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Kingdom Animaliapage 657
What is an animal?
What are characteristics of animals?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gw0FU733zzg
Characteristics of animals
1. Multicellular– Different cells specialize to perform certain
functions– As specialization increases, so does complexity
and this enables animals to adjust better to their environments.
Characteristics continued
2. Eukaryotic3. Heterotrophic - ingest and then digest inside
body4. Most are motile
Characteristics continued
5. Phyla in the animal kingdom are classified according to evolutionary development.
a. 2 subkingdoms: parazoa (less evolved) and metazoa
b. Also grouped by whether they are:
vertebrates or
invertebrates (95%)
Animals carry out the following essential functions and each has adaptations which allow it to do so:
• Feeding– Ingest–herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
• Respiration–Oxygen in; carbon dioxide out
• Circulation–Diffusion in small, aquatic– Larger animals have a circulatory system.
• Excretion–Main waste product of cells is ammonia
(contains nitrogen)–Most animals have an excretory system that
eliminates ammonia or changes it into a less toxic substance and then gets rid of it
• Response–Respond to events in their environments
using specialized nerve cells.
• Movement–Majority of animals are motile (capture
food)–Some may be sessile as adults but move
in early development.–When sessile, they attach themselves to
a spot and capture food as it passes by.
• Reproduction– Sexual (haploid gametes) which maintains
genetic diversity– In some cases, may be asexual, which
allows for rapid reproduction
Also see page 660
Degree of specialization
a. Cells which are grouped together to formb. Tissues such as blood, bone, muscle,
nervec. Organs: liver, stomachd. Organ systems: circulatory, digestive,
reproductive
Early development – page 661
• Zygote = fertilized egg• Blastula = hollow ball of cells• Blastopore = blastula folds in on itself, creating a
tube– Protostome = mouth is formed by blastopore (eat
and poop from same hole)– Deuterostome = anus is formed by blastopore
(mouth is formed later) (eat and poop from different holes) Ex. echinoderms and all vertebrates.
Cells differentiate into three layers called germ cells.
• Endoderm = inner layer, develops into linings of digestive tract and respiratory system.
• Mesoderm = middle layer which gives rise to muscles and much of the circulatory, reproductive and excretory stystems.
• Ectoderm = outer layer gives rise to sense organs, nerves, and the outer layer of skin.
Radial Symmetry
Bilateral symmetry