attrok tn the prcaaat rar Ia .cllnlnated. .'

6. Aooordlngll', lt Is rcquertcd, that a rtudy bc'prcpered ntrl.r:h 11111

tr Scoord tho soopc end epplloatlon of ths tork of tha prceentR{ttourocr Proteotlon 8oard.

g*g-#-/ RESgBICTEO

,,:re,{.: "..1-"

r'."r.'=:ri-1.!r=,:q:+rftry-::i''- ry='-'' , 1 3 g

I

't

b. htr:al.np the nsoarrlty, lf ra1',. foo . rlullrr ooatlaul.ngrotlvlty to lnrurc thc avet1ablllty of orgentlel ooryonrntr ln a futumEr8.Dolr.

or Esoomsd a nrcthod, ior oarrylng on t*rc aotlvlty by thrD.mrn*t l8,lttrry &tabltrrhlug tf found to br rcquLrcd'

6. It tr ruquattcd thet a prcllmlrary rrport bc ruhlttcd ty 80 Juar1966 rrn ttrt the ltrrdy br.oonplltcd by I Auguct 19*6.

?. 0oloacl E. J. lloorcm, rfr., (Extenclo! !l[?f) of uy offtoc g]rould. bcooutrotrd.Ln orre eny firther Lnforaatloa 1r dcrlrcd oa thc rnrbJeot"

/u/ w, F. tompklaa:

IT. F. TOT{F8ITshJor Oucral, OSC

Dtreotor, Spcolal PfrnntsgDivlslon

RESIBICfED

coUFIDEATIAt

i#r:,.f.:.,

n':-{:ii.€l

ili-'::l:;-.-:l

-_::'.i:.::.rtl

fiHc8 00* 36 'fiuo 1946

r:.',:1 'l:::.l= ;1i+;;; 1_ . t,

, ]:,

SUBrIElr Coarldaratloa of Vltal ladurtrlal faol,lttLor, laDaobtliirtlm Plannlng

tOr Elrlotor, Speolal Pl""rlog Dtvialon, IIDSS

llu follclng ata.*f stqdY la aqbntttcd purauent to--your mmo-ni6u for tir Coiinanafng Geueral, ABF, fllc fDSgP, eg lay 1945, aub-

J.ot "l rbwcr

L Dksucrlou

I. On I tlay 194e, t,l.a I{ar Productlou Board catabllabcd, at ttrercqwri of, the If; Dspartrcnt, e oRosoqroes Protootloa Boardrn rrhiohluoluAot raprtacatetivea of tlre ttar and llavy Dcpar"bumtc end tho 0ff16eof, 01v11len-trcftn"c, !o! Inol 1. O[ 1]. AuSlrat lg4e, n, nRoaouroaa Pro-trlotlol Dlvlsimo rlrc cctrbltshed to furulrh'idrdalstrrtlYe sonr"tosgto tire dffiffi Proteotton Board, reo Inol 3. the fflrrt llst of fe-otllty rrtkgr ra! ooarplltad'and dolivored to Tha Prrorogt Ur,rrh.elccacrll 12 Auguat t91t2e

:

tc fho Boardra prtmaqr mlsrloa ilar to dctcrulns ralatlvr ln-portanor of all rar faotlittec and rntor!.alc for purbPrca of lnt-ernal

icourllf (*rr hasards), rather thau for Sqldanoe- of p{.od}otlo* and'in-dwtrlrl crpanrlono

b. Ita ssmrdary utcalou ?ar 'to ldorltllY and raluata q,n66F

frolllttcr (trrgot analyala), anA to lafora tha llar ad ]bry Dcpart-utotr and &l Oifloc of EoOaoaic ?Ierfarc. fhlr aottrlty rrr aot do-valopcd.

oo In do,tcrainlng thr luportanoc of produotloar frol'lLti'sa, ltoollatot thi t.otal mrnitlong requlranente of Tier rnd tlry Doprrtne4trnd ftdcrrl olvllian agoaoLea ohargcd rlth utlltary procurmcat, teeprt1311ph g0 (8), Teb B of'Inol. El rtatlattoally rnrJ.trrucr eIl uunltloario g&riraar iftii,r ooryoaantr.and ths total natloul,l. rcqulrmmta therc-forl rrrd frrtrEps prtorlty rattnga to sabh plaqt 1a aooordanoe tlth thodrgrm of lryortenoo sf tbo oomodlty aad tbc pcrocutagc of, aetLonaLproarotto, Itt luol {. lhc faolllty ratlngg of "tbc Boa3.d'rarc urtdb tf,. noiu* Iaratral (hnronal ta oonplllag tbq Uirtcr-Iaaplotlon Rcitlonrlbtllty L,trt.of faollttler to be lnepootetl bf jflfalil, ag€rotGB of,

e,0rtIDr,rtIrII

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$OI{FIPT;NTIA

coltrIDEI{rIlr

' -t :=-r.:3:--:::1-+=t. - r41L

ths Err *A \rV Dopcrfuieata, uodlr thc quroai authorlty.of ,IolntI.l "od-

l5vy-Dcpartuerrt Clroular ilo. 1, tltlsd: ' rlntornil EcourltyrtrE Sovafulr lmg. fhcre a.ro nc,r, at thc aad of Ure rg rlth Grrmany,rbaut ?B{ plrntc tbs lora or danrgc of ery ou: of rLi'oh rould latcr-rupt or gtoulry affcot tha proriortlon ir trrc *ar egrlnat Jep?n.Durlltc t&" $"t! yaar of the rar, thrirc f,.ro abotrt 9rfu

"""or*-i*Igroduotloa fasllttlsr, and tt rnay trr asarecd that a "rnrur mrnuciTTrd h of tqurr tryortanoc at the begrnnlag of a frrtu* i"r. r"luuttnrtc ths vttal naturc of ttrom ZZ4 plaata r lho lors of onaof tbrer plants, rould raduea the pioducttba of dutrry (i.iirEfgreoltrr

-by ga$; loaa of anothor lproduolug u eaasntf if 'f *rraidtetc)i ro1Li1 ra&ror pro0uotloq of &rna-s nrbbcr Ay eLfu loes of rnstUu, rsr.rld

rcduor allttery gae_orlna lr.oduotioa 6?f, g;d thi san plant produoer65t 10o, 98 d ?afr: rtrpootlvoly, of four othpr crrcrilal oircutoalarthr tro }rtttr prlgtc -rleo produoc ,$trfi ot ttrr hydrogca plrod,dc, ea-rcntlel for rookot and Jot propulaloa, trtrloh tr" asr*thjnort or.!.tLoql-!F *tort rar nstcrlel, ivallau! p-roduotlou betng d6f og.iqulreaeata;

, for rlud.lar oe.dr, aEe Tebc E, Fr-E and I. of lail A'.

do 'Ehc organlcqtiou ohart of the Rccouroca'Protcotlon Dkl-rloa of ttrc ReEouroos Protaotioa Board ae of, 1 Januaqr Ig4E ta ettaoUJa,IuoI 6"

!r tho utlLlty of ttrc Bm,rdra ovaluitlonr .for rnrld.anoc ofthc goveranarrb LD ovsrc@lag orlttoal produEtton uottloncoffiitr--havo largcly btcn ln parta, oho'oloal iitcnnedlete!, rub-rg.@b11e!aad rar uetrrialar- !o6_ laba B, F" o, E, and rr'partrourail.y iaua a' rd F. of rnsl g) hBs beon grnoa rlttle tooognitioa, and thl. Board

' lar cltabllahsd too Lato to 6ulde fedsral rgiaolca rocponrlblc forr -

(f) Plaat crpBnelor (oogo, DpC proJeota)

(a) Stookplllng of atratagto aud srsatt+l. ua,tcrla!.c

(g) Allooatloa of orltioal oatartals

({) Alloo*tloa of roanporor

Iho Board propoaed belov oould bs an sffoatire rtatletloalaad advlrory a6mgy to lff govarmsat agenoLea ooroorned ulth thc fore-go1!g rraponolbt1tti.eo, rrlthout aerr lcglahtionu Lcglelatloa nlglrt,hgf?Itf' ba raqulrad to glve the Board-authortty to'dtroot proauitriuaotlvltloc,

2, thr ooatlnnratloa of thc produotlon cvrluatlou aotlrJ.tlos of, thrBoard k rlct!filal to tho rcourtty of tlrc Ualtcd Statcr, ana rfriufa U"-*-udc e rcrpono.tblrlty of thc undei grorcta,ry of lrar bcceuscr

' lo. ^l ocstral aganoy,ehould gathcr and natataln aurrsnt lnfor-aetlou oa totrl proour@anf rogulraacad for srl,nuuttiou, ooryoBentrthcrcof, rnd'ccrrrloea (lrolt droe orvrrran-;;q"iil#r) -."l."trar toprorouta a ralor rar end to gutdl pfir:rufag ioi,

(f) Ia&ratrlrl exp*nrlon (c.go, DFC proJaotr).(a) Allooatlos of rntorlalr(g) Allooatlon of urnp,rar.

(O) Iutenral Beou-rlty, luoludtug Emy taaptmd,

\ iL! * b: __r11,;,::': ff;';::",ronrrui*ty *rlsned ro the\ Dbdff 8*rrtrrSr of lfer, prrruant to tha'prorrklo'na of Srotldn 6a of thalatloarl Drrctr Aot, ir'.*;dii (io-u,slc],'s;;tr"" riiiil-Lu-"*rarpproprtatrly ba. dologa,ted to tha -Courmraaoai,

Amy fnauciiial i"ii{;,rro fnol 6o

o" Flocng:rrt-a-gonor.ea of the rlnr ard r{ary Drparhots arslrrgrly sonoerard, rtth ftndatsd uunltions ror rr,ror,'t*y-il; dlrgotDroouaarnt rcrpoarrblllty, aad aro hot orgaalr.rd or g;rujic to d*tr,,.-ulnc totrl altt omal rtqutrimsats of reaanti.r oo,rpoaoatr of q,r,,fttonipfrtoh h*w bcan thc uost orttto*l,fto*;. rar-p*.ii"pt gfifl ?ai B

eeaorpllch thlr ui,arlcn bcoauEcr,

(1) A IYar or s*rl^Flarhgnt rg.noJr cnglgcd.lrr BU*fy oI*galftcd- proJoot ira"irrn ti/rodfa Urrolustart to,dteologo Ltr r.agufrcucitt to ptgTcyôver rtrloh t*rc ylar Daprr-bniut har nooontrol or gcourlty authorlty.

'(z) Prtvato ind,r:atry preaunabry rourd be raruotaut,- to dlrolbse nloduotton lrfimatroa (rr,r*r-*"nr*b, prlvllcgrd) for purpor!. othcr firrn rrtlo;ralrcour{.tyc

gO} TIDEHTI.ST

I11 ..5:.c.ly*.3:j11t,ilt o: ararolrca-;b;# ii *d;'riisi'.ililo Ita Ghrlrna, tcror.rotr.prortaotloa Board (Ino V. E. Tsbln),

H l*f:f,_llr:*.r1r, iq: q ";uid ""tXl'"oi"tffiii[]i"1",",tLr tlraotlonr rnd reoordi-of rhe -Bo;;-;"-I;-iIi

oop.rt4m!.

E

COIFIDEIrIAL

COiiFlDEt{TIAL

,r: . Aotlori Scoonom,dcd

!, t}rai r lottor, draft attrohod (IaoI ?) prcperud for thc rtg-rrtu$ of tto llnder EcorctarJr Of Bar bp tr:nrulttcd to thc Chalraea, IIarProilrrotl,m Bil,tdr.rrgu;ctlEg thr trrarf,cr of thc rooordr of thc RcrouroclProtrotl@ Bogdo

*o ttrt a tftt Dcfrr.buca* l&m.orandru, dnfb rttrohcd, (Inot i)r'.r-tabltrhlag r Sraorroca Etrluitloa Board urdtr tbc aupcrrt.tloa of iAeOmrdrrrl, .elry IrdrrrtrLtl Colleger,br apprsmd rad publllhcd,

FOR, ?EE COIUAIIDI}IO OEf,EflALT

ABOHEA L" LERfiEllrJor Oerrnl, IIEAThs Erorort llarrhrl 0acral.

I faoh1o EIB lleaurl of fuIloy &

Proerduror, I llatrr {?f,PB ltasual of Pollay *

hoocdriror, 1l rtug *SGy Bcorot RIGO ucoo to 0a,-Orcrabaum,

11 rlrla 4A, r/Z luoh {rA trta)nBoopr i Applloatlon of RPBnOhr* of Rct hot DlvIIB/I ncaro to Comandsnt,

Amy Id CollcgcDrrfE of ltr to ltrr. Erug

for rlg of lrB/ifDmfb of ?ID nars 'f,6sourorr

Eve,ltutlon Boardn

OI{FIDETTITL{t

?o

to

{oE.6n

?o

8o

FOfeI GA-l&.

Ilaltcd Statsa of AnericaRrn PiqDUcrIoI{ B0AID '

ulruAL or PoIJcy.txD Pnocmums

' 144,gE$ERAt ASIII{ISTRATIVE'O8DER NO, E.88

SUPENBEDM O[

EI'B.,EqT

XEECilRCEI PrcEEGTIOil DOAND

Srotlon l. Fstsbllalumsut of Rarouroeg Prst otloa Bold't

r pol thcra lr hcr.cby satabl.lahcd rit&14 tlp l[rr hoduotloaBoa$ a Rrlourocs Protsotlon 8oard. whloh ahall oourlct of rlprrooatrtlwrof the YIer Dcpartmcat, tho SavJ, Dapartnaat, thc Offlol of 01r111au Dcfcalcotha Produstton Df*slor of tht Y{ar hoduotlou Board, and tha lhtarlalsDlvtrlon of tha ltar Produottoa 8oard, and rhall laoLudc a 0hriruaa and

Ylqc-,{trdrEr&8, rho na3r, but'necd not, bc chorca from r,ong tho nanberaroprraodlag partlcular agcnoloa and .dlvlslons. '

. no? Thr oh*lnnan of, tbe Ihr Produst!.on Board &aII appokbthr llratrten of t&c Boaourou.Protcotl'oq Bofrdo

8cottou,3,- Ihnotloar. of the Bosourocr fficotlou Boarrak

o0l the Ghafuzrglr of thc Rraourorr Prortcotloa Bard, rrtth thcadvloc sd aatlatrnoo of ths uanrbsru of ttra Borrd, ud rubJaOt to thadlrootlon of tht Ohairtan of, tho trar Produotlon Bordt

I Shal1 dcrtcrtlnc tha rclrtlvc tqrortraos otBLanta; faollltloe, laetallrtloae, utllltlernatcrltla, tBd othar coonontro rcsoufcil tothe rrar offort, frou thc po!.ut'of vllr ofprotcotloa egeluct all halsdl laolu0lng,

' but aot l.tntted tor. tnJury and dprtruotlon'by mmy rattvlty, eooldat, flre, albotego,.or rrrbvsrglvc. aotldty, aad eaplonags lndother cff,ortr to obtrln aeorct laf,orutionrcgardlng eooaornio nttouro.t arid thc rarPtogra[, and rhell omurloeta suoh doter-nlaatlons to thc rppropr{rtc doparhnentto

e EhalL froa tlu to tlnc rsvlcr ltr drtcrmlns-tlong of tlnc rclrtlvr tuportanoc of coonomioraooutro.! to. tlrc rrr offor*, rrrd

TTTE{'TIVE DATEl{ay 8, 194e

2{064

145

I May gather and malia evallcbls to thoEratrman of tha ?Irr Produotloa Eo*rderd othsr'offlolala and egcnolcr cuohothor lnfometloa rnd rcoouacndati.onra! lray bc hrlplbl to thc asLntoncaorbf the raourtty of cooaomJ.o reEourosa

' drmad vttal to tho rar afford'

"Ot E1oh dlvlalon, buroaul and branoh of ths lfar Produo'lionBo*rd lt rarponatbh for onsur{ng that thc tleouroca Protcotloa Board'la Lnfomod frou tlns to tino *e to rll fuportaut oooaonlo rosouroc!thqt *ru uudor lts Jurlrdlctlon.

flEotl?a l. tpgeribulty p-f Infomat'tg*r

,01 Tht Bssqursos hotcotlon Boerd lhall hava 'soccgs tolafornetloa naodad, 1n ths parforeunoc of ttr l\rnotltar avallab].a luor through any offloo of tiro IIaf Produotlon Board, and ln othsr Federaldopartura:rfit, establlehncrta, rnd agenolcs ln apoordaaoo rrlth paragreph E

of Exaorrtivc Ordar So" 90?4r'detod rlanr:ery 16, 19+2o .

Ssotlou 6" Staffr

.01 fhe Chsltt r of the Rorouroct Protcotloa Bocrd lrcu{:trorlscd to rppotnl guoh porao4ncl as hs dcsms.n cctsarJr to oarryout ths &rttca aarlgaed to thc Rcgourosr Protcotlon Board"

.0e Tha Dlraotor sf $tatlottog of thc ltar Produotlon Boardrhrll daalgr*to a nmbor of lrls staff to tcrva ar Dl,rcqtor of ReEouroealualyatan '

oOE Xho Etcoutlvc Sooretery of tho ltar Produotlor Boardrhrll dcr0.gnatc l racrrber qf hLg staff to corrt aa Saorctary of thcRoaourocp Froteotlon Boerdo

/a/ nana,Ld M, flclron

Dona1d l[o l[rlron'Chrlrnan

I CMT$T TUAT ffiE ORIOI}IAL tr TEIg ONDERDIET APPNgYE A$D gIGTED BY TEE Cq{..PEIEB! EIESIOTIIIE EA8 rII.ED IIXIE UE O}I TEESlh DII @ tlay, I9{e"

h/ ttarlalr Po CanledPor t'r

ffi-+rulrITED tffTEg Oi,' AXtRICfiIIar hoduatloa BoudXAJM& OP

'0I.16TAIID PNOCEDINES

oEltER.p.L .*DI{ilgIstRATrr,? ompfr, I[o, e-ss(Arnaad*)

Effootlvc DrtcrAugust 11." I04g Prgc I of, ?

.SBJmr

8E8oUnCEg PBffEstlot{

Sootlon 1. hupoac:

. .Ol Ihc prrpoac of thls order ia to pontinua thc Borouroea Pro-tcottoa Borrd rad to cstlbLlsh a Rsaorlrccs Erotaotlon Dlvlelon xrlthtn ttrePaotlttlcr Brrcauo

&?gblot ?,.- F.goultoa Plotcc-tl?a 3o-Erds

. Ol ?ho Reaouraoe Protcotton Board la conttuued rlthln thc lgarkoduotlon Bord" It ehal1 oongL'et sf a Chairman and \i'lss Chairman, whoahcLl bo doalgneted by and bo rorponolble te thc Ylac Chalnnan, aqd of omraprcaorrbatLvc of, e*ch of, tho follclrg: Arny Sarvloa ForctE, Anny AlrForoetr_Eary Daper"tacnt, Offtoc of, Clvtllan l),afanre, a,trd suoh othcr agonoLeaar tha Ylaa. 0halrlla.B lrry dsteralnoo The Emoutlvc Saoretary of ttrc WCrhodugbttra Boant ahrll dcalgnatc a nmbsr of hle ataff to aorrc aa Scoro-tary of jho Bacouroea Proteotlon Board" ' l

oOE The Ch*truan of ths Rssourocg Protsotion Board, vtth the*dvlos rnd, *gslttanoa of the menbara of, tJra 8orrd, chlllt

1o Dotornlar" and advlse approprlatr *gcnol,ar of,thc rcletlvo lnpor{anoo of plantr, fasi[tlas,lnataLlatlonl, uttltttar, nitcrtah, and othsroooaonlo renouroo! to tho lirr cffort, frou tlropolut of vler of protcotton agatnrt aII hrrerdr,lroludlag, but not llmittd to, lnJury or dr-rtruotlon by ouqy aotivlty, aooldcut, flrcrabotage, or rubvirslvc rotldty, ard erploaagcrnd othcr cfforta to obtrln Mrot traforzttloarcgardlpg sooumfo rrGsouroc! rnd thq rah prd- t

gf&o

Eo 'Frou tirs to tlu.rcvicr Lts.dotcrulrutlors "rf thprclatlvc fuoportanos of, roomlo rcrutrocr to thr' tvar progree

Eostloa So hssuroer Protootlon Dlrri.elon;

'O1 There ia hereby eetebLished wlthin the Faoilltles Bureau aRarouraas Prorteotloa Dlvlelen, rhioh ehaLl:

. Iu Surnith staff aervi.cee to tho Resources Prot;ectisn Baard."thts trlU lnvolvo rovlerrlng and a.alyzing the relatlvg ln-

"portanoo of ladivldual faol1lt{ss to the tota} supp}y ofaach ossentiaS matertal, prorluct, or eorvtroe, thp srsirabiii..ty of altsrnate sources of aupply, aad theqfapS"acement tine

. bf ctruoture and equipmant in vant of deatruatton"

2" *I'3i*:Xil;:':ff-lfff"li"r":Tl:-1ffi-ff*i:"iHl5 H$TJ;'Arrny and Navy &ftrnltiona Board, wl.th regard to the aitratmeai; af: matorLals and oguipmen'b for the proteotion of eeoncmlc re-Soureeg o

S" Upon roquest aaelet agonoies with protectlve rasFsasihllitiesln q,seurlng the ade'quate proteetioa of vltel resgus'Ge$o

' 4" Advtee p:"ccurement eeril:.oer, fJld ths Prodr-roil*n fr*ser.irceg

llliiil"#'#",:::lltl::",:T?Ti-:i iHliffi i; "-ffi:";i3"""-ttre oontlnuod prod:iestion ef u,'ita-l ssr $ateriale a::ri pred.uota;acd, in thio Eonnoo'iion, promote the davelopmeat of plansfor transfercnoa of produotion and sorvicsg to altclriraiaf,*ollitiea in tho slent of irrternrptloo of prodrietlcn e,tcuruent s"ital faci llties.

5, Mako aratlabl.e te the l[ar and $avy Departments, and 'ihsoffloe of Econonria T{affare the ftndinga and teohaiques of

;t:, :':';:r:: "ili;:.I#""3:"ii' ;ill,il;i#' inll.i:,,j}ll:.roaourooe in onarrlr-oontrolled ereas droee lnJury oc. d.e-' ,

etructlon rcutd lnterfsre stgnlftia:rtly with cn€lry pro-ducti-on or $rar goods and eorgi.oee"

6o Prepare, a;ed mako aveilable tE othor'offlolala and agenctee,guoh otJxen iafomatioa and raoosnnendationa as nnay be helpfulto the'nslntenanoe of i;he seourlty of eooaomio r€Bourcesdesm.ed rital to tha .frar progr&Elo

?, Aot for the Ear Prosiuotlon Board ln luter-agenc).. aa'Lirrlties' ooaoornlnE the proteotion of rlte]. eooaoruic r*u-our*uue

"OZ The Rssouraes Analysla $ootion of ths Industry and. F*oilitleeBranoh, Statiatloe Divlslon, ie hereby abdli.shedc and ita peiaonnel and. re-corda are trerxsfsred to ttre Rssouroos protoctlon Dirrlaloal FacilltLse Bureauo

S gotl-on 4 " *Ao o o g e i bi li-bl ot. lnf oft:eEl. sq i

'fi-n'

il-: .:- .::...

oO[ The Reaourcsc Protcotion Board ad the Boaourcsa ProteotlouDlvlalon *i11 have aocesa to infortatlon aoedsd ln the performanos of t&reirfunotlonr avallable in or through any offioe of the lrir hoduotlon Eoard, andla other Sedaral departraonts; ostabllahmento, and age&aieg ,.n aooordanoe wlthparagreph I of F,naorrblre Order l{o, 9O24, dated,Ianuary 16" ig42.

Seotloa 5. Ordert-Slrpgra_oded_ g:JLAnlgIUlgLs r. ,t .o01 ?hls order auporsodes Gencral Admtnietrrtive Order Soo 8-88'(Beoouroas Protootlotr Boardil Aatea }Irry 8, Ig4g! and, to tha q]*Lu*-or-*y oon-flldt,.other orderg hsrotofora lasuadu Geasra] &dmlnLstrativc Ordor' $oo

?-IO+ (I\raotioqg and Orgaralaatior of the tr'adillties Bureau) la aiasadod. totnsluds Pfovj.slou for a Reeoriroos Protectlon Divialoa porfornlng the f\raotlonEprocorlbad tn Seotlof E aboveo

gcot!.on 6, Effcatlye Dato:

oOI lhla order La effeotlre Auguot LI, l9+9"

/a/ Ct wtoa En xTlleon

CMAEI,ES E" ETLSOSExeoutlvo Vloo Chalraan

$

? Inolr1. PU00 mab,a" Irffi msno,

-.,' . T?r:'-:;:Ti::"*.':1 -:1.-'-' '::"i:;.-r=-..rti'r"i . ".. : '

:.,-I

GO}IFI}ENf,IALABUT SMTICE FORCES

OTFICE OT ?[b Cfi{}IA}IDIUG OEI'IENAL.I$ASiIII{CIO$ U5, Do Co

AACHEN L. IERCEHaJor Genoral, IXIAThc kovost trl*rrha] Oonaral

150

gH{o$ 00{ 11 Junp 1945

UEUONAHDIH TAN BBIOADIER OEIMRAJ. EDMAND S" OREETTEAINtr

SIIBJECBT Cr.!.tloa1 lltar Hoduatloa Capaolty Bottl.eaeckc,(

1o Rcfrreace ls rtada to msrnorandum to you, fllo SPII0B 004, aubjeotaa abovu, ?8 Fabrtrary 1945.(Iab nA" of Inol 1), reapoirrlve to your oral ra-'queet for itrforratLon on typtoal planta, the loas or danaga of rhioh woaldtkbrrnrpt

.or acrlowly aff,eot tbe prosooutlon of the raro Ecf,orenoo la

alao rards to tdarorandru for ths Cormasdant, Amy Industrtal CoJ.loge, ,fromtha lhdcr Srorotary of fifar, 7 tbroh 1.945, oopy ittaohed (Inol e).

' 2o Pr,uauant to Uenorandtrn for tho Cormandiag Goncral, ASF, from-thcDtrcotol, 8p*1al Planntng Dtrniaion, file trDSSP, eubJeot, Conalderatloa ofVltal ludrutrlal Fa,ollltlcs In Daoblliratlon Plenniago ?E l,tay 1946, Thohovogt ltarshal Ocaoral wae dirostod to prGpar€ a 'ataff study, for aesletanoala dotsrnlnlag rhothsr tho astlvltlse of ths Bsaourooa Pro,teotlon 8oard,EFts, rhould bc uatntalned aB pcrnagaat f\rnotloaa by thc Peruanent Mt3.ttaryEaiabltrhaasnt snd that atudy 1g ln preparatlon, thla propqsal hag bsoadleourrBd lnformlly on revoral oooaaetona, durtag thc part ;raar, rlththa 0ormandaJrt, Army Xndustrlal Co1l.age, and hle raprorcn&atl.vcto

8o Thoro ls attaotred (Iao1 1) lnterofflog asrorandr"m, flle and aub-Joot as abovc, 1,8 Uay 1946, nhloh aupplemeqts thc lafornatlou given you Lathb nnnorandur olted ln paragraph l, abovc, ard outllaaa the roaaons forperpetuatlng the rork of t{u Resoumcs Protaotloa Board ag a Bar Departnrmtfunottoa" Your attsntlon is lavlted to Tab'rBn, of Iaol I, rhtotr sunsrarlcaltho rmrlnlrg tabsc .

' 4o It tg rooonmruded that Inol L be forrardsd to thc Corrnandant, AruyIndutrlal 0ol.lege, for hl.s asalstBnoo lu ooupfylng rlth the maorandum fronths lhrdtr Seorctary. of l{ar oltad la paragraph 1, abovao

rOR TBE CGffAI{DIflC OEilERA!:

1? lfay 467 Maroh tt5

Jt-r*Ai c0lrrIDEilrIrt

/:nStrI_?jiSEIAi.

oFrucg cF' Tm PBovosr MAnsIrAL cEI{EIrAtIYIT.ftI{At SMUAITY DITISIO}I

$il morFIcE HEr{0RA}lDu}t

1.2 itay 1046

TIIffir COICIHEL L, Fo PAnetLtrY

I{EUONAIDI'T F'ON HAJOR CgSERf,t I,BCNEfi, L. I,ERCH

BU&rEgT: Sritlorl lfar Produstioa Capaolty Bott,l,onookr

1o Bofereaoo 1g made to usmarandnsr for Brigadlor Genaral ktrardBn Grccntr*ur, flle SPltgS o04, aubjeot'ae abow, 38 tr'abruary L946, ra-rllonlly! to blr roqueat for infotmation on typloal planta {As J.oae ordanrga of rtrtoh rorrld luterrupt or gorioualy-affcot the.coadus0 of thar3r, oopy attaohod (fab A), oB ? May 1945, Rsaourooa Protaotlon Boerd,TToP.Bi, oorylatod, and madc avallablo to thlg dlvlaLon, for tho Purliocoof furthar orrrtallnrc:t of tha liegtsr laepootlou Beaponaiblllty Llst, aoorBlcte p-B'raltrat*on of vital, rar faotLl.tlee" thle re-atalua'il"ou,and atudlea ta be roforrsd to beLon, I\rl1y oonfim tho etatsm.enta medoln tha mstsorandun, and to you, ae foJ"Ic,ile I

ro Bcen at this lato dato, thcrs ara aboub 7?{ prlvatolyoprretad ln&rstrlal faotlitler ratbd oAo by Rasouroua Protcotloa Baard.ae vltel to thc proaooutlor of the rar agalnst rlapa:r"

(1) of the B? of oxbrenc laportaaoe, ratcd -ilAAn,not oae produoas an and produot or iltabls oforgaulaa'bicnfr aquiprent dirootly purohaood bye. Har or $avy- Depafuiot agetroye

(e) lllaf of the ?84 plaata p"oa,rou f,rom 5O to 10@of tht natlonaX produotlon of a rln6lc vital-product, aad nany produoc eeroril auoh orlttarlly.conaentrated prodtrotn o

(S) Productlon bottlenscka are largety La ralw mate*rlala, parts, lntarrnodiatea and rub-atselblloto

(f) Iany lnstaniso! are found, rhorc oac lntsflrcdlateU iUort rupply ls crrcntlal to produoc anothero

?o It Ic oonoludod that tho aotlvltls! of the Recourocs ProteotionBoard, ncn of I[nP. Bo, ahould bc omtlnucd ar a T{ar Dcpartaroat eotlvltyo_a! lgsoEltLal to t}re Sirtrc ecourlty of thr llnltcd $tetcs, and f\rrthsrthet evaLlbtloa of faotlltier ta aot ra approprlate firnotlon for thePrnvort tfirrrhal Ocnere].t a Departuot.

COTITIDEU?IAt

151

!, Il mplnr* of thr forqolqp, strtmt., ittcEtlu la tlyl-tadto lrbr B to I" lrb I Lr r ororlorefcruBotd rruqr of trb. g to I*

. l. It ll moulhdcd thrt thlg narptl$rL, rtth lnolomrrr, bobrorght to itrr rttmttorr of Otaonal $recnbunq

r'0 $ r i s E :; T I t"'i,

co!trIDgItrtr.

/"/0EoIroE I(" l1tGltrilnIColouel, CEDlrcotor, Intcrnal Boourlty Dlvlrlon

152

I Irslrfrbr i to I

-f,'-

{.r'1ii."'E'n?a':rr U 1! /- ; ,l; i- i J' l, rr &

iigaDa[*+T88.$ AItHr gEnrIcE FffiCE$CITMOE G ffi TRCITGI XffiSXTT (EXEfrAt

B$Sfirltrr0r 25, D. c.

153

ffim,} ?8 lstmry 1945

L klmrd S. Grsonbaru

SfEtrfr Cr{,t|.otl ig Produsti'oa GapecS.ty BorttLurselcr\

1. t6s ta a !epo!'t la,rasponse to Gurettl (he;b"*rg raqucst tog*c!.i I;15, a*frg -q confscmce 10 Fek'uary_X945r f,or hfofnatXor coa-.Ht"g g,lt1,foI ier-p:Auetfq3 bottlenecks.

- ft k ruhntttcd 1n secz't;;ffi fq'in, r$hir than as a roport to tb 28 Feb'uary 19/.5 neetfsg;t1e" 5qltry'B.o*a m flre ad eeaUent ?rcwotlonp becausc Lt la bo-ilslra A"d:'ab1" t,o re?esl sar{ous puroduotlm qtstssrrs 'd to ldortlfYlcn routaotrr:fag plaatr'tht€h Faid be lal€al. targsts 1or g*o!ee1 ||tbat thdr destnition sr ilaaagB uduld trterrrryt or rcclruIg affoct tltccmdurrt of tlc rar.

, Z. Ia gcnerrl, each of the lnduEtrtal pleats'oa tha Ireter Inslno-tlm Acgeurtfr.ffty fAgfr, is e arttlesl pnoffi,,lan capactty bottlsnadt forthe aodbt af the-rar aga$rrrt Japau. S'aolLLtLce lnpwtant t9 the proeeeu-

tioa of trhs ang? agatast 6amog rre ae:rtad frou tno lEttcr Iae1rcct3.oa,

n""p*trttuty Idfr m 20 0otoLet Lgl*. tlea ara 1042 prlvately 9Perat91nmnfaottrlhg ana rteage facdlLtles llertd tn ths ort?et lrstsr IaspestLoancspoDd.tilllty ld.rt. '

;^,. tta rogt cr{ttoaL pLutal rated aa rltbr-u tsa 11tlng of F-\ a1t

tbore-podwl"ug iet"".tlyf *)ad aili 1tE tatormdlatca. fbre aqe 5 pleuts1a tf4i groulrr-srfy e of rUfch producg ths flnllhed fihrr.6, lnrt destrtrctdoaa1 "il-6fo

16n16 riauo" tbe tqti1 producttoa of lsadcd garollna ftor a nlla-firil6-42f to a Bd.lur of 6l+1, see Tat I, Oaly tro F1+rt! lir thls p.gtlpp.[r* tq111; goal* h$ additi.oaal produatia omea{t{ lt erpeoled toE;orylrhA frr tlrsa aonths. tltt capictty rftb cdrcc'tsd fore!.gn EuPtlr.63

d,IJ. 6srrdr. a r'eserr€ l,n exocas of d'Lttrry raqriromts.

*. tlthlq tLs ll rrtlnge, tbore arc factlttlea.pducLrg rltaL cm-aodttlcg filah mu:d be of utaoit tag€ncy tn tbe svat of loae or danagc"

fbr" ii"{[tl."s f:*qustly produce ortter rttsl cuodltlcs E(lt hfibfJ!r'r.tlcsl. le tl.tustratl'oau

r. f,trflrogea pcod.de, raqulred fc_ror*st and Jct-progulsd.m,ta foalscrd rt I ptiuti, e of rffan Srrodnae 79.1.{ of Htloacl paduotlar

($ Britfe.l.o Etrstro chsaloel Cry;ry, Ioaeroda tXcr to?kr- $.3t.

COTPIDETTIAL

.=i:

xi: 5:rI,ii.j;',T, IaL(a) Ilu Poat Cou1nn5r, i{Laga:ra ffallsl Ber lor}, - *"lt6,

?}1s Drr Poat plaat also produca'ae soooS otber lhlagset&fr of tfs 6frrlla aodllrs rtqufled fu tbe narnrfes-trrc of tctrut$l Isrd, sea tab l.

(f) ?hthalj.a eahg{r{.darpLante ratod lEr

(e) Jrer'Lecr cy.*dl 6oapaqr, Bttdggdlllp Pa. ,-.fr*(t) ffifed Ched.csl aDil Dro Gorpcdlm,

Ersakfcal, P8, t -..iDfi

(o) Ionganto Cherrtsal Coqla4r, gt. Louiee Io. t * L5fi

(a) Imsanto Cbeuloa]. Conrpan3r, EvECttt, Iaes.r - Ufi(e) Hapthalene 1o lroeluee'd at d, plasta all of brut ors iibloh

-r-coIrIDaIrIrL

154

b. lbthsf.ia aahydrldc la .csaenthl f,or tbr podrrctd.m of reslaalilr1ftn€ilrcr d lscctlotdea (80I Uvg dtr€ail ril}l.tEr? rrc) aud la gro-har| rt L DLats oortt .tutfrg ?4, of the naLlorel q1rytr3r. fheae plaate arcfr1nastl la trun, ol the prodrrctlon of nrpthalsne (os of -t!9 tost or{tl.:illlt eh lrrtcrlai{fatos) ard rpon 4 plerti rbloh foiluco 6Ei of t'he totclgplgt

ass retd lB:

(e) ,.11I€d Obcdcal & D,rc Cd"€rrtfa, hankfonl,' 'Pa,, - #. (rnrr pl.ot Ls slro ratrd trE for

tha-grothrctlon of $I of tb Dbtbaltc sr$t'i.de),

{b) .AaerLaan Cfungn1{A Cwpaa5r, Bornd BrcoLttr, J., - rcf

,-1 r^--J [*u rri-a..l-(o) $ilYi;ilrlaois etcel 0on1ta4r, clalrtor,

(d) tro1ryrara Coqxny, trollansbee, lest Yla., - 7.$

,. &L! ard roLLff beartage ars cr{.tl.caI grorpa. trltbla thege groqp6,thcre irs odttosl tylca proiluoed lu a lLrl"ted nuber of plants. For tllup-t+rtLoar 59.9, of tbe bell bear'fry sqpply ta depatlmt tpor

J, Ie" bcpartrre Dld.d.oa of Ge'eral Isttrs oo6lp.rt, 3 tntagretodDhfrta fafo{.dtrg gtsps ln tne nuufaotrr€, the plaata bfag reapeatlrtsly -atirfrtof, krC.dear. eil-Oul.Lfo,rd, Gonectloutr latlng 10, prodwtlm - $.ifi.

t. tatbir Seartrg Corqnry, Fer Er{tat!, Corusoticratr ratl.ug lS,grorluottm - B.l#.

I

Frr ffiber L1Iuatrrst,loa, Tl -lfi of tapered roller taarlngs ite,ped tEloa3

G. ft*en BoL.lsr Bearlag Cougany, ,8entaa, 0b:lo1 rStng f$ and9A,6i of asetla bcarflga, for lnstnuente l#frarfly f,or alrorraft, er6 llto-ihd ty tU torrfuUton Goupryl torln8toa; Gomecti.ant,

6. famfeofirfng factLltlEs ln Grop I, rated .lA, aro fr"q,Eotryifrpadmt Wx d.agne plate for g,Jon aub-1gsoaBbll.et. lq' l.llugtratloarfuise Ictci 0ar. 6Ep6f; Dctrolt, lieH,gaa2 retrtl tB, potlucas lffi ofo$boart il^rg ess$Sffas for B-29 borobere fc t^tr Oulap llebralca-, plaat- oftb Olmr L.-Irtl,a Ceufaayl arril Boeln8 Couparyl Blorbrod, Br{tilah Ooluutd,alretl.ry lDe goiluoca IOOf of the santer thtrd of tho fllslagp for B-29 borbttslroduCI.d d tie Seattlp Plart, Eosfag Coupa4r.

7. tb Usilrg of aom top borttlmcolr pluta la tbLa wa&rn ls aotlUtodrif to dddm tha Lryortace of othm plaats eppcartqg oa tbe lbatcrIa;lrstnan B.4oililbftlty f,lrt.

1..

rOn ISE IR0IoSt lrffinAl (ffiff8.llr

/a/ Woreo tr. &grlbd@&(E r.. ttroEISAmColoucl, CXPDlrectcliatarasl $ecurlty Dlvld.oa.

I Iaol" - Tib rlr.

-3FOHT.IDEI,ITI.rI.

d

HE-t

E,tl61

Hfqao

scotrlrt-oto;tr

l5hk+)oEf$rTEo1rto8EOr{8t t{HE.O

o{!Fl

8R

EEou.Ector, n{oiFl rn8tr.{ Fl

Egilrfl€6s.l€fli{dTflB

s5ir.{sr:E'F{,

[,r6

E H !T'{ d dltr

F{.; .kr

E $ 3;?l I a{6N 98.

iE5rl{)gfETa{5r.l O, €Btr+{C} rEl

. EBT B.Ji tg6 ttI u. IO rao

f,BE

I II;$nE-{EHE

156

.rJ

$,$$!

B$ ss

gig

H

B

tlH${,o:{

dEElel{IE3,

.??rJE H THH&

ri f s flOBE.r.D l| t{ . 'l t

? E: E, il;eE i; iE EE Ei$ ;E in :t EE

;flffBsBEf H E H E

'=i:j'ij, =i'j"'.rai.1::'-i--;ii :: -13;i+:.ir:j:' '':

=i,.-:.

:

, 'l'* s,}' r {s E g ? X 5tI,; ,,

slIfiUA8Y 0F TABS C 30 I, rl$ru$$E

' f.,' i fhere rematn, ai the erxl of -the fiar nith Gemar\y, about ?Z+ pri-Etelf operated nanufaiturlng plants (a11 of whlbh srr ont itre Ufnf) tnilcsg or da.uage'of any one of whieh uould interiupt or seriouely afiect thepnrrccution of thc war agalnst Japan" ltris ls exclusive of ttar'DepartmeqtlnatalLatLons and Navy llepartmnt ihore cstabHshnents. r : .

'2, ftte nort ssrlous productlon bottlenscks are not, 'and have noL been;lit 4*h1t of, organl:Eation equtpuntrt'1.e., ond p:roducts, but 1n raw sate-r{,alrr-;nrta, cherrtcal lnteffrcdiates, ?nd sub-assembHee. Of the 8? hlghestmLod (n.$o) ltauar-riot ggg ia en errd prroduct purehaaod dlrectly by th€ Aqyor ntrtyr -and, of thE.uhole ftnl, tabl"e of organizatLon equipraent i.-s fn the-d.nor{,tg, AE lJ.Iustratlons of csrent,ratLong of pruductd.on.of eeeentlalarcdliietr not, purchaaed dlrectly, attentlon ls lnvJ.tod to the list offtt{t tklqsl intermsdlates, TAB E, and paragraph 2, Teb D; to aircraftarb-*mcnbly and parts soncentratlons, Tab H; to netals and nlnerals con-

, cegtratlons, Tab I; and to a surlumrJr of industrial oqulpnrent, paragr.aphs I+,h 8, lncluslve, Tab D. These tabs are for lllustration on)y, as typicaleraoples of naqy ser{.es of concentratlonc.

,3. Lq the production of an essentLal end prnduct, there ar.e margr in-stances ofl

8. Cnittcal cbnesntrations vrithin aorles of intermedlates, whareonc !a lrectssarXf to prroduce another, and there oaJr bc-rnany such intermediatesln a slngle chain of productlon, see Tab F.

bo Converging s*iies of intermedlates florirg lnto t,he end prôd-uct, ses Tabs P and G,

:' Qo Coneentratlons of pruductlon or d,tffarunt vttal sateriala ina eiagh araa, aee paragraph g, iab D and Tab H.

l+. During tho. course of the'war, inprove{ eubctl.tuteg have been dia-coTcttd or invonted for others previousl,5r consLdered vi.talo

5. The basic stnrcture of the Resoureeg Protection 8oard, rncludi.ngtte cooplete ctatletleaL datlr lts m,ethods of analysto, lts funitions, anle a+rl cadrs of lts p€rsonndl should be rotalnpdr pneie$b\y as a polt-v,,atsctlylty of the iiar Departrneat, *e Tab G.

. 6, -f! r+v,!e ef8ccted th€.t the Spcclal Planning Dlvtalon, TIar Depart-ms.t Ststa1 Staff, till inqulre into tho destrabtllty of oalntalnlng tilcacilvttlea of the Rasources Protectlon Board. If, oo, f nould recormend thatthc Bosourrces Protectl.on Board be trhnsfered to a high staff, eehelon of the.{Lr Dapartnent, ulth 1ts frrnctione rctalned, to continuq to waluate thel4portance of vttal eourodltiaa and sonLcci, B. g.i power, ccramunlcationa-ltd ""Trfera,

prlnailly for the guldances of lr.ocufoieirt aginctes of theTar snd !{ary Depa:tments a;rd other federal agencles ctrarged vrith wa.r ilua

c0rtIDrf,'IIrt

''l

?AB B

S"ril"aaer$ d.ssioni, o.f,.1 necoirstruction Elnance Corpoiation and lts sub-r*firrtagn fttrOleua Adriinistratlon for frar, United States ?reasuly Depart-

=crt (frcs1aesent and Lend-Lease Dlvislons); arrd {ar Production Board" '

Sccoadrrtty, lts avaluatlone would gulde Lhe protecttron act,lrrlties of the,"tlt arrd f,arrF DepartmnLs, including the tlnited $tates Coagt Guard, ando0hcr ageatleo harlng Lnternal aecuriiy 'r'lo6tons. Anong thc reasons forthlc r€cooucndation, are the fol-lcring:

a. Although ltiTar Department Pollcles and Ascuqpttons CoyernlngIldustri.r,l Denobtllzationr tr SpecLal Ptraruring DivisLon, liDSSrr lg l{+rch L945,cont+t'rlrlaies contlnued studles 1n the post-nar per{.od by the technlcaleercicla and qtaff agenuies, these siudies cannot,-bo acceptod ag,e suU-stltuie for over-al? procurement requiremnta atudlea becarsol

(r) i:"ffi"1"0li"ffi:x,:H: ;l*::ilTli:Hl,H3l'--sill be unknown to :.Tar and NaVy Dapartrnent pnocure-lmnt.and prroduction.agencles. Thsse agencJ.er app€ar

f'l3"liH.f li"llffi,lliil :lffi, "f ::.'iilHlfi ;' as evidenced by their failure to include anybhing butprime contract, plants in the eqrly Inspeetlon Be-

;?"il::ll'i:{Ji;l:l il..i3'iffi :?,:;-ff :'Jiii:lffi:"besarne a functlon of Ptlffi", E].eetr{.c pouer plants nerethe on).y exceptlon to thts genom.I pract,l,ee. Howevef,this situation mp noted and corrected by The Pr.ovost,

f;fi:i1r[l"#rnil:.' the nalntenance pf the IIIRL was

(2) There are {naqJr'instances of a baai.c coruodity essentialto the prcduction of nar[y erd prôducts r"equired bydlffe.rrent procurenent agencles, Eee paragral:h t, Tab f"

' {l) }Iilltary prrcuretrEntl of end products is not }inrited toii'ar and Navy Depar:tment agencieo, but extends to etvil-lan agencieo. I'or exarnplel Defense SupplLes .Corporalionpurehases all flilitary gasoline and allocates it to theA116r, Havy and ?reasury. Petroleum A&dnistratlon forTar oporrsored ttBii: Inchn pipe linel lt"F.C. subsldiad,es

' and Commodity Credlt Corpor:ation, and U. S. Tre6euiyDeparicent st,ockpiled strategl.c courrodltlos. Of ?],

(4) War Industry expansion, particularl,y' Defense PIanLCorporation plants and pmJects, sluuld be baoeri uponrequlrenoats .f,or all caiegorles of comuodltLes. Itcan be assuned that had'ovenaIL erraluations been madeue uoirl<i not nor be completely deperdent upbn 8f "tr1nraUed plants nor vrould there be naq5r surplus }IC plantaat thls tfuua.

- 2-OOtrFIDE!IlIAL

$) Allocation of ran nater{a1a and-protectlon mter:lals,'sogt, flre protectlon equlpnt, atould be sads on a, pr5,or1ty order of *tua} Lqrortanco" Beeause of theprc-occupatlor of pgncuramant, agenctes with plantounder prire contraqts nftfr tta, such naterials yrere

(5) [anpower,re.,lulremonts ehouJ.dl ln ]l,ko trBa,rur€r, be deter-" ntned on the oy€it al.L prlor{.iy baata, .to arroid pmiluctlon

delEye and exccseLT€'ovsrcrodlng of trcuctng-areai. E\ralu-ations by R.P.B. noceesar{.1,y revealed rlrcrc tranpo*€r.short-ages wou}d devolopo Early infomatton nould have been tn-valuable to tlar l{anpower Coonisaton"

(?) Strataglc eornrirdlty stockplllng should be basod upon o.t €F-arl regulreru+nte" $trateglc sooclcprllng iras accompriehedV t plum-llty of agencLea lncluding the Boartt of Econordc'tiarfare, the Treasury Dopartmnt, tiavy Depir*mnt, and thei{ar PrbduetLon Boanci, the latter worklrrg through suchB.F.C. subsidlarieE as the Bubbar Esserve Coryar1y, Defeneesupprles corporation and l{etals Beaqr:ve coopanSr, proeure-oent $aa not ttell coorrlinated bctweon these agencleo,several of whlch pmcured.quantltles of the aa.uta co:l*nodlty indopendently. There v'as no central agenay' waLq&ttng nequlrenents and guldLne stoclcpi).ing.

(S) ALlocation of commorcial warchouse Epace for vltal.oaterLals should be planned, The cafe atorage of com-rodttles properJ.y dioperaed, tras one of the mst dlffl*cult prublerus which faced Iha pECOi prcper narehousing'of cruda nrbber was the npst diffleult, ana tt ras necis-aary to assigt &rbbet Reger:ve Compaqy to fi.nd eomnercialrarehouges for over 1rlr00 ca,r loadso

(9) Ihe i&Eources Protect'ion Boanr actlvttles slpurd be carr{.od J

. .on undar a high echelon of the flar Departrnent, or in aJolnt i{ar. anrl Navy Sopartoental connl.ttse. t'he neagontfor thl.a opeelfic reconrneniation arg:

(a) ffequLreaents infomoation musi be dram fronthe'pnreureuant cervlcos of, the ASF, AAF,Havy Departraent and elvLllan fcderal'prrcureoent,

. etor:age, conEtnrctJon, anC rcgulatory agtincles,and fnon prlvate induotry, aoe paragraph f,Tab C.

(b) A clvlllan fedoral agencJr rouLd be lnappruprLateto contlnue these actlvltlcs b€cause roifftaryagereLet engaged in htghly clecsLfled develop-' mirts nould bo neluctant lo oahe dlEclosurgs toindlvlduala not under m{Iitary controf. Further,pr{.vate industry ralght be rej.uctent to discloaopruduction infosnatlon to a regulatory agency.

-3-cortIDsrrIAt

g'"1T.]$,-tI':-€,==

l

I

- -.::::i-

F+++r.f '

:=:=+:- :

,.,....,..

{c} Evaluatlong, of faci}ltles shoqld be consld6re0a pr.oductlon rather tlren a prctectire frinctioD"The Internirl S€curtty Dtrrlaloa, Hm, wlth thslnvalueblc assletance of thc Spsources PrcteetionBoanl, and uLthout nhlch 1t oould not'sueeeosfullyhave dlscharged lts rlcslon, has boen the only c{arDepartilsnt €firaluatlon agoncf., Ilre-sgcurity tatlhas raggod the production dog. A plutection agencyshould be told lhat to proteat"

- l}-O O r,I I D B f, r I r II

:P:i=-fi=.ff:;"*,i-4 -' .-" .. . |1,; r'r -::.' l* i, i i t( :-C i ll D

THE AT,PLICA?ION O}, NEJUU}ETIj PIilJTEcTIcN BoAtD. . #}:TIHGBS ?O iIII,ITAIIY FR{.6UIiEI"I$NT I,LAffiIfiG

ane for the future pr+teetton o.f tho U, S, agAinst nt].itary1. 'Ary pl,huar{o of, aabotagg g.$d Aggreasion Bust, as a pneca,ut,J.on, be baaed upontto E?rt"lftlonsr (f) tfrat the crintinenial U. 5, utIl he far more vulnerabteto attsck than ever before in'j.ts histsry; (a) that the eneryr.uhoever hetqy bc, rill atnilre uithout long prelfrnfirirf'Aipl.,natic

"ue"ii"tions uslesset fol,Lorl a plan of, preparedness He i'alled to follor durlng the ppst-rarFrtd afier FIorId ii'ar I, see tni;ar Departnent Poltcteg and

-Assunpiions

earvarnlng Industrlal Denobllitattonrt, Speclal PLannlng Divlsion, ',,0S$r

I9 llarch 19h5.

2, Ttraae aasurytions i.nvolve the necessity of-maintalnlng current,lnf,oaatlsr on nhlch lrdustr{.a} and non-lndustd,al faci}Lttes, such aa l

mnutrstur{.ng plants on the one hand and raj'l,noad br{.dgos, plie Linertrilonc, Fqryer ptr-ants, etcoon the otherr or"E to be accorded irimedla,teprotectlon. InfqnmtLon must also be kept eurrent on the production

, posribilJ.ties of the vast nuobef of plants out of uh:ich ihe raunitionsof nar er6 to emer6e in th'e shortest possir.le tLoe.. Foztrrnately, theseare not dlgtlnet problenei, cut rsther tlro aspects of the E€lnge

3. Both the rnecords of the Eesources Fr'otection Eoarri anci theprlncxplea and methods of recornaigsance devalopad by it dur.:.ng thepresent, rar Frovlde a rbans for preeenting an ever conterporary piet,ureof nat,lonal' lnduatry aE weLL as a plan fsr induetrlal see-urlty wheneverit becorues ne€ded.

. 4o As ls weIL known, the ruaJor otrategy of war is planned in ti"meof peaco. thls strateg' 1o in a state of flrrx due to suth, lnflueneesas @chanical inventions, sei-entlfLc discoverC.es, and technologlcal ad-vaneGs as rtcll as polit,lcal influences. ?he information gainei ttrn:ughntlttary lnte[igEnce semice, as wel] as that infora,atton which is lE-lat€d to loglettcs are both essentlal to a ratJ.onal atrategy.

5. tlre recorda of Lhe Regources Protectlon.Board and the analgttcprocedu:ra daveloped by lt, can, nith relatlvely minor changes, furnish ttre$xratad.os of it'ar and l{avy nith eyer current inf,orrnatLon on tha induo*td.a.l aituatton relatlve to. Lhe p:rcduction of munitlons involved inn*Ittarf pfaqs as these keep pace with changlng clrcumstances. The temEnltlonn hdr= lrpludes mechanlcal e'"ruiptssnt of all aorts, o<p1os5,vea,Et*d.crh, druge, .and the llke,

.' 6o Xt hal been the iridustt{.sl experl.ence of thls nar that tha iaostrr{anr bottla lraekt of prodrrctlon have r&rclg been the findlfy assemblsdnrnttionr, b*rt ratlror thc rar matertaLs and lntormadlate coapoirent,s ofthaea. Ths rscotds of the Resources pnotectlon Board shon ciearly theldatory of tlre fLor of mater{.als lnto final assemb\r planis (whether these

AE$IJICTlID

. TABC_

,\

a* rrfrfacturera of tanks or dnrgo) aad the out{Lou of the ftn4l end,-Ftrfa to the ared forces. firttrermore, they ohotr ln the case of all+***il+*f ttss rbat plants, f,onuer\r eoncerned ln the production of .

#lffs 3oadt, have been eonverted-to the nanufacture-of sinltion parta -

** r*als +rxl,*rat tholr. capacttles for ouch productlon are at p:esint.

?. lb bc mogi effaetlve .a.nd nost uaeful to the ,sscretarles of t'arqil &If artd t'helr staffs in ttrae of pcace, lt.J.e noe..set? ttiat infonoa-tl,srr on u.tlltary nequtrenents arrd prcduetlon posaibil.1tlEg be thorou6hly,*rtlaDod-ard gyste&atlzsd so that essentlaL facts stand.out and changeartua*Lcd by per{.odlc sunreys ba c1ear\r aeen. In other rords, a cofipre-hcnslvc tJrpe of l'rdustr*al reconnalssance Euch as that deselpped by LfreSsrourcec Pmtectl.on Eoard is eesEnti.aL. r?re group chargad rith the. reltponsibltlty of meirtdniag a contfuiustlon oi ileiourcei ProtectlonBoard recor{s can detemfuie bhe relatlve strateglc inportdnce of procluets-snd ssndces Lo thg $anufacture of rurnLtirrne and at tire l:,me ti.rre- pmvlaee plan f,or induatr{.al security oonstst,errt with nA'iltary y,lans by analyzingand correlating the folloring types of ;nforruafi.on.

. 8. tha uomposi.tion of eaeh munl.tLon in terms oi colponeni partsand raaterials.

b. The quantLttes of theee materlals (a) cumently prcduced and(b) naeded to catlafy the aunltion progra.ur in eveni of an *,irgun*y,

. c, The plants, nith locations (a) thich non prcduce eachmunltlonr.cmponeni, and materc.al, Bnd (b) nhlch could prôd,uce them1n tlme of *ar.

G. The tfuno required to expand capaclties'to raeet regutr.e-nsntc qf aunltlon progran

f. An analgeis of plant locations wlth recpect to transporta-t|91-nrobf*ll'conceqtratlon of relateri irdustrLes, -rnenponter, and uulnen-ablllty to aitack.

,

g. ,Stockplle data on (a) raw nateriali ioported frsru othercountr{.es wharc there Ls an ipadcquat,a sourcc rlthtn the Unlted $tates,and (b) products or rnaterlals inhei'e proAucifon f,actlLties nould be fui-adoqtratc to loaat thci nceds of a euddenlg expandad progfano

ho Ttre indlvtdua.l facllities and colicentratlons of facilltlesuhlch nould prcbably be the'pr{,nclpar targete ln event of attack,

BePorts containing such i-nformat{on can be prepared withoutEaldng eqy radlcel changes in the rnpthods iatabllshea- wiltrjn ttre lte-goufc€s Froteqtion Board, uhile ttre hist,orlcal data acorr.nulated dur5ng

2

RESITiIUTED

f.hr c*rtence of, t,he Board vrotLd ssrre as a va1rrablc baekground f,or then.,5onrtil' tor cqlloctlng this inform*tion can bc naile avalleble throught'}l 1rS Dgfensa Aet with t}re cooperation ol the. procurgltent EervicJs oftF fry e$i co'rr"cpondlng bureauE of the $aryo

,3iiEfTBtCTdD

i:r"!*i,:{

.i:1rr;.:.r:

Eisrg oF nE$ouRcris PnorEcflou BolBDrs nATIM}S

ln -.fhG Ecaouroot Protsotl,o[ Eoard rat€s'only luch produsts as arebA to bc qf flrat lupor*banoa to the proaeoutlon of thl mr and. forfish pnoduotlou oap,olty.la etthar lnad,egurtr to ncot Bf1f.tat6r. reqridrc-Gr or for !0,tgh lt a4tl raquiracuti arc tnrcly tn balanoeo If thctd.I crprolty to produoc e produot ta oonctdcrrbly in. cxosrr of, raqulro-tftrr tb1 plants produotng tt arc uot ratcd, holrerlr lryor'tut ttrc pro-&t ragr bc, .{,1ro, rtth rara cxosptLonr, a Prod,ust, hcrevar liryortant,tr l$t iltcd 1f a substaattal propor*Lon of tlle total output ls ooas@cd .

lgr olrtllaaa" tho:t Bupply rerultlng frm laok of nanp*ror ls not entor-klnrd ac e crltsrioa for ratLugo Henoe thc laforrnatlou armart eed belcr

'rfcrt trulutlyaly to phyaLoaL produotlou poortbllitler, rhtoh.are ansaablc

to {iltnnttouo

. 3. Sorcrthtlc?a, at rcooutly es ths bnd of L9*t, thsrc rtlll re-'rlu.d &* ohenrlaal produota, ratls$rlug tho vary atrtot brlterla of thef,crquroca Froteotlon Board, for rtrlitr it lcaat W of prodrrotloa oepacltyrr! oorroeqtratcd la alnglc planta"

!o bf thust 94 ohmioala, 49 rcra nanufeoturpd in planta ln*rloh at lcast 806 of totaL.produotlon oapaolty f,as ooaoontratcdo )

bo Ihlfty-rfx (Sg) of thcoc. 94 chaloala rcrc ne,uufaotured byaolc produocrao

Go lhta aorlour oonocatratlon tn productlon of vltel oomnodltleaobtalaa vlrtnrally unohanged todagr. It la obvtoua that a rur'"oy of indua-trlal ooaocatrationr oxtmdlng baok to Pearl Earbor rcnrld uroovsr mat$roorr tastoocc of ln&ratrial ooaoeutrationr at a tlno rhm tho mlnorabllltyof tlda oourtr:f to aerlal attaok and aabotrgc rlr nuotr greater thta at thcrud of lgl,l[,

!o Ip thc flleld of mtalg and rninerala, tho Reaourooa hotcotlonEoard llrtr o,1y auoli faollltles a,! arB rotdtLy degtnrotibla" Nevarthe-llrtl 1r Xoryeebbr, 1944, aftsr nEt*I produotloa aad rhrplng problens hadilrcn vlrtualXy aolvtd, thoro stllL rem&tnsd.t9 rneta1 lndrstrlea iu eaohif *foh oac llaur reprcaents at leost 6}fi of produotton oaprolty" .Ftf-tr.a of thur E9'tnduatrlat arc oonocutretcd ln. plantl produotng at J.orat?5.F of total nroduottoa, rhlle 7 rrc 'ooaoantratci la erigtc pro&rocrao

ardurscElJdxmus rurIrEED PRmvc[s

{o A!fihfug rhort of a ooqrlcte and er*raugttvc lnvostlgatloa of oon-outratlou rlthla thc ftald of gcacraL ludurtrial cquLpmt tardc to'givrr dlttor{cd ploturco Thcrc crlrta luoh a vart nrdci'of ooryoaata for

COUFIDEITIAI,TAB D

fl*rl"a prlduct1, -rhloh ls furthcr lnoreercd by rot* rirag, gaugos,rd sthcr eLnor dl{tcreac?a, aad auoh frequaat itranglr iu "pcoirioafioar,}*t-tU: prodmtt ll,gtcd uutt, for thc noat part, bo dctorflod ulautoly.&r lrlt brooucr ataggerlngry loug, nhile thl xadrddrral tlenr rom'tobr fnsfgnftloatto - -

6. tldr tttuatlon doca aot obtaln auong ohalaalt, TIlth iarir.lfl$r-crocptXoue all ohenlolLa rere oopaidircd oa a 1@ baslt

"ad r"i

!$.tV hlvc coorca to hrrndrada of ohaloal dorlvattrrea and othcr ,rc"i,Iltlrh*d aaotranlonl produota and thgir oomponcuts arc gacrally apeolftcl* tillr uro, Xcvcrthcltat, J.a rneny easss tha conoontiatlous ara aa realilildt rr gtrlorrr ar tn ttra ffLeld o3 616rn{,etr}c ths nlantcly alnotflod oom-tffib aay laErlrc quoh apeolillncd cqulpmmt for ttc rnrntrfa,oturc that ltfgst br produod ln anothor faotory wlthout najor aqu{prncnt flteratioas

, !fif !t" hltfTg of trelnpd trnreonacl should the orlglnrf pfaat ta rrlloh itFa_!* produold bc laoapaoit*todo Hore alao a emsl,l llduatry ney vlr-*lly oontrol r larger ond dapeudaat upoa lt,:' . 6. A rapie lurvey rlthln thc fleld of goaoral lndustrte3. equlpdeat

- rlri nfuoollrnoour fiutsired produ6ta ahows thai tcrardc thc ond of igit' thcrc loro stt1l nore tnaa iOO inatanoce of ooncentrattonr of productlon, r*ra1c 6$ or acc of total oapaotty uls conooatrated. ln ln&lvttual planta"

Of -thara, rcre then .100 rarc oouoentrated ia planta oontrolLtug Bt .leaet?afi oE pr{uo$on, shll.e rcll ooer.bO produoti 11016 n4nufaoturcd tn plantapro&rornB IOAF of tho totalr

t To fhe produota hcrs raferrEd to irc aot lnsignlfloerrt" They arelrroh naJorr'{lltar? ltcmr ag oarbaln typea of rookdt-aotors and, bodicr,rluo sanq, HF apecd traotore of various wclg!.te, spcold orqnk ehefte,gua noutar brttcrlot, gun aighta, raJlrgo ke6parr, oouqrutcra ar1d dlrectorlomaohiac f,ur, bonb bodicr, ohronouatere, oabLco, gun ioooll nsoh1nirmssEuIr oarrla6car oaJxollsr retal orfbtlag toole, bcar{nga of verlotu eorba,lpcolellrcd clcotrlaal ogulpment, atoo f,heac ara trut a fsr lllustratlone

, of r. rast and varlcd nr:mbor of mcohenlcal. obJcots produocd un&cr hagardoua') oadtttons of oonoentrattoaso

8o ?hc scrlouarsat o{ tJrta sltuatioa ta polrtcd up rb6i one ooneideratttet nst tafroErautly tho produotlon oapaolttrr oi ho or iorc pro&rota iooonccatratod ln a rlnglc planto Ttrug, the degtntotioa o{ oac faciJ.lty nayourt$l t&o productlq of savcral ?ar oeaantial oomodltton by Wfi to loQS;

9. t6rtlr, a l,argc anr$cr of pl.ante ugr be omcedr:ated 1c a smaLllr6t" Arr outrtandLng axaryIe lc ttret of tha Der Ctrenloal Conpaayrs ooqrlexlr6t" Arr outrtandLng axaryIe lc ttret of tha Der Ctrenloal Conpaaytr ooqrlof plr*r 11 l{tillena, Utarrtgan, Ac Lete 'ae Sorabcr, l9{4, tira hssourois

IcoUFIDESTI4L

9.

hotsbtd.ou Board rrlod 22 giodrctp produoed la thlg ouc cuel1 irsBo Stmi.largaograplrlod otaocnfrattoai rlthln iU ofrcrntsal ladustry a lona aro to bsf,ound tn Slrgrrr Fallr, U. Io, ia Weet [lrglnlr, llsr .lorrcy, and elgsrhareo

IO. A datalled-etudy of oonoeutratiou b5r produot a:d. by area fronr fr usntla btforo Poarl Earbor to tbe protait-day wou1d, rcisel a farl!r! ltrlqut ladustriel vulnerqblllty to ntlltery and to aor.q,I ludue-' ttlrl lnrrrda than the tngtEnoii ortla "il;;; iuror. shorLd ba rcortfiad,,ef tq frigh rdagunto proteotioa rasarurcs rbould bc plarr''cd bcforc the*lt.n 8t*tr; f,lads ltielf involvad fn- a-Srd gfcat r.rar.

11. la tdurtr{.a1 ooncsttrettoa aot oaly todr to attraot cr@Jr

=ttm but elro la e rouroe of ilaagcr througlr-uatural irdustrlrl hriirdcry+ ta firr. Bron after thoueanda of planda havo bo+q hrllt, theae oon- i

lrntrrtloar etlll, r@atn" Thanks to the fresdon from attaok m caJoy ta'ttlt rrr, r! brm, la rsr! tnatarioeg, bean abla to aiournuLato atoc[r-ttoh Xcraala th rorLouracs's of prcreat omoestratioulo Alao, ohangratl allttrry op€ratlous havo altcrcd the lnportanoc plaoad oa oirtalo-rrtlolca.prodrmod. la tme of thoee .oonocntratton oentcr'a, !o tbat, agalan16 of .thcn tro no longor .aerLouro &rt thls doas not oontradtot t56teot that et one ttiao or ottrer, eaoh of theoe oonocntratjons rrorc -- orrrtlIl, afr-- polats of daugaroua vultrerabillty" ''

I?' Sbort 9f -mnklng an c:iharrativo htstorl.oal atudgr of, t&c aubJoot,thc tablcl aplnadad to ttrle memorandurn lndloateg hor nrirerabla u. 5. .lttduatry lar at the beginnlng of ths rar aad during tho yaars'prlor to' .our bcoou[ng uaators of, tho nil,itary ai.buetloa,

. lE' Dlapcralon and protoctton ar6 aaroag tfr" .ort potmt gafs-guardragalaat Euddan a,ttaoko { encry ia uaUksly to ri.sk pltr.c,, ara, a.idratcrlcl to dutroy a graalL fraotl.on of an lnarrrtry, tut nfgt rctl fludlt rorth r*rlls to laorl:floo uuoh ln ord,er to r.nlhilata or Svcu ha1vo. aula$ut,ry csaontlal to tlrc roelatensaoe of eorue part of the U, Sr rar *"ohin "

t-

CO$FIDE}ITIAI,

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ra;{i1

o(J

otO! t :L oe{t! Cl L O ,=+- o I !0fr*s ;5 ,. 'cr tu ^4) 6f{S €+rE+t S I D det'eL tr qd.l , d A +O fl E e$ o dO cl t{ t{ E o cP rt*,+}ri*

F4 Oilh (} s. UIO \/eEd B L+' lll Zl fi 6 t{ clA +, G {tTl t € +r rl a . o(3 c,[..Eio. q{ A+tFl tl O X +tTt G!r} O-l a slrl tr tI! ql Al+{ !tt} k''G sl, t GFrp a F E 05 s e*,ord O Dd rl ,E (rF{ {(r2+) O+

f. g E+, (E O C{ 4 d dli il , a +{ fi X O +{+r0lrElO CEF{ O q{ O tsO rr*.ecl+. aic{ m E al.{ d O- E crd" t u,4rci +t s a +r'G gEa EC O trq.l c. t[ l+ A L El€@ € d.tt li{,fr ts O e2 O 9) O.El E t AC I{ O O q la

= +, t{.dFr.C l,

rt t.rl+{ 5 E O 0 PJ O a 4 O O }r&.iJt dtr{Od5 A c{ 6cC G q{ 6*ts}g3 5 er'65 E " tr El.ul .&3 EA El+, OE P(J/ o al 6 "<-l} L e O d O @lt S{'O aJl S{ O cl$l rt ?1 # @€{-} EO +t O' .s s{ 6 +l Ed ?7 d t ary{O O r+ O O. e1, t{ t A {'{ , r+q+ IF Sl GEl T{-(ltD g E rl @ O 6 ei e .o 6+} Or{ i0 F+a F{ El o .€d .{, E6 r{ Fs E A Eet d tr O

2 a qiil€ +t d"# El .et Et E E d t0{'i o fir, rl h r.+i tt H 6 0 (,+a o i! 6 d t rl 6!i Ld.art E O t 4tO C' tBgrag cloG 'r' o o o $ sr R E3 Go Cl{r a, +}Fe{ & o t+ oa btEr. f".€ G id"r+ !l O E 8! et}< O.O d Gdl tEl tsl 'H h'l a. " ? t*| w

dtidea

3.l,.i'r.o

F{@E6Gd.E,dc{Ot{:4XGd.cobertl*GA.EL>r'+rocloE4F{EOg.-3gd'FiGF+,c49ts-h>tQ.4.t4E& e ! Bs E

.i, B..+ Eldd€t!.lt-.o{, d1ahOL

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cd

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Io Tbo lntegratloa of ladustriee 14 tha productlon of meohantoalobJoota auoh ag arrtoaobilee, etrpla.B6s, tank8, or guna ia too rall trsxcnato uorlt rncrtlonr h6rc' tho effqrta expeudcd by tha Alltcg to deatroy thoball bearluS plaatg at Sohnratnfurt exmplliioa tho lnportaaoc plaoad uponthc productlon of ono oorpoaput of rncohantoal obJoota-rftn povi* par.ti"

?o Tltthla tlrc ohgnloal la&ratry -- an tndwtry rlth rhloh the lay-BaJr ls larg fa,m1lJ.ar -- thie lnt;8ratlon le frr uore ooopaoto' The pro-duotloa of cooo aad-product.sugh d,r avlation gaaoltao, strmthctlo rubborr.o:rploel.vrr, proteotivs coatingr, dogreaslng aolvcnts, or,drtrg may raqulrcdoeeng of shmlcbla, praparcd La Baxy soparate plants" thur ths avsir-abtltty of a alrgla ohesrlcal may cffsctivsly ooatroL a largc industryrhl.-oh, la itaelfr la auffloientl.y dlvergifled along produotl.on 1lnee to .

diaoouraga 6aary action or to oauro al.am baoauee of ttra poaelble loqa ordestnrotlo[ by flre or othor dlaacter.

So The otrmthetlb nrbber lnduetry ls a good, tnrt by no niearca uatquc,cxaqrloo Ihcrc sid.a! 16 plants produoing Buai-Sr-thc inoet lnportaat oftha eyatbetlc nrbborso The largoat pro&rcer hla but 12.1fi of-total pro-duotton oapeoityo PotaasLrini paroulphate la a ohenr.oaL csaauttaL to thomaJurfaotura of hrna-S" Ihore are btrt trro producsrt of thic produoto onoof rhm oorrtrolg 91fr of prortuotloa cepaclt|, The'rnrlnerabtlity of .Buna-Sproduotlon llar thercfore not eo muoh arnotrg the ond,-produat funa-S. pLanta,but-rrthar ln this produoer of potaaoi':m porlulphata" Iaoldeutq}ly, tnfasano ohcnoloaI ta etaatlel t,o the na,aufaoturc of t{ooprcue, anothar hfglrIytuport*ub aSrathetlo rubber,

4n thc Bune-S {,nduatry haa moro thaa ono Aohillps hool" Iartterybutyl cataohol, dsmad rxocssBary for oertain tcohnlcal purpoioa, ls pro-Par?d by e rluglo produoer" Etghly ueeflrr, though pgrhaps-Bot oauentiarto Euna-8 naaufaotura, 1-o F\rrfural for rhich there ero ouly tro produoors,oan of rhom ooatroll 6# of, oapaolty" t

6, Dodacyl lfiaroaptan, on the other ha:ad, ir an eaaaatial oontrtbut-tag ohmloal, to funa-S nanufaoturca ltke poteaalru pcraulphats it ls agcuuLnc aLnc gua oon" Ihera oxlet but threa tqportant produoors, rhooolrod,uotlon oapaoltlos ar€ 95fr, 59fr olrrd. 28fi rcapeotlvely of .tha total, Thcdsrtruotloa of any one of thcac plante rould haw norl aeiloug oorucqusaooathaJr that sf svsn ths largoot produoer of thc flnal epfl-produot,

(lo Thc nurbcr of sonoeatratton oootora upoa rrbloh Bunâ-S dcpendo 1oby no EoaJilt eiharated througlr ttre abovo dlgouosr.on, Yarlous nethoda ofbutqdlsrc and Birnaps produotloa.rcqulrc 'oataLy'ata pcoullar to thqn. llostof ttrcaa arc naanrfaotured by rolo produoors, oo that tha Loss of, any onatould reterd the ladugtry-by oen1r per oeitt,

T. I do ast tlch to bclabor a polrt alroa(y rnrd,o oLcar" tn+ lt rnaybc rorthrhllc to ooail.dsr thta orb exanplc.a llttls loagero

**iir';:$,::triat

lo Fotairlun pereulphats ig not a natorl,al forrnd ag such ln nature"

34!lCOilFIDE$TIAL

I D E S'* I."& :,I

but le ltsej.f a produot roeulting from a ohatn of prior'chemloals tavolv*la8 aucU oomplex equlpmont. The starting pirtnt le- the nirlog of the oroaCaraalllto or Xai.alte,, these aro potaseiun orea fron rnhioh iotassiu:sch}orlde le darivsd, ?hte io nada tnto potass:'un hyd;";id; [y-"r"ctro-lybic methoda" Ihe hydroxi.do ia ohangod'lato potasilun sulpfilte, whichfina1J'y ls tranef,ormod lnto $otas,slnm-porauLphlto, egain by- eleoirelysln.

. bo Every lngrcdiert of Burr,cr-S rubber, and eveiyrcatal.yst ro-gulred'for r:henioal reactions lnvolved, ie the end msnber of a cheniealahaln, Thua Euae-s ta tho apex of a pyranid rost*.ng upon e large nurabarof subeldiary cliemlcal.s" , .

.

co l$hen one consids're that tho finlehed ttre is tha real interea.iof nilitary procuroneut, the pyremld expaud,s in a!.j. d.Lreotione. &o muatthan take i"ato coasid.sfstloa tho ryeny industriea ooatrtt'uttng to hightenaclty rayoar'to aylon, to tire cord.reelring, *o tho manufiotur* sf

"on*plioated o:itl-oxldantc, acoolerators, oarboa blackr. tira aol"d1:g, Etoo,,oio" l'ha nufuber of induetriea, rrhish are the tnrl"y vulneroble lps*c, iutire nenufeoturo, lnoraa.ao wlth the oxpanatan of tirs pyra,ratd.

do Tho exgnpie of potesslum peraulphate manufacturo, a.B e:r,offsotiTo control of tha tlro and rubber goods lnduetryo has beon gouelnto at laagth' (but ner: e.'ichaustivoly) ueoause it ro q i3rploa)., not alaique or uausu&}, axample. Ssoreu af o-bher:s can be glven of emall irr-duatrise whloh aro ihs vuhisrable apots of iarge onos, even though oaodoeg not thlxk of thoman baiagwlthtntho larfo onag"' trt ts no{ gun*crally rsal"luad that enery drop of gesoLino muat ooutatn somo gum in*hibltor, Yst there ere but,i;wo produoare of gun tnhtbltors, one of whsnrcpreaeat a 6ffi of totaL produotion capeoitJio -Els i.mportanoi ,tn tir" avLa=tion geaol.Iuo progrq$ ia obvious, Cryollte is a rnatirtal easential te tho&anufnoturo of AlU:niaum, end hanoo ths entirs aluminuls lnduetry d.cpendoupon 1?o Ae raocntly ao tha ni.Cdlo of 1948".there v*s but ono protiuo'orof -eynthetlo Cryolite ln the II" $"; but one refinoqr of uatural-Cryolt"te3c.ad bu'b ono nlalag opsretio:r for natural Cryollte, 'una tn"t in Orpi,nl+nd,tho on}y *oumsroiel'sourcs ef thls nat,efial,,

' 8o Ona of tho naoat lrtsresilag exeurplis oonoerna the productio:r ofuetalLlo sodr,uno ?horo oxist la tha Enitod $tatee only tno pluntg pr*-duolng thie metal. Their oapacitiog ar6 ourrently fi?d and. *3fi or tiototal" trpon tharn dopaad somo of thc most tmporbant lndustrLe6 ooairi.but*lirg to our rar ns,shtna, Ths folI€lrlng }lat of osasnt{al'derliatlvee ofeodlum Le a salf-arplaratory indloatlon of its funportarioo to rar-t5.raoA,nerto&n Lnduatry, It oau ba etatod congarvativaly that upon theEa tro

-

pra:rEa reats tlr€. pqs_t_1_bj.igy of proacouti.ag * raodort EsFc

-

: -:= -

+-=____-_:=a = -'__- *

Tho Llat hEro follorre I \

Tctraathy} load (Avtattou gaaoli,no )8odlun Cyanida

Case hardoulag of mptaLs'(for goarae cranlcehafba,, arld many other Barta of naohlnery xhare a

tough aurfaoc muct be oomblaod rrith"rceistenocto rtriius and atrsseca)

*z-C O il F I D E }i,? I A. L

ry'i:*

E}.+_.

\

-fi.4,

NGtaL pla,tlag oar both ferrourAoryllo aad methaorylLo realnr

an4 olrll.laa uoaa).Hed,lolnals ,

EodLr.ra poroxldeSatirot tavy tatcractr

.. Sodlun hydroeulf,ida .

' ldaroaptana (d,aemttal to nanufa,oturu of.rroat importaat ttrtathctto rubbor).'

. Aorlrlonttrila

untll Sopt, 1814o Anothor uethod ia aor.uied.)Alrplaac cngLno velvsaSu1pha dnr6a (dircotly and vla sodiuB methylate)Stalnloas gteelSeoret Anny and lr-alr5r uset---

--- -'---g

Thara are othcr usea for metelllo'aodlun, but thcac are tJae onlyonee al}ffiod ln tho II, $, of prelent.

)

-8*c0rrIDElIfIr"L

and aoa-farouB beleso(for varlow allitary

&nui-8, .the

rit;

ti

F.:

dr)odF'

t"lF{H

aq.)()kH

:tlHo(}if,

t,

H(3.€(,l-6daE(jGQidI5rE{

G,q+.AOFt4c,dslE.d

3{* q{

ds2J* fA

o€eo;,( fOtdO6$.r{'U"dhc, trf

&15I}c0

EgtJ!.o

ETwo(}t2dr5

r{Fr

elEIl-{xoHfiEHIE

F.H.Fi

BHht;uHfi!EoEH4,qJ

.rJ 3iitrf5+, C).oElt, ri

E{.6l()L"rf OF.u, El

o9t{4rH+lrlEsrlEr.r{ {lF{ ql

trlakEie

El'{clos:

Gd

C'rHhHFta!1lfHIu

gE! ErEHH reE o853F.EE()

I iiri -

sefiog$,E$octt{&f{${+t9g'lit,'E +trltr.El oc)(,

l#+.t"}:

-.:i1Hi!i

a:: . :::. .i.:.

,lt{(J

c)HGlf!itrtn

E-{ta'

d.4au,c2!.1

a,l}4q,

*raog%ct .lOIldi,g.G

Jcsd, {aGd .4+.ol$ 3EFT Q4,!8 t:Lat-{{

cl,

EH €,gai {lcl^(,trC, rr <G<

HE'Br-€{roo5{ ttsd.Pil {Y tilEa.rrE{B8E??rt{ {r, u{uroE

rffi3A3r r&s3ffis

c'Incomplota ld.st of Proitr*rtton Corrccntretlons of 506 m nee

.Aa.gf. gad gf lPr.r.

PEACETE OT

PR,MUCfIOTir

MEDIT"f rlAla rm wurcll Issn

Alr&mer!&se-lcryhIv fqc*li? egr

ktsr rfug eanef,

Droh orer r1rg

Ortor rlng panel

lkrEt drck C.V"A.0 , B-21+

Deok cver rlng c.T,a.c. rB{I-2

Efng (ffnaf assonbly) Douglao A-268

DcflCIctor

frfng td.p panel

flrU ttp flloata &stanil lte.ttn Pl[a

C.V.A.C.B-fr

S.V.A.C. Ii-24

S.Y.A.C. B-2lr

DorlEras A-26

Do€las l'r.-

Iartl.a Xil

Curtls.fir'!.gtrt c-46

curtla{ght c-46

Crutk-f,rdg|t C-/r6

MIE & Ig:AffiOT OT P}J.ET

lptr{.can Cantrel tllfg. $,.t,Csrnersvllle, Iad,

lmrtean Contral Hfg. U....

Cqrnersvll1e, Iad,

Anar{.caa Siil$lsl Hfgo fr,.CorurerEttlle, Iad.

10O Au€rteaq Central Sf,g. t,:,ConnersvS.I[e, Ind.

65 Arr*!.cen Central ffg. C,:.Cctnere"l.11e, Iad"

lm . Becah Atrcraf,t Corp,,. ilehi.ta, f,ansea

100 Eeoeh Alrcraft Cone,,. trlatrlta, [ansas

10O Beoch Al.reraft Corp,,f,lctd.teo f,aqsos

100 'Bclianca ll.renft Corpo,,'

100

fier CastLo, D€l"

Boaknca Aircnaft Corp,,ileil Ceetls, Da}.

Bellania etroluft Cep, -.

ller Castls, Qet,

BclLanca A5.rcrra,fL Corp.,flau CEstle, DiI.

lm

100

100

(parte fm other plaros, brrt not 3n ooaeratrated aoormts)

f,lng tlp floota &atnrt

11lcr@

Flap

't661{ng

lm

100

100

c0t{tIDEItIrL

Bsllariea Afreffif,[ d*p",f,il Cagtl.e, Del,

"AB H

Pllst catd.n ssseubly ,Tt* B-29

fratLl.ng GdEe dbg' Boa{n8 B-!9

f,lng acccse dosr Bogfry B-29:

100

100

100

100

g6r Ca*At]e, 8e3.,

Bmtng Aircraft ofcanadar. BlchEod,Bdtlsb Colunbtl.a

Bo€fng &S:rcraft Co.,Evurette Faahtngtca

Bq*fag itrcraft Co.gEybretrt, f,aahtngtoa

Boetng lfrcraft Co"oEwrett, f,ashlagtea

AIACB/Utr Et{clm,rssEllBul rICII.IIIES

Illncrtoctrr iAi ratlnga hEie bcm aaaLgnsd toatreaft olgfs aosonbly faclIltl.cc. Bach of thcEels.oahrss ryfor*sately 506 of oaa or Doro etrcmfb.!gr.rpe. f}eEs mglnco are nqt taterohangeable, andhcnce genrrlne coaccntr:attors ed.st ho!o.

-2-C O il T I IrE If T I A t

f,lthln the clâos of alrfraap anrbasacmblyplonts, ths Rcasureca hotectl.on Board has. crrrrer$lga,ealgaod 4.5 nlr ratlage. .Imong those {,j plauts themare f/9 lnrtancee of coacentratlqr of M € aore,Euoh ae tboeo llsteit alonu. ?hlr ls a EerB 106 to206 of aoacontratloas to be fornd tn the alr$am etrb-aaoenbly fuutustrly aa a rhola.

In or.rler ta rseelve an ;Ar ratlng,ln goneral, uustr

1) qsaufacture at Lcast 25fr ot the totalffiuotioa of eore poduct;

2) narrufastrnc pa:ts for lnpetant tSrpeaof elrcpaftt-- ,i-tffi-r" parta *rlch "r" afrefadt toenufactue I

4) Ue dl.fflcult anti tlne conard.ng to re-placa tn tDo cvurt of loas.

J

a pl"antt

$laetsan s{n ratlryc bava also been asslgaedto planta manufacturlng parta for the eng$ns assenblyfaclli.tJ.ee. In generaI, each of, thase producos L00Sof nuaeror.rs parts for epeelf;Le errglne asswblers. fhereane, of cour$er Dany more plante providlng engtne pe.rtoshtch do ust have trAn ratlngs

AIASAA$E AS$BI,BLY TACIIJTTffi

' Infonnatton on eoneentratLoas stttla the+1aes of airfiaura asaenbly faetli.tles ts .notr.eadlly avallabLer althoqgh eald to e:d.st" 0m-rontly, there ase /+1. n.lG ratd airfraas aesonhlyplants.

PMCEM OF

PnCDtrTTOIAI.

PLANE r0H IIIIICH ISrjD , mgDmrxoil IIAE & I4$ArI0r{,tgS_EI4E_T_ -

Glrro bart &trra lndliatue

Gyro itrlf,b me*erassenbly .

Atr pooltLonlndlaatore

Gyro dlrect$.onallndLcatea

Dlrectloral control tmS.ts

ti.reraft tqrdraultc nalvesldol typa

Aircreft pnopellanta(JATO)

8p{adc p}uga (AIs) oerani.tc

'BrakE asocubly

88?

100

IS0

100

.5L5lt

-a-DE}ITIAL

Baadlr,fivlatl,on ColP.,Teterboro, t{, J,

Bendlx Aviattoa Co,rp.,feterbryor l{, S.

BindJ.x Av{.atlon Corp,,Teterboro, lI. .T.

Sperry 03moocopo Gotp.,llorbh llaarpstead, L.I' rBir5

Jack & $eintz, Inc.,Bedford, 0trl.o

Aile1 Preq:lslon FroductsCorp., hrbank, Call"f,

AeroJet Eaggneer{.ng Co::po,Anraa, Cailforala

Charplon $perit FLug Cc ",TolEdn, Slrto

Ilayes trndustr't'es,'Inc.',Jackson, Slcttlgaa

56

yl

68

o

.. '......:,:.,:.

G O}IFI.' - - _.:_. .:-::.:

;,: .' . _

Sl"-:mta1lic braka'trteks

$l-tdara

l{ary spoc*e1 prgposogiS.dere

Autometle compeasatiig \

gun atght

Con:putor for radar directed,aeubolgh.$e

TBffiEUT

Brake drr$us

FLre eoatrol eyetra*tc fG

Flre coatrol uyste:r*

'daetu-uri putnpo for

$utrercharger buekets

,Supercherger o*.3. pump,t

I\rel melectov 'valves

Afu;crejt faetoner*

c$ usm

B-?9, B-Z&t ts-l?,B-34, P-4?

A-2*, B-tg,P-61-

I|-29

B-8e B*11

Cil:i.. '.' i- i! lY

'I

H&& & ItrATIOII OF PIS-q?

Centrlfbgal Frrslng Co. rIanriag; ltrtchlgan

S.T. fislInaa & Co.,Clevelbnd, OlrLo

Ford ffofie Co.,Iron &'lourtain, Sl.ch{gu:

Taylorcraft Avtatlon Ge3:- A}llanee, &io

Sporr;, G5rroscope Co. rlne,, Erookhm, trI. I.Ilarrle:$eybold-?otter {,'+,

DaSrLonl Otdo

Goneral Electrlc Co.,Erle, Pa.

Geaarsl Rallnay $lgnaL' Corp., hocheste?, !(.Y,

Borg-l$eraer Corp., .

Detrslt,l t{Lchl.gan

ffa6neeo $tellJte Co., 'I[okono, .Ind.

i

E'. E, l{trehols & Sons,$*.lthan, lles&.

Aero Supply Hfg. Co.pIRe". Gorr3r, Pe. P

$eovtlI fffg. Co.,Saterbury, Conn.

PMCElTTTgTAT

100

0r

GI{

for

&

100,

68

100

,0

51

62

67

56

58

ttl"'r?.1 ,!, ii rr

FRCDB"J

PMCEHT0r rulAtCNPACITY tg{BIg oF PIA}n

s&Fn-,firys|

Alumlnum Sluortds

Sxtrrrded ad rolled alrud.musofdr wire, barr nnd stfite*r,tpal ahapes

Sarfaf, cy]Snder L*ads:

Propellor Forgtngs

0(rrPgn

n*d

CIarrmdum (IEatura])

$degnesf.uxr forg{"ngo

I{iekel d.ning

Slekel cdneentratlng

ffil"ekol omoLtlag

tftckel re*lnlng

nsEs HEru$

Xc{,diua ulrdne

Xrtdlrm refileiRg

100

100

T5

?5

A}sniarm Ore Co",t* tt.'tolrisl I11"

{iAliud.ntxu Co. of Anorlca,

Uasoeuan'S. T.

A1rudaun eo. of Amr"5.ed,;Slonroe, HLehlgan

Alurtruu Co. of Snee{.eapC1erel"and, Obl.o

Pho15"o Dodge Copper Pro-ducts Corp., BaSnnay, l{.J

Asrer{eaa AhrasLte Co,,$oe*fieLd, SaBs.

Dow ChrmLeal Go.,llldl.rendl Siehlgan

Irterriutlonal t{Lekel Co. oCanada, SrdbrurT, Onterto

Iatertntl.onal E{lckel Co. o0ane.do, Coppe: Cllff,ffiard.o

Interm*ttoaal l{ickel Co. oOanada, Gorpper C1lff,ffieri.o

Interns'':l.oaal Sickel Co. oCanada, Port Colbotae',&rtar.!.o

Soode Sers Bry Binlng Go.ePletlaune Alaska

Baksr & Co.2 lac.e$eaark, tl, J,

69

57

55

50

6t.

15

$L

5L

63

I

EOH$TO.E.T{TIAI. ?38 I

PHMIH}f

PMCE$TTSF TffiAT.fiAPAStr5'3 t{A:'m

'Of PiAl{T

n$fi.ffiUiji. {ssatodi@@t5'

0smlum ruiai&S

Sesd.um refS.nierg

Flat'inu:n nann$g

P].a,&3.iruu ref*"n!.ag

Fed"ladiun mln5ng

FeLl,e$lual reftnlng

i{hodlum &f$tag

Birctl{uu :,refiuei"eg

'

F:utherl'Jur* mtrA:rg

Euthon*"upr xef$n*.ng

lStea*:f.te (f'aic)

'H5.'* emeltlng

$u*ahtree, $fnth*9is

li*33rft{sffite crt+ & eoscentrert*e

Br*il* ore & eoracentrate

?tngstaa ere :]Ps€t?sslng

&!e;lga:rese,, $ef,fi::.,leg Igg.*, p'ire)

Y9 Goed 3[ess Bay Bl.aj.*g ea",F{alrmry, Alaska

'14Beker & Oo., Inco

l8ewask, Hl. J.

Inte:iaa*f.oua1 [ileke3. Co,of Canads,, Sudhsy,0ntasio

Bs}*er & Co", Iaeo,$errark, S. J.

SntormatSomaL l{lcke1 Co. oSCanada, $u$bury, 0nterLcl

Sdrer & Gs., I&c.u![eweek, ]i'. J.

In'oertlat.,j.onal $iekel Co. sfeana$o., $rdbury, harLo

Beker & eo., IEs.oBiowau'kp !tr. J"

Xateraatl.wral Sffi.eireS. 0e. e.{Oanacla, .$r:dbrxy, Oaterlo

Balaer & 8o., Ine "tfewar*, i$o Jn

$ierre. tal* Co,,Beel*r, CsSI.Somla

.Tla Precessieg eorg:.,?e:ras Ctty, Swras

[ilnde Slr Prodraats Co,,Eaet Ghleosos EndLene

ell.m{rx [r{o13r.h*anuur Co.,{}Iicax, So}erado

4cierLcen litattle Osrp. 1BeoeSanr!.u Ea"

Sah-$heng'l:+adlng Co.,*-lesr 0ane, t" 8., H. g,

EiiG,;'rt'* ifrLxq.r,Emse Co.,R.,,,$xc"ri

-i.]..r 1 t'*rr,t.

60

rtdlt"3

8&

1$S

w

q2

96

$?

93

ciq

?a

1S0

4E

60

f;*

ffin

TBOITtrT

PENCETTOtr TOTAL-_:::':crFAsI __

?arrtalra reft.afag

Foro-.uol.ytdaun

Cobalt rrafln{n8

Femo-trmgctea rufl.ntag.

IiroWEb lrqr

BerylLfiu-coppor

fluoreaeent bery11ltu o:d.de

BerlyllJ.ru rtal

Eer$lJ.ru alrrnlnun

100

69

83

&

58

5L

Fanst*l tlEtttUug!.cal.Corp., It.Sh!.cago, I11"

CIiF Iolgibdeura Co.,IiugolLth, ?e.

Etcctrc lctal.hsglcal Go'trtagara EaLLae X. I.

Iolytdanru Oorp. of lasrdileahlagtqq, Pa.

A. I. B;/ers Go.,AuH.dge, Pa.

BaryJJJ.u Gep.,Teuple, Pa"

Bm6h Bc5r115.iu Co.,Inad.a, Qrio

Bnrsb Berlrllltn Co,,Iror:alnr ObLo

Bmah BaryltS.ru Co.,LolBilrp 0hlo

80

5A

x00

6'.-t@

iliii'ii.,sit'53srtr

8cffi $p at?r.rcFlo8

OF ?EB

nBsoIaGEB rRo[EII6 BuL49

i,lfElnfrrttmb-- '=.,

ltl icrEnrorr hotootlou Board at ertrbll:hcd rtt-htab Lr 3ro&o.U.oo toilril btrr Oo,crat Adalutrtretlr Order l-58rd:ftetfrr ftr 8F 19{es .Ed leailcd lugutt 11, l9lt, to dctornluoIr rrlrtlrr l4gortauoc of plota, feollltl,cr, tuetallatloar,G[llEtt, natcialr, and othcr oooqouLo rGsrourcc. to tJrc sar cf,-,lH, ftlm tha potrt of vle,r of proteotlo agatart etl hirap66,fil b onrnLaetr luoh dotcrnlaattons to tho approlnlatc daprt-IrB+

Orred.zrtloa.t-E-i-

Ecrourocr Protoctiou Board

!'r-i

rderer

AII dcotslonc of t*rs Board are nade by thl OhaLrnaa, rrlthlfie rdd.oc snd araltttroo of the otJrer nsubera of tf,:c Bocrdo

Ectf,nclr Protcotlou Dr.YirLoa

?hc icrourosa Frotaotlon Board obtalue ltr rtaff gor-vtoaa frsn the Bocouroel Protaotl.on Dlvlclon of thr f,ar FoduottoaBol$0o thc Bcaouroce ProtcotLoa Dlvlclou 1a hradd b1r a DlvfuloaElraobr, droo rador ilro aupcrvlaton of thr Che1r.nau of tho Board,1r reqnrrl,blc for tlrc propar fimetl.onlng of tha Dlrialoao thcDlrttl.6 1r dlvldod lnto tm brarchce ; naualy, tbo Ecaorlroca AnalysLokoaL uC thc Protcotlva Prograns BreEoh.

EOXFIDET?ITL

?ho Rcoourcca Frotectlou Boerd oonrlstt of tno follorlng

Obalroan (nar Proauctlon Eorrd, Offloc of ttrs Pro-traa Yloo Chalroea);

Arugr Scrvloa Foroct (Intarnrl Saour.Lt3r &lvlaLou,. Off;loo of tho Provoat lamhal Ocucral);

Arry Alr Forccr (Offloe of ttro Alr Provolt Xarshat)6Irry lbprrtam,t (Offtoo of hoourenoat ard Xatcri.ol);Offlsc of Clvlllau Dcfearo (Feellttlr Baeurt$ Dfd-

rloa) o .,

oP

Y

a/#

.. ''- " i -

e o g r I D E r r l-f, t

Thc Rcrorrrooa Aaelyatr Branoh la rcrpoallbls for analyz-tng ryil rcvlartng litre relatlve Lqortaaoc of ludtrldtral feoll.!.tteato tb! totrl cupply of caoh crecltlal ratrrlal, produot or cervl.cs;{fu rrrthttllty of altornatc tourocr of anpplyS ead ttrr r.cplaoc-rurt tillr of tbc rtruotwa or aqu!.pnent la tlrc otctrt of dcatruotf.oa"It tt, m lt! nanc tqrllol, tfrc aaalyt!.oal rtafi of. tlro Eogrd agit

Frrprcr rnd prctmtc faeturl aU*lyroa qf tha fgtorlmn of factlL-ttct to tho Board for rat1u6,o lhs Branoh Lr subdtvldsd luto aerenlaGtoar, o.oh h€adcd b;r a Cblef AnaLyat rlt& rtaff 'aaatrtancc"Iaot rcOtlon 1l roapoaclblo for ttro anrl5fila of broad oatcgorteaof rclated produota or ssrvlcot, a! follolr;

ALrcraft $oottoa

Alrfteoas ard cubaassnbllcrAlrorafb oagtaaa, ooqronmtr and loocllorlcaAironfE propcllcrs asd perttAlroraft landlag gearAlroraft lartrunurtslllrcollausoul alroraft ooqloaentr (punPao vaLvoo,

faatoaers, et6o)Alrbrrfb arumlt cqulpocntIlroallanaour alroraft aooocsorlct (oaoerar, orrygotr

oqulpneot, fl.rc o*11"8qlrhtrar' llfo rafbcn ete. )Alrorcft aodLf Loatlsa ocntarallrareft eonpouont etorago facllttloa

Grmloals Eeotlon

Barlc laorganlo chanloala and derLvrtl.verEaElo organlo ehmlcall and drlrrtlvesOorpraraod aud llqucflcd gttolArlatlon gaaoltnc aad coupbuoata; otbcr pctroloun

produoteBgmthctlo rubbcr and aoqpncataPlratloe alrd rcrina$lmthette fLbrctdploairee and oonponmtaChmloal Earfarc Ssrvloc agcata and ooryoacatlIlrugaIarqotloi.dca ard .nLtlcidea

toa-Indurtrla}-Elltt!,eg Scotlou .

Elaoblo porur factlltlosGas facilltlcs$s'-','ttlssttou faollt tlpaElgltrutrr feollltLcrPctnokua plpc lLuoa

-2-COEFXDBtr?IAT

::r.:- '

c0flI'lD.ESt'IA

Eon-Induatrlal Frolllttoa Scctlon (Coatlnuod)

Ballroed factlltlet '

. f,ster ayatmelIaterayaRarcaroh laboratorloa'

t..Stookpllec

El.aotrloal. aad gtha{-{achlncry aad Bqqlploat $eotloa

tadlo aad radar oqulprnoat ud oonpoacuts-Truckr and oortpoaoutrInternrl eonbuatioa oagtnet, oouporlents and aoae6-

aorlc I0eaoral lnduttrl.al naohlacry and cqul.pncntCouttructLon EAohltreryIachins foolc and oomponmtsIaduatrlal ooatrol lnstrunGotc and oonpononieIlrcollanoour olaotrleal naoblacry aud aquipuontlltrccllanoour maohlnory aad cqullmoat

,

Rar llaicrtal.a Sectlon

Iron aud ateolFerro-alloyaAh,rnlnum and nagaosiumCoppor.

. ?1n, lead and gluo0thor non-fsrroua motalaIlroollaneoul uctale and uluerala

Ordnanoc Seotlon

lafantry, alroraft and antl-alrcrrft rcapona andooaponeata

Artlllcry and naval gr.ua aad oonpoacatsAnmrrnltloa aud ooruponouitlonunltlon loadlag pl.aatclankr, othr oonbat mhlolaa and oouponcataFLro control cqulpnentOrdnanoo dopota

. ILaocllancoua

thlpbtrlldlag Eootlon

f,ava1 vosee!. ooastruotlouIultluc rcsacl courtruotloaShip ropalr yardrIarlnc oagtacr, oonpoacatr arrd aoocalorlorSblpboerd. aircrrft handllng cqulpentIlaoallancoul v6aael ooryoirants and loceaaortos

g

COtrFIDEUTIAL

the above brcakdora ludloator only thc brord oetogory ofproducta rad csrvlooio AnalJrtoa of norc th.r IseOO lndlirldualproduota and rcrvtccr havc bcon preparod by thc Branch for rcvtqrby thc Boerd,

Ihe Protootive Prograur Branoh eotr for thc Boerd throughthr Dlvtrlm lu l,atar-egenoy rotirltlar ooagcralug tho protgotton'of agmonlo rasourooro It uakel *vaLlablo to offlclrlr asd'agoailealuoh lnforaatlon ard reooucadatloar a! EAlr b'o halpful to thop+ln!,6ntnor of the soourtty of coonomio rcrouroc! rated by the8qrd" It 1s dlvlded lnto tro Scotloaso Tho Alteraato $ouroocScotLou rsJrcr rsoomfidatl.oaa to thc approprlata agmolor on altern-urto sourooa of rupply of gorvlaoa and produota ta the avent of, de*Itruotloao thc Deooaoontratlou Scotioa brlugr to thc ettcatlon ofrrrponllblr offtolalr dangoioualy hlgh oonomtrattos of vltal ro-torroot and nckoa rebomendatlous oa dLrporrl.on, rhcn ruoh dleper-sloa la fcasiblo"

ErtiqB Orltcrla end llct\oic of Evaluatlon

lhe Rcrcuroce Protcgtloa Board hac developcd al eyateu ofprotootlou prlorltlol of rcsourcc! baged upoa thclr retr.attvs ln-portaaoe to tho f,ar prograno thoac prlorltlc! art dotcrmlaod lncuoh a ;ay t&at thoy can be rcvtscd rcadlly ln acoorda"ncs rlthchangcr tn tlrs otatnra of rallttary prograoto .

kotootLon prlorlt!.cr, or ratlnge, arc aralgnsd to faol.l-Itlec oa tlrc basLo of tho products produccd or ssrvicoa roadorodby thotc faol}ltler.

to racalro a ratlng, a faellltSr nust ba of rueh outltand*tui luportaaoa that lf doatroyod lts Locc frould lravc e aubrtantle.ladverrc offcot upoo tho war cfforto .

tX!.thfui thls -francrorko thenaJor orltcrla uo-ed b3r the Board Ln ovaluatlng e faolllty arc (f)thc hportanoa of lta produota or aorvl.oos to tha ooaduot of theriBr, (Z) ttro rol"atloashlp of productlcn cqpaclty for the prodractor rcrvlco to rollltary and other oeseutlal ragulromcatsn Ead (g)thc laportaaoo of tha lndlvtdual faoLlttyra output and oapeotty tototatr output and oapaolty" fhc claaolflcatloa of ratln6a nay bcrumarlscd aa follorr:

;li!i{il4'.::

Lli-i"l:i:. i:-

Porcscrt of?otal Outputol Capaol-+.y_

25fr +l0-5-1

Olaralflaatlon ofProduct or Srrvlcor_ ___rI ., rrl

.d02tfiurt

ABAC

AAABAC

4COUFII]ETTIAL

Tltrtlc tlto pcreontagc ltnl.tc above aro ulutlly rppllod,rooatiat lomr llnlta are uscd for produotr oontrl.butlng to broadprograEr of hlgh urtscyo

' *oducta or eorvLo"r a"* elae glflcd under tJrrco groupr,oforltioal.trtrt: r.

. .,

Oroup I produotg or sorYlcos arc thoae rhlch arc of thehlghaat Inportanco to the conduot of tbe rarn and for nhlch thereLr a rhortage or ncar lhortagc of productlon oapaalty, aDd fer whlehthers are ao arallablo. stsbatttutos'

Group II produots or gerirlcea are thoee rhlch aro {1"}of tbc hlgtrctt lmportanco to t]rc con{uot of thc wer and for whtehthe ralatlonahlp of productlon capaetty to requtrencnts 1r faver-r,bl,co and (2) of higlr, but aot of hlglrcat laportanoe to the eon-drrct of ttrc war aud for nhl.oh tharrE 16 a thortagc or Uoar chorLa,Seof productlou capactty,

0roup flf produsts or ssrvlcal are thoco rhlch aro {t)of ht.gheat fapertanoa to the coudu,et of tho warn aad for rhiehtho rclatlooahlp or produotlop aapaelty to roqutracnts la varycatlrfaotory aad (a) of httb, but aot of hlghort lnportanco tq theconduot of tlre rar, and for utrloh the oapaotty-requlrensatc elt**ao '

tlon 1r favorablco

Slnco ratluga are aeslgnod to. facflltleg oa thr baal"a ofttrolr <iutput of epeolflo produota or ac'rr|oca, naoy facllltics pno*duol.og a uunbor of vitai produoto msy oarry saYerai ratlnga foroaoh of ths productao Froducts or larvloco for rhloh thore *B &'largo aurplua of oapaclty are uaolaaalflcd, rogardl'eoa of iuBort*aao6, and cousoquently facllltlcr produolgg thcn rcoeiva ao rettragsfor tlroec preducto" floropar, la soae oaloac an, AC ratLng f'a ese{.gn'adto a faclIlty rtrleh ooaatltqtoa euoh a large proportlon of totaneapaolty that ltr loas teu},d areate a dlrttnotly rmfavorab}e rota-tlonshLp bctreroa eapaclty and rcqulrenmtlo

Faotll.tler ln proocFa of qonitructlon *rloh arc ts produeoolaaslflod orltleal produeta ara acalgnad ratlng! oB tho baalg ofettJ.nttod f\rture productton, lu order that proteCtlva moatur€s E*Bbe tatcn et ihe aito of ths faolllly durlng thc oonstruetloa pafied"'I$horo thc replaccuont tlno of a feclltty fu ihort, ttrc faollltyurually reoolvea uo rat!.ng

sgll-9res of , BPB-Elqluatlpng

Frctllty rattnga aaalgned b5r tha Board and date aeaenbs.od.by thc Divlalon havc had a rldcr'ftel.d of uacfuLncra ttran rac orig-taally oontmplated rtreu thc Boud ral orcatedo Anoag tlrc more l.ra-.portaat appllc.atloul of thE Board0a ratlagc aad deta are the foli'orlage

e'fiiEB-3CI89?tr,l'L

6

OITIDEUTIALc

(i) Woo. Furcuant to the aaaigrnent. ofratlags orri ifrffibe approprlete dopartrnota" th*faallltlea rated trero tnapected by tha rerponai.blc sorvlcbr aad

rooOrrnondatlonE nado for thclr protaotloan Thoao roco@i€adatfonaElght cmbrace the laatalLetloa of a. guard ryetoar-lnatallatlae orcxicnsloa.of flrc Protlcttoa cqul;maat, oonatruotlon of fonplng erfloodltghitngo flniorpriut{ug and-pareonncl lnnostlgatlon, plodsb-tloa aalurity-rnoaai"ui, Luatillat1in cf alrra llrBtcrog, and the !'1ks"

tha rerpoaatitre brasohie of thc larvLool n,tgbt llkerlac tako ou+te

EoaluraE s! approPrlato towardc prcrldtng antl-elrcraft protectlan'borrago batloen piotoctlon, oaaouflager -rro!" aor€{tn protoctlon,interfcptor al.rolaft protoctloa, Coast Guard patroln and ttro use of,

troopao

(2) Coatrol of tflatcr.lals" Tho llar Productlon Boardadoptcd t.l.c por@a f3,or of esaroo and crl'tleannatsrtals fqr facl}3.ttrr protoctlon through the ule of tho Boardqsratlugr of, retstlva lmportarca of faolllttcs. Facllltlel raterlby thi Eoard reroo ia gcaeral, grarrted prlorlty aselstanoa. to oh-tlla ttroso netertalu for protootlon PurPooea, rhereaa qnratcdfaoll.ltlsa tBro genarally doaled suoh aaalstasEeo

(5) llanporer asslctaEeo: IB g_oucr31, faollltlot rateclby tho Bonrd-wffiortty by tho tfer Uaaporer. eora-

u-lcalon ln obtelafng tne :raooasary l.atror to keap produotLoe iBthogc ferolllttes at hlghegt lavols'.

(+) ServLoc of Publ!-o Utlllttta. tho ratiaga of theBoard rero'uee* i.ec of, the War PrsduatioaBoard-and othor lnterestod Oovoranont agcaol'eg 3-n aaanring the ua-tutorruptod and adoguate aupply of publlo utlLltr,r sorvlot, Etrsh

aa elootrloltyo 5ac, ratorn and fual to tlross faclLttlsso. .)'I

(5) $clootlvo Ser@9 loao ThE Seleotlve Sorvleeutlllced the facl.X.trW re la lte coaaldcrattcn ofdraft axcnptlone of, olae:tt.al" poraolanel Ul rated faollttlos" Iagoaoral, pieferreri traatnont lao Stvon by tho draft authoritlos tcperronuel aploycd ln faetit[tleg reted by t]ro Board"

(6) TerEet Seleottono At tho invltatlca of thc Armg AtrF.ereca, ttre goaffin thc sclcotloa of eertala vLtalproduoio easeatlal to tho Bar ccoaoiny of Axlx sountrlos, ln ordorihat fastlltd.eg produalag thogc produots ln thoao oountricp uigbt'bc relceted aa targata for Allled benblago

(?) DoeoagTlratloa" Dat* aeeaobira ty ttre Board re-vcaLed" ln roncffirly hfgh conocatrett.oag^lu thlfeotgra of cartaln vltal. rrr natcrlalso It ras the polloy of iiheBoard to brlag thoga ooaeoatrltlosa to the attatl'oa of tha Propor.offlolal.a in thc iTan Produotlou Board aad other latercstcd ageneles

600r FIDE'[TIAL

-

:I.:S:

8o thet sPprcprla.te xr€aetlree ratght be takas tolrerds deeoaoostrati.ngor dleporalug eueh produotlon atmug aevaral faellf"tlea or to otherareaEo

(8) Referrela from the ServLiea, Yerious of the Sarvi.se$6nrandg and Te Dopartaaontn aa furtt a"aBtroeus qnd Dlstrlote of i;ho Savy Dapartoant, referroi, to cbrtatbfac!.Ll.tles of partleuler lnterost to tlremo aad roquasted that tl:*eof*allttlas bo pnaood on the tlaster Inapoetiou &aaponolbll.lty Li.et"thoce requonta rer6, tru tura, reforrsd to tho Rsaourcoe Protaeti,onBoard rrtioh lnvoetlgatcd tha o3.tglbillty of thoae faoll{tlos ferratlng undar tlro orl.terter eatabllstred ln Arnry-Havy Jotat elroune.rSoo 1o Thla jsforoatlonn Ln turn, s&6 cotunualoated to tho &ppro-prlate offlslana ln the s,en and f,ary Dopartmouieo

7

EOTFIDBUTIAT,

Iro .. e .. .. a 6 o. onrI.HI r so !,.{i 8[tl El $r{ u!,.rHl .ES*

dlldldl k t{ r{ r-ltlildl o +) F{ rr E trIEI'I ESEgE 8lHHl &t#ht"tli-lF{l o i-'tt lrheIEIHI iEtr8'EE.l*l$l H3&r$3 EfiI,=rdl ff EE,g#3l- .. .. .o oo e q. & r' .c o .'

l" " " ".t * - - "ll,or E If,rjlElcl!

l3l r"t i I

il*! a8E H IkAI .tS S t) r{ IIFfl g 3 f,,68 tld[ 6I&Jfr @- |

.lr-{l Eld a I

IEI 3y,Eiff.g Il3l sBs".E Il.l E6Ps?f Iitsi @d+'${eo {ldt dlrO o.*J Il0{ I (J uJ [L :i (.i Il* - * .r F, ,r - .. ".1

:ia r:i-:-.'

:+;*,+a !:i';:::..*-:

1: :a: :-

,.: -.1. '

€>rt{oct 8,d+,/a&uo€eld d+r:[ 4r o

E* $ gsl cEoOid Af.}Q E .r'iE.t' :5 Co a groC) r&t E€Eco

H()acdeod.i

dr{d5(}(H

kdi6

dgs3

o{{cddtri

ti+rEItgoqEo(J,ctEI{'r0E.r{tA

6E{E}6"1fiH

HE{

hGl8tr}l-lh.E"()

8l

alHI

H1

HI

EI

IIAR DEFARTUMEOFTICE| OF'TffE UNDEB SECRMARY

T{ASHIN#IO1g, DO gO

? Maroh L94$

i

IiEMOEANIJOU FOB Ths Coms,ndantr ArqF Xndugtrial College

subJectr $tudiee for Pl"anaing tf***t"a

of tho undor seoretary

1. ths onder saoretary of rdo,ro emong othor thlage, hae bsenctrarge'd, under ttro direotioa of tho searetary oi riar, by seltion E-a oftho lfatione,l Defonse Aot, ee amended, . "with the euporvtslon of -;he pro-curernsnt of e'11 nllitary suppltea and othor haeiaeis of the Tiar Dopirt-*"3i-panteining thsreto sud the aesu.ro,noe of ad.equato prowleioa fer themoblllzatlou o.f, rnaterial a^:rd lndustrtal organlza{ions iesontia3. to nsrtiue noedo "rt

z" rt ia d,oEired thet e,ppropriato etudies be tnltlar:ed nosthleh wlll resul'c tn reoormendatLpns -d.oaignod to al.d tho Undor fi*orotary

!n the porformaace of tfuese clutiea a*bor tha osssatioa of hos'b:il-.ii;Les,Tho atudy u13"1 lrrclude reooarnsririatj.one ae to i

a" Ehe deinercatlon of aotlvi.tiea bot*reen the Offioe of tho U;:den$ooretary and the General Sta*r and tho .oti"itius oi ar*y Ser-vics Forcae and Army Air Fonoee vr5.th referenoe to proeurament'and related natterol and

b" The ostablishment of prooed,ures for carrying out the irr-rtloewhioh ara soncarnsd wlth j.ndustrl*l. preparedr.uae durir.6 thepoat war periodo

Thege etudies ehould, among othor thlnga, oonsider t^tro offect orr *heseproblerne of the oreat*on of the threo Army Foraeo, acoomplleireel b;r Y,{arDepartnaent clrcurar 69, is42t.tho amen&sents to sactlon -g-a of theNatloaal Defonse $,ot, ecoonpllahed by the Aot sf 16 Deoemb€r Lg4o ead16 Deoei'Ibor 1941; and tho poeaiblo creatton of a Joiat Armgr-t{aty pro*ou1lng A6enoy eithen by the egtabllehmont of a singlo Departmant orothorriae

5. Due to the proesure of current aotirrltlee reeultleg lu oon-evallablLlty of qualifled trrrsonnel for thle purpsae j.n thig offloo, ltie aot ooaai.dared advieable at this tilae to estaLtlsh ln my irrneiliatooffice a soparate bransh f,on the eooompS.rshmout af thi.a *or.k.

o64.2

Comandant5 AoIoCo *z- ? Maroh l94S

llo It ls therofore requeai;od that the Comurandant of the hrtryIndugtrlal Coliega, utllirirg poreonnel ncrw asslgacd to the Coliage"udsrtalcg to conduat the tleoeesa,t:r etudleg ref,err6d to in pefagrgph il,rhtob riII bo similer to thoeo oondugted previou.ely by the Ple.rntn-gBrsnoh of the Offloe of the Aselgta:ri: $ecratery of TIar" A-pproprl'atepersorrnel now esslgned te ray of.fioe, in'sludlng Colonol liolss, Sea.n Grahara

and Dro Jtrndoraon, -=r11i render you suoh aasiata$ce aad advioe erc is allowadb]. thoi.r ourrent aselgurn*n4;s.

-t)srtala af theae e'eudtes and pla*t ni[] boaloag paral"loi ll:ree to end affao'i;eC by the demobiLiratj..on and per.ot rrarplannir6 sotlvitlee for the military esta.bLteLrioorrt beiag performsr-l b;r thoSpeota3. Plaaniag Blvislon, T{.D.G"S, It is doslred that your vork be oo-ordins.'ted with that of t&.r: Speolal Plarinlag Di.vlsisn t o the extent raosEr-sary tn avold dupLioatisn of effort and oonfllot ln the roaulti:i,g iTJjr:rsand racoamend,atisns u .A oop3f of thls memorandu.m !.s bolog eent tc ihe"Dl,reot:r, Speoia). Plenntng Dl-'rlsion.

5" Genoral Gs,eenbaue wllL be kept lnforuiecl of the n*itorer:::dar atudy and shouJ.d bs coasultod ln tha pre,paretion o-f plans and prr,:oed.uros. Beport of progreig will be rendsred tc hlm by 15 Apr13. 194$and pcriodloe,lly thoreafter as dlrected by him"

(Sfgned) Roberl; P" FetteraoirROBENP P. PATTffiSO}I

Under Se:rete,r1" sf IEar

oy to I l)ire$tor'Speolal Planniirg CItv"

wa,R DEPd,BItrilFlOFTICE OT MiE UNDER SECNESARY

T{&SHINGtrO!{, Ii" ilo

llr. J" A, Krugn t

Chainaan, Tiar Frodus*'ioa Board,I[aahlngton, Do C.

Dear }trr, ffrugr

It ig nry oplnlen the,t the exuellsi-.,1tj rgork of thaa liegc'riro6e

Board Ehould 'oe aoutinued. dunirg the rgar wi.th Japaa e'nrl iu t'he

perlod, for purpoeos of r*'iLitany Ptroe\tx"eil€rit plennlng'

, CIhangea .bhat:n*y be extrleoted lu t;.rpoe of murrlcianE al:''l ihelrr ooxryonents

aud ln tha evail"ablitty and oepaoity crf px'od.uotion faoiiitj'se nako lt

sasentlal that produatlon iafqrmatlon bo nalatalned oa a onrrent baalg"

. I rmtlErstffid that you h*ve dctonnlna<i that tho Board trlll" 'havEl *"*oud

yotrr purposes anci tfet 1! wlltr be di.eeolved about 12 August 19'*6* If eon

,it rould be advarrtageous for the Wan Depantment to ooptlauo tlie Boardoe

eotirlttess,oa BE aPpropriately raduced esaleo '

I rou1d approelate yori euthorl zing th.o traneferr- to the Wan Dopartrientu

of the approprlatd re,cords of ttie Ees$ur*ea Prcteotion Board sfter they

have servdd your PurFoEsEo

$iaoerely yullro.

Fl0Bgffi P" PA?:ims0Ii,lJnd,or $ooretarY of 'I{ar

Protr:eti; or:

po*t-ear

- ^'7k&'# 4

ffi

rAR DEPARTIIESEIlaehtngtoa 25o Do Cn o

NESOIJIRCES EiVALUATIOT BOARD

hto ropresontatlvEa Rnd ita mbnberehlp rrtn3. eomprioo

Coilmaqdlag Oencrals, Arny $erv!.eE Foreor and Army A1r

ij- - :t

rA .F'

IEUfiAIINIItro"

fndurtrlal Collogo, or

reprcrcntatl.vqi of tho

1945

1, 'Undsr the euthorlty of Scctlon S-an f,atlonail Dofcnaa io*, ia *nondcdo

(lO U,s"Co, $aotlon 1195), thore ts ectabXlahsdwtthln ttia Offtco of tho llndor

$lorotary of ffarn and rorponalb]o io t]re Gonnnndant, Arry Induatria] eoll.agc,

a Roaoursor Evaluation Foard, Ita ehaj.rsnen ihaX.t bo ths Commanda.nt, Ax'nf,.

. Forcoao filth the concurrGnce of ghi,efe of IIan and [ary Dciarfuent proouremcntn

productLogo ?nd Lnternal aeeuri.ttrr agendtoa, tho Cosnrnndaut la autherf"ss:d te

appolat addltloaal. ncmbora of tha Board to rcproaant thoao agoneiec,.

.i tho Coiluardant, Arnry ladurttrlal 0o11ege, le authdrlgeri to estsbl.leh a

a to the &,ecourooeReaourooa Evatruatlon Branch ts furnJ.ah admtal"atratl.vc servl.ce

Etaltratdon Board., ?he furctioas of tlra Bresoh trSll j"ncnude the f,aS.Iourtuga

lc To dotornl,no, and malntatn a.r curtront l.nfornation, tho procuro-

; uut roqulrcncuta for al-1 commodltica and servf.cos eEBintlal to ttre preaoou-

- t!.on of a urjor ra3r. by3

(1) EEtiraatlng roqutrqrnoote f,or cs'eh mrrnitLon (aad product or

, tabla or org&xtzatLon oqulpraont)"

(2) Analyrlag tho conpoaltion of cach mr.ulttcu to dc.terml,ne ltrooaponont parta,

.f,ntenocdi.atoar. and rar matorLalso

Collattag thc totel rcqutrdnmta for cech nunltloa aad son-

poncnt cormodlty requlred by procuraotrt agcacloa of the lfar

and fary Dcpartnmta anq otvlllan agmotot ohargod wlth

nllltary proouroaat rccponaibtlltlcr, as vcll as. fodsral

lgonolcr conoernod rlth ccaestlal. clvtlLan rcqulremonts.

(4) tlalatalnlng llalaoa rlth procuroncnt agcnotca of tho ltar

trd Bary Dopartnmta for obtatntng rcqrrlrcncatp lnformatlono

bn to dctcrntnco and ualntain aa ourront luforuatlon, nat!.onal pro-

tcilfotl o*lnclty aad lndlvlduen laportanec of plaatar lpy;(t) Dctcrmlulng

1-\ aL- -q --!- . r -L(e) Thc pnanta rhloh prodrrco caoh urnltLon or componont

comodttyo

(b) Tbe p}aitr ntrloh oould produoo tJlrca ln tJ.me of rar, aud

(o) ths eurreat and potcatlel oapaolty of cach p!,aato

(2) Dotcralai.ng addltloual and crpaadcd pl.aut GepaeIW uooorlat'lr

to noet rar rcqulrcnouta, lacludluga

(") the ttme rcqulrod to cxpand capeoltl.cr to meet'ttrrc ro-

qulramontr of thc nuattloaa prograo,.

(b) AnaXyoer of proaent rnd .futrrre pLaat looatlone rlth

folatlon to tranaportatLon fo'n naterl*Is and *anporco;

ooaocntrattonr of rclatcd tadurtr!,ea, houalag; aad

iotegao

(f) Arrlgnlng prlorlttrr.ritlngr to oach auoh plant fon saoh

cracntlaL cododlty produocd, or to bc pnoduocd ln tino of

nrtrs for tho purpolcr of cltabtrlahrnt prlorltiea J.n pro-

duotlon uaterLala aad nanporor a,nd for intcrnaL cceurltlr,

lacludtag protcetlvs E tcrlala"

(u)

({) Ialntalalng llrtron rlt}r Iter and Iavy Dcpstnont produotlou

agcuoter, olylt,la.rr agcaclcr of thc fadcral governmodta and

prlratc i.ndurtry for obtalalag produotlon. oapaeity tnforuetlOni

. (6) ttralutalalag ilalaon rlth f,ar aad llavy Dcpartmont tnternal.;rccurlty egcnolcro t-

€o 8o dctcrnlac eyal,l,abtllW of and rcqulrmcatg for and ludlvldual

*o**Bga'of rrreutlrl sorv!,eo fa,ollltfloco laoludlng oouna €artriera, conmunlca-

{ar. rrrrchoutlu6o and porEr and gao utfiftfcr; absign priority rattnga for

!*tf rc.l$tty to' vltal compononta thercofo co. E. e porcr planta and sub-

&ila. rlrd raLlroad brldgoo; and natnta*n llitcon rlth ttar Dcpantmant Lntcrnal

ilsurlty igcnol,aa for oncrgeney ptrarn1a6.

' d,. to detarniao stoekpl!.o noqulrenoata for:

(l) Stratoglc natorlllc iutafEca from forotgo eouroaro

(2) fnportant donoatto mdtcrl.alr for rlrlch norual :lavontortca

aud produotlon oapacLty arc laadaquato to neot,tho acodr of

a riptdl,y axpaadcd munltloao prograoo

ea To nalutaLa a Llat of oommsrolel flrnc cagagcd la hlghi.y elasglflcd

art, tataaroh, dcvolopncat, otr.aperl,mantal proJccta, for thc guldanee of

luirrael icotrrlty a6caclaa ehargod rlth goourttT agalaat cacny lncplrcd and

l&ttrld crploaa6o.

. fo. ?o publtrh clasctf,lcd tnfornatLoae approvcd by thc Comraadant,

frry laduttrtrt 'Collcgo, upoa'rcoomondit!.on of thc Rcaorrrocr Eral.uatloa Boud,

et approprlatp lntcrvrLo, for tho guldaneo of, aad to ualc rcoonnondatlona to,

Bo?rructel rgmolco oonccrncd rltb(f) Procurenont

(Z) Produotloa

(5) Ianporar

(1) Intanal ao'onrrlty (encrgcaoy pl,anr,

' lnapcstloas/'![aster Intpectlon Reeponatbttr"tty lrlatsf' ;ri ,'-

aud acourlty againat mcqr and. ladurtrlal ahbotriio)"

!f OBD& Or IDE SEcREfanY 0F ltaRa

\

0" c, llaRs,Eall,CSIEF OF STASF

plant aecurlty

illIilIiLr

rro Ao ULIOIrJor Orncrallhr AdJuteut Ooaeral

DIIIBIBIIIIOIr-ed;; ir"iit rr or tYarlrrlrtrut Soorctartrr of lfar0ouadrato Atd Iadurtrlal CollegcChtrfr of TcoDnloal Scrv1coa, ASF'

0oridfag Oacratr,o AAF0uandtng Ocnaratr, ASFfueaAfng 0ooera)l, AOF!*trc!sr, Strff DlvJ.aLoaa, ASFlrdrtrat ChlcfE of 6taff, AAF&l,eir, tD'GcuoraX, aad Spae{.al St*ff Agoaclocttr Provort lrrahai 0eaoraitoorctertrr of travySir aa, f,rr Produstlon Board

*

I : --1_ ::-.

,-.-:,, -vli.- -

.i--. - ,

i:-,:14 .- -. r'1,.:-.-

I Augu* 19{6

'3

* Ir. fugr

&lr off,lac har bocu tnfomcd that thc Rcrouroca Protoo,[iou*l tr aoochding ltr rotlvltlca, and tbat ar r rcault, lta fller.* ilrn nr 1111 bao{rao errlhblc Por trenrfci to ttro rgcooy r}rlch 1oH*l3t oonocrncd rlttr tbasc ftrnctloar.ead tholr Ealatcnsnoa" \

*irr Srotloa Sr of ttra Xatloaal Dcfcasc Act of rlunc g, lg?O* *rttrtaat (aot tlatlcr) Soorctary of IIar lr dcrlgnrtcd'al the offlcar5l tfu to?crDlau,t ohargod rlthr

tt8hrpcrrlal.oa of tho procurenont of r1l nllltary.ruppllco and ottrer buElaaar of thc IIar Dapartucutpertalntag theroto ead tho &ssuraace of edcquatoprod.lon for thc noblllz'ati.on of matcrl;l Lndlad'rtrli! organlcatlopa crsontlel to rartfuuoItccdt"n

rt k ry qoartdcred oplnlon that pursuant to thc provlaloua of thtrrt'rtuta, qr offlcc shou}d bo uado ropoaltory of .the filcr and rooordasf ltr Bo.asrrorr Protaotloo, Board,

It le ttrcrcforq rcqucatcd thele fl}er bi trenrforrcd, to q, offlcart thr nrl.rcrt prectloablo tlnrc" The pleoc to rht.oh thcao flles .

rtgut{ br rcai 1111 bo dollgnatod by Brfgdlcr Oaaeral Dona}.d ArmatroagoCoandrAt of .ttta Ar4r Indurtrtal.'Collagc, a! trlr rcprccontatlvo,

'$laacrcly your!,

ROBENT P. PAITERSOXIJndcr 6oorctary of TIar

Iro 11o tro f,rug, ohrlrnr,nilar koduotlm SoardEOEB Sooial Ecourl.tjr Eultdtngtrrhlagtonr Do Co .

ii=lili;i:i

Hiiti+,:;:t ::: :,::: :

:=:i-=j"::'

-li:{E.;d.{

I .:j

r ljffi4i: -i+

EmrBf[ rLr

06rtderatl.@ of Yttel Hollltles,

folurlw of rhrnrfbotrtn8 hol.lttlor,l.u Dsarfutllntim H.rmr.q

CGttrDgMTIAL

tt ft-ti :!IY I I6

co CU'SSIII CAtI fi, Cirli0ELtED

By Authority of The P[iGByt Lt. CoI" D. tJi. BeersDate r 23 Lpril 19ir6

EXIIIBIT i'L''

IIEAIJQT'AHTIRS AR[I1' SER'trICE TOftCEs0fflce of The Provost lJarsha1 0eneral

lffashington 25, D, C.

SPI.:GB 00h

TllflU: Director, Planning llivision, LSF

.i

18 Octouer 19L5

}&JI,1OI'J.}I1JU[T TOB THE] iEHUCTOH, SPMIAL PI.ANT{TNG ]]TW$TON, 1{I.}SS;

SUI1JI;CTe Consi-deration of Vital Facillties, Sxclusirre of lîanufactur-ing Facilitiee, in Dernobilization Planning

(' ,\ The foliorrinl; stucl.;r of the necessity for and methods of er*}u*tLn6 -,rital facl1:iiies, excluslve of inciustriai pro<tuctlon facilities,ls subni-tted ln eornpliance vrith your tnealorandum for the CorngrandingOeneral, ^r.SF, !'lXe T.DSSP, 2p Augusi 191+5, subjeet as atrorieor In dqr-pleting this study lt has been assuned that:

(, ,)

ae rr?lre Uatted States nust be prepared to meet a'n outbreakof war at any time after the conplelion of tlrc present'r"ttr"rr

b. ttthe United States rvi].l be attacked trittrouL forrrsl" clecla-ratj-on of war, vrill bc the initial obJeetive of arggressors, arxt r';1iltpve no najor allies for at least ei6hteen (18) montirs"tt

I. I)TSCUSI;TOII

1. 0n B tlay t9b?, the Tiar Production Board established, at therequest of the lTar fbpartment, a rrltesources ProtectJ.on Boardrtt whi.chincluded representatlrres of the 'iTar and }favy Departrents and the Officeof Civilian lhfense (tppendlx I). Or 11 August 19h2, a ilResourcesProtectLon Uivision[ was estat:lished to furnish administratlrrc servicesfor the llesources Protection lloard (Iippen<iix fI)" er 17 August 19b5,the ltesources ltotection Iloard rvas abo]lshed and lts funci;lons ar:drecordg were transferred to the Fro;raras and Statistics Bureau, iiiarPro<luction Board"

2o The Boardr's prirnary nissi.on rrras the deter:nination of Dtherelati.rie inportance of plants, faci.1lti.es, installations, utl3,itles,materlals, and other econmic resources to the war effort, froun thepoint of 'riei'r of proteetion against all hazardsrrt and to conmunicatesuch detcrnirations to ',,he appropriate gonernraental agencles (AppeadixIfl). ?he operations of, the Eoard rrith resirect to tndustrJ-a1 producti.onfacillties ha're already lpen considered 5-n a study for the Dire*tor,

aLso made to Interi-m Report, PllGO, SPIiGR O0b,a9b5, subject as aboveo

CONFIDENTIAI,

1. Beference is1l l.ieptenbcr

ilGlf!"ilrl, 3LL

Specla1 Plannlng livfglon, WDSS, SPUGS 0O[, subject, 'rgonslderatlon ofVitaL lndustrial Factltti.es in Denoblllz.ation pianning"u fn addit,ion_to the analysis and eralua'bion of lndustrial_producti6n facilttles, ilreBoard also rated servlce or non-lndustriaL ficilltles. seruice factlitiesare those facllities furnlshing servlces rpcessary to the maLntenanceard operation of productlcr facl.lities, nllitary instal)Ertlons, andproc.iucLlon comunitles and to the delivery of rarr naterjelb, s.ipplles,and end-products.

-3" ticlsdnistrative service for the non*lrdtrstri.al or servi.ce eral-u*ating functi.ons of the Board uias supplled by the llon-irdustrial FacilitiesSection, Resourceg analysis Rranch of the liesouries Protection Ull'istron({npe4fx III). Thls Sectlon uas chargcd with ttre col}ectlon an<t analysisof inforuation neccssary to the eraluation of the folJ.orring vltal ser.rLcefacillt1es, each of which, together r,J-th sourees of rnformation and critetlafor eva,luation, is discussed in the tab lrdicatedrt

ao llailroad facilitie.s (Tab ttAtt;

b. Inland raterna;rs (Tab tt3tt;

co Blectric poflrer faci}ltieu 1r"O uau id,n Storage facilitles (?aU rrDr')

€o Oas facilitles (Tab ugn;

f o Cornnunicatlons facl1lti-es (Tab nprr 1

f,o tTater systens (Tab tt6n )

ho Higlnuay faeilitles (Teb rIIn )

to Petroleuo plpe-line facilities (?ab nlrr)

.L. I,ltriler-in general, irdustrj.al facLlitj.es rnere reviemed t-ry thetserd several tlres a Jrcar, the. non-lndustrial facllitles rrere revierredf,ar less frequentryo rn fact, only one co*prete revlem ms generarlyaacorded each of tltese t;4pes of f,acilities, Changes occurring in non:industrLal. facilities were, as a generar practico, brought to the atten-tton of the Berd-ad, after. rattng-, aistittuted io intfrested, agenclesthrough ttre use of supplenents to the origtnal revievr of the pariicglarclass of facllity" Thiq procedure rras made pnactlcal by the-pr=ssrrreof war-ttre analryi1ang, a? cmpared to lndistrial facilitte!, therelatively gradual fluctr.ntion tn servlce facility status. Th6 lnciis-pensabLri.ty of sueh faclli.tles dld rary to a suffictent degree torequi:e cons tant observation, Lndus triaL rec onnaissance, aid re+ va lu-ation.. Such fluctuatlons geirerally arcre from one of f,hree reasons i

1. neseaich laboratortes nere inclucled withln

Ni

tt

( :)

but have been erclrded frm this study asconsldered productlon facilitles.

the scope of this Sectlon,they are uor.e properly

AI

COIi T'IDE}.I?IAL

i-+r'.,-

-r l-^rr': --

do The milltary or lndustrlal facility or area to rrhich theservlce facLlity was essential and for rvhlch it ras rated decreased orlncrcased in S.nnportance.

b" The lmportance of the particular service facility tms de-creased by the establlshment.of alternate sourceg of the essent'ial ser-vice. .

=' .i !.co The tmpontance of the particular service facllity e'as Ln:

ereased by tle loss of alternate seurces of supply, either by'the ab-sorptlon of their available services by equally lmportant lrs€sr or, con*celrrab}y, though this did not occur during the present nar, by thelrdestruction"

5" I'he vital contribution of service facilities to the military s€cu-rlty of the natj-on requires complete itncmrledge, mtntai.ned upon a current

anC,tnsis, of all such facilities, The pressure o.i'events, which forced hast;r' 'anC. ln sone cascs. cursory revie*rs of service facilities at lengthy ia-sone cascs, cu,rsory revie*rs of service facilities at lengthy ia-terrrals during the present rmr, ni{I1 reeur in tlte errent of fresh hostilities,ard wi-Il again result in delay and inaceuracy rxrless sufficienb preparatorysiudy tras been completed and adequate records ancl lnfornation Essetnbled.!.ven- superftclal evaluation, honever, wi}l not be possible ln a futurelrar, cir if posslble, may be disastrously late" An elttack aimcd at theUnited States.ls certain to select as prloary targets the trery types oftnsta}lations nor{ urder *onsideratLon. The trend of moclern vreapcns ln-dicatcs that the whole nation must becone a rrllne of defens€ti thc mornentthat an attack is threatened and tlrat alL defensive forces must be deployedas effectively as possible before the first letlra). blo,r is delivered" Thereseems Dttle chance that this natiion trrill be pemitted the rnny months re:quired.ln the present nar to ascertaj-n the transportal,lct, power, rrater,gas, and communicatlons facilltles nhlch are essentlaL to its contintredexiitencq as an organized societyo fo the contrary, the T.Iar .Depart'nentunwt be prepared on a nomentls notice to lene those facllities -drhich nustbe'secured frosr bottr dlreet and Lrdirect attaek, Moreover, thls selectlonmust be acconplished u'lth csrsiderably greater coordlnation bctween theerralnting aggncy arrt the Trar Departnent agencies fornulatlng militarystratcgy than i'ias accompllshed during this lrrar, or lmportant etretente maybe overlooked" It ls understood, for e:raurple, that sites for the najorlnstallations of l{anhattan Englneer Dlstrict rere selected becau.se theyaffoded access to unlfunited electric povrer. tthether protectiroe ewlua-tion of the porer faclllties lnvolsed uas afforded by Hanhattan EnglneerOistrict is unkiromr at tiuis level. 13ut lt is clear that it dici not entertnto the calculatisrs of the ttesources ltotection Roard or lts FederalPorter Cmrission advLsors" To predict the war-tlne der€nd for the ser-vices of non-industrial fdcillties, or, conversely, to prognostleate factl-itLes whLclr rrill becsm vitb1 rnllltary targets for the enemfe requtresaccurate lrroyrledge of the latest rnilltary plane, proJected weapon designs,and current estlriates of the capabilittes of tite potential enemy and ofthis nablon anci its a}J.ies" The necessity Ior access.to lnforn:atlon sohidlly classified is a co5ent arg,wrent for the contlnuation of ttris func-tion 14p a nilitary agencyc

J

CON}'IDE}ITIAL

5. Aside fron greatcr access to :nilitary lnfornatJ.on, the ermlia-tion of non-indust'rial facillties can continui, in the;i;r-uf,on thebasis of information available fron peruaoent irganizations. r"-;;;lillll^1Tl}": ilre informrion norurarly correctEa uy otrr""

-eo*.Ii"ita6encr-es murit be supplemented by dirdct actlon by thi erralullng asercltoThls is partlcularlf true irr the case of petroleian pipe-rirre;;;.-sryicrys, anl highrrays. The collectj.on of the suppli:ni:ntarytritirral re-quired can be accompllshed with a fair dEgree or'ii"iut6"rrtu*r,an<I ic clearly w-amantcd W the v:ital nature of the frrn"-tion-contmptatea.

. -7-" Tl tspt*rUer Lg\3, the nrrurber of essentlal servlce facilitieslated by the ltesources protection Derd reached i-ts peak ana-was asfol.lous r.

A (rritat) 6lrB

B (crfticat) L65

C (tmportant) gZT_

TotaL AOL;

It may be assur,ted that a sirnilar nr.ucber of non-prod,uctton facilitles rvLllbe-lndispensable to the frinctloning of the rar iactrine-ai irr"-o"tbreak ofa future war, rn.fact, analysi"s og-th* type of offense threatened byfuture ueapollrl and, the-closer scrutiny "rrait"a by a less hurrled study ofnore accurate and more detalled lnforrrration rrill probably increase thlslist considerably" Farticular attention shoulct bir paid ihe results ofstratogic bmblng surveyg nor ln prqEress in whlch the effect, or p"uii"utlllty destructlon is clcarly aplnrent. oreater enphasis mrrst be placed

yPon q9 uar i'rpeitance of <iqoestlc consurption o1' uiility services thanthe crlteria utillzed bJr the nesources Proiection g*"d-#"riiii,.r" fn:'creased reeognitlon of the urilitary signifLcance of the .tAt"i humanitarianfirnctlons performed by tirese facilltiei iriJ.l furevitabLy result ilr multlpli-cation of .tacility ratings.

Although the anal;rsls of non-industrial facj-liti-es by the iicardtnas lnvaluable during thls uar in the selection of facl}ltles'for sl*u--:}tI.E€a$svss-, such eialuations should also effectively gtide fe6eral ae-tivltles Ln the follovring fields .

as

b"

Co

do

Plsnt expxnsion (includlng Dpc proJects and public worksprojects ) "

Storage ar:d stoclqliEng of critical rnaterlals"

Allocatlon of crltical naterials"

Allocatlon of Bnpoyero

Clrrtlien ilefenseo

hCOUF'IDE}ITIAL

€o

.. )

:p-a:::::':::;::=:-:::=:::: ::l'r'ir- + ti '.1 Ewulir'; T;iiET

The accorpllshment of this missiott -should be assigned to the same asencychargcd rith the Bwluatlon of produetlon facillties, for furdarrrntallythe evaluatl.on of service factllties uil1 turn upon the evaluatiion cf thernllitarxr lnstal1atlon, or the lrdustrlaL ploduction facilLty or conmunitywtrlch lt seru:s o The analyseo of boi*t tlpes of faclllties letrst be csn:curentl coordlnated operatlons o

II. CONCLUSTON5

9o The erraluation of non-productj.on service facilities nwt be con-ttmrcd hy the tr,rar Oelnrtm:nt on a permanent peaceti:ne basis, tn ordec' topernlt the lurrediate appllcaBion of ;xoteetlve rneasures to t-ltal facS&-Lties prior to hostlllties or, a! the latest, as soon as they begln"

10" Tire evaluation of nsn-productlon servj.ce f,aclllties shoirld baassigned to the sama agency ci*rged yrlth the eraluatlon of productS.onfactiltles, since ln large part the nilitary 'ral'rre of the servlce f,a.cl3"itydepends upon the e\raluation of, thc; production factlities servedo Criterlafor iha enaluation of each typ of faci3-ity nust, however, be devisei t,omeet the irdi',ridua1 characteristi.cs of ihe particular service belng con*sidered"

11. E\raluations of nou-lndustrial facilities should be utilizerJas 6uirles cluring vrar ano peace for the fo1loriry3 federal actirrltles c

8o Protectlon or security activitieso

b. Plant expansion (includlng DPC proJects and publlcworks pnojects).

co Storage and stoelqp1.llng of eritical materials"

do AlLocation of critical u'eterials,

Allocatlon of ruanponer "

Civlllan Defenseu

III. H$COL{},trT{DA?IONS

I2." It 1s re-csurended that the 'ltJar Department establlsh a penenentprodrrctLon and service facility eralr.ratlng ai;ency ntth authorlty to estab-llsh llatson lmrediately rvtth all f,ederal, state and prlete agenclespossesslng lnformatl"on conceruing such faeillties; request the continu*nceof the sollectloiu of lnf,orration neeessary to erralua?i.on of such facllliles;acqulre pertinent records of all such bgenctes being llqddated;and conductand mal"ntain, on a current basis, studles leadJ.ng to the rating cf sushfaclLities accortllng to tlreir vaLue to ratlonal defense.

FCIN TI{E ?ITO"/OST }AESIIAL GEMITAL:

irLT0N C. UILI.,URColonel, Cl.tPChafuuan, DenoblLlzatton ad Hlanntng Board

5CO}$FIDENTTA.L

€o

fo

*jj .:::li,l

P?

Ri'IUIOIO TACILITIHS

I. I)I$CUSSI03I

1o United Stlrtes railroads operate about 2J1,0OO niles of rcaqliieCancl over 3B5rOOO miles of track, There .are apprordnr,tely 1J?"class'Irailroads, excS-u<iing srritct:ing anel terminaX liries " ?he Perursylvania,Hew Tork Centra}, lioutirern Facifie .. Baii:incie and Ohior.fr,tcheson, Tcperk,ancl Santa Fe r and Union FacJ.f le Railrmcis hanrile about hO per ceni afall cSass i traffic" The nexi fourteen c'allroads handle about 3S percent of the elass I i;raffic., A selactlon cf fif,ty-four railroads Hillaccount fer approxlnrately 90.per cent of aL1 gross tan miles of railroadservice.

2, the rrj-Iitar;r lnpcrtaace of r*ilroad.s is teo c],ear to. requi::eelueidation" The raiirosd is 'rital botlt to legl"stics arrd to ihe movementof sr.lpplies and nsterials for lndustrial- producticn" The strantr;o;ia'Licr:df ihe Gerrran uad maehir,e by the air assauLt on conttnental rallroads;rstens attests tiie dlrect mi.lltary effeet of raj.lroad destructien,

J" ao As a direct, resuLli of the <listance elenent lnvol,ved inralLroad s;retens, the ncthods of evalliation of such sy:stens must vary rd.ththe purposes for r*rich the evah:ations are 'i:o be utiIlzed" In the deter-nination oJ' priorlti.es for critical matei"ials or r€nposJer, a ",ryirole lineor sirstcn cay be highly rateql for iis st:'al,e6ic ireportanci" Thus, timTexas arrd l,Ieyr Crleans ttalirgd operates the only railroad r:ear the !,iexicanborder between $ierra Blarica and laredo, Texas. The eiestn:ction of thatLlne cir interruption of its seryice yrouid lrecessitate a deiois'ctf 10G0rniLes to reaeh the border. Ali;iror:gh ln 391+2 this line Has tuuling 63hr'reight anci !0 trylssen6er cars per day, tiie voluse of traffic uus notrepresentative of lts strategfc 5*aportance* The strategic importa:re* of""his 1ine, ncrecver., ffiy vary 6s the tactical nllitary threat, or tl:eIo1;l"sticaL dencnds oat this area, rmrieso

bo Frear th+ point of view of p::otectlon, the security *f,fortcannot be spre*d over an entjre ltne sr s1'ste'trro It nust he locaLLzedat partlcutrar lnstallations in the s;Etem. The nost vulnerable polntsof traclegg are svritchpoints, frogs, *x'ossings, curries, and c*ntroltowers. Er.Bn mora'nrlnerable from the polnt of vlew of darege d{.sab}lngthe systen are bridfies, tunnels, vladucts, fil}s, and cutso The i,npor*tance of suctr lnstallatlons is, of course, derived frca tlie lnportanceof tlie line or s;rstem, Ilo';rerrer, they attain, lri addi.tlon, a generL*inportanee from their nature ad importan'b traffic bottlenecks, easilydamaged or denolistred but sh6vl,y repaJ.red or recon"structed. A brtdge,.for exanple, need not be conpletely destroyed to render ii iernporarilyunserviceable" In tlnre of uar, del-ay causei by tcnrporary iamagr: moy beal::rost as serious as cmrplete destruction" Ra:lway brici6;es, due to thegreat ueight irrhich must be supported, can be rendered unseryiceable byrnererly bein6 weakenedn .In wartine, ,iloreover, tire shortaLe of steel andother critical mater.ials encrmo'rasIy increases the seriousness cf damagtngor denoLj-sh1ng the netal parto of a bridge. I?epiacement is difficuLt and

CONFII]U}JTIAL

.: -' t:r- :

*e41 a ::i :: -.:-'

may dlvert ;reials fram o'ii:e:" esset:ti"G.l uEr'.ts o

i+, ?he <!is3strc*t: ilsnile,i;e?:ce: "r,rit:i: the denaliti.cn or di.qii,l.;trgof StrUctures c,f this na',;Ur(.i C'gIi pr:*ci:;:e f,:r apSnrsnt from ti:e foliU''r:-ngexaqples t

a. The iiiani York, I'lew liaven, ancl llartford Railroad B1i$i;e or.*ar

the ili:dson Hiver a,t Perul;hketpsie, I{er'r fst'L:r is a steei deck truss b.':ici3e,66?O feet long a:irel approx5"rmtely iiBC feeti al:cve water 1e\rc.,1. In 19t2, itcarried an svsrage of 2 #77

.fr*L5;ht cars eia:i-Iy anri constituied one of, fournajor railroad gatana;ye to ttrc $letr $ry;)"ane :.ndustrial area" The ctanagingor-destruction of this brldge woulcl have iret:eesitated a nrajcr rcccnsirui-tion proJect during i,rhiih a large porticn ol' this vital traffic stouldharie been traraly:aed. Thc oalpr elailabLe detour requircd car flcxlis wiri-ch'nere aLread:t operatlng at capaei.ty"

bo h bridgri of equcl i.nportance ls the llell Cate $rldge ef thesame railr@d over the Eaet liiter at lle$ York C:.ty" This tao ts ene eifllre rnjor [atewa;rs i:* ]leur Engl"and and *arrled approximat*ily Zl.tL fr*:ghtand 565 Isssenflei' cars per <Jay ln 19hZ " ?h1.e four-track brlcige and ap-proach eaus€:$ays are 1!rO39 feet long ancl from 5O ta 25A feet abeve i,vaterlevel" A car ffoat roriie exitnsi.oci ras i:npossit)leo

cc .fhe Feansylmnia*liou'i;hern lte:.Iroad Brldge o{er the PstffiacEiver at fiashin6t,cn, Do Co, ls the nain n,irth-soutlt gatenalr east of,Colw;rbr,rs, 0hioo It is A t'wo-track brLdge ?2S5 feet long and 21 feetabcve ora'ler ].evel consi,sting of eleven truek truss spans arui one trucktruss drawslxn" fn 19L2 it carrled 1026 :ireigirt and 1026 pessenger carsdaily" Tlre destruction of ihis lone brid;1e, handllng a':,r narth-southra11 traffic along the Atlantic seaboard, wculd have necessltated, along ci-rcuii;ous detour of all such traffi.c and resulted in paraly*oln6,traffic congestlon and serious dela;r in ihe dellvery of '';itaI suppl5as.,The crucial inportance of this brldge sm$ rclierred later in ttre wa:' i:3r

the construction of a single track altq:rrlate.temporarly bridge i.:y tnenaltinore and Ohio ftaiLroad at Alexandrie, Yirglrria"

d. The only railroad bridi;e over the CoLr.uibi.a tiiver uithjsllOO niles cf the coast ls the bridgc bettieen Vancourrcr, j,lashilgton, aadpesflanci, 0re6on. This bridge carries thc conlrined traffic r'.f

";heIlort}errn Paciflc, the Great, Iiorthern, the Union ltlcific, anri the Spoka.ne,Portland, anci Seirttle Railroads" Throughout t!:e y*ar, the r:onbinueii ficrrof traffic ovcr thts bridge rras vitlal to the aS,uninun, ai:.'craft, sltip'iuilding, lumber, and electro-n,etallurgicaL Lnd'ustry of ;he liortk*restx;r'narea.

oo Thc Buffa'lo Bayou Crosslng orrer ttre tlouston.Ship Chelrutel atilouston, Te:<as, earries all port terminal railroad svitctring for bhe PorLof tlor.rston, aI1 Houston-sal"veston traffie, ad a par]; of Te:cas'an<i l,lewOrleans rein line traffic o There is no practicabie deto.lr ln case ofthe loss of ttrie bridge. Its dauaging o:: destruction w.oukl interrupt

"2'CO}trFID1f,NTIAL

i. : )

a#.iri'I l{--;^'

all port bus*.ness **<l rnpai.t. :-l-iviget,:_sn.ef the Chaan+I"

f o T!:r.+ liai,: .i:rr. *:r,' iile Sorrt?:i;l,n pa.*ifie ..,iil--+,;aii {:an L.blocked by the destrrre*i+ri of-'ic,e Pi'.lt-, iliu::: Ilridge, at pii;b:.iidge,CaLifornisu th 0,BrLen Cree!: r.ic6;e xis*r Lrfir'i.en, iaiifornj.a, ini'$a1i Creek llridge near" llead, Californta, cr bhe tfrird C,*ossinfi Sacr.e,*nento Biver L::r'ldge neai'.He&d" Cali"fi'rrri.lr" In 13!+2 thesa krridges caii.fedan average da:.I1r.'-oad ol ir22? freight anC 1l+ai pas*qenger c*rs, lfiris irzoLume of ext,reme.,-y inpcrtant traffic uouLd be extrenelgr difitcul.t, t*.. ..detour and welald 1,'roba'irly ha-'re to be re-r*uted as far ea,st, as Sai.,: ,i,*:1c.6:

Cii;y or possi.biy i.bnve::o

5" Inj:.t:rrnation upon which te predicate rrat5.n5;s of railroad facill*ties was, :ln'Lhe r*ain, pracured by the liesources Protectien Board framthe Aescc:rati,:n of jtmerican [;atircsrls, a prlvate organirati.cn inelud!,ngrvlthin lzs mer.i:ership nearl;r e,11 rafiice,ds rn this icuniry, and i:heOfflce r,f llefei::se Trarsporta'iion, a temperar"y war ailency. '.ihe

i3r€ii..{iinitie',ad an itivetitii;a'"*ion of th; criteria fbr. errah: tion +f raiii,oa.Jsin Ari';ust L9L2. tltre ,{sscciatioi: r:a$ ap.trr}"cacheri l.:y members cf tire l,.;*.rdstafl to deterrsine Ydta'n i::fortriatl"on the Jresoci:rtion possesse,i cf i4ireto ihis anal3rsis" iit *trat; rli.ma, it tras fouirC ttiat'biro lists of ;aciLi*ti',s ha<l aiready b*en ccnpriiod -i.ry tiie i;:ac;eiationa

ao A li.st celpiled 3.n.Ji;iy }giru. s,: a:ress},, of a r*q**si i"ilrall clas$ I rai].r*a.els io Jlrirr:isi-: l.i.sis c.f :iL fa*ilti:.e* uhici wrui.ci re:*ufu'e mcre than s(:ven eiaiix to r'splacc. ribcut gr0OCI -flacilitir,s -ryere su!:.*nitted i:y ttle r*il-rSud$ o

resui-t ofthat timeguarded"result af

bo A'l"ist sub:aitted by the -saaa rai.i-:"mds Ln J-*ne Lgir2 as athe AsseraiatJ.onr s r*iluest to lntiicate :qrhirt i"aciLitles r;er* atbein5 guarrced, ar 1n the aplnion of, the rai.Lrecis shoulcl beii list af a,opr*5n**ely LrOCC facj"U-.ijies 1Bs eomplierj as athis r.er.*est"

.,y' These liats w€re corrsieiered trnsufficient is afford a baeis far er,e,ir;e,tlcl'Jby-the Bmqd, for the reason i?l;Et they ceylt.qined no dat*r concerning i:hevohure and eharecter of freight carrieri or the a:lailabllity of dei;o';rs.Since such lnforme,tion i'ras nat availatlle frsr anf gslrerruaent soul"ce " the1oope51!ion of the hssaciatioa was solicited in Llici":ing tiro necis;.;3'-facts direetly f"rcn th<t railroads ecncerned. ?he Associatiou wrcteletters to flfty-four class f railroa.ds'expLainlng the necessi'Ly for corn.-p115:rg tl1e date required for e.r'aluation and requestlng the ceioperaticn of,eacit'systen in fus'nichiry; sueh inferretlon to tfre sraff of the"Board,, t-hginfermation dgsired Hras *n gene.-ral the failo*-furg:

aa fype _ofjac.iBly, {e"9., bridge, tunnel)

b. llame aml loeation

clo *Sgg*g}},CIe, (e.e ', typr, lengtl:, nrmber of traclr)

3

CO}. TIDE}i?IAL

trafflc volume (estluated nurrber of passenger and frelghtffie1nffisery:er anc freilgrt cars per day)

Alternate or detour iloutes

fo Hemarks (inforrnation ccncerning difficulty of replacer,rcnt,itrffiT[er of traffic, m'unitions troops, power,or p+ie ]lnes .

carried)

go SYstem_]aP

Each of the systens sub,mitted to the Bmrd a llst of their crltiealstrueturcs, togcther with supportlng data, llsted in orxler of reia'Livei:mportance'tc tlte s3rstem. ?lpse tists .incluried more than ?riC,Q rail-*rag,'structures, ?hroughout the pgriod of operations of the Boerd, lnforrna-tlon thus received rm,s rerd"seci frorn tiine to tinre by the rallroad s3eLensand subnltted tbrough the frssmiatlon 'ro the Doard for eoasiderati:rn.Upon receipt cf the basic d,ata frou the ralIred systems, confererr*esw;re cdlled by the Eoard wlth representatives of Railrosd Unit, Offieeof Civiiian Supply, Oiff, Division of Eailnay ?ransportateon, QDT, andthe llirector of Passenller 0perattons, 0LY. In order to simplify ^theanatrysis of the naterial arrailable, the Lrnited States was divlded lntof,ive quadrangles, and the {aclU.iies in each quadrangle separat*}y

)sidered"

6, The erlteria empl<r3red Ln the eraluation of these faciltties lser€ttre follorvlng:

Eto Only railroad bridges and sub-agueorrs tunnels would be rated"Subterrarrean nd the like rere eU.m-lnated.

bo ftstLrus r.rere trinited to faclllties whose replacemen*" ti-roeYras estiÊaied s-

consiclered ln esi,fuBting repiace-rent tii;re. In general, the actual replaeement time for most.factljties'rated ffms otit,lr trro months "

co Vo1ume ard ci:aracten of traffie carried rrare consi-C,ered.

(1) ttiis factor, honrever, uas particularS'y ciifflcuit toapp\y. The Board'r-las abIa, througtr the coopereti.on of the railr*adsystems, to secure a one-tirne survey of ttre traffic volrrne ln 19h?,Thereafter, hmrenerc B rccurring report'wag v1e1 considdred feasible,and, conse<1uently, uodifications of the orlginal figures xtere receinedonly as the ratlreds volunteered or w€re asked lnforzration on speci-ficfacilltleso ?his procedure nsas foLlslved whenever a questj.on was raisedconcerning ttre addi'Lion or deletion of a particular facillty f,rom ttrerated list" fire railroads weie seri.ously interested ln the_ status of

l+

CONTIDENT, IAT

do

€o

::4#-:=

t :)

:)

t6elr rateri facilit,ieg fro'51 the point cf -,rlew of their protecti:re ne:sponsibilitles and the extent of ttte aj.d which thl Uoyernrelt 3a;''*Caif,ord tt:cm in the fulfillnent ,:f th.ose rcsponstbilities " Tiie -solun:

tary sul-aisslon of i.nfor"rlaiion concernlng certaj.n facilltieg to in*flubnce an addltlon or deletion to the rated lists rras subatantial,

(?) A more dlfftsult prol:Iem rras raisert by the-neceseltyfor ;.eterrrinLng t*re character of the traffic and lts relatlon: io the wareff..rt. A fer'tllustraiions ui}1 servo to demonstrate the comple:aty ofth'.; problern"

r raredo, rexas, I:i rl:;i:3"ffti3tlJ:'i:l:fi"i:'slri"l"ixtl,u.The brldg6 is f 16?$ fee"v in length arul, accordlng to-the 'ralJredu. flar-ried approxinatily 75 Ifrr cent of tl:e total" rall traf,flc be?ueegc theUnited- btates and liexicc ]tioving ttrough itlo Grande Crossings " Obherstatistics alailable to the Board lndicated that ln ilecember 19i+1 tnebridEe carrieC at least JO per cent of the outgoing ard l+O per cent ofihe inconing freigh"" car1;ocs, Either set of statistLcs indieat*d e sub*stantial traffic volune. The brldge farms a gnl't of the short ral.l rcuiebetvreen potnts ln ttre United States ear:t and north of a north-south linedrann thi.oqiir fopelea, I{ansa$g and the prln*ipaL producl"ng cente:"-* ofl,,iexieo, includlng llontereS', Tampicor ard liexlco 9ity-. Ilonever, tirebrldge-vras not rated for the reason that the noetrd beliey-ed ttrat theproportton of frelght bearlng a direct relation to the Yrsr effart r"tns

i fiaction of the totai voJ.rxie and wns not in itself sufficient ta reeithe high siandards set by ihe Board c

(b) On the other lund, three parallel brldges overthe Fassaic Rlver near liemark, llerr Jersey, omed by Pennsylnania IlaiL-r€d Cmparqr, and the tururel under the Bast Blter tptwen lJevr Yor"k amd

Long Is1ind were rated nAbte by the Board, foo the reason tlrat the;r weretndisponsalrle t,o the moverrrrnt of ruassentler trafflc into Ner Tork Cii}""llerer-of course, th Boardts decision was based Pur:Iy upon the.assulrp-tton-ttrat the bualnese of passery;ers to New York Clty was essential totliu mr effort"

(c) In some cases, hcrrerrer, the character of thefreLgi:+. ryas obviously re}.ated to th:e war effort. Thus, uro brid"ges ofthe Dulutli. Xlssabe and fron ltange Rallroad Ccnpany near Burnett, Iiln*nesota, cr6r the Cloqget Rtrrer were rated ttAbtr, for those tro brl.dges,one carrldng no:ttrbourxl traffic ard the other southbound traffic,handled haif ttrc ircn ore moverpnts.to the Dulut! Docks, $tnilari3r theUnion lBirroaC Curpany Rankin flridge over the $onongahela RLver l-n thePittstxrrgh at-Ga was specially designed to carry hearry novement's of moltenrnetal an<i slag !o steeL mills" This speciaL constructlon is o1' particularimportance for +.he brldge iirould be e,v-tracrriinarily aifficult to re p33ce,Thr:s, also the fior.k Island tsridge over the ]iississippi &iver ls the melnbridge betneen RoCk fsland, t{o}lne, I}}i1ois, and'I}avenport, Iorrra, andconsequently performs essential seryice. f,or }iock Island Arsergl"

5

C0li.iLIDEltTfAL

F+*{i:;:-.i"-rr ':

-.":_'----:.:-.:-.,.. 1:..- : . .:.. . . j: :- j. . I.::.:..:::::i::i:::::i:, . . ..: -:;::::'..:::::::: .i:;i;:;: :: :.::.: ... : :'.:r ' ::-: ::'

,1:;:1:;:;:;:;':.;:;:1:;:; ':... l:::::-:: t.:::::.::-:::: ,:::.:: .: : . ::... ::::.. .1:.:...' -i;i;:...]ii'j:::.:.:...;..:.:.:, : ..:i:i:..i,:,i.i-:i.i,i,'1:,'-.;' -...:.:t:i_:.,. ..: :.:.'.",:..:

Ei"

d" Allitl.abll.lty of Adequste Detoure iiss ttre ftnsl factor con*alder€d'o Thl o apply ae lt raquir,estechnlcsl lnformati#r ecnoar$lng the niileage, treff,Xc capac*ty, equr.F*sont clrd connections of botb prtffi,ry end aLtsrnate routes. &aah of thaaefactons Ea separetely declstve of tbe detour lssue ln meny cas6s bef*relfe Board, atd ln ottrers, cmb!.ned to ln'dicate tbe rrrop€r reeult. ?!r'*e,the Texas and !3ear (hlecns Eallroad Csnpqny 1lne between $lerrC Blancb -

and lAredo, Ta<as, already dlecuaeed (p*r 3, aupura), lras more Luportantelnce tlre detour nsa not only 3.o0o nl1es longer but, tn addittur, couldnot eccmodate tJre hcavy engLnes utLllzed by t" end. DI.O.R" Cmpeny,Couequently, shortage of eagines wqrLd tnve pnerent*d re-rortlng a3.1T" and l{,0. frel.ght over the al,ternate liae 1f lts oyrn ttne trad beenbloelcd" Ccrvereely, tho Eeds Bridgp over the ltisatsalppl betrreen$t," Loui-a, lXtsaourl, and Eaet $t" LouLe, ILllnolr, carrl-g abo.rt one-helf ttre fret6ht iaterchenged betreeu rail,roads terulnatlng on the eastard rtst benks of tihe Hlsslae.tppd" Tbis fr.elght, of course, l.ncludaa alarge volume of materLal vlta] to the rar effort, Ttro tlr{.d[e r*aa notrated as a rallroad facilltyrr horever, because three alternate rellrsdbrldgos are gvaileble wtth suf,ficlent carylng capaeity to absorb thetrafflc of tha Eads Bridge" Furthernore, the Eads Bridge ls not strcr*genough to pernlt the passege of the heaviegt modern loccmotlvea. Ccn-sequently, th capabilttles are, in_facte $ore liuited than thoee ef i"*,,ealternates. l{ore'.rcr, in cther ingtances detoura *rJ.clt tsere possl*l,e vrerenot practlcable durirg the nar as both prfu'nry and alternate ltnes sereoperattrrg at capaclty" ?his condition was partlcuiarly erldent ln thsWast€rrr aieas shere min l:lrres ere 'very fetr" fhus, the nhole SouthernFaclfic llne frm Slnneuucca to Sacramento can be detoured over lfeeternFaclfLc trrcks under normnl ccn:dltlons. Dortng the nar, hcmeter, th5-apoe'slbtLlty rras of very nlnor lmporianae slnce both Unes rr€re operatfu:get crpcity end nelther canld handle the trafflc of, tJre ottrer" In 191+3s slide on tbe Wostern Faclfic tracks bl.ocled trafflc for ten deya en'I' .

held up alnost 2r0OO cars in addLtlon to those deteured, ALnost- tronaeks rrere nequtred to absorb thts bscklog after the s1lde ilas cleared.Slnqe the Southern Psclflc Ls the most lmportant route lnto Sen Ftsneiscofrm ttre East, and nrns through nrgged' temaln, ratlroad offlclaLs favcredratlng €verJr mJor structwe oo the llna to .lnsure that it raa bpt Gpen.

? o Althorgh the critsr{.a aelected' by the Bmrd rrcre sufflclentlybrod to perzit consldersble rocm for discretisr ln ttre selectioar of c.atodstructuree, they rere ptlrposely deslgned ard *pplled by the Berd to olls:lnflte s}l but I rery fer extrere\y vltal structraes f,rm thc reted ligte,Thls resrrlt rrEra necesglteted by ttre fect that the rattngs refi! pnlnartlya gulde for aecurlty poteotLon agencles, The l.lstted mnpow€rr evallablcfo pnotecu.on finctlors dtctsted nrthlesa snd of,tea arbltrary'ellnlnatJ-onof aIL bnt the t€r] 1{mitrd nunrber of fscllttles rrlthin the marrpomer capae-lty" 0f the appnadmtely 2r5OO structures recorsbru:ted for ratlng by ttrarallrmd systems-, the origtnel ratlng sehedule, publtshed tn lkcember 191+2,lnchded only 25O facillttes. Of these, f,our lmie'rated rrAax, stxty-seven

1. It rras, hcrever, rsted aa a highnay facllity"

6

GO}ITIDEIOTIAL

rtl :'tr:I

.--...1:..

tu'D*rl::i-.-';

"f 1:-lt l.'s

trA.bFr and the rerrflinder !r[6rt o el 16 Februar;r ]9lr3r a supp]emntary listof facilities added bo I'Ab[ arxl eJ.i;hteen rt.l\srr. Accordlngly, the flrstevalrlatlon by the Tloard proluced the follcr*ring results r ,

naqlg

AA

Ab

Mrnber of Facilltles

ac ?&total 2BO

IiubsequentlSr, th* Board rated approxirra.tely 350 additional f,a':iiitiesad uBr o"r rrCrr. These latter" Iacilities were nct, inspgcted or pratcetedb]r the *r!!r/ but were uider the secwitS' *oOtzance of thc i'a*iiiii-es Pro-tection Uivisi-on, Of.fice of Civilian ilei'ense, for action"

B. DisregarclSng tire lioiitations v;trich Esnp$rer consiie*rl;ii.ns-nalr tforce cn protect5.ve actin ties i.n rrrir tiiae, the crlteria adopted try thetsoard rrere too strlngent to pemEt the most beneficial results cf eualua*.tion actird.tics.

a. The autmatic elisdnation of all faeilitles except brtdgesarrl sub-eqxeous tunnels prohlbits consideratXon qf subterraneai! tunnels,cuts, and Iills. The deBtruction of any one of these facllLties rny beegually as disastrous to traffie as the destruction of a bridge. Tlrel"9ltl slfae on l';estern Faclfic trask$, previcus\r discussed (pr &, above),Xllrlstrates the possibilttlcs of bhrls type of situatisn" SSmilar1y, Jst191il1 a fire hurned out and destro3ed a railroad tume} nesr }enver, hold-lrrg up trafflc for many weeks o

b" The enphasis upon traffic load, while proper in eei:'Lain ap-pll,cations, does not adeciuaiely r*ftrect, the military interest *.*t certal,nrailred faeillties" The type sf facility which aay be iupro;:e:'ly elin-Lnated b3r teo rigtd adharence to thi-e standard is illustrateri' h;.r the bridgeover Saint ilaryts'Hj-rrer near the *sootrLock-s at, Sault Ste. i{arie, }ilchiganoThis brldge, Lr937 feet long, earrled a ccfiiparatively small vcilu::re of traf-flc. Ilove'uer, itre destruct,icn of ttre bridge wouki have bloclc:d the Sault5t. L'arie Locksr Btr rr[arr rated faci]ity the continued operatloa af wtrichms considered so vita] that rd3*ttary persorurel were detailec tc guardlt throughout the l'rEr.4 Siml1arly, traffic Load w111 not alone furnishproper ladlcia to the lndispensablllty of certain lnstallatLons to nilitarytraffie. Certain rur rnaehi.rres Lr: this and futurc y,ars vrere and wi]-l'be ofsuch dj.roensions that their transportation Lry ral"l is ]irnileci to certainroutes. Thus, the clearance afrorded by land twlrrels on sevcral availauieroutes ray not be sufficient to perrnlt Fassat:e of certairl lar6e equipentoThe clearance or neight sr.r,pport requi-renents of rrltel i.tems of equipment

liee Irfl€:nd 1-iatenEys (Tab IJ, Inl"ra]

{

CONFIDEN?II't

-.I:::::l:i::i:::4..-..-..:::-*.:':r:::rI:ii.,.:.--::::':::. '.::':.: ::r::: ':-:-;::.r:-1.:::'-: :::l::j.l:1

I+

69

4.,.::1,.

.'u=t. ffi--.=.-.=,:::t::-:-::1i:; :-i,j ::,::..:,.=i.=:::i - -:.,;fl{.5 -

BJr ltr{ri their transportatlsr to one rout€ onl;r. This sltuatio:r re.{uiresarierslpation of that-routc pricled entirely by the character of the trafIlc,J.rrespcctirrc of the volrn/ie of the trafflc" Csnceivably a 9iT:i3"ar siluationeg1rld be found ln the transportaticn of certain scarce or lnalsperrsablesqpplles or rrateria1s" One llne alcne By, for e:emp19r.,Berve a:nine orp:airt ilhose pnoctuct is essential io ttre contirustlgn- of the tral" e.ffert"th*, ttre Rtirgham Er Carfield Eallroad, a very smal} liner-ras so vltaL tothe iranspo"tJtlon of ores fro the great nlnes 1n Uteh that the s:ero threatot-"-"tri-le produced. its imredtate seizrrre by the government-in 39L5 inorder to eveit ttre threat of lnterruptlon to ore transportaticn. A greaterenpha.sis ripcn the character of freight uould requi.reci a gres.tsr flow of de-Ai.fea information t,o the maluating agency than nas availsbie to or utllisedb5r ttre Bercl during ttris rvar. Presrirnably, hourevef , th€ grel!!r- pmtion ofthis lnfornatlon could be obtai-ned t-ry closer coordtnation liith l;'iar *nd $la";y

Departrents procurement agencles arri nore detalleC studies by "'-aar Departmentflald agenci.is of the servlclng of, vi-tal lrrrJustrial facllities selected bythe. evaluating agency" -

g. The elraluation of raiLraad facllities during this visr ',,rae hanpqredby the fallure to proiride beforehand the cietalled inform""j-on nece$s$'fir crli;ical analyils and the recurrlry; reports requi-red to rraintalnthis furd of inforriation upon a curreat, basis. ?his fact *s aplprentfro the activity of the Board ui-th respect to railroads after the origtrnalrevien in l.recember 19112 and, Februar]" l?ltl" UntlL July 19Ll+, no furtherrevlsions in rat ings vrere nade wf i;h the exceptl.on of rating a fe1*- indi-viclul structures upon the basis of cougp:taLnts fron l':rr L\eparL'rex1t fieldag;encies or thc raiiroa,l systms ti:at a vital facility had been omitt€dor t6at a facllity had been over-rated. The Board d:id not on 1?e ovvn

noti.on atterrpt a nevr erraluation of, facilLtles until 22 July 19Lb" Atthat tirne, it added one tunneL, rbvised 6B rati;ngs, a111 deleted lOLfacIlltieS. The signi3lcant p6int, trowe'ver, is that' tttese revisions anddeletions uere not acconpllshed af{er anaS,yiis of nevr statistics, bu!rattler upon the assumption by the Bcard 'i;trat the danger of sabo'eage had

been so lnaterially leisened that the protectlon of a considerable pre-portlon of i;he rated facilities could be abandoned. So also the plansof Ure Roard for ratlngs on V*"li Ilay statetl, ilIt appeare that moet ratlngeon railJoad. strucL,ures east of the Ulssissippi ean be e1i-n:i-nated and em:phasio placed on :.'.'estern rsifroads leading to ard connectlng l"e.*t Csastlnbaricai;fon pointsoir As a @tter of fact, hcuever, lhe V-E &y revlew,as of 3I July L9l+5, did not e}i-nl-nate or alter any of thq prl-o1 ratlngs,ps'esugably for the'reason that no statistics v{Bre arailable ildleatlngi change Lf lnportance. On the other hancl, the inportance of, some ralI-road ficllitiel nust harre altered during this pertod for reasoni, asldefror the Soerdrs esti.nai;e concerntng the clanger sf sabotage" Thus,durlq: a period of approxi.mtely three nonths rfien the Gesen suimarinecanpatgn iras particufiqfy effectlve i.n AnerLcan coastal waters, a smLlNew-itrni;lanci riilroad line became of extraordlnary tnpontance, for toairoid subnrarines all lend-lease shiprents lYere carrj.ed orrer that lineto Ganada rathcr ttsn bej.ng shipped out of Unj-tecl States ports. tlachln-ery to collect such Lnfornation and quicl0y translate it by evai''raf,,1ons

ICOITEIDENfIAT

.: \t. -: - .:J

s"Tt'r

lnto rattngs nust be establish€d and raintalned upon a pennanent basis lnorder to lnsure effictency tn emergency sltr.uatlons.

Ir. coffqursro8ls

10. The erraluatlsr of rall,road fscllities durlng peecbti.tre can beprqrerly dlseharged by uttllztne the foLlovrtng so.r.mces of {iformationl

8o Assoctatioa of Anerlcan RaiLroerds

bo Interstate CmBErce Corynisslon

:" Transportatton Corps .

d" iTar and llavy Depnrtrrent$ procurerent agencLes

8o Becorcls of tix,) Offlce of iJefense Iransportstion

fo ftecond,s of the Roso',1'fces Protectiqr Board

ll. The evali.rati.on of ratlroad facilities shoulcl be contlnued ona perannent basis in ttre post-rar era in order to lnsure tJre eslabllsh-rent of aclecguate recorrls and free-flovring channel-s of infom:rtion neces*sary to the proper ap1ra5.sal'of such facilities i.n an errrcrgency siti.iatton"

12i The follcnring criterla should be emptoyed in rating raiLredfacll5.ties for protection purposes

a" tlatl"ngs should be confLned to bridges, twrnels (bothsubterrarrean and sublgueous) flils, cutso

b" flatings should be limited'to faclllties whose replacementttrp ls estiuated to be mo:e than tqn days"

co Ratings stror0d consider troth volune and cturacter of traffic"

. d" ttatings shouLsE eonsider the logistical and strateg5.c nalueof the fael1ity frcm the vierpoint of rnilitary opratlons o

€e }latirgs should cursider the availabillty and practicabilityof adequate detours lmderc?ar tlre eorrXitions of operation.

D

I

9

OI{TIDENTTA

Io DISCUS$r0}I

a *{ nn I € tr.x?,snntr1. The tmpo,rtance of inl,and natarlaye tn th? reltpryt.s-!1+ryry1t'a-ttmr syutgts Ls iemonstrated by tlre fact tptr.<luring }rl?;36O, nll}lontans oi-fref€bU vrsr€ carrXgd by LnlBnd Hscter-transpartltiion" Iu additionto

".;r"*ity freight operations, lnlancl reaterrrays assr.mcd lncreas€-l in=

por.tance Ouring tt* uir, t'o1 llref rymlt,ted the e:iien$Loa of nErraL ship-Uuildi"e io lnf,.erlor s?:i.pbuilrting iaclli?ies frcla',Btricir finislred seagoing

. craft could be floated tn ihe sea.

Z. Information co$eerning ratelBlays 1las obtained b}r the Beaourcesprot*"if* Rerd fr66 the Inland Uaterrays Ceporat^lon, Bepartmant of Cuo*

- lprce, and the Chief of lingi.neers. -Each of t'hsse orgaaiaatlonl |s pclGia-

i' .1 iliff engaged ln actlvltiEs requiring the colLe9lion of this infcrnation.nccoit:ngiy] lt aay be reasonatrly presumed that the faets anti etat,is'iiicsru,.lui"*A*ioi peace-ttre e'ra}:atlon bt *flland waterwaSe Yriil contlnue to be

' asLlabLe f,rol these sourceso

O !i T I'D E H T I A I,

T$UrI{D TiATEtiT#t$s#-

3. The activitles of the ltesourceg Prote.ctlon Roard re*uired 'Lo

enal.Gte Lnland waterways wet:e comparative3"y ad.ner" ?he tnf,o:matLon rrae

"**A:-ly awila'ole, the status of the facillties rys stabigt a{.'bhe nunber

of facitttLes lnvilved rsas very sraa}l. O*ty rour.tfute consi.derstloa ttaa ac'-corded tnland traterwsgs after thepri-61na1 revierc;

.t

b. Irrstpllations cn the follc*ving rmterwa3E s3r's'oems were arrs:'ded {An

(Vfta1) ratlni;s by tlie ilesources ltoiectlon Eoartl e

' ao ltonongahele ttlver Tlaterrra';r

bo lllinois TiateruaY

co 0tria River r,"{atenvaY

e o l,lisslssiPPi Blver i'ai;ernaY

f. Fanaxna Crinal

TIre tnpetance of the &lissLsslppt Riwr l',atenray ard af, the Panana' Canalare rreil ls1owno r1 true esttrts'"e of, the tmportance of tSre remalnlcg four

.slsterus, howewrr ffiY ryquire a brlef expositi.on on eacho

5. The llonongahela Al.yef t,Atermy carrles.lnor€ f,relght per m:ile than

any o[hu" lnl ray Englneers repor* that approxl-satc11r IO.OOO.6OC tons of c@l and coke were transported on ttrls rl:rer lniglt1-; tf,e'equirralent of 3r0@ rallroacl cars per dayo The s,bstttution ofrallroad serylce for wateirrray transportatlor would require no less than8r0OO coaL cars in a conttnuous turn"around servlce" ALl of ttre coal useei

Ui nfttsUurgh CoaI anrl Irur Genpany, t'leville Island, Pennsylrrania, Jones

TOEI'IY I&L

ia++r;r i-.-..i:-:;i-.

(.. )

.+ n q:F

rl

I .. :)

l::r:!=:::;-- :i-r:_+.r-.:::..

#tecot{!'I3'Et{tIAL

& Iau6ilfn Steel Conpany, etttsburgh, Fennsyhania, Carnegie-I[lnoisSteel Cmparyr Clareton, Fennsylvaniar'anci Pj.tisburgh $teel Cwrpany.Itrcle$sen, Pennsylrrania, i.s transported to ttre p).ants by i:argee over thisrLver'. These p.lants are not equlpped to handle the necessary coa] tonna6*bgr rall erren tf sufflcient rsllred coal'cars nere avaLlah;e;. .llavigatiercr t*re li,uroryehela lliver is nsde posst!1e'by the Tygart Dam axrd a seriesof thirteen locks " The greatest vol-rme of frelght la conf,lned. to tlre last,elxby-aight d.Les of the waterway whieh LncLudes fLve locks and dens atBraddock, Elizabeth, Charlerol, ft6rmrlsville and Rieets l,andin$r Psnnsyl-rania. lhese flve locks and the ?ygart Fn, tuenty rriles abone the lpadctr navtgatlon, are lndispensable to the vast stfel irrlustry ln this areaand uere, accordlngly, rated nAAr W tlrc Board

6o 1tre IllLnois [tiver iTaleryay lras been steadl\r growlng ln lnportancc,In 19L1, 6r?l ransported on ttris wateruray. Frau a;ar atardpofuit this tarupge ls extreue\r lmpor'"ant for It Lncludes &o1r€-rents of coal, petqoleum prxiucts, sulp&nrr, and sirrilar uaterials essentlai.to tJre xar machlne" Hrxrever, lts use as an outlet to the sea for nanaleonstruction l,n the Great Lakes region glves this waterrray a strate5lc ln"-portance of equal dignlty. To enable movenent of cmbat vessels down thewatermy, the l{aW Departcrent spent three nll}lcn dollars conrierting brldge=alang the s;rsf*no The I}linois and llmsisslppl Canal is nat a feasible a}:ternatl.rc for thls cmbat nessel traffic nor ls the St. Lavirence }liver"The St. Larrence iiateruay has the follovinl; rajor disaclvantages: (1) Thedigtance and Length of tine required for the trlp le too great; t2) it isnot an a1l-vreather routei (3) 19r6er shlps cannot negotiate the raplds orttre Loeks above liontrea3-; and (lr) ir:ring l'Jorld l",lar 13, at least, it nasdeslred to deliver embat.phips io the Onlf of llexico, rattrer than threNorth rttlantlc. Iriri-4g l9l+3 alone, the }Ialry Irepartnent floated ot'er l+OO;;hips to the Gulf orm ttre lll.inols system" ji1l t1ryes of vesseLa of lesstlran nine foot draft aad seventeen foot rrertieal clearanee vrere transportai.Ttris inc}rdes sutffHrines, patrol crafts, nine sweepers, tankers, harges,lariding craft, ancl ocoan Eoing tuts. The raoverent of combat ships ds"vn-stream was so closely scheduled that enen a short, delay ris:rld harrc i:eencrttlcal. Destructlon of any one of the locks and darns uhLch permit naviga*tlsr would hiive neutraliZed shipbuildlng ln the fircat Iskes Area o Aceording-Iy, elght sets of locke and dams along ttrls system were re,ted rAbri by theBerd.

?. fhe 0hto Rj.ver fiater{qy 1s of prlae inportsnce to lndustrlalAnerican Ilur@Ie rtrrer carriecl more than 36r5GOrO0Otons of frelght. Of this t,onnage 53fi v8 coa} arxl coke for delivery tosteel pJents located upon ttre rlverrs banks" Approariante).y lr!00r@twts, m 18$, was oi'l and gasolLne. Thig t,onnage increased durlng thenBrr llavLgatlcr I-s aceompllshed by means of fifty-three loci<s aili damsoTltth ttn exieptton of eig;ht sets of loc}cs and dains, Ioos of less than .

orelralJ the resralnfug dams enplopd ttould pernit novenent on the rlrrcrwlthout too much dif{lcu}ty" TIE eight lock and dam l-ns'bal.1at1ons, h<ro-

Pwr., are essentlal and trere rated itAbtt by 'bhe Boardo

2

COII TTDEfiTI-{T",t,',''',,,,,,,,r,,'. ,: ,, ",, "i'

: l,::'; I :.':::. ':. ::

.,.-,\(':..:J

:,-: _..: a-i-,I. "tt :. -- .. - , .:t:_: :. .: -.

fi * ll F I f-r E s ? i'i

Bo The Sarrft Ste" $a.rie Locks cn the Sto lhrys Fa]-"rs Cana}:flereprobab3,y trre ffi sane ti"me ttie most mrlnerablgr ser.=.

vLce facillties in tire United States durlng l'Icr.]"d'iiar IIn In 19Lt tkreterrltory conti6uous to Iake Superi,cr annr:411y :-'urnished about 85fi otthe iroar. ore as '*'e11 as a substential prerceniage of the ocppr praluced.in tlie United States" About gW of this are vras shippeS via lake-vessels-ttuoq3h the liault, S*e " lJarie ],ocks o Other e ommoditieo {ransported througirthe locks lnclud.ed cml,e graln, fIour, structural steel, ptg and scrapiron, petrolewr praducti" s'bone, salt, woori prociuctsr. general. ner;handisa,autorioLiles, ard-truclis"- The total tonnage tresslng 'bhrcugh the loel,*: in191+I was 110r?6?-,??8 net tcns. Iron ore consti',:uted abcut, 75f,9f ths t'an*nage arU coai at6ut IIS, The total tonnage qf-:!r.ei6$rt anci tl:e B9r8zl* feu*sengers ;ssstng through the locl<s invo}rerl 251865 vesseL passages inr?r8?o 3"oelages over a perlod at 259 days" The mcnitu$e. of this trafficc6n bs bctter urideretood i.ry ccurparlng it Yrith the e?rgilre'O00 tons trans-

ported G"r the Paroem Cana1 in I9I1, and ihe 33rt22r0@ tcns transpcrtecon ttre suea cerEl" i-ri 1939 {}ast ardilaule i'igures}. At i',I:e oprenipg ofthe l,9lf stiipping s€ason there $ere about, ilrre00rO00 gross tsns af irtrtore in stock at the steei rrills and sr the doek*s ai the io*ver lake ports 'This was appfoxircately tno raouthrs supp13r" Yr':t'b]: ttt* 3.ocke artti aL1 trans-po,rtatl.on faclltttes operating a'i: capaclty i'b u'r.ls a diffj.cult task toiurnlsh enough ore to meet nar steel prctiuOtion schedi*r:s " Ho sore tltan2f$ ot. ttrc ore reqrlired could un<ler any eircuras+"ances ha"*re bee* t'rans*ported by rail and this could trave been accompl:ished ori}"y at high ceetind by extr.eue dislocation of otlrer high prlori';31 r'rar i'r*ffJ.c' 3n addi* 'tion, nost of the lake steel mi3ls rv$uld ha"'ne bcea required to l"nstallcwrpletely nerr ore haneil-lng faci}ities in orrier to utillze railrcad de*livery, At that,'bine aru''ahrou6hout tlre rrar, tae Sau1t, Steo Hari,e Locitsrrere a strategic nilitary terget Of crltical importanceo The security$easures undertaken by both ,Janada and l;he U;aited Stat'es for the protee-tLm oi the'se Lacl*s is. one of the most interesting phases of the ear"The 1)efense Piant Corforetion ard the Corps of itngin*ers undertoek con-etructiorr of a raj-} rlute, b3r-pssing the loctrs, ca3.led ilre EscanabaproJect. }'r'hen conpletedr-horever, this prerject rvculd have been eapableof harytltng mly 25f, af tbe tra"ffic and neuld lmve reiiuircd unlo&dlng arxireloading of att cargctes at the terrninaLs" A new lcck was constructed inf$r: andl until welL after Y-E By, mllitary untts trere as&lgned 'co guardthe l,ocki.' The l*ci<e Trere rated |tAatr by ilit B@rd,

9" Contrary to i:he noflnal practice, th*: criteria enployed by the_BerrC ln evalr:ati"ng inland sate::vra,ys wcre nob es"'ablished b]' any f,ornalproceecling. llsneir,;r, they ep5par to have br;en generally as foLlcwsl

I E Itatlngs li.ulted to loaks arxi 'lams "

b" Heplaeenerit time.

" Adequacy ef alternate routes"

d " 'JoLume erid character o.f, traffi.c,,

€".. SrlseeptibS.iity to darnage or {estructLa.n by flre, explosioaosatrotage , etc o

5CO$FTDE}ITIAL

ff;- .::

11:l:-'-,r:l

{I

/.^\(|

COS]FIDETiTIAT

10" These crlberia appear. to be adeqlrate rrlth the exception iihat a.asn.emrgency etaS.r.ration shoirld consider eii,trer conditiotrs or irrstallatiareother tlran locks;rnd dans irhich-coulfl affect t'he traffie capacity of thesyst,err. thus, security inspecttons lncldent to t'he prote*tion ef tiheSinft $te. tda:ile Loclc clj.sciosed that, eighieen s*.i-es belcq tlie.Iocks,rressela 'lsosed throrigh the i,,-est, lleeblsh Channe)., a narrDvlrolle-ffiY paseageprovldh! th* ar.ly efururel deep enough for heavily laden rr*ssels".

Lft-t e-na

iUe of [*re ctranni], a lcu' retlrintng-m}j. i:ad, been ee'nstructesl.' B+hi.nd

the mrLL, and exlientling along $.t for several" tiundrcci- feet , *3 * largerranrrd of.shalo, siones, ancl fuorr];lers, greaierj'gherr the chanlaJ. uas cut"Destructim of,-a aeetlon cf the walI nrould' harre precipltat+d a sLicle whichwou}d have blrclcd ttre charmeJ. ancl 5linobll-ized trafflc orr t'lre canal untll'a r1gx qhantrel had been riredggd" Although situaiicns of, this nature areprobably not frequent ln inlencl uatertray s3retems, they should be'notedrd proper pnotectirrc measures recffilsrended ln .fiuture e\E]"t$ticns.

II. CONCI,USISIS

11. Inland =uater.wa;,rs ean l:e e!'aLiiated in peaeetise from infermation

.avallabLe frm Inland lla'i:ersnrpe Corpcratlorr, Degertaent of, Ccu:merce, and

ttie Chief of Engfi*+:r*"

fro Ewluatlon can. be accmpl*.shed easlly and at infrecluent istsr-nals ard, thr:refo::e, b feasible as a permavren'a r"rar l,epartin*ni f,unt:Lio'tr"

ber13. Criterla f,cr e",ralultion of intand u.etei'wa5rs facillties sltould

' ao lteplacemnt tlcoe"

bo Adequacy *f alternate routes.

c c llolrxre anrl clraracter of traffi-c "

do $usceptlbiltty to <iestruetrog or dam.age b."'ftire, explosion,sabotige, etco

th. The evalustion shor.r"1d consicier alL conCltlons, as neli as *n-etallsilsrs, affectLng tfue'traffic capacity ef the s;istemo

CO}IFIr

IDEE TIAL.. :.' ': ':: :.:.:: .. : :'.":'. .::. . '.:... :..: : .:.: :.- :'.:". : ..: .:: : .:. .:.:. l.-...:.: ::::.::::::.:. '...::. : :: :

: ..':::.'::;::: . : ::::: .. ,,i,,,.,,, , . ,i, .,. .,.:..:-: t.:r.:.,::;.::::':t:l:::.:,.,.,.. .:,::'::: . ::,:.: .

": "::.:-... :- .' : ":.:. ..:.:.:.:.:.1.:.j.1.::.:.' .:::.::.:.:.:.:.:.;.:.:.:.:.t.: : :.::.1.t.:.:.: ;. ..:

Et{r.rl+

a' :\\- :./

E1ECTRIC PTT'ER

I. DISCUSSIO}IIF

. f . iJleetrlc pcFner is' so.inextricably wo"ren into every day l'lfein tlp United titatcs that a stud5r of porer systens litergily bqcarnes astudy of nodern industry and uri:aa extctence . iractorics r. iai3;oads ,Locks, utilities, offices, aIrJ homes are depend<.:nt upon the continuedflc*r 6f electri-c61 eneriS'. Ttre lnterruption oI po'rer service for amodern coronr,rnity presents corsequences fuopossible t,o visualize s"Ltttoutcomplete and dctailed knoirlecige of the. prticular community. Ctrainreactions are sterted, nhtch procluce startling resuLts. If the elec-trolytic chloqine process is interruptd, & back-reaetl,on wi'Lh explosirrepotentlalities *curs - '9i-mi1ar15r 6s'it g this lrar it ylas cften co[sorl'--itively stated that rlnericars ability.to vlage-a nodern_war depended upontwo pGnts prcriucing netallic sodlun.I &re of ',,hese pJ.alto ln theNiagira Falis area firoduced by electro\refs 57 g;rcerii of the totelsupply ar*ri-l.ahle to the United States. The irrterruption of potier to ihlsplant for a few scant ninutes vould l'.sve rffroEenr? cerBain celIs, requiringnl,ne months to replace, rrithout which production rras {mpossLble. Thesefeyn nlnutes without, porver woulcl travE dea1t, the natLonrs'#ar nachina acripp[ng blon. The impact of ryar upon pori€r s;rstems is cogentiy de-scribed fur tlie attpched lecture ddlL'rerid Ly Lt, Colanel Hobert d* Ltrccla,Chie.f, Bweau of Fov,rer, Federal Pcn'ver Conroisslon (tncl 1)- !'ortunately,tte nnze of power linee stretchln6 aver this country ius been developedinto rgmroth pcmen s3rstems, so interconneeted that the flip of a svitehmay sunmoa ener{5r transloittcd throug;ir an entLrely different systen frsrdlstant porrer stations. Fortunately, alsor the rrcry indispensablllty ofelectric poner to rnodern life arxt lndustry has dictated the establ.tshnentofsubsidiary and reserre sources of supply for nany communit'lee and ln-dlyldual LlCustries arrl the derieloprent of many llnes itith a potentlalconsiderably l"n exe€ss of, their normal load" !'ronr the polnt, qf vj-er ofthe e.raluator, this feature of the po{er problem ls Ert the same tirc itssalratlon.and its lpeatest dlfflculty" The arnllabiLlty of altertatelnterconnecting systems er.ables the e}Lnlnaticn bf thousands of psr?erfacLlltles rrhich nust othenrise be deened vital Lnstallations. On theother hanrJ, the problens of lnterconnectj.ons, surplus poientlals, voltngeard cyclic requirenents are so cmplex that tire study recessary to theeveluatlon of any partlcular facility becornes a study of the systen ofwhich it is a 1nrt"

?. Ttre ccmplexlty of the pnotrlen of evalr.rating pcner facilitiescaused considenebLe dtf'ficulty for the llesources Protection Board indetem{ning the criterla to be applied. In September 1pl1?, the Boarrd

1o l'or discusslon of this product, see eecret study, SPUC'S O0l+t' P[{OO, sul.rJect, t'Constderatiqn of, ltta1 Industrj.al Faellities in

penoEtlizatlon Plannlngrt' 26 June l9ii,

C O }i F I D E }I,T I A L

C O $ F I D B T{I 1A L

prbpmed to assign rai;i.n6s to facilltlee besed ;rpoir anall,rses of esehlmportant center of ssiir tndrrstry. ?hese analyses wouLd stuciy thesources of a:ratlab}e pct;er for tlre industrlai eenters, tire ciemand forpffirer by rvan i-ndustrles, a::,1 the criitcal nature of the t;ar lndustrleeinvoLrrqd, This approach grras deemed more feaslble at that, ti-ne than adetalled sttdy relatirtg each vatal lfflustrial plant to Lts particularsource of porrer" the prelt-minary work aceompllshed by the ncn-i-ndustrjsl.facl1ttles seetlon produeed lnterestj.ng analyeec of several lnclustrtalareas. The study of the Chieago area, for cxanple, !.ndicated tha"c 'Ihetotpl porrer producin4 capaeity wrs approxi:mtely tro nill-ictt ldlonattsand provJ-ded a l"O 3:er cent nargln ovcr the p-eak operetlprial load" Itrss firther coneludad that, jJ neeessary, approrJ.mately 2@rO0O kilosatt*,could be sawd 'uy restrS.cting adlrertising lighti.ng and by ed"ucating hous*-holders to conserrae electric pcper. The revier of the jlebrott area 1n-dlcated that ttte prop*rti-on o-f inciustrial consu.aptlcn to tihe total con*srmptlon of pcnrer tn i;he &rea vas sirbstdntie[y belcn that crf both +,he

Chicago anri Clerreland areas, &l ther other hand, the reserrie capaci'ty ofthe prlncipa'L Detroit pcxrer s;rstcrs r'*"as sufficlently large that the lossof the largest pcvrtr station vrould haw forced only a ten per cent redue-tion ol consumptlon.

3. In (htoLier 1Flr2, the Board re,,,ersed lts ncthod ef appu.oach tothe poner problear anrJ determined that, in oa"der to expeelite the aseign-nent of rati.ngs to the glost vltal poner insta}l*'Iions, the I'ederal Pc*;er _Gctrisslon irould be reliu*:sted to reecwriend indirriduel facillties rftichit considered necessaiy Sler proiective sraslftres" The lictropol5.tan areaapproach prevlously'agreeri upon by the Eoard was abandcned. In ite study,the Federal Parrer Courniesion- di.videcl the United Siates into l+B porl'ersupplry arees and z'eccrm.ended rating of the f,acilities r,-!ttri-n each areanttch.raere vital to the area o;rstem. Psner plants ow:red and olxrated byuanufacturing establis:hsents rrere not consldered ln the study hui theFederal Power Cornsitssion representatlves uztdertcok to furnish infornra'i*onconcerning such facili"tiep tc the Be,rd if .1t, was destred"

l+" Tlre Fede::al Palqer fiomrlsslon recpronended the asr:16;ruaent of ilAilratl"ngs io 1?5 p{rrrer Jlaci}Lties" Inrllvltiual recmueneiatls{rs were basedupon such factors as the follorting

Bo The proportlorn of lndustrlal tc dcunestic dei*nC anci con-sumption.

:

bo The proportLon of slar tndustries, dernnc ancl ecnsumpiionto totaL Lndustrial consunpi;lon"

co The eraergency potentlal capacity availai:}e through j.ntar-ccrrectlonn of poner ptranis and po'rer syste:ns,

d. .?lxto requi:ecl bo replace the.ps{rer .facillty invol,red"Uttltal.ng.theee criteria, the Conmlssion reemr,meaded, and the Bclr<iadopted, 12 trAatt ratin;sp }}rtA6tt ratlngs, and 1!2 t,ggr rati-ngs"

/)

;1. . '.t

t.rJ

F*::l-lrj

ffhil:rl

::.,.1" . .'

+:+i:ir!

4f\a*,k-.!! 5

5. A feiry exanples of the {'acil"ities rabed by the Fo{ird $i11O"**ii"nte the Af=I*t ai:d vt&al reietien$hir,r)'of pcrl'Yer facig"t'les toa successful '{rar effort,"' ao Ttre Long Islarxt tiUhting Cceipany, g1er*tootl Fis" ? [i'r;*:an end

Electric ifutio",-CiE*-ooa IandIng, iong is:aid, Neu Io.rk, Y? 1.ate6

nAsrr for tire reai,m thai thls e2l;00o ritamtt statioa_qgrs lqe nrinct'pisource of poner for ilAail rated t*i trdl*stries orr tong Isl-and' This gta*

tion nas inadequately intercennected wlth the consolldatecl Edisc* '9:rsjm"

bo Tho [toulcler liydro-Iilectric station at Roulcier city, I{olratia,

g601000 ffi*"it"r rra* rateA *[srr fsp the r':ason that it vm's the so]'e

souree of power "irprU,

iot-g*"i" llagnesilrm, Inl:r.ryf.1*8*ul,l!:*{t' nqite pnincflnf uo.oii i:o" the vlta3"_ifri*fnui, shiibtdlciing, alreraf'", arxi

otl, irdusti:iee in ttre vicinity of, 3'os Angeleso

co ?he GranEl L;oulee Hy.5ro-&llectric $tatiorr anci the Bonr:+vlilellydro-ii3,ectric Statlo:r crare ratid illiatr fcr tlre reason tirat t'hese inter-ckrnecteo statlons r*etre nefessary to mi:itain adequate pcrrer for the

alumlnwr industries at /ancou,rcrl liashington, and for tt5 eleetro'eetel-furgfcuf, aircraft, aird shipbutt&ing operati.ors !n thc. I$ort'tnvest areao

d. The $chael].kopi tlydro-[lectric fitstian, ittmtley.lio" ] fjteaoglectric station" agd CIsn*i;o Siean Eiectric Sption of t;re l'liagar"a tludsos

$ysten rrars "*tud

;ffi";-i;- trre reasrrn itrat they m*ro the.souroe of 25

;il-6o "y"fo por'rgr i'q*'rrg6* r,ated nar i-netr:s1,nei fur the }ilagara :14113 ar}d

BuffeLo areas, intlird5-ng tlm ljassena plant of t'tre Aiirmj'nr:m Conpany c'f

Anerlca

€o the Louisj-ana steau Eleetrlc *statl.cn at Batrln Houg?r-Loulsiar:*,the lleches Steam gLectrie $tpti.on at llearscnt, ?ex:s-, both omreS fy.lh"Cutf States Utilitle* CcxGF{nu', nere::ated r1,6ir go"'tla* regson th:+t they.nere the sote sc;ce of porr*i'-for the ].{athj'e$'}I} hlk-'l}i Company, Standard

Oll Cmpany s3mthaitc ruLber piants, Defense. Plpnt ilorporatienr s &agneslu:r

io,Orr"t*y, l"O f*go"ianb o1.l *ufit otius arrl shipbuiltiing operatlons yflffntheir porfer a"rn"' $Lnei,y per cent of the 5,o'*ei'prcductsd iry thes* stationsolas consumed in uar Prociuetion"

. 6, The funportance of pover installations flnctlrstts as continuouslyas the lmportanl*-of tnu :ndustries and cmriunities n'hich they seyre' 1n

' addttion, poiEr sysien:s are constantly ser:klng io ln'erease the efflcleneyof interconnectlon and i;o establLsh adequatie reserve caparcities " l)espite

ii* p"*"uUre of-ilte wcrk before the Rcsourccs Proteetion Board, 5't-'*res

neceosary to cotxiuct three cmrplete revlews-o..f porl9r^facl-lities' Ti:e re-viery in liovember-iyi+-l re.rlse.:i 9 ratincs, ceieted 3G feciiitl:lf,anc.ratcclB acldltlonal faeilitleco -one acldi'uj.cn $as &ade in .Janusri'Jr4tl" rt-suppt"xrnt""V *"ir",t"i; of' 6 i'oir"u1r.f 1PLS containcd 1,1 cleleil'ns and onc

re,;ision. ir ""Ju*-"i aL .fu1y 19Li deletecl n,uler*ue facilitiee serving

CO}i!'I,DEIITJ,AL

xJ

cot{rrDq$tIA3,

,::-.,'- -t_-:. i..la!'.a:l-+;1!r; -

t'---\,.,. ...:)

:--:-.!. ,l\--. /

areas trhCIsc lmportance to ths lnar effort ha<i been greatly diminished bvtennlnatioa of the rur 5-n Er:rope. P,.nrer lrsFs of the Fedenal Forer Com*'mLssion revr;aled that alternate sourccs of p-o'ficr had been steadlly b'.ll1iup ln these areas during $ar Ji'ears ivith the reeul.t, tltet the ciegree oflndisgrnsabilitypf many lndivtdual powcr $ystens irad. C*crcasedo j\s anexampie of the fluctuating inportance of povser staf,ions r- the Ta}ltrrraridSteai and Electric Statiotl at Jackson'rl-1Le, l'lorida., was rated.'ttl1sfl fuy

ttre Berd in Octobet Lgl# for the reason that it onrs the sole sourceof poner for the shlpyards and naral air base ai Jacksolrvtlle, Flori<ia,In ilorrcnber, 1?lr3 the p}ant, was ra+.ed xAcrr for the reason that a new

IZ T0OO KVA ileltne with !'lorl"da .Porer and Ligtrting Compsny provlded analtenrate source of pcrrer" The tall3rrarxl $tatj-cn, howerrel, retalned a

c6grslderable degree of lts i.alportance, for the aLternate Llne vias lncepatrleof carrytng the entl.re srar load. f;1.m11ar)g, ttre Essex Steam Slectrlc Sta-ttoilr-of Public ljerviee Gas ancl Electrlc 0m:paryr at l{ewark, }lew Jersey, vasadried to the rated list ln lloverrber L9b3 fcr tlie reason 'Utlat lts i,mportanc*.,nas 6reatly increascd by estabLishtn{: a }3"2 fifi ttbusrr service to the Fed-eral--stripbuildlng Cmpany plants rated 'rAsrt and. nAbil r and Grueible $tee}Cor:perrgr iL.nts, raie*rrAbrt and trssrr. The llartins lbrry fitulicipal P3.ant,on

-th"-ot*rer tunti, na,s aclded.to tire 11s1, in Noteneber, 1# f91 ihe reasonthat the loca1 porier sirstem rvas 100 per cerrt lsolated anrJ entlrely depend-ent up6gr this g-rneratlng ebation for- its ptnrer, Ihe pla*t t'hus becaae thesole iource of power for the Etraw_ltrioi conpany plant rihich wis rated ilAbr,

7. Infor.mation concorning I(U eapoclt;r ratlngs cf utllities, lttic-il3s.'rlapcrtant uaers, anci pcnrer dergnd.ancl consumption rnay be obtained r8rx"eng

peicettne, as r"iu as t*rrtine, frua the }eCeral Po'ter Conra'ission. Thisinforsnti6n fu'presently obtained by the OoErni.selon thrcugh annurl reportsrendered by the-utilltiis" The Conriissicn prspcses to secure seni."annualreports fli tne I'uiure j-f ttre neeessary tudgetaiy increase cal be obtained

"Thi relative value of tliese fasilities to corurcrgrities and l.ndustrifll'centcrs is thus ai/ailattle at any f.irae through the Cc,mrnission" Ttre Ctxt-d.ssLon, tro,re:rer, has ne means of relatiry; utiliiieu to strategic nilltaryretprlreients .or io speclfic indristrial plints of speci.al miIltary signif-Ica1ce, I..ccolxlingly, i;he irrfornatl,on furnished by the Comission must be

flrther correlatea t6 milttary requirements by an agency ful1y lnformedconcetrning the etrategic sitr.ratlon ancl the mllitary slgnifi-canse oi'speci.fLc iacllitles, L,oth at the tire of the evaluatlon and in tiie pre-dictable future. This esseniilal correlation can be supplied by chargingernluai;ion of pc*'rer facllitles to the agency charged with enaluatJ-on ofirxiustria). ;:roductLsn facilitles.

II. CO}IfiI,USIOI{S.

'8. ?he eraluation of, electric porrer facili"ti"es can be accompiighedduring; peacetirne upon the basls of technical lnforrrption aval-lable toI'ederit Pcrrer t:mlni.ssl.on, properly correlats;ci nith ertrluations of the prro-cluction an<t nilitary insta[ations servLceC.

g. The e-la}ntion of pcrrcr facllities should i:e continued on a Per-narxlnt, basis in the post-vrai' era ln order to irswe the estabtrishr,lent of

COfiTIDE}I?IAI,

Ir

CO}iTIDEIITIAL

,:

C.O}I TIDEHTIAI.

adeqrratc, frce flouin5 channoLs-of irfonsation, arrd the correlBilon andperfectl6n of techniques of sorrelating infornratlon coricerning porerfacilltLes to the trrirstrial prcduction ancl mi.Iitar3' inetallaticans ser-

10. ?he criteria for eraluatlorr of pover facilities should be as!ifolLcnrs I

a o llatings sfranld tre assigned upon the basis of lmliortanceto the cmr-nurity and tnportance to military and inCustrial irlsi€llations.

tl. ttatings based upon cmrunity consi:mpti"orr slrould eonsider

(1) The slze of the csdnllnit'y and the ciegree of. {ependense upon e}ectrlc p{ffier for essentla}

I prirmte ard public f,unct'ions "

. (2) the Droportiofir of lrvJustrial consumption todonestic consunptiut.

(3) the proportlon of poteniial mr industrl.es con-sumption to total. industrlal eonsuaptlon.

(i+) The ernergency potential capacLty available through. lnterccmnections of poller p3.ants and po'arer s;rstems o

$) Replacement tile"

ci ltar,ings base<I upcn installaiion consunption should consider

( u :!:-lilyiijLHifi ii:i -ffi "l'!"i:r:i:l * lt:T::*'

pendence upon electrlc poner for operations

(2 ) Iffi ":;il'lli":1ffi'S'#":H;l:l"IJffi;ffi:lHl:'iarl'-poner plants, or intercoru:ectlons, to the in-stallatlon ln emergencles "

(3) RePlacerent tlme.

(l+) lndwtrial hazarde due to lnterruptLcn of F,olnero

ICOIJTIDEI\ITiAi,

o

/' \

5TORACE TACIIJTUiS%

r. DISCWSIOil

1. As the natLcnal eeergency developed. nost of, tbp cri-ticaloaterlaLs, syh as crude nrbber, quarta c4rsialq, petro\eum, riranirm,vanadlum, r'iool, mical niclel, tungsten, antl tinr-nere eithei purciras5aoutrlght or t'ielr dlsposittoir controlled W the'gonernnent. ihesecqmodlttes rere controillsd by the iliar Prsiuction Uoarti ard uere re-leased under prlority reg;ulatlcrs golerrilng their use. ooverr:ment-wned stocks rrure lurgeLy the property of subsidiarj.es of lteconstnrc-tlm' Ftnanee corpon:r tlon, part_lgu:e rly llefense $uppl.ies cprporatlon,L*tals Reserle ccmpansr ard nubber ft,eserrre cmpany. There iere a1s6trqp prtrate\r--crrneO stoeks of Bogi of tbe ccfurocffties lnvollved, ln-"Iqry pPFr, ilfrozen" try the i'jar prodrictlon Berd. rn the euityPa+ of 19L2, neither tJre Recorrstructlcn Ei.rnAnce Corporatlon nor llspubsldlartes, exceptlns &ubber Reserve counl:arrlr, rrao mado any seriouseffet to distrrrse stocks of d"tar cmiodlltei"to proper]y p:otectedvarehorses, to safe storsge S.ocations, or to areas noi tn- "irrfttctvrtth the lnterests of t{ar Department a5encies. Large stocks were sttlllocated on te:mlnaI plers tn coastal areas, 'There rere nu[erous In-stances of storage of vital, rraterlals in rmsafe warehouses, h corgestedaregsr-and Ln wlnerrabLe locationsn For eaanple, l.3B rrilrion porurEsof Australtan vrool, both prlrrately and 1;orerrunenf,-cnnecl, were in storageln an srtEa of tro 6r three city blogrs imsaiately adja6ent to plers oittr south shor.{, of }:oston Herboro U*t rg the cor:rse of tfre war, tf,fssLtuat'lon rsas allerrlatrd by the exertesr of pressure on eemodliy stcrageagencLes to select f oper storage facilities. Suggesilons of ttris naturelsere uf!{ed upcr the basls of analyses by. ttre ResoGces Protectlon poerd$ tlr" criticaL funpgrtance of the stockpS.le rrnder discusslon, or uponttre basis of security lnspretlor reporti of storage faclliti6s in whichjcrtt.lcaI uaterl,el rms ttren stored- Although ttre anal;rses anri ratlng of,stoclrplles Ls not rrlttrtn ttre sco.pe of this ctudy, these anaqrses rriessentiaLly 1 part, of thg anal.Srees of steage raciuttes" rn general,the rating of a storafie'faclEty ntIL depenc upoa the qurantlty arn rniporLgnce of tJte reaterlaLa stored vrithln it,. Thus, for eranple, stock-p11es of strat*tgic naterials ass€rmbled as a perreient war reseine nustbe howod 1n sultable narehouses. ?he sane degree of lnportance nhich1s attaehed to the stockpile autqaattcat\y atdches to tie rmrehsusefacility whlch contalns i.t. cEr ttro otlrer hand, dur{nG ;racetlme it isalso neccssary to plan fon the storege of rrast'rar sulpifes, not thenln ex{stence, but vihich rrlll be produced either before'or siiorb3.y aftcrthe outbrcak of hostllltios.

CONFII}E}ITIAL

r'A &:l

TIt!Fu$

2. rn the unlted st,atee there are over 250e oerchendiso Bre-house facilities-afforrdlng o\rer l alr{cr square feet of stora$e spBce.There are j.n addl-tion, approxietary r8oo cc"or?prcial colct stonigererelrouses harlng an estd.etnd steage capacity of 6fl rnlflrcn cubfufeet. Dtlring ttro rrar a csrstdarrable nurnber of, sto:ra6e fael1lf,lesre're built and operated by ttre arrad aeflrlees for tlre storage of, criticalEBtsniA*s. ilunersus obsoLete ard ldte mnufacturing faql:lldlds notsuit8ble for uar producti.wr rere convBrtsd ard utlLl.aed fon *rehor.relngpurpoc,es. In. addltton to warehowe hulJ.dlngs, hcreverr great l*portanceuru,st be attacbed to rallroad open storage yards and TransportaH.onCotps iloldtng and Becsrslgnnent Polnts fcr during the present mrtnemerdous quantitd.es of 1rlta]- ilar 1str6r1als rere assenbled and held forirdefinite perlcds ln etrcb ereas ln the courBe of transportettotr.lFqf railred open stomge yards regularly co'ntatnad savaral hurdrd,thouserd gallcts of hfgh oqtane gasollne ard crlttcal petroleun products.Such mterlala lrere not crrly vital in thero,selves, but cmstttuteil adefinlte hazartl to all other vltal &aterlals hel& fur tranelt in tJre sanoetoragg 8ree" $uch yards are, of course, prJ.rne ndlltary targeta forbmblng attacks or Lncendlartsn"

3. As previously stated, the lnrportance of a storage faelllty 1nt!+ny cases .fLws directly frosr the analSrses of the material contsl$edrrithln it. rn grrch e&ses tha rating of stoclqpiles and storagefacillties bec@€s e alngle operation. This situatloa is i1lustratedby the renieu of crude rubler stocks by the Regourcas protectton Boardon 13 I'obnary L9lt5, tlmlcal of crltical stockpile analyses. thesnttgipeted inports of rubber for lglr3 anor:nted to l+B r8lr0 short tsrs.Synthetd.c rubber tqs !9t expected to bs ln prodr:ctlon-before rnrne Lgtr3,and Ln-lgrdrnrm pro<luettcr rintd.L Octobar 19[3. Thus, aval,Iab].e stoclcs

-

of cnrde rubber lrero vl.tslly necesaary to Bupp\y mi [email protected] rubberreguirenents ln the interl.rn. Furt&er, Ln order to obtarn sattsfabtorypnoducts, crtde nrbber sas a necesaarT lngred.ierr-ii rrith s3mthetlcrubber. In Febnaary l$rlr^ttre total supply of rubber 1n-the corintrlr*: tlrle lqru of -rrqicfr'83.5 per cent:ml cnrmed Uy goverureni

"edr"i"uand the remtring 16.5 per cent b5r rrarious prlrrate ioncerns.. six[yrocatlons stored 76"7 Fr cent of the gs\rer;Eent stoctcs and h locailmscontalned lr.lr per cent of .the prlrate ;tocl€. llunorous other facilttlesaecounted for the rernpirder'. Upon ana\rses of ttre crude mbber stock-pLLe, the foll.cring storage fac{llties Fere detenntned ta contal"nsufficient qtnntlty of this vltal eter{al to ramant an rAn rau.ngr

Locatldr of Stock

BUI[aIo ttrilge. T{hsePlerce Amcr Bldgs.Bufl'a]e, l{. Y"

Ileig'ht ofStock

(SE-ATTffis)

L9,6f,5"7

Oovr t ItiveteStoeka $tocks-Tr?'6Er:b,j

@!s

Ab

CONFIDENTIAL

G}eveland $tge. Co. llo. 6Cleveland, CIrlo.

Clevelard Str,IE Co.llos. ? &'Bf,unldrki I{. I.

Co1umhrE Termtnal. Shss.?anesvIIle; Ctrt o

Cotter Ctty Vler Slge Co.Dock 5, Erie, ItB.

Duluf,h Termlnel A Col"dSAorrBge Co.Du3,uth, Hinn.

Dunlop Tire & Bubber Co"Bldgr;. C ec 16Buffalo, l{, f.

Ooodrich Silvertcmri, Inc.Itttf,s , !Ie. 3 Ss h$,leon, &i.o

l[lssouri Ill:lnole ffiare-houseE. St. LouLa, IlJ,.

llfr Jo(k Terninal tsare-houso co. l{o. La35,If;atchea, Uise.

St. Ipul's Teng, i','h$e.l{o. B,!I. &adtaySt. Lanisl l{o.

St. FeuI Temlnal Wsre-hrlwe Ho. BSte Pu]r.I;inn"

Cdluubrrs General DepotCo.Ltnbus, drlo

Curt$,a Bay &rdnereeDepot, Cur'tl's Bey, B.

U. $. Arry DepotSchenectady, !rI, I.

Goodpar Tlre fc RubberCo., Alccn, Orio

rrrTLB.o 2"6

ilr'Yr6.r 2"0

6rg6h,o

7r5l.lr.9

6rg??.r

7 rW5'3

8 rU97'?

7 ,l$5.?

7 r756.1t

L,6

L.B

L.6

L"5

1.7

L3"2

3".?

3"7

tre

Ac

Ac

Ac

Ac

Ac

Ac

Ac

Ac

106

l.)

Ac

Ac

i :l'i:-. -*r'

91876.8 2"2

13rhd+.4 3"o

5g,tbg.a

16.1?dr.6

16,881r"o

6,BB5,o

coltrlDsl[TIAt3

1"?

AC

Ar

Ac

L", Ac

b. In addLti.qr to retlng by vtrtue of tie atorage of crltloeLstockpi3.es, cartain stcrage {bclLiLtes frene tnportarrt for tha r"oesmthat they cortalned large qtantttlee of rer mteriel vtrJ.ch, t&eryh no6crltlcal, rere lmportent. Ereqples select€d at rand@ frcm the ttsstsrEssporrsibil.tty Llst, of L october 19h3 l].rustreto thts potnt.

a. Ferureyl,nanla Sarehorrse ard Safe Ilapoeit Corpnny, '

Fhlla&elphls, Fennaylmnia, atced 110691688 tcrs of s[rcLlac. and rse],so used W the l$ar Focd Adrdnistrratlqr for food stotgge ard by t}u9Treasury Doprrteent fs storage of Large grrantiti.es of, lend Leae,*L;t"i ioi Ahirr", Po.Iand, afo nussral

b. Berrrer G. &ith and Copany, Takosp, I[ashingtonr. stoned3,936 ahct torts or 6? per cent of atf b6vemrcni cmned sperir. oi)-.

c. ?he inventory of Canton Railroed Storage facillties 1nBaLu.lnoure, llarlfiarrlr m 3O Septenrber Lgl$, shomed the follcrLng Eatertalin etorages

Hg.I&, I-

BO7 short tryrs 6.00 S of governnent stoclr.e

31618?2 Long torr{ h1.oo 6 n rr rt

38Lr81o lmr: tsrs '53.00 f * 'n tl

l+O metric tqrs .O1 tr n rr rr

Asbestm

Chrore Ore

lJang*oese &e

Butile Ore

Bwslan l.erd LeaseItsterial ad Y{FA foodstoreg ilrm tms

5. The Beaourees Frotectlon Boalld mde no dstermlnod efforts toern}rste rerehouaLng facillties du{.ng t}t€ mar aslde frcm the ernlrp-tim incldent to aralyses of crttlcal and strategic mterlals. Anotable excopttwr, hcrever, Es ratlroed stonage J'artls rtrlch r€r€ rie-'rlfied on seyeraL occasisrs. In general, r*erbhowe and stoegefactlltles rrere ratod and lleted orly for tbelr critLcal cont'enta tndnot by virtue of thelr location or capacity. In such rating efforts aenere urdertaken, the Berd applied gernrral criterla based upon the totalralrp of, the cm'rodity eteed thereln. Thus, [Brr ratings uere asstgnedln em cas€a to facllitisg iontalning crLtdcal goods ronth $2r5OOr0OOar lrore and trCr ratings to facLll,tl.es oortaini.ng critlcal goods rorttr$lro00rooo - S2r5ffir@0, or less rqpotrtant goods rqth $2rS0orooo orllgre.

6. Informtim concernlng stoclsplles and storage dqaLftles Bain geneml obtainabLe frm tJrc follc'tttng sources during.the nair

oo StockpilLng ard transportetion Bureau, Ifar Producttqr Ber'd

b. . Rubber Beserve CmpanY

.- 4***- *

co C{lwodity Ct?dlt Ccrporatloa

do Hetals Eeserire Cmpany

9. I),e.fense Srppl-leo Sgrporsttq'l

f . Eeconstnrctlirr ttmnce Corpomt,tcr ''t , ','

g. Translt.$teege Divlslon, Traruspotatlm Cos?B

h. Storage i}J.rrlalan, ASF

O,fflce of Defense tlenoportatlm

J. I$ational Earehousewrrs AssoclatLon

k. 3{atXonat'furesu ior FxhrstrtaL Prcductloa

I. Bureau of tlp Censug

!0. Elepartnent of, Cmprce

n. Departa:ent of AgfieuLtune

l{ane of ttrese agencies }ras cql.etp Xnfozution oar' the entl,re fle1d.. CmsequentAy, ths eolLecticn of informttr on for a coopl.ete rerrlerr of

storeg€ faclllttes pnesents a sLaeab}e res€arch task. Ilcrever, asufflclent number of tJre factLitiee ebove naned are perrenent igenelesto enablle ttte accuapllshaent of peacetine emluatlon iJ suff,tclent tieeand effort ts devotaa to tappilg ad developlng tlre sou;ees of lnforg-tLon alfel]sble,

II. CO$$tUsICtsB

'1. In the interest of, nattcral' seeurity, ttrc ltar Dopsrtnent ahorl.dcontdnue, durlng peacettao, the ovaluBtr.orr of storage facllJ-tles tn osderto lnsure z

a. lwdlAte lnfomtlsr ln an eqergency of the quantitrS,',crnershl.p, ad Loca*,Lon of starateglc ratfrials; Bnd

b. tlrc locatlon, orrnership, stze, occupancy, r.estri.ctles,coastru,ctlon, anl protectd.ve reqtrlrements of auLtable rarehouses fortte storage of rar mterials novl,ng to theatprs of qp€rattm and, rere-horses so dlspersed as to afford adeqrate pnotectLon'f or critl.calstoclcpiLes.

iCONTIDEI{TIAt

t

r'i. i|

ca.s 3$JrrTIilP

1. Itaiufactr.rred or ratural gas is vttai. to a nodern lndus-trlaL conmirnlt4r; Ges uay heeme a rss roaterlal fui a uanufacturtngprosess and ttrus assure a opeclal signiflcance in eertaln s#"ifi"c88es. A considerable rumber of lndustrles utili.re gps .e*iI"sl.olg

J.a thelr production oporau"ono. _of equal. rrrport"nc"I-gu;-;;-i"ride rloslssti-e eonsunptlon. Cas faci}lties i;ckle piolucticg. l,rans-qrsglon, and distrrdrtron slateus supplyi;ng bru, ;il;iloi?""-"{aclured gas to uride sreas. Ls a ru-li}r-tirlse systms unlike-pmerrfacilities, ar€ not lnter-connected. ioogaq,rur,tly, destrueilin grdanage to orra of such facillti.es rrill cut oif the-[ae sujpry-ior ailua€rs" The Lndwtrler effect of .disruptlon of a gia Eu$t; con_ii9ul:l"toget'her with its d,mestic usei, ptacos gis raciiilies i;,ithe ca'uegory of lqportsnt service faeilities ard-mkes .ehej:' pou*,**_

?-" Gas systens rere reviened by the Resources frotectlon Boant .

up?n. the besls of a ccuprehensine sui.ney br ttre arnerican-c"" k"oriutr*.and t'he Federal Psrer co$r'iss1tr-I, rhic!- ls ctnrged, bry J.ar rrlttr-regulatlonof interstate natuTr ry" pipeliries. The rucomrrraaitons sor railnEsubmltted by the Federal Porer Coufolssion ryere founded ln sub{rtance onthe nunber anf, tmpgrt'ange of rar ind,ustries served by the nouj.natiedfacil5-ty uith a woi.gh'r, factor assj.gned to pupullttm-figuru" " -0.,*"

the obJections of t&re comrlsslon, Ihe noar& irurtrarrfy"reaueer! al1ratlngs, in ord,er to rtrnit, the over-t11. nuaber of high:.r;G GEII-tl'es. As a result, although the relatlrre stardlng oi ttre f,aci.tltiesYras retain$, tle htghest ratlng acconded gas facilltles .'as ;;i,i.--itTras generally the opini.on-of the Board that nm-essentlal conermptlonof gas eould Lr€ reduced., ii' necessery, to provid,e a suffi*ient, cuenrooin mast instances to miaLnlae the aanfer oi' tlre rcsu-of-inoi"i,r*rfacil'itLes. f,hLs deci*lT, hcrwever, fs subJeet, to constderabl.o questd.onin view of the lack of tntdr-connec[*oor" p"Joiously mentlonea.- 6;il&5tTuq" to a gas facility.Sqrrt prznlt sufl'iclent producti*-irt.n"gr,eli-nination of non-€ssential uses to enable continuatisr of vitgrfunctl*s, total destructi-oill or dauage *;tug ;;Gir; # oi;atio"genera[3rr offers no qpportr:nity for cmpensatls, ry d*;rrg d"n oig_ferent gas s1'"tm" Ths firel lornru:a ,r!* rtt:."L ttu Board-seCt.Led,horeverr.nas luLutantialJ.;y as fo]*lcrre, cities ln which nanufaciiuredf:.T: *lorflt were ratcd under a foamuta alLoring ,1 point fr>r--each ljorom q1lt..of populatlm; 1.0 poht for each rt.Ictr riteC inrlustrlalslcir|lrj !.5^Rointg-for sssh rilvr ritea ricuityl

"iiJ s.o p"j-iL ro,saptr ttfigtt f,aci11ty.'-'Bu ratings rrere asgigned to g.aF B]rst@s of citieelnving a score q 7.1 points or o'trer sr the basle of the foruula aFd ilcrrratings rere assigned to systens of clttes ""r"irrrg ; ;";;;F5"0-to-7.L"

CO}i}'IDENTIAT.

c'otf,Frt)ilirtt'iil

3. ?he Boerdrs r€vier of, gas facillites in 0ctober 191+3

selected 72 gas facilit"ies for rat'ings " ilmong the facilLties se-Lected *rere ihe. fo}lortng e

I o' The Coke Orren Flan'b sf, Eastern 0as and guel AseocJ.atesrat Everett, !&asrachwetts, produces over 90 per cent of ttre gashandled tiy Bmtor GoneoLldated Oas Ccurpany. A twelve-heu1 internrp-tlon of prcduction by this plant rrould deplete reserves and interruptservice necessary to th,E crltical lnduetri.es in the Boston area.

b. The Hagerstoccn frae Conlnny produces 10O per cent of allgas dlstributed thnough its systen. Of the s.ys'een load, 3.0 per contis consumed by Fairchild lingine and Atrplann: Corpcratlon, rated nAboe!

Destruction, o.f r or damage to, t}re gas prtduclng facilltLes of thiscompany uould harre fmccd an Lrrmedlate curtaiLuent of, Fairctli-ld pro-

c. T{bynesburg Compressor St8blon, TJaynesburg, Pennsy}rnnia,conpresses about 50 f,er cent of, t'he ga,p of, a tranemi.seion syatenuservicing U. S. Stee1'Plants 1n the PC.'Ltsburgh area. lestructtonof , or dau"ege to, thi-s pJsnt usuld. tt&,v.e resulted i,n an lmrediate re-aciion tn steeL productlcr..'

d. The Liberal $ooupressor Statlon of Panhandle EasternPlpelXne Company at L$.bera1, Ilansas, ser?es as A ceLlectlng and ccm-pression polnt for aLL gas transmltted fron the Kensas and Se:<as gasItetas and supplles ttre }arge pereentage of gas t o S8lchtgan Consoll*dated Gas Ccurpany, Consuunrs Pilrer Cornpany, llorttrern fndtana FrtrltcService Conpany, Central Indiana'Cias Cmpany, and Central llllnolsLlght Comlrny, all of thich are serving lnportent Lrdustriee" De-strucilon of this.compressor plant wcruld have had a partictllerlyserldus effect on gaoo3.1ne extractLon"

6. T{re Ottana Cmpressor Statlon at'Ottawa, I{aneasr con-pnesses a large percentage of the gas serveC in the Earsee Clty ar,ea.In additlcur, it serves nany sntsll 6as cotnpanies and dlrectly servegBoeirig Airplane Conlsiry, Uichita, i(ansas (ea), Fdntex Ordnance Plant,l,nariIl,o, ie:cas (Ac], B6ech Aircraft Coellanyr T{ichttae fran$as (Ab},Culver Aircraft Corporation, I''Iichita, I(ansas (Ac), ffi{ forrr Arny arldNavy installatlons

f . Iatex Ccrnpressor Slation at Detfrany, Loulsiarn, servegdirectly the follorlng vital war lndirctrles t

(1) Atlantic Befinlng Campany, Port Arthur, Te:<as (Ae)

(2) Sulf O11 Corporation, Port Arthur, ?uras (Ab)

(3) Sbell Oil Company, Inc,, liouston, Te:ras (Ac)

co$PrpENrIAt2

In sddttltrt, tID syEIteIB supplLes spprordmately t*nnty Aray and llavy tn-gteLlatlcns and & Large nunbr af dlstributlon utiLlttes serlrlng o0hermr irdugtrles, entrlg xhich erer

(2) l&ts$lsslppl Fcrer earl l;ipht Cmpany

(:) Horistm l[atura]. Gas Corporation

(l+) New 0rleana fublic Service, fnco ' I

$) Gulf Pcrer Cmpsny

L" It ls clear frmr the exanples gtrrcn that the Lnpontance of gasproductLon, transmlssion, ard dLstrtbutisn qnsbens wi.LL rary es the 1n:portance qf the sraas an,d lndlvtduel lrdustries served rarteso According-ly, &e eraluatisa of gas facllitle$ m€t, be conducted as e contlnuousp4oce$s in order to ensble the deternlnation at any particular t*:me of

.those faeilltJ.es r{hich flre €ssentlal to ttre nationts nl}itary effort"?echnical lnformatLsr cmcemlng the oapacity and area servlced by iater*state pipelines w'ill be availabLe through ttre FbderaL PmEr Contgslsn Lnpeacgtirne. Hmerrer, the 3.ega1 guthorlty of t"he Cmluissioct under tihe $aturalGas Act of, 1938 does not e:ctend'to loss1 dtutributS.oi s rstems or to manu-factr:red gas. ftrntng the nc'ar, Xnformatlon coneero:iag these faclLttiee rasvoltmtarlly'submltted to the Ccm:isslon by the gas utll.lties .throlrgh tho' Arerlctan Geg Assoelstlcno Ccnsequsntly Ln peaceti.rner' the eulrratLng agency

' rust in aLL probablltty.repl.ace the Cmsrtsslon tn this proc€ss and deai -'

direetly rlth the A,ssoci.etlon, the cr-npgnies, or statle ut!.11ty cmdssions"In eddJ.tlon, the comelation betrrreen the gas siystems rncl ttre ullt&iry isr-Port€nee of the faclLttiee'serrnd, neaessary to lccurete evalu*tLur, unrstbe acccrnp3.:lshed by err egeBey potsesetng t"iro f,rr],L lnfornation concernlngeucb Lndustrles, lncludtng potentlal ae rralL as present aS.gntficanceokeferably this correlatlon, or flnaL eralustton, should be eccmpltghedby the sane agency emlurting the Lndustri-aL f,*cllttles.

II. . OONCLUSIONS

5. Inf,ortetlst concerhlng natural gae productton and !.nterstate trans-nlsslott strateusi @y be obtained dur{.ng peacetlne from the federaL PcnerCcmaiasimt. Infornetlon concernl,ng locaL dlstrlbutim sSrsterrs anl nanu-factured gaa facilitiee dust be csLl.eeted dtreetly fron the spnclflc facil-lttes through t&e AurerLesa Gas Aseoeiatlon,

6. Proper erralr:atlon of tnf,ormatlon coacernlng gas facilttles requlres. the correlatlon of this lnforrintl.cr ntth ermluation of' the facilltles endLndustrlal areas served"

-?. Gaa fecll5.tles should be erplr.ated upm the baete of crlteria' subetsntirIly as fo:Llorrs t

3

COHTIDEFIIAL I

:r:::

*r -:..

80 Ratlngs should b .u?iFled upon ttre basls of J-mportance.tothe cmurrurs.tv aacl r,'nportance to niLrta*-i# iillls;;fi1L;ffii.tlonseerrmd

b' [at3ngs baeed upon conmrurlty consunpti,oa shou].d csrslder;

upon ga' for essentlal prhate a1o pr.buc !u"irrn"o--o-'vv s' v

(2) rue proportton of tndustrfal consunpticn to douestlc. cansunpt . .

(3). me.Bloportion. of poten.tldr rar industrr.ear cmsunp_tlqr to totat tndwtrtal lonsunptton":

(u) ttre er*rgency. potential capaalty avdilablc throughLnter-csraectlq:s of pouer-p:eirti ""d ;;;;-ffi[*i*,

---*- *'.

' $) Replacement tine.c' ' Rntings besed upon lnstalLatton conslnptlon Eho*ld conglderg

,i-.. -(1) _The present or poten:;ia1 iuportance of the industrlalor nLLl.tary r.rrsialLatlon and the degree of tti-a"purg"n;" "d;"E for

Sperationso .(2) .trre surplug capacLty or

'nergency r*serve analreble tothe lnstallatlm tn energincS.es irlr.oulu ,'oa*iioo of unessential eo'-.sunpttor, au:ctliary gas f,l.ent": ;. ilG":;*d;i*;o*'o"vu'rttr

(j) 'Rep3.acerient H.ne. ,

(l+) rndustria)- haza$s createi'by lnterruption of, ser'iee"

I4

COTFIDE}ITI.TT

COUUIrISICA?ION$

.l

1o The commu,nicati.ons s5,etcms, which encomrraes both.wire.and airclunnels, are of the highest importance in nartine to th&,mainten&nce ,of a geared*up productlon echeciu,r"e and national eeononry, as well as tl:efleans of ralntainlng constant control over millurry opeiations through-out 1;he vrorklo The destruction <rf some of the mosi sonsitive paints ineither srire or air netitonks might vseIl resulL in dangerous <ieliys i.n theproseeutLon of a Lar 6

2n Bcea.use of -lhe tllstance lnvolwd tn theseof evzlLuation must vary vrit*h the purposes for whj-ch

SXrstems, the methcds

utilizcd- Tlre Reso-urses I'rotecti.on ttoara detenri.nedshould be baeed cm'the kinci of serv:i.ce furnistrerl anooirer-alL econorlc, politicalr anel mt3.itary straNegy.Hoard revieued ti:e I'ollol.ring sen,'Lcesr'

Publ"lc 3.iessa6;d ?elegraph. Iiadio lfonir)oring litations

Telephone ToLl CcntersTrans-0ceanlc CablesTrans.-Oceanic ltaijios

. Traris-Oceanlc Ai.r"rvays Ccnuiunicati ensrliruray ?rafflc Control Centers

A. trubIlc l,lesgarie Teler,.ranh

-_-_

- -

C O N F I D-E.II T T A I,

3" Publlc Eiessage Telegnaph opena.tlng rooms were red-ered. becauseof thelr $.mportarree as a neans of connunieitton for facilitles engagedin vlar actilrLtiss, The eraluati.on was haeed on the percentage of-totatJJ-urord messages.handleci dr:rlng January 1gL3" opreraii.ng .ooi,s handlin[frcxn:2 frer cent to I!^rcr cent of_such messages were asslgned n6rr ratligs,rosils carrying orrcr ICI per cent c.rf such messages rrBrt .ratings. No tAlratings t'rere assli;rred" Of tiie 3Lr_operatlng rooras ryal"uatori, the folloring,tecause of .tire percentag;e of tobal ruessa6ei iranAtrea, ?rer€ c6nsiaered tobe the host rrltal:

liestern Unlon, ll? lt*rl<et St,., San Franctsco, Calif . j.Lf',iesterrr lJnlon,

-6p-tltrietta Sli., IJ.rVn, At1ant6,0a. 1.Afij:-:!orn Urrign, l!95 G St., If ,'.,,T:, ';,'aslilngton, i"C " i.*,I,'IesternUnion,b27s.Ia5er11e$i.,chici11o,.I11.11i',','estern Urdon, 2J0 iongrese,St., I-1oston, Lkles" '

3.WTlestern Unlon, p00 Chestnut $t", Si, touls, l,Aoo L.Z%I,.'estein Union, lrO Rroad St.. Hgw Iork. iJ.y^ ) .' '

fiestdrrr Union, 6O-HuCson $t", IIu* fori, rl;i;i U"5*. '"',,'estern Union, },lain & pearl 51"., hllis, ?e:cas h"Zf,

such evaluations aretlut the evaluationits part in bheAccord5"ng1y, the

- .-.\t,.l

1

- L" Informtlon. concernJ.ng these facllittes necessary to eraLr:atiqunder the above crlterla rnay ne seeured ln peacetime from the;Irederalcoruurilcaiions couriission and Testern union Telegraph oornparqro

,orlnc StationsR. ftadlo Honltortng Stations

,,^-- ons rieTe of prfuary fmporiafrcer.'prior tol"b:}*".y L9L5, in Locatlng eneuy anci other lttegat radio statj.ons as vre1las rrlostrt aircraft for the amed services. Thefe activlti.e" ceasea aue-tothe exlstence of alt*rnate systens malntalned b:r the i*y ""a-Gry, Therelre{e only three such stations ratr:d - t'lvo of which t "ru io*"i*o 'fi ri:asra-ard the third ln ilavraii" The najor fienction of these stations in peace-try' is the policing of radio cm;nrnications wave lengths. Source of ttretnformation q1 such stations 1s the i,'ederal Ccn:nnrnlcations Oo:mrission"

6. It does not appear neces$ary{"Iirrg peiicetture. Miliiary raonitoriirgd.efense operations.

C.. Telephone Toll_ Centere

7. The tast, and lntricate netr';ork of telephone circults t&roughoutthls countr3r ls _tied together through lnter-eonilecting "q*p*""t at focalp,otnts caLled tolL centers. This netviork is. onnect itrd-r.ir"ii""n Tele-

Phgng & Tele6raph comply, /tssoclated BelI Teleplrone-companiesl associageaint'er-corurecting^cgrfniesr sd independent irrter..connectlng coupanieso It.ts estLtrated that when al.l'circults lhroughout the Untted SIates wereoperating at capaci.ty durlng the rrrar, during busiaess hoqrs 5o pur "*nt,of t'lte tralflc wElB yratr cmuaunicati.on, 2? y*i,cent unrelated io vrar, and

8. The long distance }lnes which foeus 1n bhe*se +,o11 centers provldetTo t*pqtant types of 'cornnnnication.ln additlon te puUpc telephone ser-vlce, polnt-to-point private lLne telephone commrrnicition and d:tetypewriterconmunication- Ttie Amyr. ilayf, anct Coast Cuarcl use the. teletlperrrttlr'system'for morrerent of nateriei ancl t::oops and regar<i it as ir,6t"porr"ab1e.'lhe rritten rEssafie v_oluner_via terephoni circuid, 1s e<1r-lal. to nore than30 frer cent' of 'the volune of stpllar services'rend,6reA uy r,,estern Union andPostal Tclegraph cstbinedo ?hus-at,the Chesaleake & potomac Telephonecorpany 3o11 center, 1l+20 coluubla Boad, ry.r'J.; i,,'ashlngton, u.-i. 2o percent of a1L teLe6f4 Td telephorie cir6uits {re uncier coitract to gtrrern-rynt lggr,gig!, and a-t the t;hesapeake g potm:ac Telephone cmrpany ?o1r cen-ttIr.725 lbrh $L.r-lI.i,;?., iTashln[tonr iJ..c:, 60 per c_ent of all t"iG;"il"anci telephoae service are rxrder coniract t6 tne'irmyr l{avy, ino ottrer -

governrrcnt agencies.

9. Bepeater statlcru ire located at serreute,en nile inter.vals on allcross-country toII circuits. The ]o_ss of any twq conttguo;s repeater sta_tions on the llne clestro;rs lts usefuLnesso be."os" of Ine oir""GgL-"f-i__p)acenent equiylrent for these statlons durlng the xar, the slrnultanepus re-stLtutton of ten sta.tlons vras Lnpo$sib1e in Iess than a monthrs tfureo ?here-fore., aLl to}I. centers became lnportant ." , **ns of by-passlng toIL groupson lrhlch rereater stattons may bi destroSredo In evahiau.ng theie facilitiesthe Bercl cbnsiderect:

coI,lrID;}ITIAL

Lo evaluate rnonitoring stationsul1} in all probabllity sufflce for

238

ao ?he nuufuer of toll circultscults enterlng a tol1 center, and

and percentage of, toIL c1r-

bo ?he_nrirnber af telephone statlons and. percentage of tele1phone statlons uti3.lzing the center. - -- \

IOr In addttion'to the trvo exanples pr*rviously mentioned,.the fol-lonlng'because of thedr locatlsr anci tire ,oirrr,e or [i.iri";nr"ai"a ]vereeonsldered !:r !,he Arprlcan Telephone & Telegraph ccnpany to be tho mostvital toIl centers durln! tnis ivar:

American Telephone 6c TeLegraph Company32 Sixth lrrrenueNew York Clty

'^BeLl Telephone Cqnpany of pennsylvaniaIrL6 Seventh Arrcnue, Plttsburgh, pao

fllinots !1e11 Telephone (ioaapany3lL llashington iitrcetChlcago, Il11noj.s

11. Inforr.Btion necejssary to tlrc evalrration o,fcan be obtalned from the follow-fuig,

B. Anerican Telepho:e & Telegraph Cor:rpan1,co4xnies.

lJ. 0f the total traffic and nessage communicatlons to all desttna-tlons ln 1reland, Lonclonr.srlop", azores, portugal, Africa, England, ?festrndLes, all ftltu and central /rrrerlcan countrieJ, ueruaii, ind ttorrrlir.sanpllng I 25 L:areh 19112 fnaicated that ?0.6 pei cent w5s handl6d [i trins*oceanic cabLe. The ecmparative secrecy of cabie curmunication nakes thlsmearc of comsrunlcation particularly aclvantageous u

telephone toll eenters

associatedand

bn FederaL Cmmunicafi,ons fecilitles,JiZa fhe contlnuec! evaluation during peacetlme of these factlities ls

deslrabl,e Ln order to lnsure that the cdnunication network is adequatefm the natiqral econcrny for rvdrtime actlvlties" Infrequent revieris rlllbe sufftci.ento In additlon to consldering the number of circuits foeuslngtn certain toIL centere'and the volume -of buslness handled therelnl r€;pl-ae*urent equipment as nel} ao by-passes' or alternate routes stroutd beconsidered 1n arrirrd-ng at evaluattons,

l)o Trans-0ceantc Cables

th" In eraLuating these facllitj.es the Resources Protection Bgardcmrstdered:

3

CONFIDU}I?IA},

:- Er :'S.*,IY-.:tr .

= -.tt:

9?QL t.)!,

a" the nufter oI cables i')

b. the dcstinatlonst

cr thousands of words outbound daily;

e . percentage of total cabla and radio nessaLe. ccr,eiun:i-catlon to the Frticular pointl and

.

fo percentage of aLL cable traffic to the particular polnt"

0f the six Locations e''raluated, all received an rtArt rating. Of these themoet important ms the I'lester:n Unlon ReIEy ljtation, Reach Bl+tti Street,Ilaroel, Iiockarrray Beach, lletr York, nhich handled over 7O per cent of thetotal catrle ccuunica{lions, 'representlng 5O frer ient of the cambinedcable and nonqiilltary racllo nes6age trafftc, to polnts in Europe ardAfrlca,

15" The evaluatlon of cable centers should be continued. Ilcnrener,the necesslty for collectlng factual lnformation ts reduced to the rrlnl-.nun because of the fixed nature of the cables and servlce.stations.. Veryfew changes vrl}I occur ln this tytrx of LnstaLlation over a period af)tears. ?tle mjor varLable factor is strateglc, 1o€,, the destlnatj.onsof rar Epssages in a future conflict"

E. Trans-Oceanic ltadio

16. Privately-ovmed trans-oceanic radio fecllttl.es rryere utillzeddurln6 tlxr war for propa6anda and morale purposes. !'acilities.in theeast€rn United Statcrs broadcast direct short Ttave prograrns to Europe, thetlear Uast, ancl .,outh Anerica. rrol,rahs riere also reliyed through irnllandr't}trough other transn:i.tters in Iiorth i;nerica, and through a nunrber ofnoblle trarrsnlt ters uhj.ch folloyed adrranclng troops. In adclition totransnission, ihese facilitiers may becone ,rafuairfl ln clisruptl.ng naterialtrearned to, this country. The Axis powers rvere at one tine estlnated tohave been usirtg 200 transmitters for broadcastin! and 1O0 fpp ttJanmingt!purposes.. The effectirreness of Jamrlr6, honewr, is llnited.

L'1. Durlng this rar, dlt racilo teiephone transmltters suitable foiinternational bra?dcastlng uere elther taken over for use blr the f.itry orNety or werd utllized on E contract basls for nilitary nlsslons. Approx-lmitely forty-seven transrnitters retre operated by 0f,fice of TIar Inforua-tlon, Coordinaton of Inter-AmerLcan Affairs, and the Offlce of StrategicServl-ces. These statlons nere in use twenty hours a day, the remainlng{our-hoy1s belng devoted to'malntenallsso as a tSplcal. examplb, theCrosley Broadcasting Stattonrs tirp on the air wai allocatei ai foJ.Iovrs:Psycholog:ical vrarfare and propaganda (o.u.I .) 65 per cent; coorcilriatorof fnter-Amerl.ean Affairs 25 Wr cent;'troop ncrale programe (nrmed ForcesRadlo $ervtcd) 1O per cento

b

CO$}'IDE}I?IAL

?:4A

: :.: -'a..

18.j The He.sources r36lsction ll€rd evaluated trans_oceanie trans-nlttlng l'acilities upon the basis of (a) irtu-"*,u"r of transmittersoperated by thu faclrity, and (b) the power of tire transmitters inIdLcrrattso Infonnation ioncerrring these facilities lras obtnlned by.the.Berdr,Td riII continue to b6 arralLatr"l ir*, the Federbl ccnrruni-catl.ons Caamission"

19. The neceslity, for-peacetime ratlng of t"*r,"-**"rri" in.ifo facil-itles is rruestionable. their value to a fulure .u,ar is depemlu"t,-;;o;-ii;-use rlhlch ruy be nari.e 9f them. unless the posslbillty or'ririrr coruinn orcmnando-tygre operatioirs warrants protectton of all irnportant broadcastingFlrst'enrs, there nill be no Lmrrediate emergenclr use nhicir "rnifi require emer:gency proteeti-ve actlon uy military_ agen-ics in the event "i ;ilp"i;.-"--attsck. Consequentllr, it appcars that erraLrratlon could be underbaken1lortIr after tlie bei;inning of an erierljency sltuation vrj-tlro,.i sorior."difflculty or the exposure*of the n"ril" il any-w,a"o ri.sk. ri,.-rrui[r-pEcution of transiciLters antl i-nprouing netirorrs of transnlssion also adddoubt t,o the necessity for preaceirr.e eLruation"_ lteccnt aev.ropii;;";-*it ts uncicrstoocl, will:soon enable tlie transrnission of sevcrar-irqr**on differcnt yrane lengths over one transm:itter" consequentryl i veryfevr transmitters nr:iir be abre to handre ari pr"jictablc **, giigrans inany.future confLi.ctn

P. Trans-0ceanic Aj.rrrvays touounication

roovlng betvmen the united states .and various Jutlyingforelgn countries h;r neans'of dLrectional beans. voiceradlo- telegraph, ancr teIetlrye instsllations" iitr, trr"certain facilltie:.in ftiaari, iie;w (hLearr., "na U*"--y""f*,faclllti.es are amtlable

"

to air trafficpossessions andcsnmunication,exception ofno alternate

21. In euluating 'these facLllties, the lL,euources Frotection BoarOcsrsldel'ed the tlpe of equlpurent (number-of transmLtters and number ofreeel-vers) and the amouht, o3 trafitc (numUer of words pe_r month by radioand land lines; also the aircraft contacts), AIL neceijrry lnforrnatloneoncernlng airrvays communlcations facilitles cait be obtaLnEAfru, *,rmy.i;lr Forces hnd the Civil iieronautlcs CoumlssLono

22o Since facilities of thls nature are }ikel-y tarl;ets for surpriseattack in the event of a future conflict, a peruenent procedure for theirevaluatLcrr is desirable. ' '--"'

LJr ,jiryy Tra-tfic Control Centers

2). .l's their rurne-lncllcabes, air-nray traific eontrol centers exercisecontroL ofcontrol of air traific ln surrouriding areas. Tirey are e.luipped with appa_fatUS fOf COgmXfication vrith n]ane.e Tn fti-r,.r o-,.r rd+r. ^*r.^cosmuni.cation rrith planes in fligh.b and vitii o{t,*r'-"orrd;i ;6:tlons, and cohstj.tute the'nerve center or I mqrlrn airport.

5

COT{EID}:NTIAt

.2,41

2U" Ihese centers were the only part of the airvray sJrstem, asidefrcm Trans-Oceanic Airrrays Csmnnication Systens r,rvhich were consj-deredby the ltesources itotectim tloard, Althou6h the apparatus involved isvery di{ficult to replace turder war time con<Iitions, the Botrd assignedonly I'Clt ratings to the centers selected'by a slngle revierv in January l9lrl+"

25. Tha problem of protecting and erlaluatlng airwaSl slretdns requiresa {:}rorough study .by quaJ-ified technlcal personnel. Tire erraluatlon oftraffic controL centers onl-y is probably not sufficlent to instre thesecurity of ttre alrray systerns of this countryo As air defense becqnesincreasingly vital, the airnay slrstens must becotle correapondingly nore.lmportant and more profitable tcrgets for the enemyo Since the questlonof alnays protection logical3,y laps over qutckly lnto tactical consldera-ttons, the stuCy of these s3rstems nust be cocrdin:ted rith irr:ny Air l'orcegtscti.cs anci strategy" At tire pne sent tlne, both the Arny filr Forces andCivil A.eronautics frdrnlnistratlon are fully.acqriainted rlth all necessaryfacts concerning airtrays and can furnj.sh the technical inforsntion endpersonnel necessary to an adequate stuciy of thts prot,leno

II" CO}ICLIISIONS

26, the types of comnunication installatlons selectecl by the Re*sources Prntection Board for ratlngs are probably not as lnclusj"rre as themLnlmun plotection of service faellities uiI1 requireo The telephone strre*tem of any large rretropolitan area is cssential to its cosnel.ee and, moreinportant, t,o its pbIlce, firefighting, and clvilian defense organizationsoIt ls <liff1cu1t, to concetve hprr any coo]:dinated clvil1-an r(jsponse to Isignificant air raid, for exanple, could'be organized vrithout telephone ser:yice. ?lre omj"ssion of local telephone service i-nstallations can be Justi-lled only by the size of the defense forces required to protect them. Localbroadcastlng stations also hold a douriruitinl; positlon ln tire loca1 defenseplcture, It is, moreover, slgniflcant that all Ft-fth-Column attacks selectbroadcasting stations as prinrarll objectlnes. ltture erqluat5-ons' of corununi-catloris s3re tens nust, seriousl;r consider the exient to nhich this natl,ion israrranted in untiertaldng rass defense operations to proteet.local facilitiesof this natureo

,.2?" The confinement of the evaluatlon of airxqys sSrsten facilitles to

corryrtrnicatlons facilities results ln analysis inadequate for the securltyof such sSnstems in the euent of future hostilitj"es, Separate studies bytechnical personnel nust be lnstltuted to determine the extent to whichtnsta11aii-ons essentj.al to such systeru must be protected in addltion tothe tactlcal prote;ction affor<ied by air force operatlonso.

lFlf4lffr.

g*ffiSEI,ItIAL

-rATgR $iYSTEMS.-.-,i_--

CONrIDB{gITL-rr@

',C:qd

cnd suffoundir4; con'tn 'bhe nortir braneh of

I. $tscusslo$

lo probebly. noro thhn anlr other sGr-vIoB facllihr, pattr: 8.y8tofiI8 aro

tEs€diatary innis;i;;d1; m irre ,riintetaoce orltif*. i1*av 'qe:tropoltten8f68. euttinS off tue mter r"pp$ .i _xy to"u citf, for oxailple, trduld

for&s.its evacuetion i.n $bort o;&ai, It'etor rnuEi: be availabtrs'tn euffi-cl.ent qr:arrtlty nnd pr:rlQr-to nEtni*fo ftf* and pribllc hoaltho Polluted

or lnadequatt weter erappl!.gs qfi*ffy p"oe.rou doirrrellalnge tf ,:to'b Cls-

. eltrouon apldanlce, I;'*h-C.E conn€o:Ufo*, rator eyatalo $3 fa*foularly '

ewcoptible to *""i*"i""t!onu Uy tn'Uenti"ryt or aocidontul rro&Itee' l{or-

Dal watcr syotar*a erfford 9Py- iutnerabla targoto for b!'otogloal rrarfare'

Ifater nust alrJte-'a;affaufJfn auffiolent quontLt"" and. guri"tq.for ln-dwtrlel prr"po"**. dl',tqr jla uti3.isbd try' iaduat4' 8t lrvt lngrodiente :

raag,ont, sofreni;-cairS,ing q.So1te and a iouros-of-pogeio Steam poror la

dcpondent opoo-urltu" *Vuio*ii foi tii,ui not' only Ln adequate-gue*tiuy but

also of aufflbiont pr,o.itfla for-ioqp"r* rytyl o.tiX qutokly-ruln bol1erlo

Eren lf retor rere iilt eir*anttal lo a faoiltty for "T tf ther'* pur-

po8ag6, i,t wouldr*ilU tre osaontlal' to tlra hr'usn neodE of ths rrelrketrso

Ftaally, water cysteme art} tlq uuoLeus of modsrzr dsf,enee against f,trroo

and,, aeoondlngfy"-it. Uaeic of civi.Iian def,enaa agelast air att'*cko

. to 8ha doterm,i,a*tio:t of, ttre esuei.ttve. poi.n.bu of cqter syetorno !,0 ao

rlspaudont ,rpn*-i[*- "o6"f aayoui "i-tfi-.nqitau]tor

ryaton that t]ts Ro*

eourdea Frotootlon goerd *** oo*p*Iled ti-ltir oxplorltlon of this fi'ord' to rata only'ryatena6 not orpocifi.o t*"sta11c'tions mlthin a syatem6 1oav-

ing the aoleoti.*"-I'i't;;--fi;ifl e structuroo. re'luirtng protoetLon tei

looal'author!,tieao A 5lnnce *i-t* ropreaentlt'fve water syatems de:eon*

;;;";;il- ;tifi;ullvrwht'ch foroed ' thln coaqluslon" "

. to Tbe watgr supp.l"y of Cloveland, 0b1o6 and Ewror.Bdiirg aotmwti-

6.oe Ia drevm i*o* faU" iliilt tr,tigett-6o ittt'X"u four mller off tlroreo

tha wster ffcrd tir*""gn t*o-.*up tiurnste, ten feot la die,:*storo one '

loadfurg f"on "loi-"iot[*u' ffr".'o*p"of"y if eesh of theao tunna]'a ic 160

nilllon gaffonr-A*,11y" Tho ,"ter"-thsn- Pe86€s. through anallar branah

tr.rrrnalo to pr.urpin* rtation* ,r.iii i;i;.-'a; into ona-of oereral puri'flca-

tlon plent, or"**I of "uru".I reeeiviag rel?rYolra for etorageo Afber

purificatloa ths rater iu prmp"i-ll-;.!* d.irtribution ayatem rrhich

oonta.i.ne uto"isl i""iiiii-" rl" e?o Bt1l$.on garlonb, rrightly moro thon

one dayru ,,rpit!.'*lili;;; i;tr.laritri"butfon ryrion ale four high

pro'iurt ffrc'!i.ote1!io?.uy"to* ,utrfog tf,o conilit"a-b-tr1fn9o* dintrtat of

thn cLty" lha Br:rlfication ye p"pi"S P11":o aio probably tha moot

nrtnerablu peitl of tnr" ,y.tJi,"-_ri-t[oi'id be notsd ia parsing that

ttu eyctran "."i"a-**o ngls- a*i"a faqtgtiose thirtesn "Al* retod faoi1-

iU.tr-*a ofi"eu ilAc6 rated faciltltaoo

bo lhe setor for I'rovidenoe' Shoda laland4

mr.u1tloa ir oolfcot'd in f,i1vo lrrporrndln6 reaorvoira

COIIFII]]J}i?IAL243

the hwbu:cet ltiver, which ls approxlnately ten niles west of the city. .One of the five reservoirs is forrred b." a- substantial earthen tlam havinga tqp length of Jr2p fee+, and a helght atrove-the strean bed of, 100 feet.1113t*t flors by gryvtty through 1ar6e stee] plpee from the

"*"*"roir"-;;--tlrc flltralion plants., threelfourlhs of a nite gelc,u" After puriflcatlon,the rrater flows .for three niles througtr a T x ?* foot grarrltyrhorseshoetumel, and then through seveml mlles of large-rej-nfoiced'clncrete ardsteol corduits'to the dlstribution systern. Host of the clty is 1n a lgrrarea and consequently nater is distribu-ted by use of gravlty. r"; pirr;i"gstatlons, honever, supply nrater to th-ree interconnectea higL servl"b aiesi,1nd tuo. other Pleptng stations supply water to two high prJsaure fire flghi-ing sSrstems tn the buslnese district" The rElns are exposed as they crdsthe lloonasquatucket River on se\reraI bridgeso However, J.nterconnectlonsand oubaqueous mins apparently insure aciiquate rater {uppltes at mostpoints even lf the .exposed brldge mins riere destroyed.'tfr* nrater systenserws two rAbtr. and two nAcn raied plants o The noui ""rr"itive featuresof the systern are nrobably the dam, filtratlon plant, and steeL pi.peso

3. The crlteria emplo;rcd b;r the Resources protection Board in emlu:atlng uater systems rvere slmilar to tJrat ernployed 1n enaluattng Eas systens(Tan f 1. ?he criterla rrere deslgned to obtain a mthernaff"cal deterninationof tht: tmportance of, the vrater system to vital lndustrier, ,ruf6f,teO' iorecol;nize tire hulnanitarlan inporiance of the slrstem to th6 popilation. l,scortng s;rs'uem was devised urder which a point score vras assigned to eaehryted facllity served try the systenr. !'ivi points were scored f61' sagh u[sn{acl_litl;2.$.polnts for trabm ratti<t facllities;1point ler r;lg'i

"utua.facilitle?i :5 points for trBr rated faciLitieu ! ani .2$ point" ro" 'lcirated facillties" Thusr.a tater Systen serving two rrAan- two ilAbtr an<I onefr0[ facllity r';ould achieve.a base rating..score of L5.zS points" Ttrese scoresTerg then aJJus!*9 UV a percentage lncrease assj-gned acc'ordlng to the numer_ical strength of the population served, as follors:

Populetion lierved

Under 25r0CX)25,ooo - gg,ggg1O0,OO0 - l$g,ggg5001000 and aborre

$ Increase to Base Scorej,

0n the basis of the adjusted scores, so eonputed,follows ?

l,lone'1020l0

ratings uere assigned ae

Ad;lusted Score

o-L5-\g50.ana aborre

2

CONTIDEI{TIAL

Ratine

NfieilcllilBrt

;,,--l{r!r *flF:ffi1rc' ;: . ic.olt:rlIJIj$?Ii.L

L. Departures frpe the standard rating crlteria were required 1norder to recognize certain special situatLons. fin appreci-ab1e nunberof facllities rrere. rated solel.y because of their serrrice to rnllitary andnaval tnstallations. The Loulsvl.lle', lentuclgr, and the Norfolk, Virginia,watcr sypterns wore ratcd riCil prinariiy because of the large nwr6er of'miU-tary personnel served. Slmllar1y, the Kittery, Maine, wdter system,rvhich did not narrant e rating upon tlre basis of the general.importanceof the area seru)d, rxas iated because of its seryice to ttre Pets.uouthl{ariy iArct at Portsnouth, lienr }iarnpshire. In the Iory; range view, t}recrlteria vrere defectiw in lirat thoy falIdd to recogaLze the criti-caIiopont;rnce of, water systems in areas having high concentratj.ons of highlyrerted plants. The maxi-rrurl rating permitted, rrB'r, did not progrrly reflectthe lncreased funportance'resulting frou such concentratlon. To correctthls deficiency, criterla employed in future evaluatlons should be sub-stantially as follcrvs !

Adjireted- $core RPB tlstlng Proposed Rating

O-li . l{one9 . l+9 ttgrr

50-99' nBrr

100 - 1L9 .nBrr150 - 199 rrBrt

200 and atrove . tBrr

NoneltcllrlBr!ilAcxir66rrllAarr

' 5" The amilability itf Snforuation negessary to the evah:ation ofuater systcms from exlsting pcacetLure $ources is doubtful" The Board re-celrred its inforinatlon arrl adviee fron a speclally created Eroup, headedtry the llirector of the !;fater Division, Office of l',Iar Utilities, ind.i.n-cluded representativr:s of the. Arny, Navirr r.'ar l?oduction Board, and hibllcIlealth fieirrice o. Of these agencies, only the Public l{ealth Sdrvice will beengaged in peacetirne aetirities di.rectl;1 corurected wlth prirrate rrraters;rstems. Tlte nornal operations of }\rblle ilealth Service, hovever, rdl1presuaably not require tire constructlon, replAcer,cnt, and industrial ser-.viee naterial necessary to erraluatlon. Accordingiy, it ls probable thatinforxaticn, supplenentlng the facts ncrnelly avei16b1e frorn trrblic IIeaIth

,Seruiee, nust bc collecteri directly fron the utilities concerned by a'JIarDepartment agEncy"

'6, ?he lack of a federal supervisory agency whi-ch could furnishadeiuats information for eraluati.ph purposes has an acidltional resultuhj-clr ls appropriate for comment hereo llater systems are generally Ioca1instaUations, in nany cases muniei;xI1y ormed and operated, although thenumber of netropoli.tan rtater systemi j-s increasing, This factor has pre-wnted the'lnterconnection notlced in povrer systens or, rrith noliable ex-ceptlons, the develo;xnent of large supply systems catrabLe of subsidizlngor. Supportin6g smaller distribution dystenrs" This failure of coordinatedplannlng can lead to acute energencies ln the defense si.tuation. The ln-

.3CO}I.FTDINTIAL

CO}ITIUL$T:J.I,.:' .1':::'

z:qS

earporated nunlcigrality of vorlon, callfornia, l+-1- squarc rniles in area.,tn the Los Angeles area, conttrlns'the uo"o"J larges1 cqncentration ofmllltari\v impo:tln! i ntiustrv in rhe ";;!ry,-i;;;";; il"Jor,"ruts en_tlrely of industrlal pnopertLes. |eing a =u!prr*t" munictplity, prlmari\rfor thehx admntsges-gained thereby, it a[i not <rravr its s*ter from theLos Angeles ltt,tr-opolitan ,,..rater aistriet *#turl""d;il; ir-io*oer Damand Farrrer rlam, bu1 rather has lts own "*iii-traependent high pressurewalgr sSrsten, suppried by driven-iverls op*"rting it, ""p""ii!" ?he extra_

3$rnary lrqtel consu:rptlon occasloned by war-tiie pro.ri,ctioi so decreasedttte pressurc ln the nimi"ipa:.-n*ifis, frconerrer, th;t ftre hose ;;r;;;:ffianot reecrr the upFr stories of qaoitant prarits. prcssur*, p;;.;ilirrJJ*-were not e"9 b]' ttre city flre oipartrmnll",r lt was maintalned thatspectal auxlllary-pixlPs uere not avallabIe and could not be added to theptlutpi'ng stations for fear of rlanage to the *ir.". nespit.-rrigt loeses in.serreraL industrlal fires, neither-the lietropoiit",. ?iater District nonYgrton iras willl?g l.* talie mutually satisi"Iit y acti.on to correct thiscrltical situatlon throughout the i"nar" i[e-sor"t:ion $as ""ar""Iiy J,tiit",a 1ar6;e concuit of

. the lrJtropolitan r,rater i::.ut"i"t

""n o"ii-ip.& r"otfrom the t/e;rnon rrEri-n. a-shoi't "ro""-"o"n"*[io", ecsting a few hundred clol-

111", nou)-d_]'nrrc supplied u:nlimiied ,*il;";;-tni" *"", it tr,"'rrri]uiiy*"'-prsssure' Tlte rate [egoti4tions bctTieen the tso clties, houerrer, brokedo'rn anci the cross-connection n*s never built. A proper analysis ofwat3- syster's prioi to the v*ar nou1c1 iiave dj-scloseci thls situation andpnobably others of a sild.l:rr nature. It is-prorurlre tHat-*ny uuct situa-t{ons can bc corrected prior to t}re outbreak-of hostillties by negotiationspronpted br thg-yiar Departnent; it is clcar that tne iype oi"attack onthrs cowrtry:rrhich can be antl-cipat"A a""i"g iho next nirr nall ttsx wa.ter' systems to their rfiit. rhis i:.in:.t mrst ;# b. c<xnpletely lnadequatebecause of dcfective plannLng.

7 ' It is significant thst a nation'tride ratlng of, ruater systems csuld' not be finiehed by the Roard r4ntil Ur""irr-ipf_f*, over trro Jrears after warbegan' Frlor to tnat, tine'the Ecird hao'nalei the vrater s;astems of a fe,,lndlvtciual ctttei after an ertensi;i ;t"dy oi-tt"t partrcuii"-"rty,s waters"'stem had been -canpleted ln order to oetlrlnine vririla,ilil;;ints " Thlsprocess rEs so-?}orr, lrry3wr, that this approach .had to ue iuanao""a-i"-f,avor of the ratlng'of the nliole system dE;; the criteria previously dls-cussed. l'rhen the. system rbt:,ngs were announcucr-it$""-"ttrf io"r"u""yfor I'ocal buthorities to tleteriline the nrlnerabre points requirlng secwitymeasures" This ldck of lanowledge gf t*i;-;wi,uu," arid plans for thelr pno=

!.ectlo1 nlght rell'haie been diJastrous ma-irre eneny aLrned hls attack atthe united stuteso !'ederal agencies rrrlst nct be so unpretrEred at the out-bresk of ttrg next uraro w r'vv uE Ev tarPr-t'IJqreq

II. CCHCI,USIONS

B' ' Inforrnatlon for the evaLution of water systems ln peacetlue maybe obtal"ned in part from the hrbllc llealtlr soi"r"*" collection of additionalinf,orc8tlon rri11 probably be requlreo "na ;;l ue undertaken ty ir, ilffiffi;

I4

CONTIDE}ITIAL

C: )\'.,,J

c o il tr' I D E H T r'a I

(I

CONfIIJEI,,TIhL

lselclr: ArI facts so obLrinerl, honever, musrt be correlatcd wlth the.bmllations of ' the 5artlcular industriai ano non-indr.strial faclli.ties"?ITd. -

Cor,rseqr:ently, fj.nal erraluation of water s;retems sbould be accoru:pll.shed by thg ascncir respqrs,ible fgr rating i-ndu;[;il-i-ri"iutr*" "

-. ?. ilating of Trater sllstems should be refined tcj the'.ratlng of theactual instaLlations which re;.iuire protection. ?he impohiancu it tr,uuf_trr.a.s a Polo, should be deternrineri.by a forrrura iinitar to_ thatutLllzed by the ]lcsources Protection ttoardr.but refincd to refleei"-ih"6reater importance of r*rter systcrns in eondent"*luo-irn;il;i-;reaso

LO. The evaluation of water s3rstenrs rnust be trndertaken as a pemanentpeaeetise funcbion in order to lnsr:re lnnediate protection in the errclt offuture ho$tillties.

i :)'.i-.'

EIGETYAY BBIDOEET ?rII{I{ELS A}Ip CaUSElylyS

IO DISCUSSIO}I

!.a The llrportaaoe of higtmayr in the notoriiea, uectira^rriarid warferoof today, both ag couduite of faat moving taotical mllttar1. tieffioo1.8o6 tanka, trucke, and armored Tehicleo, and aa media of trLnapo'rt*-tlon of crltioalLy needed mtlltary auppllea and nar production Es.t€rlalaohaa been irrofutebly demonotratsd in Tforkl Ear If" fhe Gornan Gorara*nent constructcd a network of multiple-transg high-speod master high-waya known eo Aut*bahnsn, ro11 i.n advanse of their initie}. actr ofaggroeslon, aird pl.qnning for these hlgh'reya waa basod sololy on ntlltarytresriso Deeplte thia pl.aanlag, as afffca forces'gained alr oupert*rityovor the fleich, tho stra.fi.ng and bombing of convoyr on the Autob$haansand oonceutratton bonbing of critical potuta aloag the llrie.oontrf.bui*t*ln a larg€ &easur€ to the defaat o.f ths Gerrl'en forcseo Dlapersion oftrefflo froru the hlghweya and lta dlvereion to the alreadlr overtaxsdGertan ralLwaye {a&ich rrsre eleo eonely preaaod by aerial bonbardnr*nt}oonrpleted the pi"cture of traffi.c paralyzation and defeet !,a Grrmaup'"Sla,llarly, ilr tha battlo of Franca, tho ayctenatios thoroughly plenned.denolltton work of the Sohnaoht engiaetrc at carefuLl,y aolooted bri.C6eaand otirer eritl.cal grolnto alcag bhs Frenoh htgirxay aystew aatorla.llylnpeded tho progrsee of our o$6n forcasq the 6laoitc example of tlre lm-fortanca'of, a alngle hlghray brldge ln e riajor mtlt"tary opegatloa ia thirfanous Reneg*rn bridge ovor the 8.hlns, ThLs bridgop although it nas arallroad bridge aot dcrigned for htghrqy sshloular trafftcp sas qt-rloHlyadaptod fsr that $lurpose through lnerlcan ratlltary lngenu!.ty and 'r;iteolose pro:rfu:rt,ty of higlrrayeo Its capture oontrl"buted matorially to theerrrly oollapao of Rhlno defenaeso

2o Crltorla for the araluatf.on of highray'bridges, tunnels, andcauserrayo r$us'b be governed by two conslderationEr (a)'atratcgic nllitaryplann5.ng, ar:d (b) induetri*I productlon. Information concarnlng vlt*Lnilitary higlmays.lc avallable from the Corpa of Englneors" Inforautlonconcsrnlug ttre vai,ue of highwal's to Lnduatrlal. production !rE8 fotmerl;yobtainablo frorn the Pr.rbltc Bosds Adrninlatration" Such informatir:n in*cludcd construct,Lon rtatiEtic'e of liighra5r iagtallatlcne and trafflevoluroo statLstlcg" Th.e traffic volrxre rtatlattes yv?re employed b,pr thaReEor.rceg Frot*ction Board ar a rnginr of detar-rining tho funportance oftlro brt<lgo to induptrid" produotion and tho coaetructloa otitiattos "ror€used as a uscrnd of doteruining surcepttbllity to ettaok and Ciffir-rultyof repair or roplacemoata tho Fublio Sooda AdrrinlEtratLon hal dla-oontlnued tha colleatioa of traffio ltatlstics, hcxevero and thus thaaaatatistias G&n be obtuinBd at proocat only through atate hlghuay btBae,ussrd ct*te autonoblle errootrtloaco Aa ln tlre oaee of reilroad faoi!.i'tlos6'on the othor hando too muah caryhasir on traffic voh.ma lnovltablY Fro-duoco inaocuraeloeo fho rd.lftary or lnduatrtel lntorest in a partlcul.erbridga or tunnel mey dopcnd cntiraly on ttrs ehareotere rather then thsvoLrmee of traff,iso Thru, tho Cooper Rliisr i{ig}nray liridge at Charlerotono$outh Caroi.lnan wae only ratetln0n by the 'roard " prlrnarily beoauae $f:' ttri

A-+-A_.+_a

COI{FtrDISTIAL

:- -'.

:_. .: )

soeparatively low traffie rroirss" tet,, eecordlng to lha Cornnando:it,.,Slrrth Hevd Dletrlotu in S'ebruery 1944 this bridge, 5.f doatroyed ordanaged, trculd aut aff fror.r tbe eee GlmrSeston $ary Tardo eharlestanl{au*} $aruglttorr Dapote tho Ailqy Port of &barkatioa arcl Artnr OrdnarieePlant; ln addlt{on to i.uterruptloa of trafflo over highray l{06 1? e$dtlc oounootlon of I'bo lfaultrtc Elth tho City of Cherleston.r - . ,

t!

5o iha nesouress Protoetlon Eoerd on SO liovouber 194? agsigaed 6&rAi ratlaga to highray brldSoa, cauaorrolrsr'vladuots, ead tunnalao Oftbegcs 36-rers aAbn ratins! snd 38 [Ao*t ratlngao Four of thace f,e'ci'l''ltloa rere notor vahl.ele turrnals locatod as fo1l'o*.gt

tc, State Souta 3S - Eollend lrmaol rrnder lludeon Rlnor botre-senlhnhattan Borough, Ne$. York Cttyo and JercaY C1W, I{er fersey;

bo State jloute 3 - Liacoln turusl under iTudaon Bivor botmeemlhnhattan Boroughu !t-ew York CitSo and $nion Clt1r, $Iow Jeraey;

' oo Qussgs !.1'i.dtoutt 3ua::'e1 undor Eaet Ri=rer bebreen tsorougil*of },fanhnti;a:r and Queons, ffiow Tork 0ity6

do Suffiaer TrmneS. ircrder harbor at Eoetone !{aosaohueattso

A rcoond ravlolt on 50 Sovornher 194S retal.ned ths rated tr:nnalan butelinlnated slx bridgeso fhereaftern reviewB rr€16 discontlnued bssa'rree

of lack of trafft* iol,*oe stattrttoa" Ia any futurs rar, and pa'r'i;icu-larly ln plennlng for defonso agatnot a contlnental attacke tho ntmbsrof rltod irlghray-faoitrltles *,r*i bu narkedly lnoreacstd"

4o &rrlng peaootimo, th€ pattorn af natlonal hlglsrayr changeCI so

rapldly thai evaluation of, htghray f,actlltiea rnust bo a contlnuo':8 pre-seis tD order to Leep abreaet cf net oooetructiono At th€ sano tiue,thc poretbllltlan of guidlag highray conatructiona both ag to chai$s ofroutlr and aa to typo of oonatructi.on elong lineg bettar deslgned tofulflll the regr.utrlnentg of rnflitary a'Ere"tegyn ls a maJor advarrt*$o cf,otsrent esalrraif,oas of tha r,rattone a htgtmey eyetan end lts bottleneekE"

u go$ctuslo$s

6o .Thc ovalnatlon of highway factlltleg ahould be coatlaued ae E

psr.rEJocnt poacctlme fi.raotlon upoa tho baalc of infornatloa aseenblediro*r the Corpr of Englneors, Publlo RoEde Admlnlstratlonn state ldgh'reydepartmoute, and state autoaohtle aseocLatl'ona.

Go Crtterte for svaluation ahould be addretaad prtnarlly to thelrnFortance of tha feci.ll.ty to tactlca, lo6latlcs, end industrial prc-auitton and should includo s aoxlslderatLon of the follorlug:

IE

COI{FIDETIIAL

B:

1,Uf

Go

d,

S'r

Altoraate roub$s

V*iuna cf .treffir

Ch.srecios' of, traffic

TlFe of eonstruct,lon aad msd.mm loed

Re5llacensnt timrr

3

COI{FIDEIITIAI

i _j-.n-: ' .=.-.-

I. DIS6TU$SI${

lirT4r c0t{P0|qrrs

of

"THE rE?BorErH rNpp,sTBr

OilFIl}E$TIAL

(.l

].o fsqgrtance ,oL 0&L la Tarao Horld Ear II wa$ a petroleufi Er, fowht prJ.ncipa[y fon

and-lr petroS.eun" Larly,in ttlat, mr, oeryrany-to suppLcnent Ler trBsst|Ll natural and qrnthetic petroleun r€sources, seiled the pLoestl.oll proclttclng area of tto.uraniao -Hsrever, evBn Utfr tne ploestt prize,tte total petrolerm pnoductJ.or of tleruany and tlrose ar€es rxrder furdtntnatim barely rras sufflcient to mlntai.n her nonoal peacetine oi1rerluireroents. Thus, as har vastly greatar xar requirenents began to{eplete strateglc irar r€ssrrres of refir}ed ptroleum stocks buf],t upln anticipation of the o11 pcnered rlightning narrt nhich nearly srrc-ceededr-and as conslderable stoctcs of petroleun suppltes:captured laher earLy conquests rlnrllarly be&ran to vanlsh, Genm*iy set airout toassure a contl.nulng suppl.y of the uital ltfe Ulood deuarded by herruar rlachlae * oils $csre of the greateet otl prodpclng argas of thetrorld Ile ln the Russi.an Caucasus, Iran, and lraq, rtllah ahrt one an-other. It Ls not surprising, then, thai Oermny ittaeked Rr.rssla.andtJat one of her greatest effsts fn tne resultlng coirflLct ms an at-teapt to capture and hold the great Baku o11 flelds tn tho baucaeusand the lr'rportant plpe XLnes. ruilIiJlg frm ttreu to Batiln on the B1ackSeao IIad she been entlrely successfpl ln thls ]atter effort and hadshe besn able to extend fur,Ly her grasp o: tJre o11 ftelds arrd plp€llnes *tig! she parttalg nsr ard held-Ior e tfue at tremeldori cmte,

1111 be re-caLled.t"fiat lt ras at Serrastopolr ttre lcy to the controlaf the caucasus, that &r:ssta rnrt forth hir &n greaiest eff,@t of theryr and, f\r'rthemrbre, tlat it ras this seme olJ. pnocluclng arrea thatshe sqgfit flrst to elear of the eneryr rrien the lides of-xar changedln her favor, Later, tn turnabout, it Es' on the ploeitl qiL freldsand on Oerzanyts ornr naltrral, and sjmtletdc oi]. reflneries that theUnlted llatlons concentratecl a raot portlon of, thelr tremeoatsus bsrb-log_pq.". Sf$rl3rly, tnat other nsjo? Axis power, Ja;nn, rhich nor-re]lx.ilrports B#" ot lr.pet1oIeum requlrsrenls, l6st iro ii-r,e, uporenterLng the lai, to stri-ke fc ard lrrn tho laosi cor€ted petr6leiesourcea in ttrc $outh PacijLc * ?he lhtch Eaet rrdtes and-gonneooB5r such actisr she obtained fon herself ard deprircd tbs tlnited l.ts-tLwrs of a most stlatcglc ard vitel petrd.e{n supply.

b. To a lesser extent, ht nevertheless a rooot consequentiaL-me, TIor{ lff I aLso had been a petroleup rar and ras rsl by the AL[:[esbecause of their greater erallab.Ie aources and, thw, thelr lreat*r pos-_slbLe uses of petroleuo suppll_ea" Gernhyrs nifftary strate[ist of ihetlYar, General Ludendorff, csrrented ln hls Epncrlrs hIL lirs chiefly because

..:

:.-- . :

:-

(l? i IIJ,lrlr

of lxgtrffl,cient aj.l reserves that the Germn General Staff nas forcr;dto eue for pece in Novenber l,gl.B.n subetanttating th{s statcnent,?Jlnsto (.hurchilL, First LolrC of ttre Adnlralty during Tlorld flar I andPrlue UJ-'dst'er ciruing trYorld TIar If , in cmpnting on 'that earlier GoB-flict, rJeclared ttThe A11les floated on a 6ea of o11 to VLctory"rr

cc At present, cautLur dtctptes the aasumptiryr +frat a TtorldYfar LII. also'riLJ. be foqght preclod.nantly for ard by the aLd of petro-' Leun, regardless oJ the potentirl usee to uhich ttre nor ulnharneasedand aplxrent\y not readily aeilable at.Tic energr ls lnrto A modernAir F'rrce, CrounO Force, Eervice'$'or.ce and Hanyr-as weil as rct ofttrs l,lerctnnt, llar:lne, ar€ utter\r dependent tn thelr opemtlors updlthe ol.Isrrning englnE rhleh, deperdlng upon the perforoance expectedof lt, ual.r be automothe, dieseL or Jet popnlstorr ln $rye" Vast quan-tttJ.es of ':peclal petro3.eun fuels .(diesel olls fe submarLnes; bunkeroi),s for slrlps; high octane gasolires for csrventLmal alrcr.aft, p-?boate ar.rt tanks; specLal kerosern, fuel oil. or gasoline blends for jetlropelled aircraft and f,lane thrcnvers), as ueII aq enormoug anounts ofspecial lulrieants, are required to senid.ee 'the hajor rutlte of the modernair, land, .i:nd sea anradeg-' rn addltion, recoll oils Era requi-red forfield artIlirrry and antî+i.rcraft piecee and Eachi.rre guns i ptroleumtrJelliestr fc:: the nost eff,ective fire bcsrbs; petrolettn greases, oilsand naxes fo:r protecting equlrcnt, eaoig dirnlged tiy tl= slLehtest o:c-idation; sSxcial petroleum eonpcunds'for assuri-n6 sanit*tioEr and health;and other special petroleun conpornds f,or accornplishlng hundreds of

- equall.y vltal functidns. During l?orld flar II, p.etroleun prulucts ac-counted for a.pproxlmatel:f 7q $ ttte total ovErseaa tonnage of allit*rys. Planeli, tanks, tnich, locmotffi, guas, amr.rrltlon, food,c1othlrtg arxt 'hhousards of other lteus tq;ettrer conprised but 3ff ofovBrsees tonne:ge; the bglance rras petroll€l&ro ' .

,

d'o The petroleum irdirstry, besldes'providlng ttrose productsusuallyassoci.ated xrith lts naner ptrsduces the bulk of trtre retionts supplyof toLuene (baslc eomponent of $f,I) and, f,urthermore, is one of ttre prXn:ctpal solrces of butadlene ard other ccmpcre.nts of, pyattptle rubber, Bottrtoluene and synthetlc rubber rrere pnedminatel;r rtcritlcalrt itens duringYiorld $ar II and reassrably may be expocted to fap tn t}re sane categoryin a firture Ero

' eo Tlar, as tt i,s knoqn.today., ts an all-ort ntoteln effort inrhteh uilitary auecesses ln tlre fleld bear a d!.rect relattonsltp to tn-dustrial productivity co;r the horefrqlto l{pt a rfieel tn Lndustry can turnrrithottt lubrlcati.on" Ussentlal autorotlve transportation, Bny ral,lroads,arxl mreh of, lndustry are-totaLly dependent upon petroleuu for pcrreroHeat, electriclty and gas, so necesaary to tle hialth arui esseniial needsof, clvl}lan xmr.*y<yrkers, large3,y are depencleat, elther direct3.y or ln-dlrectly, upur petroletmo Clrrlllan needs, during total rmr, are lnsep-arable parts of the tota3. war effort.

2

CO!{TIDUN?IAI,

i.,../

,: ,, 1i .: j

HFII}EITTIA

2, Integratlon srul lqLertlgpemciency of the Etroleun Indr.rstry

3o. The petroteru indtrstry is bighlJ lntegErated and lnterrlepend-ent, In effect lt cmrprises severaL lndrrstrles, .its mny operat{srs i,n-elr:dlngr (a) pnoductlm (the extractlon of cruie oils frorr oiI sards andstule); (b) reflnlng (the aanufacture and processing of Jtnlshed petroleunproduets fro crude); (c) tranoportatlm (the novement by'pipe [fo, tanker,barge, tank-car or eutunotlw trenapcrt of cnrde fran the ol.L fields to13f{qerlesr ar-.ul f,rour ireflneries to storege + rHstrtbutim terainals};araf (d) storage arui <llstributlo, (the siorage and tllstrlbutLon of finishedpnoducts at and frm plpe Ilne, r'i,ver, eeaboard, lakeslde, ard lnlard bul,kter:nlnals ) "

b. the petrolewr trdustry is extr€Eely coplex, Interdeperalencyof operatisrs occurs not otrly rlthln lrdividul. cmpani-es but oflen be-ken separate arui dletlnct ccmlpnies. Although'a singLe c.nnpsny and ltssubsidlaries oftcn By operate lntogratcd pnoductiqr, refin:ing, trans-potati.oar, stor*ge, dlstrtbutlon anC retail facllitlea throgghort the en-tire country, othor ccnpanles my engage l-n only one or s llnlted nrsrberof sueh operatlcrs and tttus are dependent,, in rlrole or Ln Fert, upon otlieroperates fm certain essentlal supp}Les or servLces, Beflneries, sutl€-tirc lircsted hurdredo of rniLes from olL fields, are dependent upo,n pipelire, tanker, or tsnh-car facillties for supp.l;les of crude gt,ockso Sia*ilar\r, bulk terntnals, the storagc and distrlbutlur fbctlLties by nhichpetroleun pnoducte are mada arsLlable f,or off-shoe e Lnland delLneryto the armed servlees, essentlal tndustry, ad dorcatic retaLl ortlets,are.depndent upon petroler.nr transportat!.on facll.itles for receJ,pts offJ.ntshed products frm dl,stint refLnertes. ?ransportattsr facilltiris,ln_tgynr.are dependent, on the one hand, upon ttre out-put of supplylnfo11 ftelds or refLnerleg and, on the otherr upoo tlre r"equi:renenti andthe stcnage ca;:acl.ties of refireries or brrik termilals .reeeirllng thelrthroughput" g]1 phases of ttre domsttc ptroletrn lndustry are presentlydependent uput the poductlct of erude fror oil fl,elda. Interdeperrdencyof operatists further ls refl,scted tn the oi1 flelda nhere, tn a singlefteld,'dosens of companies irdeperdently eugaged i.n production my usean integrated tt6ratherLngs s5rstan (a net..*ork of s.rall p&pa ltnes leadingfrom rel1s (r s411 storages to a ua5.u storage) fon colllecting and sborlngtb€lr Lndlvldual yields at tJre sana tls.tiloulit1* tank f,arm or tilre sare c@-taon pipe Llne t€nuirlal fro rtrich tlnelr pooled productim ls punpecl to re-flneries,

co As another example of integratLon and intentepourlency ofoperatlorrs in the petrolerm tndtlst4r, a large portlon of, the eouhtry iscorered rlttt s nst-r.orh of tnrnk plpe llnee wtrich, tn ttre case of, ncnrdeilIlneg, carry crtCe stocks frcu oct.J'-itetAe to ref'fuierLes and, th the caseof npnoclucistr }lnes, cary refLred pnoducts frm refiner{.es-to storage3rd'dlstrihrttcnr ternlnals on to other reflnerles fsr further procesiing.These ptpe }lrea, oftcn extend sfiir aereraL service cmands dra cqrnecf,dosena of. vaiioua typea of petrolewr factl-ltleso They faIL into narJ.ouscatogc.ies operatrd as fo:Ilof,e I

3

C O IÎ F I D E N.T I A L

!{TIArytt

-i,

xtifiilfr

. (I) iry a hlpe lineil c@sny engaged solely as a'c@roncsrrier for a number of fudlvtdr:al oil pnoducers orrefineries;

(2) By a self-suffLcient, nrajor cmrpaqy rrhqse pipe IlneactLvltleo represeat only one ofleration ln. a serlesof related or r&olIy lntegrated petroleu:n.operations;

(3) ' By a eorporattrsl for:necl from aruI csrtroll"ed by tlresEveral- dlf,farent oiL corupanles lttrose otherwlse in-

' dtvlctr.ral lnterests J,t serves t

(b) As a trsystemrr od plpe lires cmprised of , i*tegra+*edrith, and daperulent for throtghput on, any embLna-tlur of the 'rlarious types of operations Eenti.oneti in(U, (2), ad (3);. e

(r) As rrar erorgeuc;fl cwrsr carriersl such as'rBiB fnchrr(crude line) and ttlJ.tt1e Big inch't-(products line),built and olrcrated by the lbderal" goverrurcnt during

H5#: :I,x;#'SLSH:-',Hl;?;::1:S:;,;S""::H"-;milK:ff, A-ffiX#:'ffi Hi ;Hlfft :*taakers were ealted lnto transooean:i.c y€r service..

do AlJ" of the aast Lrnportant refineries and storage and distrlbu-tton terninals on the Eas'o Coasl (eogo, Sun Olt Corpanyat larrcus Hook,IB"; Iitandard Oi1 Cornpany of !{er,Iersey, Ea$funore, lrdo and at, Ba}ftBy andBaycnne, IIer Jersey; Soccry YacuuEa OiI. Coarpany at Paulsboro, Ne, Jereey;and Au-antlc Ref,inlng CmSxny at Ftrlladelph!.a1 Ho) are dependent tn tlneof @r sr ttre lntegrated system of nrmrous connected plpe lines trars-porttng potroleun supplies frrm l-ul,ard, oi1 fields and reftnerles of Texas,Old,ahffir 0hlo and other far dlstant, areas. Gre of ttre eouponents of thisrast net-rrork of eastern-flonLng plpe lines, the Buckep PLpe. ti.ne Cmpany,iras es gre*t a throughput as ilBlg Inchr (the worldts l.argest pXpe l1ne *itlta capcity of JOO,O@ barnls Fer day) and not o4\r acte as a supplier.ofcrude olL to ottrer ptpo lines emnectlry3 dlrectly rlth Esetern reflnerlesbut also directly suppl:les refinertes ln the Toledor. Iletroit, Cleveland,snd Samia (0ntario) areas" Igt, thls gltal link ln the plpe line net-uork ls, ln turtrr'Iarge1y deperdent upon i.ts supplLes frsn the lnter-corurecting 0h1or-fuU, LEgao}lar arld Sotiio PLpa Lines, These faei.lities,reclproc4Lly, are dependent upur lluckeye for aovfurg thelr respect'lvethrorghputs. Srrcn the yrar sner6e-ncy pipe L1nes, I'85-g Inchtr and t'LittleRig lrichn, r*rlch extend as entltLes aI1 the vay fron Texas to ttre Phlla-del,phla and llew York ar.eas, are deperuJent upon stocks frcin other i.ntprcm:nectlng feeder plpe 11n6s. This condltisr - ttle dependency of, refirerleeupon plpe ]ines ana ilre dependency of pipe Lines upur reflneries arul otnerptpe 1J.nes - is cmrsi tirrougtrant th I*MtilY" Aipthar lgetaaaa of, rl{

L

COIFIDE}ITIAL

i,, ,.)

c o$

eg8s belng in one basket ts the typteal HaFray-Bayonne-Ellzaheth, lierJ-ers-ey petloLeum area nhere vital reflnin6, transportafitrr, stora6e,distrll:ution and terminal (plpe llne; tank-car anrl waterfrint) {aeiifties1i,e Yrtthin tite eonfines eif what appears to be 'out one lrtroleum fac11lty"

€o Otiher exanples of lntegratLon and lnterdependency of 'opere-ttonE i'ritlin the p*traLerxr i-ndurtrlp cordd be clted lndeff.n.ltely. Be-csuse of these factors, a3-1 phaoes of tlre con3lex petroli:trm lfrdu$try hustbo furnlshed'comprehensive over-a}} protectlon if productlen arxl safe de-I:lvery of ftrdshed petroLeun products for war aad othcr essen+,ial pur-p$te$ is to tre assur€d. It is not enough ttrst t*he indr.rstrial, i.eo ttrerefining pluses (whtch i-s crf vitaL lrnportence in tine of nar)-alone beprotected. Because of the complex lntegrated aature of ttre indwtry,cmparatlve and eo:npl"errcntary protectlon necessarily also rrust 'ue afforded(a) trunk pipe lines upbn which vtttsl r"eftnerles are delendent for oupplSrend dtstribution of erude ard refined products, resp.,ectively; (b) strate-gLc storage and distrlbutlon faciLlt$-es (particular3.y maJor ptpe rlrre,tank-car an<i tanlcer: tersrinaLs) by nhich refined praiucte are Eaclo con-veniently arni.lable and in sufficlent qriantities to the arned forceE andessentlal irrdustrLes; and (c) oil, fields (particularlg high pressure f,teIdswhere sabotage of one or ttro rrells cordti ruin the etrtire fteld) upon whieltalL renal,ni.ng conponentls of tbe petrotreum lndus{lry are dependent.

3. EvaLuatton of Non-Industrlal Petroleum Ftsclllties

:to Just pior.to Pear} llarbor, approximately pffi of all petroleummovenent to the Eaetern seaboard -was by seagoing tanlers , L# try crosecountry ptpe lJnes, au<l the balence by-railroad-tank-car6" -itf focember.191+1, vrlth nearly all tankers hauing tpen *.lttidraun frorn domestie service(r,trere they had been easy and rnrlâerabJ-e prey f,or eneay subuarines) intoYltai liarry supply or transoceanic eervices, arrC upon tfre conpletion ofserreral- uar*sponsored energency plpe Ilne projects (particul.rriy rtBlg Inchn,which alone transported nearly c,re-thlrd of all petroleurn requireaents ofthe Easterri seaboard), utilization of ttre <Iifferent modes of petroleuntransporErtlon trad changed ue fouowsE tankers, zfr; pipe 3.inei, 33fii ralL:roadq, 55,4; arxl barge$, 1Q6. Ry thg spnlng'of-19lrlir-wigh tire 6er.iptettonof additi-orur1 plpe }lne faclll.tl,es (particuJ"arly trlit*le Elg Inchn $ittr'a capacS.ty of 225r0O0 barels of refined products per day), oil transporta-tion neans had ehanged a6ain to tankers , l.Tf,, pip€ l"ines , l&"5fi; rail-roads , l$i6i and barges, 11.,2fi. Inasnuch as'the-erergeniy p5.pe-1lnes hadbeen built with steel urgently needed for strips, guns, tanlcers, and otheriuar armEiruents, the vltal need fm and importance of petroieum pipe linetrenspcrtatlon Ln Tjorld IYar II Ls readily apparent. The foregoing statis-tlcs a3ryly onLy to trbnsportaLicm of petrolEum to the Eastern seaboard.In other sections of the country, pertLcirlarly in the lnterlor rirhere trens-porte:tion of petroleusl by plpe li.ne had been c<rrnon ;eaaeti:ire practice,petroLeum pape ll,ne s;rstens aften assuned er€n B nora predominant role inthe over-qll morrcenent of oLL.

c)CO}. TIDENTIAL

.b.portatloa toassl8ned for war-tin:ie protectLor all petroleu& plpe ILres upon r*rich vitaLrefLnerteb and strateglc !,errntnirls nere solely or lefi:els dependent forsupplles, 9f lpprgx+steLy 115 of ttre nost inportant, prpe lines tn thecountrlr, all of rrhich nere of, recoi;dzed iûrportance to the rrar effort be-c&use of an acute transqortati-on problem vrtri.ch was to sontinue tJuoughoutthe uar, approxirirately 6 uere determined to be of such, orrtslarrding indspectfic 'i'nFort3nce as to uarrant, special urar-ti-ure pnotective. &eagures.fn meldng this deterroination, The Frovost }iarshal 0e-neral solieited andrecetved the able assistance of, the ltrtroleun Adsd-nistration for ?iar, which,by llxeeutlve Orcler, eont::ol1ed all ;:trases of the petro).eun inrlustry 6unng 'the war. ?hls rrar-time organization, v*rich wala coerprised of petroleum ex-perts ndraf,tedtr by the Federal golrurnment frm all branclres of ihe petro:leurn industry, was a central, r.urfailing, and unexcelled source of currentinformation on al.I nratters pertaining to arqr phase of the indrxtryo

co 0n the ba$is of data and reecrmrrendatlorrs received frm thePetroleunr Adninistratlon for i?ai', and in fu1f consideration of, the inter-dependent relationship between petroleum pipe lines anrl other war-iroportantpetroleum facilities or servlees, The ltovost [larshal Generer dete:xrlnedwtrich petrolerxr pipe Ilnes or portlons thereof ciemncled rvar-tine pnotec-tion. Relative lmportance ratings rere assigned to such. pipe 1l.nes ln-dicatin6l in vhich category (vi&I, crltical or essential) each belonged"fu assllgting tlrese rated plpe llnes to approprlate agencies for deter-ninS.ng the adequacy gf and assuring cmpllance with recsanended protee-tirre meagures, 1t urag prescribed that, loi any speeific ptpe }lne or por-tton tirereof thus assigned, urar-time protbction should eitina t,o alL ofthe, v:it3! cmponents lying betneen deslgnated extremi-ties. BxampS.es of-suchGfionents trere key punping staLions upon which the contj.nuous opere:tlon of ttre line depinrCed; strate6;tc rlrrer- axi other nater-crosslhgsr&me destructlons often wouLd be as disasterous as the Lods of a keypuaping statior; oril$-natlng, lntermerllate anci tcrmlnal stonages upont'tttich contlnuous o;rration of tlre line $as dependent; lmpctant, Lnter-con-nectlons yiith other pif)e lines; and otirer vltal f,setorso-

d. After the establistgent of the li,esources Protection lloarci 1tre<luested to ewluate the countryrs pipe lLrres. The flrst cfforts ofI-'raard were undertaken by analysts totally r:nfan-iliar Eith pipe li"nes

In'the

recogniti"on of ttre prlmary Lnportance of pip line trans-war effort, The hovost l{arshal General earty 1n t&e sar

rTa$

theor the inter-related aspects of tJre petroleum indwtry cr ewn of thevitaL transpetation fitrction being per{orred by pipe ltnes in their orrnrlght, and, as a resu,It, vrere rnntfestly l"nconelusive and o.f ilttle signif-tcanee" PLpe Lines, as such, wera not rated by the Resources ProtectionBerd for the speciJic service perforned by then. ltather, cne or turopmpS.ng statiohs on a pipe lLne were i"ated because oglheir crltical Ln-portance to the pipe 1lneo As an obvious enample of.such uncier-rating,ftBig Iachtt (offiffiTIffioun as ltar Ernrgency Plpeltnes, Lnc") r.ecetvid.no h5.gher than a t'Br' (essentla3. categoy) rating and .trrat rating rras re:strtcted to four pustping statlons, the reuJ.nder of t1rc plpe ltne receivingno reeo8nl-tlmro YetttBig rnchtt ms the uorldrs largest pipe line; it ex-tended appro:clstately IfOO sdlee fron the Ter<as o11 fieldi to East€f-R re:fineries rrtrolly clependent upon it for crude stioclcs, some of thern heving

6COHFTDBNTIAI,

c,E..F T I] n 3i ?-I 6 L

llrqady received Resources Protcctim Berdrs nAtr ratlng ard nany othersits'xBil rating,_ rt alorer-rlth a capscltx of 3ffirooo drrets-pei. oay,carried to the Eastern seaboard ?pprorinately one-third of a1L petrol6r:nprrodrrcts (Uotn crude ard reftned)'transportea Urer$y aU rueans of trans*protation connblned, Ifurthetuore, Lts iritaf funpmtance to the uar effortwas eelJ.'evideat tn the fact ttrat high priorities for steeL, speclal .over-slzed electrlc motcrs and punpo, anaotler crLtical naterlais, ind iienslud been granted for its rar-t:.ie construction ln spLte.6f rrrygent denandsfor slmilar naterlals for more obvloua ylar purposeso

eq fn the lipring of 1!h11, ttre. ilesources protectisr Berd msemeLldlJrg a reêvaluatlqr of the dntfue petroleum indu.stry tn conjunc;tlsr rith The Provost UarslBI Creneralrs OifJ.ce and the potioleun Adrd.n-istration for TIar" Perhaps rainly as a result of the enltghtnlng aspectsof that over-eI.l elaluation, tk ltcsources footcetLon Berd at tiiat iiûeettenpted a tftoroqlh, ccmprehensl',rc evaluatLon of petrol"eum pipe Llnes"?lnat ttne the Rerd fu1ly reeo6pired ttre dtal intlr-relatfoi:sirfp of plpelLnes rrith the rest of the Lndu.stry. furthernore, the Resources- l,rotic-tion lloardts second lajor pipe Llne eraluation uai conducted by ana\rstsmrch nore far.rlliar wlth the probleros lnvolrred t,han uere thei:r ire<iecessors,Based on material furnlshed by the Petroleun irdnrinistration foi tjar, TheProvost HarshsL Generalri and pipe Ilne cmlnnies, the initial work-iheetresults. of this.later pipe Ilne enah*rtlon were excellent, the data there-ln llsting specryl!. Fipe rLnes, tJreLr locatlons , the specific reflningard tenninal facilities or areas they serrrcd anrl to wirit extent, theiilntercorurectton rith other plpe llnesr ard orLher 5oportant related ln-fmnatlon. A total of Tl pipe 1lnes .'ircre Xlsted as be5_ng of preoonlnanttrnpetance to the rrar effort; of tlrese 2? recelved s6 t/.il rating. Uorever,ln its official publlcation of the results of its ew}:ation, the ltesource!?rotectlon Roarilagain confined ttseLf (over tJre protests of 'the petroleun'atttn'tnLstratior for TIar and The provost lbrshar cene,al) to iisti";-ih;---3Y" and locatl,ons of vital pumning stations onlir of specific pfpe Iines.Althoq;h such informtl in deteminini nf,o""q" b!}k of protecLion should be coarcenirati:O tn a speelflc pip€ 1j.ne orplpe Ilne system, both the PetroLerrm Admlni.stratlon ion t:ar inO The pro*;pst ilarslul ceneral agreed that such infonration, standlng alone, Tasboth tnsuffictent and nis-leadlng" Its nomAl ef.fect rras Io fuidt6atc toprotectl're agenciee tirat protectLon of the deslgnated pumplng statlonsalone would assure the continued over+ll operatlon of-" ifp. ltne andltra!-alL other-portions cf the plpg iine were relatively irn:-port"rrt"I'\rthernore, the pepiflE. statisr lnfometicnr furnished- by ttrE BesowcesPrcitectisr'Berd Eas no dlfferent (except that it rss lesi eument) thanproiective ageneies nor:aaLfy ascertalned frm faeility rienagement, asstarding olrrati-ng procedure, at the tine of their pritectiie insfuctions

"' fo The actiqr of the liesources Protecti.on Berd in ratlng the]rer ranine.etatlons *y^gf 'a plle Iine, rether trran rairru the pt*llrre ltself fc the speclfic service perfeured by it "" . pip" uirelhlng'ed on the Soerdfs assurnptisr ttrat'a plpe IinL could roi ir" prrotected

,t!- ^c3b

?

CO!{FTDEHTIAL

tx lts entirety, but that p,*plng stations, generally speard.ng the nmtYitaL s""nponentg of p,ipe linei, courci ne pioiected" "gsfiso it'cteciaeearbi.trarily that, pull.,ing stati6ns alone "'o"rd ue gire; *ii"eu. suchdeclsions by an e.,aluating a6e1c[r hcrwewr rear ttre truth, ur*

-a""ia*arydangerous in a systexr uncrer rrrrtcrr'a protection.agency must be nholly<iependent upotl aq ernluating agcncy ior cieternrining-iri*T*urruliri.

"*-so,rces, proclucLs, and services are rrrtal to the frr"q""tiI"";; ;;ard therefore,subject, to protection" oucisjons concerni.ng ltre type andegLont of protection, ancl nhere'it shoulcl ue-aceorcledr'arf it*u of gre

Board took e sluril3r stanrl, refusinf to assigri ;+ ;;;iryJ-Ir,o*to n,ttte basls that undergrourd reEerves ryerc subit"ntlai, pJlrilrjiity ofetletry lnrraslon_ruryl: and posslble <iamge frm sauotiti or-uitre over-alL consequence" ?his contention ras aioth*r ,o",*ptlon, vri"rieh, rrith

ffi HTdir;n:',lltl#{iii;,# ffi-,pgti_ne, not urg g'alyarrls agenrv, d'; ;;;;1t oi r*;;iil [om rheFetroreun Actm{rri5l3ation for t}Iar trrat then current oil-lrd,."hor, (l"eo,. frm oir welrs, not refr.neri.e")_yi---;r;'6;;i"6 gtep rrith eyer increastngrzar requirenents and that ttre sabotage of a'rei hi{iii pressure-og rreLLscould rutn the production of an,enfi-e !i9rai^?he foovost Marshar GeneraJ,in conjuncttcr r{ith the Petroleun Adminlstraiion for Har and the htro-Ieun rndusrry trar. council, rated ano assis3"d-il ;;;"iipi*"i. #ltlliiila1;eucie s r f or lin:ited prof,ectton, appro:J.na t erv -g5-f,G[-

il;"ilre trettswtr-1ch had substantial pnoductlon. I'*vu's'

ho Yflth^t!* pou"b13.1ty-ttrat a vforld l?ar rrr wl-Ll" be dlrected at*d ryerhapp {gugr,t rn i,rre unriea rGt9P, ""a?tr, the lmc,Frlcdge thatforetgn oi'L flelds 5-n previous rrgrs oft6n harrc been the Lnltiel or, urtirrateqoal" of the lnvader, an erraluating "gon*y t""""r*tt;";i;;jJ.ize nuchdif'ferent factors of

_ inportan"" ort*r-ro"i"

"tIo-; i;";;-;"; ;". fieldst'irsn dld the noyr aboli-shed lrcsources iroiectlsr Boardo

i' certain petroleun stor.a6e and d$tribution teminals wererated by the Ees,surces Protectiqr nqrO .dr.rlng WolfO-W""E;;;f;;".=tP-Tpt tsrt, sucfr ratings wereâpprxed ;iy"to very ),arge storageoof l@-oetane gasoline or such or its vital ina snor;;"piir Jomponentsy lSnzlnel-9d}"t, tetaraethtr'l fluid and the l.ike, as ttre nar shiftedto t'he Faciflc Thea-tre, severaL large "no s{rale6ic fue} oir ternlnalson the ?rest coast also-were rated ui tne n*so"""u" hotection #;"1-t'Ire total number of termtnals rated by the Eesources protectlon Boardrvas approxluratel{' 6or.moet of the ratia t"rnriniis iyi";;ilil';;;;"_eent to nAn rated-reiintng properU.e:. _I";"ly att Lf {he kruinat ratingsvere Ln the I'8""-":T.torro ln general, tire rrovo;[ u"r;i;;r oelJrarrsOfflce-agreed with the ttesorrreis hot6ction-noanrts selectlon rrJ'rltrrooof rating termlnals-l$ p"troreum refirrtng

"tJ p"o".;;rrrs r"*pttieso B€-cause of -the passibility of a future "." Li"e io"grr1 #;-;;;r thiscountrxr, houre'ver, futuri peacetime erraruationi of termlrgLs should shor

ICONTIDENTTAL

alternate ratlngs, one to apply l:C tire termtnals are in or adjacent toa theetre of operations and the other ll tJreSr are far removed therefrop"Rltfngs applylng.to pesible front }ine tcrurinals ehould be.based upon astudy givJ.ng predoninant constderltdon to the possibLe. throughput anAsources of supp\r rather ttran to dead storage capacity"

II. COI'ICLUSICI$

l+" Any future war may reLL be fought ln this countrlr. frr the baslsof. lmmn experlenees of other nars, the uneuy nL}l seak out petroleumareas for his c,En use or for destruction alglrut our use. Hi-s goals orfargete, aa-the_case,Eey be, rrr:ilI be vital o11 pnoduclng areas, refi.nerles,transpotatim facl}ltiee, and storage and distribution terninalso ?oprotect t&we properties, both tactical anrl passive protect{on neasures Hillbe requlreC. Fgsj.rm poteetlcrn, wtrich reached a high lerreI of efficiencydqqlnqTforld IIar If , should be eontinued or aug5meatecl ln'e1l vltal phasesof industry, fo determine rdrlch facillties will continue to marranL ,nar-preparation protectlor.t, a contlnuLng evahiatim. should be coryCucted of aIIuital lntegral ccxnponents of, tlre cmpLex and lnterclependent petrolerim in-dustry; re-enaluations should be raade periodi.cally according to wonldcorditlons tlut, ln any event, at least annua1ly,

5. Ttre PetroleUn Admi:ristration for I'hr, ag its nane fidicates, isa mr-time organtzatlon and in thq near future rvilI no longer tle able t,ofurrrlsh data sr petroleru facllLties. Hcmerrer, lt J.s understoocl thal g1gDepartauent of the Interl"or rrj*I1 continue to reiiuest anci maintatn certainpetro).eun statlstics of posslble ralue tn eonduci;ing an evalrraticn ofpetroleurn facllities " It 1s ctuite posslble that ths Interstate Csrcereef,nnriss{on, another petaarent Slorernnent agency, also nay obtain lnfrynra--tton from plpe llne cmrpanles ntrich trould be usef,ul'ln efrlrratlng plpeI1nes" The Anerican Petrollewr Instliiute, an lnportant petroleun tnilus-trial orgenizatlon operatlng on a natlonal scale, is anottrer ready soureeof evaluatt-ng naterial o

6" Fetroleun pnocrucing, refinlng, transportaiion, storage anci ctls-trtbution factllties all play their om'n lnrliviciual int inter-relakcl rolesin brlnglng about the desi.red enl resul.t - the adequate eupplir and avell-ai:l1lty of refined petroleun products nithou!frhich uodern nations cannotmaintatn tihentselves elilrer Ln nar or 1n Feaeeo In determinlng nhlch ofthe vario.ls ctxrponent faclLities are predwrinently important links in thechain of u1tlnate supply anci delivery, anri thus of primary lmportance iothe pnosecut'icn of a warr apFroprLate-consideration- shou}l be given to theirLntegratig+ and lnterdependency and, in ad<litiur, the f,olLorriry; najor cri-teria sho:ld apply to each indivXdrnl faeiLity erraluated;

Bo Inrportance to the conduct of the rrar.of the product filrnishedor tbe servlce rendered by such factlity"

b. The relationship tetneen ttre available supply of ttre productor serr,tr:e to nilltariv and essentlal cil4lian requiremnts.

9

cotrrIDoI?Ial

:. 1.:1..:.-::.: . ......

::ii;- - : _:-

=ij : l:=:- +:::54

co$r'IluH?Iet

c. The proportlon of the caincity or out-put of the lndlvidgalfacillty to tlre totaL out-put or calnelty of available like pnoctuct orgsr.rice "

d. The inherent dangers jnvol.verl J.n the prxlucLicn, nanufacturooLrunsportation, storage or distributiur of a pr.ocult or" in tfe furnishungof, a service"

7. Itm ttre-a;:pJJ.catlgn o{ the foregoing; generaL crLterla, and frma deternilatlon of t}te gulding'factors outllned later herein foi speclflctlpes of petrolerxr faciLlttes, LndivlduaL facilltles should be assignedidentifying tri-uportance ratin6str rhlch rrill desigrnte their relative rrari.nportanee; l"eo, .the1f should be rated either trvtta}tt, ttcrtticeln orrressenti8}tr. (uVttalt' products ox" servLces are thcise-vhicfu are of ttrehi6hest iupon-tanee to the conduct qf 'a rgr, 6nd for uhleh there is ashortage or near shorta6e of supply and no-sultable substitute. rrCr{-ticalrtproducts.or services are those rrhich are either (a) of the highest iapcrt:ance to tJte conduct of a rlar and harre a favorable relationshtp betvreen re*quirenents and scheduled supplS or (tr) not so ilnportant to ttre conductof a nas'as ths Yital group but for rstrich there is a shortsger or.nqarshortage, of supply and no suitsbLe sribstltutea rrEssentialn products orservlces are thote which are lmportant but not of tbe highest lmportanc'eto the conduct of a war, and,for rvhich the supply situation is reasonaL:lysatisfaetory" )

IB. ?iie guldlng factors to be given speciflc conslderation tn e'valua-tlng the various ty.r:es of petroler.u facilltles are as follors r

B. For ltefileries e

(1) Horsal anrt poterrtiaL crude o11 eagncity.

(2) Ilornral ancl potenttai'out-put of speclJic rrar-in-portant products (such as l00-Octana gasoline,toluene; butadiene, and dtal carponents there-of ).

(l) Number of vltel and dtfftcult-to-replace cataJg{ic,poltrrr,erization, htrdrogenatlon or altgrlation units5.n operatton - and cwrpnrison of thls numher

. agalnst the totaL of such nnits 1n this,cowrtry"

(l*) Replacemnt t5-ne. (il0rltrr The average l00-oetaneplant tales as long to construct as an Essex tJEe' alrcraft earrler; requires tuore nan--trourg zo bulldthan that required for tno destroyers; has moreearbon, bar, plate and structural steel in lt thana cruiser")

(5) llormal and alternate supp\y sources of crude re-qulrements"

(6) titrategic 1ocag161.

10COHFIDETITTAL

nnlltraTUUrCI'4 1]TilTTAL

bo I'or Plpe tines '.

(1) If a Enlde llne, deteminatlon as to wtrether thepipe line under revier is eittrer a maJor out'letfor a produptng area (1.e., oiL fields) on is a

,, .trunk Line connection serving as a ma{or sourceof supply for specj-flc refineries or ipfinlngdistrlcts "

(2) If a protiucts llne, dete:mi.natlon ae to Yrhetherthe pf,.pe tlne is a.raJor outlet for spectfLc re-ftnertLs or a maJor source of supply for terrrrinalareas supplying the arrled services, essential |n-.ciustrial ancl <iqnestic outleta, or seagolng tankers,

(l) Throughput capacX.ty"

(h) Heplaeement tlne"

$) IJorrral and alternate sources of supplly"

$or ?emirsls:

(1) Storage capacLtY.

(2) iioc"ral and potentiaL throughput"

(l) l$nds arri qtrantiu.es of products stored ordistributed.

(L) Va1ue as a <listributicnn facllity to the armedservices, essentlsL indus tr-'v, essentia I' eivlllanretaL& outlets, and orerseas transportation.

(5) S?rategic l.ocatLon.

Fcr Oil arxl Gas I'ields s

(I) Ncrmal and potential productLon.

(2) EstfuBted unrJerground reserveso

(l) Klncis and iluantLties of special crudes produeed'

(b) :ihether. a high of)].or pressure area.

(5) If, a higlr pressure area, Srrori.nrfty to Narral basga,air fieldsr I higtrly l-mportant shippin6; ipemtionsrrhich rnishi be erdangered if tlre fleld went' Itvrlld.rr

(6) Pipe line ortLets fc transportlng crude yields torefineries.

uCO}I}'ID$ITTIAt

Cr

de

-:,i"'lJ-::::

=ia.: -- rr

'::::: :-;* |

e"' Other Petroleur f,bcttLties I

llatirra), gasolilre and re-c5rcUng plants generally are asso-claaO rdth etther ttre refining or ttN: oiI and gas field ptrese of theptroleun lrriustry, but sanetltes are sf, suiflclent lrrlivldual fuipontanceto mrant ratinge ln tttejr om rttjht. [il.mlJ.arly, compourdlng u.lgnts ardresearch le'rroratories, a}'tttough often intogral cmponents of r"efineries,also rny rarrant Lndl'rluual ratlngs. =, . ,

,

9. In general, the most appropniate procedure ln enaluating rrarior:sccrponents of Ure pctroleura lrxiu,stqf ls to €rraluat,e rcf,ineries firot, ttrencrude and produts plpe l.ines, then teminals, and last oil fields. Thus,comelated lnforniatiwr, often of csrtingent value ln epJ.rntlng ttre severalpuses of the trdustqy, autmatLca[v ls'bullt up tn its proper seqlanceas ttre orre!:.BIL eval.uatlqr esrtd.nrres,

12

COTTIDEI[TIAL

UliIfijD STITLS 0F AIEiRfCfi1'Iar Froductlm Emrd

UAI{uAI OT POLICYA}ID PRffi$DURES

.-:..:..:'.: :CQl! 1-

ADLilIIISTIi/rTflI[ oRUEB H0. a:38G$}iENAL

FAGE L of 2

Effeetirrc Date

l,tsy B, 191+2

$1'BJEC?RES0UITCtsS PEo4UCTlolt BOAnD

Sectlon 1" Establishu'ent of ltesor.rrces Protection Board;

,O1 ?here Ls hereby estsbllshed rithin the 1'Iar Fraductj.on Ferda Resources Rrotectlon Berd, wltich shall conslist of repnesentativee ofthe TIar Departr,,rent, the l'lavy iepartfient, the Office of Civllian Defenoe,the Production Division of the l.ar lYo<iuction Rcard, and the l{aterialsIlivision of the liar Procluction Board, and shal1 lncllxle a Ctslrman andtrrice-Clurirrnan, rrho may, but need notl be chosen frors among tire monbersrepresenting particular agencies and div:isioas"

.02 The Chjmran of the ilar Production llogrd shall aJ:point theChairuan of the llt,sources Prctection lloerd"

.03 ?he Chairman of the Resources Protection Board is authorizedto appoint, vith the approval of tire Chsir:nan of the tiiar Production Board,a lllce4hairman of ttre flesources lrotectlon Board.

Sectj.on 2. Frrnctions of the Resourees lbotection RoardZ

"O1 ?he Chaimranadnice gnd assistance of the<iirectlon of ttre Chairfun of

of tlre Resources Protection Board, wittr themembcrs of the Board,,and subject to thethe lJar Production Boarda

. , 'l{. : J

1o lihall deterndne the relatlrrc Lmpor.krnce ofplants, facilities, lnstallailons, utllitles,naterials, and otirer econstic resourceg tothe nar effort, from the point of vierr ofprotectLcn against all hezards i-ncLudi-ng,but not linited to, injury and destructionby cnemy activJ,ty, accident, I'ire, eabotage ,or sublrersirre actirrityl and espionage andother effets to obtain secret informationregarding econcrnic resources and the narFof,rarn; and strall connunicate such deter-mLnatLons to the approprlate de;*rrtrents.

2o Sttal-I frmr tinre to time review its deterarina-bLons of ttre relati ve impontance of econodcresources to tile uar effort; ancl such otherJafosraation anl recsmerdations as my behelpful to the naintenanee bf the securityof econmric resources deened vltal to therrar effort"

Page 2

' .01 Each divisionr* bureau, and branch of the r.','ar pralucttqrl:oard is responsible fm ensuii-ng that the Rasources hotection Boarcl istnformed fror:r tine to tiure as to aIL inportant economli',resouices thatare under tt,s ju:risclictJ.q:.

$cetiqr l+a jrccessitrj,llty of Infojmati.on z

.f,}l The Resources t'rotectlsr ]loarcl shall have access to in-fotmatj.on needed ln the perfo:rrance of lts functions anailabLe in orthrough any offlce of the '."ar Itocluctlon Dercl, anct ln other Federal cle-partr.nnts, establS.shnentsr. and agcnciae in accordance rrlt,h paragrapb Jof [xocutt"re Orcjer llo. !O2l+, dated January 16, 1gl+Ao

Sectl*t 5" titaff :

"01 The Chalruran of the ldersources Protectk:n Board'is authorizedto appoint such personnel as he deeras necessar;' to carry out the dutiesasslgned to the Rcsources irotection.Roardo

.AA Tlre Director cf Statistlcs of the 'rlar rrocluction Board shal1deslgnate a menber of hls staff to serre as Director of, llesources Analysis,

.OJ The Exeeutlve'Iiecretary of the l?ar Productlon Boar<i stralldeaignate a member of, hj.s staff to'senae as Secretery of the Resour:cesProteetlon Board.

h/ Donald l.{o lielson

DOTJALD U. NEISO!.IChairuan

t ;1'+r'.d $;=1+(?_2o+3)

IIIIITED sT/rTEs of f,[:[,nICATiar Prcducttsr Perd

UIL$UAL 6 P0LICYAND PITOCEDI'TiUS

cElrERAl AD|iIIESTftATI\IE O&IlEp. H0" 2:J8

llffective Date a

Arryust 11, 19Ll Page 1 of 2

_..--_NESOIIRCES PRO{ECTIO}I BOARD '

.

i:+:.:1.Section I._ Purposel

.O1 ttre prrpose of this order 1stection Berd ard to establish a ResourcesFaci}lties liureau.'

to continue the Heserrrces lto-hotectlsr Ulvision reithln the

Section 2 " Eesgy:ce_s lt.otection Board I

"01 The Eesources Proteetlon Roard is continrred yrithin the TiarProductlon Rerd" ft shalI consist of a'Ctrairuan and llice Chailxtsneshall be deslgnated by arul be responslble to the Vice Ctra5.rman, ardrepresentative of each of the follor5.ng: Army Service Forces, AmyForces, If"ry ltepar.tment, Offlce of Ci:ri1lan llefense, ahd such otheras the trice Chalrman rr€y deteruLneu The Executive Secretary of ttreProcluctLon Board shall deslgnate a member of hls staff to serve astary of the Regources Frotectlon Boardo

o@ The Chalruan of the l?esources Protection Board, w5.thadrrtee and assistance crf tlre members of the Board, shaLll

v*roof oneA,iragenclesi;ar

Secre-

the

1o' Determi.ne, and advise appropriate agencies of,the relatl"rrc iurpcrtance of plants, facllLties,installationq, utilitles, rnaterlals, and other'econsqic resources to the rar effort, frm thepoint of vierr of protection agalnst aIL hazards,includl-rg, but not lld.ted to, inJury or de*struction by enemy act5.rrlty, accident, fire,sabotage, or subwrsl\le activity, and espionageand other efforts to oi:tain secret infonratlsrregarding econcroic rcsources and the rar Fro-ilram.

'" I;ff tr'#J*;":'S"x,::H:';*nSffi"'L:n"

Sectlon 3, tlesources ElotectLm ljivi?ionr.01 There is herebSr establieh€d $ithln the Faclli.ties Eureau i

Hesorrces Protection DiwS-slon, yhich shall:

1o' Furnish staff servLces to the Resources ?rotec-ticrn tloard" This rvill lnvolve reviering andanalyzing the relattve lnportance of lndivldual'facl1it1es. to tJre total supply of each essentialnat*rial, pro<Iuct, or servj.cg, the avallablIltyof alterrrate sources of supply, and the replace-nent tlme of structrrre and equipment in event ofdestruction.

Advlse appropriate agencles, inclrrdinil ferticrrlar-Iy itrdustry and natertaLs divisions of t'he '.'Iar Pro-ductlon Berd and the Amry and Navlp liunitions Board,in'lth regard to the alLotnent of materieLs and. equip*ment for the protection of econmric resourceso

Upon reguest asslst agencies w:ith protective respon-slbillties ln aesuring thp adequate protection ofvltal resources.

iidvise procurerabnt services, and 'bhe rrociuction Re-sources jjivision of Lhe Facilities lJureau, of ln-stances l'rtpre concentration of uer production orof vital faciliti,es funSrrils the contlnued prociue-tion of vltal mr mterials and products; and, lnthis connectlon, grrmote the clerrelopment of plansfor transference of praluctlon arrl seruices to al-tcrnate faciLities in tfie event of interruptlon ofproductlonr at. eument vltal facilit'ies"

[.ake arrailable to thc t'-!ar and tlary i,epartments, andthe Office of Econcrnic 'i,rarfare the findlngs andtechniques of the Resources iroteetion Dlvlsiontsanalysis of the Unlted States lyar economy, for usein identifyrng those economic resources in enemy-controlLed areas uhose injury or destruction wor}dlnterfere significantl.v u'ittr enetry production oruar goocis ancl services o

Ite;nre, and make avallabIe to other officials andagenciei, such other information ancl recsmenda-ticns as uray be helpful to the nainternnse of the'secur:lty of econorn:ie resources deemed vl-ta} tothe vrar pro{fan.

7' l!l'fi[#."ffi"ffS;"li:"Jffill*11"':]"ffii""'ecor:cmic r(.sourcese

.OZ The Ilesources Analysis $ectiur of the Industry ard. fEciL-lties i::ranchr Staiistics lliuisim, i-s trereby abolished, anci its personirelarxl records are transferred to the Hesources Protectlsr Division, I'acil-l.ties Bureauo

2o

Jo

b.

I -.:./

5,

6o

t!9rF.

., ,,;)

. .Ol ?he Besourcee Protectiqr Boarcl and the llesources trcutectlsn Dlvtsion shalL harre access to inforuration needed tn the per-formance of their furcctions available in or through any offic'e bf tire'Jai. Prixluctlon lloard, ad in other I'ederal departarints, estaLlishuent,s,and a6encleg ln accorclance rrlth paragraph J of F,xecutiiie order !to. 9@l+,dated ,Iannary L6, LglC.

Seetlcr 5. hers SutrBrseded and r'^nendedr

oOL ?his crder supersedos OeneraL Administratfue Orcler 1io" 2-lB(Resources Protectisr ltoarti), dated Lfay 6, L9l&, and, to the extent of anycurfllct, other orders he.retofore lssusd. Generat Adntnistratirrc Orderl{o. 2-10lr (Fturcticnrs and rtganization of the lEcilltles Bureau) is amen edto lnclude provislon for a Resources Proteetlon Divislsr perfofoUg thefirnctisrs preserl"bed ln S:ection J atrove,

Sectlmr 6. tiffeetiw Date:

oO1 This order'is effective .trugust 11, 1g[3.

/Sl CharLes E. lfil"son

CI{qRI,US E. 'I,'TISON

Executlve "/lce Chehman

SCOFts T$D APPIISATICil

OF TBE

&380r,8effi Pr{#fffi IOt BOAAD

Authorlzatlon

?ho Rtlourcca ProtEctloa Board sar astabllahsd ri.thlniha t$er Produc?loa Board by Gouaral .{.dmtutatratirc Ordcr e-$8,offaotlva llay 8o 1942, and *mended August l1e 19*Sr to datcrmlnetha relatJ.ra lryortsnos of plaatr, faollllleu, tnrtaLlatioqs,utllltlea, aatorlels, aad other eoononio roaottroor to ths rar of-fort, froa tha polat of vlss of protaetloa agaiaat all hsasr6r,arrd ta eosnulrL*ato auch deteraluatLaar to tlro approprlatc dapart=uenia

9iganrgeligs

Resorrross Proteeti.on Board

Thc Roaour*os Prot*cttc*a Bosrd eanelata cf the feliowi.nEmenbsrg r

i:, :-ll-.'Chgfu:un (}far Proarrctlm Board, Offloa of tlrs ,Dro-

gfao Y[o6 Chnlraan]]Aqr Servl.oe Forcos ilnternat $eourlty Dtrtelm,

Off,iao of tJre Provoet l&rshal. 0enoral);Arlly Ai.r Foroes (Offtore of tho Alr kgvrort'l$rsha1)3tevy &partnent (Offtoo of proorrruart and F,torteiitOfflao of Ctvlllln Ibfeaec (faotltttrr Soourlty Dlrl-

olm)"t:]

AIl dsoiar.oar of the Board ara m,dsth advloa aud acrlstaJaoo of thc otlrer spbero

Rasouroel Protectlon Divislcn

by thaof tha

Cblrarur, rit&Boerd.

rhs &eaorroes koteotlo Bos,rd otrtalag ita ataff 8sr- .vloct {}m t;ln Soseut'aap Proteotl,m Dlvlalm of tha lfir p:roduotlolrBard" rhe fsseurcea proteotiqn Dlvialm is boadsd by e DrrlsionDl,reotor, rho, rnder tho ouqnrrlatm of tbc cbtrmn or *re Board,le rerpmslblo for ttp propcr fiu,ottqrrag of thc Dlvislm" rheDlvlllon la dirldsd into tno branohsc; r.amly, ths Beaouroca AnalyelaBnroh aad tho Protoottyo prograas Branoh,

PY

CONFIDETTIAI.

?hE Rosoureec Aaalyala Branch le rorpoaalblc for anaS,yr-lng and ravlatrl4g tha relatlve lqortaaoa of lndlridual faollL{;laats the total aupply of caoh ogeeatlal cetorial, preduot or aervlce;tha arallablllty of aJ.taraate. tougool_ of aupplyS aud thc repS.aoa-EFat tlse of tlr* atructura or equl,pamt La tJra €?aat of dcatruot*oa*ft lt, aa itr aana tnpllae, tlre auallrttoal skff of the BoaFd. andprapercr *rtd praaenta faetual anal,yaor of tha tnportaaoa of tacl}1-tlar to the Boaril for ratlug.. Thr Sranoh La subdtyldad lnto rsreaSoetlonrn srsh headd by a Chlsf Aaalyrt rltih ataff aaalstanoc- .Eaeh seetloa ls raeponelblc for tJrc eualyala of broad eatagorlooof releted produota-or aarvloote- a! folloqE:

Alrsra{.t Scettoo

AlrfrgEm and a':basaaubllelAiroraft *ngtaeoo coErponanta cud sosaadoriapAJ.roraft propollere rrnd parts

i.-,-. ./

Alroraft la.rodlng goarAi.rcrait lnatrumcnteXlr*ollaneouc alroraft

fastaacra, ato")ooapoaenta {punpa, na}.reso

Aireraft arnaosat oqulpnoatXlaoollanssua altro".*. asoogsorl.qs (oamoraE, oxlrgoll

agulpuent, f!.ro extlagulaharao life refts,] !to.)ALroraft nodlfieatlon oontorsAircraft coupoaont atorage facilitlee

chnroelr si:p?r.g

Eado tnorgrulo ohaloalr and derltatlrteBedo orgnatc oholaelg aod darl,vatlrelColrcsaod aod llqtrflrd gtscrAvletlm gaaolLro aad oopmoatal othsr .petrolaun

productgSyatbctlo irrbbm Ead oupocataPl,arti,oa eud rerlaeSyattrotio flbroa

tffifffi"Hr:ffi::".s""t" a.nd ooponmreDrtrgaInacotioldsr aud rtttsldra

{a*rtu;tr.t"r1 rhor ntir.cr soqtt,olr

Ebotrto pilrcr holllU.er0*e ,fraollltlergaorrrric*tlo, tlollltdraElgfay f,aolltttorPetrolera plpe llrar

-z*COBFI

, "4..,-==..-. ,, , ,

: .. : :'.:.:l-::::-.. -: . ...:-:..-::::-... : . ..: .:,: . :-: : .",''.::".'::':'.':

D E T.T T A t

a\! -l

Hon*Iaduatriai Fe.ollltiee $scti.an (floattrued)

ftall.read fao'rlltieaSrter aystemsi{aterwayeRagoerch l.abora torlea

t-,Stoekpllon

El e.s tilealjrad Othal {ach:lnerL ani Equt pnepl Se_ct i,:n

P"adlo and redar oqulpaont aud eorapouontETrucke'and oemponoota'Intarae3. oombuctioa eegfnea, *empaneata aad a\?ceB-

eorie a

Gob.sran krduati'ta} mo.ehi,?ory and *qtiLpno*tConatruetJ-on asch{.aenyHachtnE Too].e aad conpeneatuEndugtrLa-n': eoatreJ. taatruaants aad eomponsrteHlesoilansqsre oJ.oetrteei neohlner.y aod equipmsaitHtaaelLann$uc r*nchinary and equi.gim,ent

i?arc,Uatorlei. e lioctlari

Iron a:rC eteeLFerrc-aLicryoA].unlnr:m rtnd nngnoolre"rrCopperTln., Lead. ani sinsOttror eo*-ferroue metaisHlaooLlaaecus matals ard miuerala

E&auoe Seotlon

fnfantry; elrorafb and eatl-alroraft roapoue endcoopmenta

ArtlLlory eud naTBL grmo aud ooroponeataAmtnltlon aad coponmtaA.rnunltlw Loadlng- pla.nts?*alca, othor ombet-rehlolos aad oonpmontaELre aootroL aqullreatOrdnnaoa depote.lllaoellaacous

:\|.j

thtpbulldlng Seotlm

Eavel rrEcsol oonstruotlonIterlttnc yoaaol oonetruotlq8lr1p ropalf yardalsarlno onglpa, oonp@etrts and aooossorioethlgboard aliorafb ln.rrdltng cqulpnoatIleosl,l.aueoua voBsol oogmcats and aoooaeorlcc

E

COTFTDEIT?IALa..4 * * 4 &** --+--==,

I l'ii.: 1:

:

Tho ab*Ts breekdorn iadlaatee oaly tho broad eatogory ofprodueis eud serrlcsc" taa_lyaea of ooi.e ttraa 10300 lndlvtdualpredueta a:ed aor.rlcse hars beer: preg:ared by tho Branch for ravtr gFby the Board

the Protsctivs Progreea Branch aota for ttre Board throughthg Dlvt.rion ln lnter-aBeno;r ectirltlae conoorning thc protcctlo:r.of ocororie rosourre*o rt pakaa avarleblc to offlclalr'and, igencleocuoh i.nformatlon and reoomeridatlons as !&y bo holpful to thenalr';aaanea of tho reourlty of eeoaonlo reEourcog rated by thoBaq,s6, trt 1r dlvkiod i.nto tro seott.oue. tha ALteraats $ourcrs$rrctton aakos rscom.endetl.ons to tho approprLata ageaotos ou altsr.-'rata roursss of aupply of gcrvlcoo and producta ia the evcat of da-atruotloan' ?ho Deooaoontratlsu $octloa brlago to ttrs attentloa ofraapoaalbla offlo1aLo daugaroucly htgh coaceatr*tloa of vltal ra-tourogt cr-rd maksr rsooigraadatloas ou dl"aparsiono rhea suah dlaper-a{an la f*astb}e,

The Roaoursae Proteotlon Board hag devslopod a cyatem ofprotectloa prlorltloa of rogourcar based upoa tbctr. reLattvo lm-portanoo to tho xa"r progranro Thoaa prlorltlce arc dotsrml.nad ineueh a ray that thoy caa bo rovlEed raadiry La accordanEs rlthchaagoa ln tho atatug of mllltary progransq

Protootiou prl.orltlsa, or ratiago, aro aoslgnad to factl,-ltlcr eu tha barLr of tha producta produood or rerrtrcca rordcredby thoao faollltlcc.,

lo reoalm a retlug, a faolllsr nuat be of suoh autstaad-lng Inporteroe tbrt tf dcrtroyed lts losr rould -harn e eubatantlaladrerrc affcot. ugo tJro mr effort. rfitEn ttrts fraupronke thcEJor orl.terla uoed by the Berd ia oralrstlag a faoll,ity ara (I)tho l,aportanoc of lts produota or aorylocs to thc amduol of thslar, (2) t-trp rclattonehlp of produotLon oa;notty for tbe produotor tcivloo to silltary and other eerrntlrl roqulrueuta, and {E}tb lqporiruoo of tho lndlrl.&nl faollttyra oriqnrt a,ad oaPaofiy-tototal output a,nd orpaoLt;r. $rl obegtflortlm of ratlngr ey botlenrtsed as follmsl

Feroeat oftotal Outputor Cspaoltv4

z#q

Clescltloat-lm ofFroduot or SerrloeI II III

26fr10-6-I

ACABAC

AA.r,B

AC

4TiFTDE$T3]1,Lco

Bfhtla tlre per*rntago llmtta above are urua!.Iy applied,aosprvhai; loror lint i;2 are uaed for proCuct6 oontrlbr1tl;1g to brosdpraEra$! of high urgsnsjio

Produeta er Eernloas sre clasetflsd rmder ttrraa groupc ofarlticalnrEsr

Oz'oup I produots or rorrleos aro those rhloh aro of thehlghest lapertarlee to tlre coaduot of tbs rar,., agd for uhlch tlrerela a ahortaga or noar ehoqt*go of produotloa oapacltyB aad for vhlehthere are rro crallab3.o aubatl.tuter,

Sroup II produotl or lorviece aroof tbe hi.ghert l.mportancc to tho soadirot ofthe rclailoalhtrp cf productlon aapaoity toablou and (e) ef higir, but aot of hlghestduot of ths rar and foc. shtoh t*rera La aof produetlon capactty"

thosa rhlch aro (tr)tho nar and for whlelr

requtremodtr la fasor-tmportauce to the eoa-

ahortega or rrsar ohorbag*

Group III preduetg or ssrylcbsof hlghec'lli laportanoe to the cenduot oftho roXatlonahlp or produetlon capacltyretlafactory and (ai of hIgh, but uot of

ars thoge rrhieh are il)the v.ar,. asld for. shiclito raqulreqenta tc voryhlghort lnportrurcs to thE

ooaduot of tho rar, end for r*rlch thc 'eapaotty-roqulromsnte eltua-tlon is favorabJ.o'

Slaoe ratlnge ara aasigacd to factS.ftiea aa the bealg st'{*rclr output of apoelfle producta o.r aorylnca, nauy facllltioe pro-duolng a nunber of vital produota E,ar oerry gorarat- ratlagn forcach of tho produotau producta or aarvlocg for rhloh thora Ls alargt rurplua of aapaci.ty aro rrnolarelflad, rc6ard!.aae of import*anor, and soncaquontxy facllltlec produolgg th€m rsoatvo no retlagefor thoaa producta, Eorcvcr, ln aone eEE6s, an AC ratlug le eralgn*dto a faclltty rhlch eoaatltr.rtea eush a iarge proportlon of totatroapaclty that tta loee $ould oreatc a di.rtlaotly unfavorablo rele=tl.oaohlp betreeo oapacity aad requlremsntlo

Faollltles la prooegs of omstruotlm rhloh ere to produoeolarolfled orttf,sal prodrrto Br€ asslgnod rztinge on ths-bagls-ofcctlntad futrro prodrrotlm, in or&r thnt proteotive E aauro! oanbo. h,kon at tfri aite of, tbc faolrrry durlag-ths oonetruotlm porioduk"?_the rcaleoemt tlo of a raoirtty tf $orto l*ro faotrt-tyurul\r rcoelvca no ratlngo -

Ert thcs of 8PB Eyalrnti.grg

hcillty ratlngs aeelgacd by t&o rio*ra aud .data asse&Ledby tlp Dlvistoa bve had i nrasr $erd of uu"r,.l*rs ttu,a xas orlg-Plrv. ootaplated rbar trre Eoerd-".; ;;""ffi;;;i'G""iirJ' rr-p*trat applicetloaa of thc Berdca ratlngo .ra data iro tbe follorrlngr

f,v

CO$FIDESlIAI

tl) Faclllty Frotoetlon. F\rrcuant to the aaalgaaurt of;atlngc ana theffiha appropriata dopartnoata, thof,aallttlec ratod rera inrpacted by tha rerporiolble aorvlcar aadrcoormondatlons aado for thtlr protaotloao thoao rocomnendetloucu16ht tnbr*oe the l.aat*Ilatlon of a gus,rd ayateno lnstel,lation aro:rtcacloo of flro piottctlon cqutlmcat, oonatruottoq of fbolng'orf,loodltghtlngo ftn6orprlntlng and pcraocnol lnvcatlgatlonr' produc-tlon sacurtty ncarurcc, lsatallation of alarm ayttcmr, a$d tlra llka"fha rorponglblc braaohca of thc rcrvloa! afght llkmlss taka suob.ata.ur6a a. approprlatc tsrardt proYldllrg aatl-elrcraft protootl.oa"barr*gc bellooa protscttoa, oaraouflage, tnoka Ecrooll protootlou,lutcrocptor alroraft protcctlouo Goaat Ouard patrolo and thb uco oftroopro

(a) ltatorLala" Thc Sar ProdustLon Boardadopted tho po1lay of contrirlllng thc flor of soaroa and orltloaiDatcriale for faclllty protectlon through the uac of thc Boardq a

ratluga of rolattrva l"aporta-ec of factlltlas. F'aolittlos ratadby tJlc Eoerd r€tr€, la gcaoraX,, gfa.ated prlorlty aagletanoa ta ob-tala thosc ustcrtala fcr protcotlon purpoaet, rlrcreaa unratcdfaollltlec trorc goaorelly doaled suoh arriatancao

(5) Ianporrr AsslltBEac" In 6,oncratr., facllltles ratodby tho Board re@orlty by thc ltar lauporser Con-alaaloa ln obtalnlng tha Bcecraary Labor to kerp produotlon lathoce faollltLoa at hlghogt lcvsle.

(4) Sorvf.oc of Publlo Utllttlcc. The rattuga of thoBoard roro uaed lea of tho llar ProductloaEoard and other latorectod Oovernramrb agcnolea la aeaurlag tha un-Intcrruptod and adoquatc rupply of publ,lo utlltty scrvlcc, auohac cl-cotrlclty, gaa, uatar, and ftrol to thoac facllltLego

(6) Seleqtlvo tlrrvtot . Thc Eeleottva 9ervlocuttllrd thc fac ltr oonrldcratlm bfdfrft trGptlmt of as$rtlrl ;rrrmncl ln ratcd fecllltlea, lnglltralr Profcrrod treahoat nr glvea by thc dr*ft autbor{,tlsa toIlorroancl oBlotrod la lbo1llttce ratcd by.tlrs Board.

(6) frget- 8-e-1cqt1-q" At tba lavltetlon of tha &my A1rForcrlj tto gcrm tJre sql.€otlon of ccrtela dtalPrgdrcts oatmtlsl to tbr rar ocfitqr of L:clr oolntrloaa lr ordsrtlnt froXlltd,er prodr.otag tho;e lnodrntr 1n tlroas aorntrlet nlgbtbc rolcotad ar targete for A1ltsd bodlag.

(?) Deconoautratloo" Data aseomblod by ttro Board r'e-vcaled" lu roncffiely hlgh ooocoatraii.oaa ta thc nanu-faohrrc of csrtaln vltSl r1r matcri.alro It raa tho polLey of theBoard to brlng thcea cincqntratLoua to the ettoatloa of the proporofflolal,a in tho ttar Produotloa Board aad other Laterarted agcuelct

Coatrol of

: -aa.,... ]S1",.1t.j:i3i,.l;,

T

CO$FIDETIIAt

30 'bhat approprl,ats BeBsurgs BlEht ba takse torardc dcooaceatratlngOr dkporulng ruch prodrrotloB amont raysral faollttlea or to other

- (8) Ra{grrarp from the gervtcaao yarioua of ths servlsaCoroandc aaa r 'oepartncnt,

*i-i*ri-.iSuieru$ rad Dtrtrlctc of tho Xantrr Departucato rofcrroi. to otartain{ae!}!t_rrc of partleular rntaraai to t}reu,

"od "oqrlortod that thoesfeollltlor bo plaosd oa the rastor rnrpeoiloa Rorponalbtllty Llet.

?hoee rtqucatr rer6p in tura, rof*rad to thr Reaourcog protaotloaBoard nLioh lavcrtlgatod rjre oltglblll.tr of thore faoilttloa forratlag under thc orltsrla ertabrtrhcd ln Arry-llavy Jolat clroularf,oo 1" ?hlc tafornation, ia hrrn, rar comunloated to ths appro-prl,ato offlclal.e la tha f,sr aud Xavy Deperta,oatao

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CGIT'IDUTiTIAL

'.:::l:":--'-

EffiIgT,3 ETT

LTST OT DO#UHB'TS ff{D BESESEr{CE ITB,S

, Cil,ffiIs&Itri Effi SCE'8CE IIIEEtsIAI.

I' PffiEi1I3{I$0 t0 ISIE Il.iIgED StAfffi

1. lhorardr:a fbs.a Cw:eJ:d*Eg Goneral, Arny $erirlce Foreae, to 1lrako?oet &?arahsl Geireral, ftle SPffiD S?O.St {gO ;iul +A)-

. 4 Augurt 19*tt, eubjectt a0i'rl.L5.an Defenea Agalnet Ece,{f AatlmDlr.'eeted at *lrrlI1ene, f?r+lr Iastallatloseo ard Coms-sitlea.r'

Iattsr i':rom !,h.je General ?orry, Cr',anqldin8 Esnererl, second, Ser-vLoe Cresnd, to Ihe SdJut*nt Geaoraln flLe $FtrYG, ? Aprll1945, rubJe+tr rr0lvlllan Dafanse h f!.re of Peeeeil, i.ndorobd,rrlth oomrrents f?op Lt" GeaBraL Grnraert, Corcard*ag Genorel,Eeutera Eofenss Co*aaad., tr6 Apr5.1 I945u

lfurelrdun f?am Dlreutor, Epeclal Hlarurtrg Dt:riolon, Offics ofttre Chlef of Sbaff, to the Chlef of Steff, flle T[D$SF, 25

'"trme1945, rub.jeotr nglvtrItan Ilefenao Ia ffuie of lb,acen, (Fithlnolosutss),

4. Tertbooks, paq:hleta, ropcrta, and 8[1os of t?re 0fflce of ClvlltarDefenae.

5. Offlce of Ctvllla,re D'efenge Staff $fudil, t9 Ury 1g4$, cubjeettn0rganlzetiom aad ftoratlwrs of Ctvtilp.n Doi'eaee FrotsitfmSorsleog in trSorld TYar lfo.

6. Federal Borke .Fqeacy, S" F. Aoe EBtbliographs.ao of Al,r Eald ke-cautl.one and Ctvll Defoucoa.

? o haq*tlete pregnred, by the ltatimal ?eclrnologtcal 01v11 PnotectianCcmittae (appolated W tha SoeretarSr of IYar). .

8. Aabrlcan &,tlor?.aI Red Crors, August 1941e rDlsegter kllef Hsd-boo&n'

9. tfaanal Anal3.able fo:r Seourlty Troopa, lnoludtng Stete Gr:ard,srt,? I{overdbet 7942, E. Ttende}l Eadiaott (.e.cadenlc Board. FtrstSorrlce Ccmaad Taotlcal Schoo}-i.

10. Etbanel Avallab1e for Soour{.t-v lroorpr, lncludrng $tato Guarda -'(bgtacles fsi- Eoed, BlocksF, i3 irrty 3.943, E, ltendell Eedicott(lcadeatc Board, Blrat Servico Cmnd I'aettoal $chool).

2.

S.

gSI{T'IDB{TIAL

11. Isttor d?ara tsaJor Geaeral lfi.lar, ccarardirg Gersral, Flrrt Sem'lceCcara,rans, to &,Jor General Iaroh, Prorest Harghel Geuarel,?'9 Aagunt 1$45.

14. nlr&ratla of tle Eatloeal egd of tre U1tted St*tee, 1g+O - 1.3111'

aad Sreasnt lilfuata to $tateeil, fietl,mal Grprd, Brroaun'EO $eptalar 1948.

4-g *42)1$, Ietter fru 5ha fdjutant 6leneralf s Off!.ce, *!'1a AG $e4.51 (' .!#-SP-E, 50 Alrril 19{ffir arbJootr nHlaslcag, fratnlt:gr and &tpplqmsnt of State Qssd,atro

16. tlenomn&ln fto;n fne ko'nost [brshal &ansralrs Office to !ilaJorOensr*I J*tn P. fulth, 0trlef of Artrlal,atratlss $erulcos" flleffi08 ILfil SBS.8, 12 thrcb 7fi42, crrbJeetr nkpanaloo of Hlestcasof Sti&te Ouerds to Iatluds Aasletaace to Fadara} Forcea la '

Defoarp Ag*inst Invastonil.

15, ttrar Departmsnt Pellclee Relatlrq to Pcst-rrer l{atloel &r&r4",apBrorred by the SecrstarJr of llfar, 13 Ootcber 194So

16. rfispq.t of Organisati.anal and frahfug Act{v5.tles of, t}re StatsBuardro Batianal Gtsrd &tfeanr, 1 8ebnre4l 1944.

l?. n&aport of @anlcst{.ffisl and ?ratalag Aettnltlee .of *re SbtB&ra"dn, Hatiomal Guard &rreau, L rlanuary 1945.

18. .{r!V &gu}atlons 85O-?5g, o$egrl*tlms f,or State Guardt!, 21 Sep'tedbar 1945.

l,9o nBlEanlel Soport of the Erlef of Etaff of tiro Onltsd St*tas Aqrt&rly 3n L94S to .ft.rne 30, 1945r to tlre ,lecretery of Tfer.

eO. ilfuaelvs llefsnee Doetrlnsio 5O lhy 1g45r Haperrt of"tlts Arnqf AlrForces Bcardn 0rlando, Hlorf;dg.

el. ttthtrd llepmt cf tha Cryrm*dfng GeaeraS. of the Jtry Ai,r Forcesto the. Searetary o.f lfarF, 1? troveab€r 1,945r

2!,, rA Genenl Acccrmt of tJre De*relopmaut ef iEetlrod.e ef Usi:rg AtornicIhergl f,or lltllta4r ftrrToaea Under t}:e Aueplcee of th* Ilutted$tati? oormrrneat,-1940-- 19488" by s. D. &llr$t, August 1945.

28. tleroran&u frm Bre Pronogt trfiar*al Oer:srelts office to BrlgediorSleaaral E. S, Oreeabrua, f,lle SFEgiS CO4, EB Febmary L9451 oub*Jeotr lCrttLcal ttar hoiluetlm, Capacfty 8att1en6oks4.

CO}IE'IDMTTIAL

24. Drafb of hopoled Tfsr-Qga@nt-Clrsular for tha lryleuentatloaof the strnpsm Eoard Plal -for-EeolUnatzatLoa of, thi lrar Depar+-aaat end-the_-Ary, tcere{ by t}re Board of, 0ff,laerl for &giataa-tlm of ttre TIer Department, ?B Harch 1946o

26. uaraorar:d,ran fton Dapury Gormndl,ug GeooraL, .f,nry serrlce Fotcea,(attaohlng Letter fboe the Chi;f of Staif, wlth {nq]cmryacr29 0ctcibar- 1945)r_aubJectr nfrar Daparasn{ poricyE"-irrl si--tabllshrent^ 9f-** slngle lbpartmenti of the *rraed Foreesn,50 0ctober 1945.-Y -Vt

2$. ATy Ftrloe Forceur clreular !{o. ?9, &,r+ &rrooo sea.bloa i,?7 !&rch 194S.

tl, n$heltar furilaot, Aerla1 Bombardrhemtr, Breodoqe Crane, publ{ahedby The Cmnoe*leut state Def,an*e cirneil, Lg4e,

38.- rlur Department Olrcu!.ar Ho. rlg, g4 AprLr rgs - norBentzattoaraad thlnltg * Geasral Prtucrika e'ov,pnig.ss rrnp*ilti"n or poat.I[ar Plaltgn. - 5'-

TI. PERTAI}IN$ fO CREAf BRTTAffi

29. surygrf Eoport, "Erl.tLsh llome &.ra,rd,tr, .Iohn E. ficmrard aryl E, Ireu-daII hdtco'i;tu*

so. ' il$upplemgntary Poport rer. Brttlah Em Guardn, En Hendelr &d1-cott, Sovemnber 194I.

sl.' tRgrort rer-^Facton3r llafenur (grrtigh),r, E. Ifendelr &d"loott,I$overnber 1943."

s2. supplensntepr Begor! on o$!!a! Hw &rarrl, Eo. 3L, rsrat lleeded .Ullltary Fotrcatrr- E" Seadel,l Endteott, p,ibroh l9AE.

S$. r&glneerlug &spacts of hoteotlon of Ctvi!,IaaE and Erair Fforketlgalnst Alr Ra"lds fu e.gknd*, pr. SaSter D. Blngern

84. rCer*alu Featureg of the Britt.gh Hm C"rrardn, Offiee of the Ghtefof ths llatimat o,ard Bt*aauo fi6 Deoenber ig41.

E5- rcrvtr Ilefonoor (xhrra F.):^c-*rs. olovor, pui:].lched ftr Qhapmaand IIaIl, Ltd., l94t (Ertttch)

$6. nrlrs auxlllary Fire sornlco aud-lte &gnnlzatrmrr. Ilarord.Bavlu,publfuhed b;i l{atloual. Flre &'!.gadea lesoolatloo, fgao (Aiitfsi).

s?. rc$ualtY - ke tralnrng, 0rganizatloa, and Adnl:rlstretloa ofctv'l} Defence Oaqralty seryi,g9r"o G.-9. slrlrxas, pubriahedby Seaker ond Barburg, l94O (Ufii*r)"

il8. Otvll Defenr€ Act lg3g Brlttch Boroo Office.

, CCI{,FIDMI?IJIT

E

59. SsrLat of Brltigh Eme Off{co Dlrectltel o tt&lr RBtd hecauti.marrfrm I &rly 19SE t&rough tlro w*r porloA.

40. . rclvil llafence 1$ the lbtt€d Mrgdutr, Brtttstr E s'e Ulntstry, 19418

41. iglstorical Beport doaltng vrtth hltlsh plano ard activltlec fcnctvil defonoeE--tr"t"irat'ig'1atlre.cour8eof,preparatloaurderrert*.o-

tlea thst require Brltlnh cabtnot autltorlty fe tuapctlm.ft ls constderad of Euff,lcterrt valus for future atudy

arxl planniug, thatr uF@ !.ta coup!,etlon, B coPy ehould beroguoetetl for U. S. Y{ar Departaen{: uee, througb the CmiblnodChlsfs of Staff.

Fs fr.trther rofsrslce, ttre report ls betag proparedby tho Elstorlcql Sectlon, I9*r Cabluet, of r*r!-ch BrigedlorIstham ls t*ra C"hlef and Col. Pollsrck le.egaletant.)

' Iir. ffirFoBfs o? r0, s. sltsaTiErc $0ilIBIu6 SURTEY(fta carmany)

q2. Civtltan Dofonse Divielolr Eln&l S*port (Cerrmay), eg 0ctcfuor 1945.

45. Clvtll.an DoeeJee Beport $o. 1 - aeologpe Field Beport", 2O July 1P4:.

&. Ci.vtltan Defan€e Repnrt $o. 2 - El3onr Ftold &eportn, 15 Soptorber 1945"

45. Clrrlllan Dofense ffeport l{o. 5 - iltr{aaoror E'lelcl Beportr. t? .IuIy 1948'

46. Ctvtltan Defenpe Boport S*. 4 - trl{E,n&urg Ff;.ald SeportnoVolr.m I - Iex* - 16 0ot&er 1945Tolum ff - Erhlblts - 20 Oetobor 1945.

t

*?. Clvllian Dofonse Raport No. 5 - BBEd 0ldesXoe Fleld Ropor'tn,21 JulY 1945.

tl8. Clvtltan Dsf,ense Report So. 6 - *.4'lrglburg Fi.e].d Boport't, .. 2B .IuIy 1945.

49. Clvil!.an Dafonse ltoport I{o. 7. - rRocePt5'crn Aroae ln BevarteGermay", I Septeraber 1948'

50. lbdlcal Branoh Report (lfiorale Dlvi'slon) .- ettllre Effect of Bomb$rg:

cm llealtJo aua lAataal Cere ln Oorranyn, 30 0ctober 1945.

El. Orer-al} Beport - n(Ebropeas.l[ar]o 8O Septerfuor 3.945.

52. Surnry,rXr Repor* - n(E\rropean'Ifer]' 3O septaxrber 1945.

CU]TIDE}ffIT.L

DOr

.&*.

55.

i !:. ; -r_-. :q :,

ar- ;:1,'-:! !i-1.'1 .fi,r1 !' { rri',:; .i i ,1_r t

:':. ": '; : r

Iv. T![Ifm, i!TFJB; :]ffrIrT.$i?Lr, r]rIrlBlllti STBSET(e *rapsn)

Cl.rrlltda Defeuse Dtrlele-Ftral Repont, 16 lhreh 194{i.

ClvXltea Daf3.aes l)lvisle ;'.Japareae Intorrogat!!.can.,.Ootgber 19it5.,t

'fesfag Japaa', Offlca of ttrs 6h*ef of Caatsr Eotelfi,gmcri,Oeasrsl Eeadgurt*ers; IIn g. Arc$r Forcoar Faclfic, ES &rgrst'1945.

86. 'ghaitasts Reportr (PreltdnarX'Draf,b), ?€ Aprt]. 1945

Y. PEffiAII{ISG ES NH'SSrj,

511, UI S0-4SO - Eandbook m the U,$.S.B. Arrsd, $oroes - Chapfur fllo. i$€Eil.-Etlttary Or6ant*at{.sagil.

VT. FEUSHSL

88. nhelrsjlnsry,Repor* to t]rs Saeirotnry.qf Sar of aa &e*r€.ilou Torrto tfro Srropea:r amd lfe*Lterrsntssrrtr Ses,t€re of Opere'I3ent', [fuJorAlexerdor P. 6s &verckyo 87 Septembar 1946"'

89. ntrtns1 Report a^nd Booomondatlonsr, Clvll!"an fupply lllsr:*cur, llt1f.taryfllaualag Dlvla!.ca, Offlee of the Quert*nmater Sono;'r:l,5 ![arcb 1$4{i.

G(r. illsee1leneouE Bp1eaaes, Eureau of hrbllc Relatlone, Ear Deparfunt.

61. t{arspapor and [iagarLna rlrtlcles.

65. rIIo the IIam of' Sani$t, BeSmmd frrLng* publtohed by Earper anl

€4. ilho IIorSd, or SoreB, prrbllehecl by llhlltleee.y Eouoe, lxeGrsr-BILIBook Cmpenl,"a 1946

S6. rlba Elre Attacks on Genman CLt!.ee'r, Ilaratlo Boildn p, ?45, Hatloae3Ilto hotpctlon lssc,clationr Quarterly, &,rt I, ,ianuary 19d5.

Be. &eole} isporb, pralared by Iaduntry D5,*r3,-sioa, U. S, S**B Co:rtrrolCorncllr 1A tllrly 1846o

i

67. l$ooellareora Rsports, Of,f,ioa of lluvrl Intelltgmeo aad. UflftaryIntelllgerce"

COI{FIDES?I3L

'.L . ,)

Cq{rIDESTIAt

EmrBtr Eh

Go1ry of Infrer{m Segnrt (Stlrdy gB-1)

$&mttted by the Erwost Slrlshel Oeiraral

oa 12 grf,ah tS{16

UtrTIDE.ISI$L

2'8?

--?#tit- -ii<{-a:Y;+=*1'

COUT'TDE?ITIAI

ETXIBII w

IIftESI-q BSFOB? OtI STUIIT {gD-r) EHtIlr&;SB!!EJE A8drst W Aotion Brr.dGA nt GtvtltalrE.

ln lo ?hla laterla report outllau oartel^n proltd'aartrr conolrsatst e"mfop"C by 3lr. frotult Uarshrl C*ri.l tD tltp 6urcc of, bir a-*"it"ry rtiry daocrrrtng cirtl Dafause u&5"shr for tb Purpolqs of !a;try, 1} n fli;C aa defenro rg*tnrt, rad d.tigrttoa of t,}u effectr ofa;q$-rqp11n droot;d et elrtllaaa, tlralr tartallatlor.r tarvlceos rc-pra'isrr gd o634l.tl'eso thc purgolp of tb *u$r 1r to detaruire,rmag, ortba. tblagre (1) rbet rhpuld bc dons to prqarc e adoqurtc Cfil'lU33drr rd (E) rfnt rgs,oy rhould bo olrargad f,lth ltre1nrlngo satabllrh-1j& a1d oooiOiratlag tb tarious ooartltraft cLsuaatr ofe auoh dsfeileofU-golafrrtoas brein rtetcd are t€ntatlw oaty $d dll bo nodl{1lederf !ag;!!Grlr! .r rrtil or eddltloaal feote and ooanldcrrtl@a ars brougltti ffSlt ql ftlr.*ror ttuQrn rcacarsh ard anrlyalts Ly thr aomal evblrhtlon of f*c dudyo tnd by the rapldly ohugiag rorld loGr€o

bo fhsac pcX,lalarry ooaclrulonr rre Inrcd tryon pertineat lx,trnrllaor grboad ln f,orld Flr II ln tbc lhlt d Ststetg eglS*a, Gorraerqr,lnA frpsl r4un logtEal thsorlratlon oonoarnlng ttrq probablo oharactarof fgtirr rnrf ald r4ron reaultant rcncspta- of an affcctlYo rmdern f,onof, Ctvll lbfsnre for thc Udt€d $tgtea. lltpro thsre lrar beea a radlodi!1prtlrr frorl tradltlo:cal Prograts b d.lttory tqrbior ard rtratogyg.t'fu tb &rrrlopmot of etmto etr€r65r, past eqrarAuoe ormaot be ttproh gulis for &rture planr or aotioruo qlrd a lroJtottou^l'ato thefr*ur; bjg b€e rttqrtad la an affort to vlrual:lra poerlbls oorntor-U6l3,.a *d.oh mry Ue eug,loyed agalnot trlfiarto rnborm nadla avellabtrta {Irturo gtrlse- of t}rle oor.utryo Iu affitvtng lt tha prclld.nn'qtr coarolgrlonr ret forth belor,r, tba rcoorddl otgrn{t*tleo end planc of thsmf,or af Ctlrtllan Dsfensc uara analyrcdS tb rolnrta of tle Lnttcdgtrtcc gtratagtc Bodblng Srl.rql fuo Gcr:ror4r raro etudled carefulfy, 1.r.tt"" of rsdrte of laterrogationr oonduotrd tJr tIE BDitcd Stetec $tta't{gls Sonbfu[ $urYoy ln Japan rere rcYlsuodl tho prtlotlntlol of therHi nprt*"*t rna LtUBr reacrrl rgenale. ln va1fq1 phrle? of GirllFforrl nr exrd,rcdl partloularly ln rel*tton to tLcir lntorest 1I1 t&roo*rtt-truog produotlon if "ff uateilels Do.61ttrr to a govextmont it Ur.Dd la tfif ilrfc dcllvcry of thorc aatorl'rfu to thc ffgmfurg foroar atti, fto3tr1 r trsr.tia1 rtidy rat rrda of Strrte firardt la thc lfrltud Sf,*trsrld of sr gu.rdr l.n mglandl tba plaae rnd oprrtlon! oo1o:ratug HocIbf,iare fn prgturd ter but rot lnoludrrrEo thl rdrrnt of T'2 boobr rcrut".p"rt Al .eI t&e edrloc rrd oplnlonr of nturou. or;nrte in varloua;lfriOr arr cllottcde pertlotrfrrly rrlth ntgard to thclr ladlvtdual vllrlg to rtritlrr ;ftfo etug rihodA firad to lttarally lrolrart ctl'uratol of

COtrFIDEfi!ITL

.{.--}

r&Bt tblrfn *r dasra or t{h.t}pr tba ulti,ntc otrslucisr ahould b€ teprrgdlffi mdsrated by that p*Ite optaloa rtll erdrrre dwl*g psr$o-tE-E=

8s lbo o+rolurloar harala ar.e rrrH,ttrd for lrrtarlJ! rapor* pur-po3il oalyc 1r the Lnterectg of expcditf,on, ruplnrting data arc notelrynnddn but ?111 bo lnoludsd 1n the f,l.rd ropott to b€ rctrdorcd at rIrtrr d*ta" ?hsgt ooaealusloua do aot Erport to firraLrh tho flnaLE ttr to tba 3roble& or al} of tbe arrGrl to ttr varlous parttoulrrg$r*r thorof" thare renqin to b€ rttdlade a,r toe es regulaltersfmroa setcrlal booonoa avallablee acooueta of the Srltlgh dcfensoa6rl"nrE ?-8 bode, tha final top,orta of ths lhftod StetaE StratcgloBoS&g $lrr:oy in Japrna and lnforsatloa conoonlug thp plans anopar:tiaua af slvlltavr defarse ln the U. S. S" Bc As erc solroe:rrt6rhl La obt*taed cJed digeated arid es mro lr lcaruod about the ra-l*t{.gr}Sp of Clvil Defense to over-all nstl.o:ral fuisnst atrrtagy; ad-{ffl6sd, ooacluslolr xlll eyo}rB and Eartrlu conoluaioas-axtrrestodlerreln Ey ragrdre ravl'sion Gr erctel.oro Thtsa ttfuItt*d sre the ooB-olrrcr.org of ?OD&YI the demandg cf fOlSRBffi rtII aall for a plarntr:gory:ntratlou oapable of produefu:g nev or elteruats aoluiione prompilyo

So Stuce nny fully dapondable plan ehould conalder all *catingen-olor, tlrle study preaultsa the wo.rst" 0rB tle beris of paet exparleneeud prersnt oonoopta of tha probable oharaoter of firture war, tho noctrrr xtll ba a total rar sLioh nay begin at aqr ttue; lt will bo fougtrteot larat lattlEA$f tn tho lxritod $tatoa stffi'f, 1111 bc attaoked flretrr'4 rtllhout rarnfng, tfuara rcl}l be atrong uadaroonor eaol:rlas frEffitJrlnffi'F-rh-paEiffi6r are worldag egelnet us; atd ths ens6r eill bs attcart u mogrotent and as powarful aa f,? Brso It Iogloally mwt ba aEo

errled tlet ths 6n€sry rtlL rsect slth oorretderabls lrrttlil, gucoeaa andtlnt d.Illona o,f aeeuaStLes<egegtg publtolaed eetLuatea rr& aa hlgh aaforQr rllllon-"ooat of shom Erll1 bc otvlllanre $orlbly could ocottr dls-fag th, fllrst houre of a tnily nllghtarllrgf, ilaro Although lt is asslssdthlt rr dlf porsosr strong eristi.irg toah, foroer for sornterstt*cko oeplrrta rcbtlteetton of our arced sarrrloce probably ri}l uot oes'*r rrifhlnI ycg rftsr tore future !d.Iley" ik oanrot btat otr planr on haql*g a4rforg. rlly at ery tim durtng a futr.ro rer rinoc arqr potentiel a1lyepreirnafly EfE-rEEir tlran tlrte oourtry ard aealng rxrprocodentedtcryor and devaetation being, vlaited, rrpon lt, doubtlelo rtl} nake itaoru t;1as, .horntver prcJudlolal. to ltaclfe lxtth ths engrl1o Tbg Ponsltyfor trcffaEtl.ve pretrnrednese e rhathor or not lt reoulted ln our o*pl.tr>Iattoa to th6 inq1, sould be trenandoug and tcrrlbleo If urc u.iract*lourly ercaped the probablo prnlrlmsnt for pur llnt of omlcolou--th*tof gorqg d5lrrmi to early or o'nsntuel dofeet--t&o cost ln livee, rasou,rooSsrer,tttrr-am nulture atttt rauld be appclllng" If,a on the ot'lrsr hand, rravcrr foro€d to ylelde thoac of.orr peoplc who rurrrlvsd ttre ravegee oftotal mr muld be marked for arurihJlatl.oa or porlntual bend*goo A31

rggarrlor natl.ou, la tho sbaoDsa of aad r.uoheeked by atroag dmocratloalll*sr rould terk nothlng lela"

284SOEFITEHIIAT

ir ls cffaottrr llo1l ot ogtf.dae gfrfl Ibhrruarrrl beEna.rB ilrFB!ftFalr al SlEtr'aJ Eo G:tlt B€F;-lE E-ffiET

ffi qulta mnolurl,rt\1r tlrt r G{xrk:frr rd,}l to rrta xi& gl*ltrtnrt ual $rEltt tlrl o}rnstcr ot.ltr fl,EhH4 fqaco lrr*3r lql1xtlil dth ths &l}lty of tla olrXltsar of, r&rt mqtry to pro-€rb Jd -fstrlu t&alr ftghtltot forer rlth o*tld.q: Miata ofan3E{*f :odm r$d,Imlrt and rqryllrrc Hrrt htArtr'La nddcra Ar:-*rr rr:r tb t*urdrtlf aat otlsr xttnl Etttllrl fiotllti,cr r?f,,ch sr:rhli* lrtqns lrd foroalo

b. lbilr tur tls rrt&llrbrd rttal -trhnrnoa of, gfota ' to o&rrs.ceDl6 to ga.

-E-

o Elaoc tho (E-of our rrd fEror on

--grbfro ticca gd ettto-

irirs tcdry 1r rrloatls rlrd beyoud dafurire rS rrtpantb$t$ 1r bLrr.at" But tbro lro othor ooarldcrrtloor *1& ler{ to e tlrlllar cg-cleloa. If as ettac& 1s Lcraohsd egrlrut ra rnn ritHl thr ooatlnm?slfttd SEetere tb*t area" ltr &11 probrblllt5re l.adlrtcty rll.l b€&dgrtd ar r nttpitcril rlthla *tob d.lltrr" fcocr d.11 bG resgrnrlblcfor dlrsgttrg rll cpnretlons, rhethar of r testLoalo rtrrtcglor or ti6rt*rlQr urhrs" Plaaa for all oouponent clc'.ratr of uetloual dsfeneE rhuldbc lutagrrtrd olora\r b5r tlorc agenolca *to\ dlmotly or LudLrEotlgrodll !. rrrpcarlble for thrir Ereontlon Aooordlrylyo rt tts rlek ofhfng aogur€d of Btbtsotlgcrtng, osrefirl planr dDuld bc Ed. omJtnc$lwlyty tt &r aad f,eqp lbpr&ontr to protrot tlrora "tht otyl1lab feolLi,ti.as Wo, rfiioh thslr flgbtlng elenatr are dcpdot for aqullnent eadaqpltar td rrLloh ar€ respoaslble for thorc elsrutr bllsg rnd renetaiagollr hot, l'trudr forseao Proteotton thould crtad to 1noduotlour ne,arara\ rtoragc, dqatniaatl.oa, snd traarportatlm faat lltlca; elaotrtoD6sf rnt gae utllltleE; atratcgto truels, brtdgoa,'rnd vladuotsl ratcrn4ry11:rr lntrolera and gag pl1nllra, hngh llttrttr! ntrrel 5rl ad otlfhfdrt rtoo$l,Icr of oritl.cal natorlelrr qnlpffi,rt rFr tht llIc" rf-thoqh rerrrertbillty for over-al1 pfrmf,ag for uil rt4nrvlaloa of Gl?fl

W thc rr@il rcrrLcore thLr docr rd prcoludat&c dll*rttou of ertain spaol.flo protoortlw finstlonr, rtnh ar plrrrtlrotecttoue to grnllfled tbdonl or lrlRta olvlllrn tgclloioa"

a Go@ rltEtrtEseg or Eno

of Cinll llofonsco ol,srsg9lffblll O(EFnq?t(tj 1l

.I drfoeg$EEr, s rcvcalcd by tatsrrogetlone of b.lgh atrll &ftrnse oftlol*k|n tba. aorstr{er bJr thc l[rttd Strtra Stntrgl,o Mrg Suruqro rrrcthl E&.ilrrlrloa of opcratlorrl rarpmrlbltrltlo rq too ua4r soot{lD='rtr rd tid.-lrdalpdont orgentlrtlonrs r lrol of cootsartlon of lesnpiltf roH,rttlore rn ovcr-lrpp&g of {\nstloarc ui tfu rbanoa of td.tyof mrd, tUl rscultcd ln coafuolon rni lIr&Clotcary end, a €oa.oFr

$ret ffcetar losa of llvcr end propcrty tbrB Etrld hrrt ocourrcd tad.ri mr-rflfolst or6rnlrrtloio thr ftom ghl.d of Sbfil iu tla AlrFortduti.oll Strff of tlre lerfbrrffr phoed {:br bLc fu t'ha oltcd

CO[TIDEulITL

-

t-b:'1

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28s

for qry! artborl.rrd ogratlmr rad.r ClTtl lbtsnssEEt h lgtlLmE E rrsrcfisu

t l*p-t_of tb Eclm o4vlf defcuc *gsfrdla oo trla hllf{rtrt+ut rf uthcd of oprrrt4 sd qturrrd t&rr mc Dut r-,9}ttnrr_crgplraHou.

rrtn rtr rerll.tiu .* ctui,Utr-.f-I:ttlfr}t euld budln-tts grut dar d FoDfs sraairt*A-rtr.t&,'il'r onrrttul tb rrrEe forcr rqrd,rd 1s -t-rnrrterr elrtl dcfenrcoS=ldnat Wbrta sf tL olvft dlattnr ocarnllr*fo d tD, ffrnft**I* xr ltr rq7 rqrrntoly rr4nr{rrrt rlr5sl .d tt kE} sf:lTTry st-f &e$d rsol .gg.e.q lrHltd r! too rnL tnra h&3lrt t *trrrtf* to ooordirrtc tb. ld.ded relg FEE1l3r of aj[?r d IrtI DrDlrh*tr d ocr+rrr trdc*rt cffi}tg *li.f,L" ilri{,*cL tr Df.E+Ee de; th irry smlor ltrcr .d tL rrs r1r?eryf * qlr.:rtal soodfaahd tut rqd-laia1dmt f*atri.O pp.lrdaa !a{p,E!o E of thc loemar r.sEa lr *rr stgtry drrl€Eln -t u ae thrt $ aSoary-p{t+fy 6epcrr3l; 1g' ;g||rur€rytls trlglr qe+t ela*utr of Efrrff {L(brri rls ;dld hrtr ovp*rrll e.".?ffin 1lrpe+}P1t3r, tBafty e3 !n+-p, s a ptrotgibGr* srytr fLrc of tb ltrry b.lrrS mfrctdo

bdefi{'rlr ald ot&ar rtrength rapldly L*o a f&staaUs .ad ocordfnatrdtft' q.rllytr* ril.ohs forwarnd and rn opmtdoar. drl bc r pomrfirl

!&.r bs rttr&. . ttrarc plrar rbould rot bo Fni,ttrd to booou l6:EEeAl ftry rlt ba kapt iurrcnt raa arprUfi lf f+faotrtro et qrtsr"_ &moqrfffi DrrnolFl ptrnnlry rghry, u ulil rr sulozdtuattfryt rn{ o'?.trati-trt agraolml nrgt fo.oi. ruff,lcltuLly fitsribfuaryrrt'rtttor to dlf, rcgld cqrrnatono

cs,EIDs=In&

-

--a30-thtt

th*=rt to.ry aggrcaslor tha Etoe 8htat'rdu ta-.ttiifi- tlrrt5rltbut sa|{lE, rlof, at a t{.ue vhou elthr attesk ir l€alt r:rpcotoil orue .rr mtt Lll-trmt|rrd to rcaulra ltc Draunr-d-thk nrlif,rr flgtcyg_tli t*ro of,'mdora rar, tbro rr.1r bc no ttr to drc16, nnd ur-t +th *qrBtr y,rolco.ttoa or rerlef rEoa.rurrr ltttr s rrr ittaobdroEtta.tr of tbta rbuti be dotalopcd aait lartltffiItt aoorr oghsrgtldlln ba lrrtfsriaad for rrrradtetc aottvrtto, qrc tbe ".*tr".f of aroEFrc prr* &ot,Id carlrr[ffi'tr:r trrnrfor:rirt la e uttrr ofdar*rl tre pee to.mr rqd rborrld- r*k to dt{tdrc the effrstr ofIF .t"rytr laithl rrd oortlnulag ourlrqltr. Darplt l,orrrbb .rrltrgifirt rrr thrt pctloa of ths couatry rtror rslai *{lr*r$ery u;harE{ ry+- br ptparcd to brrlg ordsi lls obrorr to soitiag tai rrr,*{ t f,Ent tbt rar to a atrccraefirl oonltulo. ?}BE, plara znret [-rfi for lctlfi. to h ts&e prlor to e rurlrtr rtteof-qlFrnatr Ullsotna$13 otbcr nret Srorrltio EFEra protootton rna ooatrol of clviifôug+fB tbt f,t^rrt and rubeogueat atte-obr rnd rtt[ ortbom urrlt provtilife aroa[rr7 rlrll.f rd tlooaltnrttq roGlvl.tbr ln ttrLcl.o- arcas

!o .$ El.urltsaede rorlff der oortlurtrdllla lr ral-Tr

-

ErFd, E_ Ir grc!t ra axtoDt r8ffiera16,ffi

286

of or{,tloal nr ra,ter{.aIa,

---, I'n (uEet

tha affcota of getsr.p

qr Uc ellrtcnstcd, or srrbatenttally dr'l-l$d, lt follm thrt th.0f,8lry uet h*u an fntsl+€.r. rarrlol .ccord to rroa. sod thrt th4rf,lE{Lqgr -rt bc radc gvallablc to tb. rgonry eryed rlth planrrtng tarOlrlf Dcfonrco

ftl I l}rtlil.nt crarle rf,EEfriffif ilf

;ffiffiTEo]Ei-E -ElEffi t'bar faEllLtlcr, lrrvlocr, rnd rorcurs! of predoa4f,aantlrpottrsi ta th€ promcutloa of a rrar and, oortrtrlily. tf uenlrrergtl eltil,orl dcf,earo Eat€t{alE ara aot to bt dlrdpatad on thoss ofocps.ld,E rnlqnrtanoo.

rrr*rab .&olIfEISE!---

gc DlrlnrElou.of 1faotlfE[ffifEE

tlq bdhE on rtratcgloally bportaat tergetar' ho lbe publlo murt bc laforned as oorylctclv es maslble ofpotsrti.f darE;Fs-EIE'.r-5- iiE&:E-o-€-s DE:

Effia e lotvlllenr and i ri*cr ef t&r hfifteryrn tarofar isprrq-rl rklc lr oonooraedr pnctLoer\y la rcn-cd,rtcnt. Uor io no tl.mto davalop'rq lrgraLncd rsluotrDso to cCuoatc th. &.rloan peoplo lat[s grle rcalltloa of thelr cltuatlon ln tbo ilorld ud th. ro.ultsrrt*r1naalblllticto the &ngcr tlrat aon flor ffir falhnc of r govorril6tto Locp ltr pcoglo ebc'ea:t of, tha tilus ad rla ltr ooa*ldoncc la mp\rtllutrrtcd by thc oxtrnrleroc of Japan, rutrrogrtloos aarled oa b1rt!. llnltad statcr Strrtagto Bobrng &Irugy rn .rrpan dlrolossd thatbsfrco fr59 rd fS4S th. glncrrl puuf.to il .lap rrr ltttlc csrccrrudqrrr ltr dsforr lfuroc thc poplo ilam d rlsrtcd to thc trrr3 eondLtisrEoIt rrr rct rEtl,l tlc lhitod Strtcat lrrgc-rorlt rrlih betan ln Janrraqrlsl,l tht thc Jep*alco tbm too lator.Urg* to ts&r proEootlvo rnsarrtreso}l srrlcad ooattzrr:t, la hqt! the attttudc of the H.tr.rh Oorrtrrrrni;o oobflflag tl tht lroplep epgrlrlng thsa of thc tnr H,stoqr of ths sltrraptr.o ulth ltr grln lrytlortlonr, and rotually pcparrlt- th€o for thcuuftt tht asuld bc oortterylatcd, Thc raault Ets rn indod.tabie rsLtl- i

oEtlon of dstor:d,aatlour prrlloae erd cffort that rtavcd off an in'nadloao

1. ffir aotl.on r11l be dfu.cotcd at tn gtlre pcoplo= Coartrlcly, aa c]tffiE1i;EaEs=tfdn eTRffi'elEi

;&rTf tErE@t6felhd---to oontr.lhrtotmoh raoordtrg to hb oapgbllltlea" to tb oorurlr dsfrrac. Prc-rarCtvff Eose lpiturst shoirlA holuda fuIt ara adcquatc tratntqB of ellOl tb poplc la ralf-ralLance and B€1f-t)rororvrtlon, prtnotplertho&ugbfy laarued :ld ap5[Icd by t@ eud ceruary fa*rld llrr fla r8.lf-protcottolrn (or lseltstrohrtrt, u ln Cerrrargr) xrtbo tb t4rrctc"

OOUFIDEIIIIÎ

-

i-'. r'.= i 1' T : li,tl :':i T t -

:,., : .,= t': --.1-, : :=::=.: ]t:-r=

287

'I

Jo llora1e ia yltrfl lu planniqg Civll lbfeaaa, ?,(orale isnot !.trtrnelb1eEftffi TIIE-ail od or dos-trqrcd. E rscogaltlor of, thc paelr:a {qnrteaco of noralc, whioh iatb rtry llfs brood of a couafirts $i11 to lurelst, oerurry erertodry rrffo$ to Blntain tha mrale of l,ta m lnople at c sugnrl*ttvolarll t&l1s rt tbr ta*ra tine etternpti.ng to aabotagc that of tte ewiesgl* rruara 1! thla odorvor *l3 srrch that, othor-frotors betns eqrnlgA*arry probally rotrld hrrr lon tlp reno *lthout noralas ths bast h1dpf.ril s'r$lt terough IssL of sonfldanoe r,d &rhl of ooolrrrtdou" ?oBtlGrltr r Hgh rtsts of umalc ta tb thtt d stetaa, tba agarry ra-4nd,hb ftt the dafaars of tb oorntry rnst orec,b tl tb. oi,ytllaafottrId,a r faeHae of ooa*ldonoe crrgcddrrcd !y t]. horlrdga thet roffigcto! oryd.ratlon Lr on hrrd to daal d,th rry rqn$urllty rnd tho.orstry tt ree$ *rd proprcd for tha lntrlblc ronto'

to fdrquto plarairU for rnd trrtd.nE .'.r cordmlwt of lrlchlv_dfuolpll-an4 ffi HFe--Ff@iEs"_pIrE-ffiffiflEffica*tt rrtoro logr1 ttrtts orgeaLaationc reqrd,ie ralaforsenfi or havab€€o (Hroyud b eaturatlou borbl,n€. SrreU rmUtls rclgrrr,or oonrtltutcir rtta,l eleooant of olvll defenos ln Great Brlt.In ard Csrulry. tle onlyELraamlble roakaoEs of tha uoblls rararnoa la Ccrrargr. bofag- tba abe€Bseof a {'lrctclaso body of offlcerg to dh.cot !&d-Jtrycrvic! thA.

l" elv tlrough e rattonllltattm of tbr fl.re rsrvlcat r!11t&tu corul4r Eo-ftEiftif@ sffiurghffi fl.re-i-1ghi.1rg equlIEEGt anri rmlforaity of-trailrlugerE"lar Et r68.11rsd ln Japanl nor uas lt dovalopdd fE Eeraaqr to ths er-teg tbat preveiled in Great tsrltaiB. lhut, rrlrllc thc Japanare tlEra*offy lulplora ard tbo Gazrana not nuoh, batter off ln tho wake of e,afro€indlely attaoka ths aeitionaLlzad systs of gte'r.rardkad flre serrrlerach H.tal.a finorbloar"d efftolentl;y follcnrLng rtdler ratdr end tleroly;lfad E ry llrreg. thc lryortssoe of aA rdcquator r.arl.fltd flre-fig}fi"ttrryrtru orrEpt bG ovor-gtreesed rhan it lr rerllrad; for m1fler thattlrua.torrthr of tha dqmsgc to Berlln, ril.oh nr artturtcd to b6 60 to?O par orut dartroyed frm a,ll oausa!, rosultod tlm ftrc.

t6 rlpoal! nllltery forocl, oo*ilctely fiderdlzade rLtI bourorlcd r, rB rElE tE-6ffi E?Ec

AfedffiEi.i? na:8ffi[-6ffii]IATffit

8rtrt r.rr itntogloal\r rtrtts and unlforue equfppcd and organtrctl to'fiELt ttr sall aoblls udtr at gaograp]daally ]ltlt€d sird aselgnedegtlg rtrif,Lour rlth ralty of tratnLugr oouaad aad mrrtrol ng*in.Gr5llg u prl.u rcqul,altca" Ttrl,g foroa, rrmiilar ocrtrallred fCdsralootroll tdtto!$ tbo lutcrSnaltloa of, Stete ar*horltyr oould relievepgular loraar of, mr$' trtt l taaka, ag lt dld t! Bcat *ltnla"

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oo Tha- neYtly creetod t{atlqual Dofcnrs Collote, rhlotr beglryrrn8.5 saptemirsr ]E,@'cffi lgEteTt' f@;Ta'ffi -ffi ffi

@ EfrIT-ffiffiiTB.th trc ,"ry l"r,Ulocttoau, g;itl rpqulrc mll lr:forBdo hlghly affloleata eolryrotiat offleerr to--adrrniaistsrud qoordlaato lto z.

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*aro.rnal e ,mrsi#F'rrEGrnar rar Dcr8ol}nol tcourlty_, an{ othor oorr1,lBEfTfu$olffi:fdffIEre;_g-qcyarsD oocilr'stleEaiEo Dtans for an :9"qtlaE Bafcnac lg_a@ EEtlsqffifiaEffi-i ,. EB',-EiE"-E" *i rffi 1ffiffi "fr :----EB?trtr Er SiElE'EitEo rTtET pea-.-ueg:r5 i

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c ous t cuer doff,lcera, aona of rhoa lrsro a"estgnod tr olrtltdfgacrii agenaias aucb.rr tho offlee of clnilian Dafoaroe otherg to tlrs l?ar DsFarimai, rhou:rr luve rstiurrrcd to clvlriaa llfa,, Thcsa authorltl", iru matl'kaesato ?b Prorost tlamhal GensraL o It ie doubtful if a4r of thogs civlllaaatadar eonrtdoration rould doslre to engaga Ln Eueh pll"n{qg aottvi.tio! ,oa r p6tran6rt basla, bub certe,la of theu night ba porauad-do lE ttr.elltetrssts of ths corntrytr melfaro, to partieigeta iu trn drafth6; oflrottlel plrnr for thc egtablirhmeat of ctTtl Dsfcarc. In csnsider*tiaaof tlu

"!t*1 i.u5nr{anoe of citl.l Defenaer the absanca of auy proaoatp1g! rolrtlag tlorets; the raptdly datcrtoratlng rtatc of*"ifCaffaLrtr t'.rl the great anrmber and dlvaralty of the coneidorattoms a

lnobloga a,d l,reastarablss tbue f,Er devoloped iu ttrls e:cploratory rtril3r,oIt ll bol.levod tbat ro effort rhould be rpircd or tinia liet to altarytl-+€ to forra, fro that ooaparattvery enarr group of qrrrllfted ludi. -

,1ldlr a tcryorar}' cadro of a civil oefeuro plaatng organlaatlon,qq"" the guld4noo of thst groupe pemraro:rtly acalgnec Il"r Dopartwutotfx,ocrr ud olvll.l,aoa oould bE !,adootrtnctcd iu ttp prlaciprer aadogcrrfilona of Cltrll DCfonsc rnde throuflh thG exlnr|cnoe tbuE grtnede apuldthsclvsl bosffi. authoritlct oa that vltrl clcpant of over-ail Esttmilddrarc"

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** ga+gry*:q$gltasr fhat a Cixll $af*nss planufag md operetl*r6emy b€*ffiffilthout deley ls a ld'gh sibrloa IC tla ie"" mp."t-dr'that E€€e+y b* be trshsfarred to tba Dcpar&t of Eatloa*?!.fsasa tf *sd sh* Euch lt satabll.al*dr ?he gropo*oA *garyry rhoul{ brqroxrd ts coord.{nata aII plaretq sd trtb6f rctlrttlss aoirearatrgSf"l3 kfi*rem; &ctu#1ug;-fu,?.,:rr asii."itte aagegad k !gr, otber fedarela8ps*.fi ';us} ar the Fedsrd Fo*+r $aqlrr3fi,qtr, tlsd*re1"*rw*nfaatlsar.ffi,crlqa3 Setrelate g.il*tu.la*retion for Xlro Egrre ef Elnebn etc.;qlnail,rgo?lrsmrrt*1 elrtllaa agraaLee Gtsh rc th*r .Frtt€{rr Bsd CroaeaPstrol*n ?ndustry 3*ar efilsrelll otoo; prl.vatt olvtrllrn agsnrtea su*h

. ac tb {ase,letlca af &eatlcan Saitresdsr t&}.lo$al Brreau f,or lactust"ri+}Frat*ttos4 rt€r! e.d etato aad lesal gorr':rar*at *d tbould ha fraeto ceqf+r gad correeposd dtreatly r.ttlr tfuE e egoacloa oilc 0i"11 Defmreplbsita :t stirtld be otar'6e{ rith rietntal*ln€ E4tHB thr rdltte.ryldrtrlll&at a el(oloton org6"tisaiilta oapabla of ral6d erpaau*on $.n ttlaaqrat *f r*atloaal era*t'iEsaey eH ?rLth ae*urlag ltaolf, thet eiallerBHbtE sgarilaatlorre +tsget tn e,11 atLqr 6gsr:oter'dastlred ta p*rr?l.al-pa$c actt*tly lf thE *etattry is aitaclrsdo ft Ehalrld ba eharge* a3aa?tlth dateretrrl"ag that pr+b}.erx *f sr.rp3r1y of rne.tortalE and oXlrlgna'::tYi*} to CtrriS Befea*e a:"e foreesss alrrt- polted s*G thet giFil hf,earetraiuing astlri*iies ere proparly ooudueta€ ead ssordlaated. 3* ge:rera},it Bhsrgd be ohargpd rri,th all m*i;'L*rs 1ur*atntag to givll Sf,a*a*o

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Documents

Provost Marshal General, Study 3B-1 - "Defense Against Enemy Action Directed at Civilians" 30 April 1946