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KJM3100 V2006

KJM3100/KJM4100

Materialkjemi/Chemistry of materials

Poul Norbypoul.norby@kjemi.uio.noKjemisk Institutt, Kontor Ø148

KJM3100 V2006

Additional teachers:Bo Nyström: Gels and polymer nanoparticlesJaan Roots: Polymers

Some classes of materials which will be covered in the course:MineralsCeramicsGlassMicro and mesoporous materialsNanomaterialsLiquid crystalsPolymers

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KJM3100 V2006

The course material (pensum) V2006:

Title Author Year ISBN Chapter start end pages acc.Solid State Chemistry and Its Applications West, Anthony R 1985 0471908746 Kap. 18 Glass 594 636 43 43

Kap. 19 Cement and concrete 638 653 16 59Kap. 20 Refractories 654 665 12 71

Crystal Chemistry and Refractivity Student edition Howard W. Jaffe 1988 0521369851

Kap. 4 The crystal chemistry of the ionic bond 42 59 18 89

Kap. 5 Paulings second rule of electrostatic valency in ionic coordination compounds 61 69 9 98

Modern Perspectives in Inorganic Crystal Chemistry Erwin Parthé (ed.) 1992 0792319540

The bond valence method in crystal chemistry (M. O'Keeffe) 163 177 15 113

Properties of Materials (Paperback) Mary Anne White 1999 0195113314

Kap. 2 Atomic and molecular origins of color 11 23 13 126Kap. 3 Color in metals and semiconductors 32 39 8 134

Understanding Solids, The science of materials Richard Tiley 2004 0470852763

Kap. 6 Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites 151 191 41 175

The Chemistry of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications

C. N. R. Rao (Editor), Achim Müller (Editor), Anthony K. Cheetham (Editor) 2004 3-527-30686-2 Semiconducting nanoparticles 20 195

Pensum vedr. polymerer og flytende krystaller Noter/kopier 100 295

KJM3100 V2006

Structure of the course:

Total: 45 lectures, 15 colloquiaOne project report

30h inorganic materials10h: project report20h: polymers and soft materials

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KJM3100 V2006

•Minerals: •Bonding, Paulings rules and bond valence

•Ceramics: from pottery shards to space shuttles•Reactivity and stability

•Glass:•Properties of glasses•Colour of materials

•Micro and mesoporous materials:•Catalysis and solid acids

•Nanomaterials: •Semiconducting quantum dots

•Liquid crystals:•Smart materials

•Polymers:•Soft is beautiful

KJM3100 V2006

Materials in everyday life

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KJM3100 V2006

The mobile phone is an example of devices, which welook at as a natural component in everyday life. There are several things that have made the mobile telephone revolution so powerful:•New materials, •Microtechnology•Advanced programming.Your cellphone is crammed full of materials, withfunctionality which could only be dreamed of a fewdecades back.The hard cover is made from organic polymers; strong, light, durable and machinable. And also nowadays, and more in the future, with a focus on making the materials recyclable and the processes and environmentally safe.

KJM3100 V2006

Loudspeakers in the mobile phone is an effect of another astonishing development in materials technology. The development of stronger and stronger magnets has allowed miniaturization of loudspeakers, although the technology and principle of construction of the loudspeaker is old.

The present material for high field permanent magnets is Nd2Fe14B (neodymium magnets)

Another class of loudspeakers (and buzzers) are based on piezoelectric ceramics.

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KJM3100 V2006

The display has liquid crystals as the functional ”material”.Liquid crystals are somewhere between crystals and fluids. The molecules are ordered to some extent. But they move easily and may reorganize. The display consist of a thin layer of liquid crystals between two glass plates with crossed polarizing filters. We can control the ordering of the molecules by an electrical field. The liquid crystals rotate the polarization of the light, and the transmission or blocking of light gives the black/transparent effect. In order to apply an electrical field, a thin layer of another functional material is deposited on the glass plates. This is an transparent conducting oxide, e.g. tin/indium oxide (ITO).

KJM3100 V2006

Light on the screen and keypad is provided by micro diodes (LED, LightEmitting Diodes). Layered structures of p- and n-dopedsemiconducters are used.

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KJM3100 V2006

* aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) - red and infrared* aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP) - green* aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) - high-brightness orange-red, orange,

yellow, and green* gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) - red, orange-red, orange, and yellow* gallium phosphide (GaP) - red, yellow and green* gallium nitride (GaN) - green, pure green (or emerald green), and blue* indium gallium nitride (InGaN) - near ultraviolet, bluish-green and blue* silicon carbide (SiC) as substrate - blue* silicon (Si) as substrate - blue (under development)* sapphire (Al2O3) as substrate - blue* zinc selenide (ZnSe) - blue* diamond (C) - ultraviolet* aluminium nitride (AlN), aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) - near to far ultraviolet

Coming up: OLEDs

Organic light-emitting diodes

KJM3100 V2006

The mobile phone contains many electric and electronic components; resistors, amplifiers, transitors, condensators…

The heart of the device is the integrated circuits; the mobile phone has become a powerful computer!

The components are synchronized by a piezoelectric quartz crystal. The picture shows thecrystal in its protective casing.

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KJM3100 V2006

Mechanical Properties•Metals/Alloys, e.g. Titanium for aircraft •Cement/Concrete Ca3SiO5•'Ceramics', e.g. clays, BN, SiC•Lubricants, e.g. Graphite, MoS2•Abrasives, e.g. Diamond, Quartz (SiO2), Corundum(Al2O3, TiN, Si3N4

Materials:

AppearancePrecious and Semi-precious Gemstones

Graphite

Diamond

Corundum

Sapphire

MoS2

KJM3100 V2006

Sensors•Oxygen sensor, e.g. ZrO2/CaO solid solution

Electrical PropertiesMetallic Conductors, e.g. Cu, Ag... Semiconductors, e.g. Si, GaAsSuperconductors, e.g. Nb3Sn, YBa2Cu3O7Electrolytes, e.g. LiI in pacemaker batteries Piezoelectrics, e.g. α-Quartz (SiO2) watches

Magnetic Propertiese.g. CrO2, Fe3O4 for recording technology Magnetoresistance, La1-xSrxMnO3

Optical PropertiesPigments, e.g. TiO2 in paints Phosphors, e.g. Eu3+ in Y2O3 is red on TV Lasers, e.g. Cr3+ in Al2O3 is rubyFrequency-doubling of light, e.g. LiNbO3

CatalystsZeolite ZSM-5Petroleum refining methanol-to-octane

Magnetite, Fe3O4

Ruby

Quartz

Rutile

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KJM3100 V2006

Approaches to nanomaterials

Bottom_up

Top_down

KJM3100 V2006

Thena

noworl

d

Molecular Wires. Tailor-made parts in size from nano to submicron

Drug Delivery System (DDS): A novel type of synthetic liposomalnanoparticle (100 nm in diameter) which bears sugar chain-protein conjugates and functions as DDS in a blood vessel

Single Electron TransistorsUltra low power devices

Carbon Nanotube Field EmitterCarbon nanotube grown at the top of the silicon tip for field emitter display with ultra low power dissipation

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KJM3100 V2006

Nanomaterials in batteries andnanobatteries

KJM3100 V2006

Conversion of Zinc Oxide Nanobelts into Superlattice-Structured Nanohelices

Science 2005

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KJM3100 V2006

a) nacre in red-abalone. b) synthetic ZnO crystals. c) a diatom. d)-h) different types of synthetic

silica crystals

Biomimeticsand nanostructures